IL-37 inhibits IL-4/IL-13-induced CCL11 production and lung eosinophilia in murine allergic asthma

BACKGROUND

IL-37 is emerging as an anti-inflammatory cytokine, particularly in innate inflammation. However, the role of IL-37 in Th2-mediated allergic lung inflammation remains uncertain. We sought to determine the role and the underlying mechanisms of IL-37 in the development of house dust mites (HDM)-induced murine asthma model.

METHODS

We examined the effect of IL-37 administration during the sensitization or challenge phase on Th2-mediated allergic asthma induced by inhaled HDM. Cellular source of CCL11 and distribution of IL-37 receptors, IL-18Rα and IL-1R8, were determined in HDM-exposed lungs. Finally, we examined the effect of IL-37 on CCL11 production and STAT6 activation in different primary lung structural cell types upon IL-4/IL-13 stimulation.

RESULTS

IL-37 had no effect on HDM sensitization, but when administrated during the challenge phase, significantly attenuated pulmonary eosinophilia, CCL11 production, and airway hyper-reactivity (AHR). Interestingly, IL-37 treatment had no significant effects on lung infiltrating T cells and Th2 cytokine production. Intranasal co-administration of CCL11 reversed the inhibiting effect of IL-37 on HDM-induced pulmonary eosinophilia and AHR. Furthermore, we demonstrated that CCL11 was primarily expressed by fibroblasts and airway smooth muscle cells (AMSC), while IL-37 receptors by tracheobronchial epithelial cells (TEC). In vitro study showed that IL-37 inhibited IL-4/IL-13-induced STAT6 activation and CCL11 production by fibroblasts and AMSC, which was dependent on its direct action on TEC. Moreover, cell contact was required for the inhibitory effect of IL-37-treated TEC.

CONCLUSIONS

IL-37 attenuates HDM-induced asthma, possibly by inhibiting IL-4/IL-13-induced CCL11 production by fibroblasts and AMSC via its direct act on TEC.

[Clinical application of negative pressure dressing in the full-thickness skin grafting]

Objective: To investigate the effect of different negative pressure of wound negative pressure dressing (NPD) on the survival of full-thickness skin grafts of patients. Methods: One hundred and eleven patients who need skin grafting, conforming to the inclusion criteria were hospitalized in our unit from August 2012 to March 2017, and their clinical data were retrospectively analyzed. Forty-seven patients hospitalized from August 2012 to October 2015 were assigned into traditional treatment group. Sixty-four patients hospitalized from November 2015 to March 2017 were divided into -9.975 kPa negative pressure treatment group (n=34) and -13.300 kPa negative pressure treatment group (n=30). Patients in traditional treatment group received conventional dressing after full-thickness skin grafting. Patients in -9.975 kPa and -13.300 kPa negative pressure treatment groups received -9.975 kPa and -13.300 kPa NPD based on traditional treatment after vacuum sealing, respectively. Dot necrosis area of skin grafts and erosion and escharosis of graft edges of patients in the three groups on post operation day 10 were observed. The percentage of dot necrosis area of skin grafts and occurrence rate of erosion and escharosis of skin graft edges were calculated, respectively. Data were processed with chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and Kruskal-Wallis H test. Results: Percentages of dot necrosis area of skin grafts of patients in traditional treatment group and -9.975 kPa and -13.300 kPa negative pressure treatment groups were 17.81%, 3.20%, and 3.00%, respectively. Percentage of dot necrosis area of skin grafts of patients in traditional treatment group was significantly higher than that in -9.975 kPa and -13.300 kPa negative pressure treatment groups (Z=-5.770, -4.690, P<0.001). Percentages of dot necrosis area of skin grafts of patients in -9.975 kPa and-13.300 kPa groups were close (Z=-0.619, P>0.05). The occurrence rates of erosion and escharosis of skin graft edges of patients in traditional treatment group and -9.975 kPa and -13.300 kPa negative pressure treatment groups were 78.7% (37/47), 32.4 (11/34), and 36.7% (11/30), respectively. Erosion and escharosis of skin graft edges of patients in -9.975 kPa and -13.300 kPa negative pressure treatment groups were better than those in traditional treatment group (P<0.001). Erosion and escharosis of skin graft edges of patients in -9.975 kPa and -13.300 kPa negative pressure treatment groups were close (P>0.05). Conclusions: The use of -9.975 kPa and -13.300 kPa NPD in skin grafts after full-thickness skin grafting significantly diminishes the occurrence rates of dot necrosis area of skin grafts and erosion and escharosis of graft edges.

Exploiting coumarin-6 as ancillary ligands in 1,10-phenanthroline Ir(iii) complexes: generating triplet photosensitisers with high upconversion capabilities

A series of new Ir(iii) complexes incorporating 3-(2-benzothiazolyl)-7-(diethylamino)coumarin (coumarin 6) and ethynylpyrene (EP) functionalised 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) were developed. [Ir(iii)(coumarin 6)₂(3-EP-phen)](PF₆) (Ir-3) proved to be the most promising material in triplet photosensitising applications. Highly absorbing at λ = 485 nm (ε = 1.31 × 10⁵ M^-1 cm^-1), it exhibits high upconversion and singlet oxygen quantum yields (Φ_UC = 27.5%, Φ_Δ = 81.5%) and an exemplary upconversion capability (η = 3.60 × 10⁶ M^-1 cm^-1).

Arsenic Induces Thioredoxin 1 and Apoptosis in Human Liver HHL-5 Cells

To further characterize the mechanisms underlying liver toxicity induced by arsenic, we examined in this study the effect of arsenic on thioredoxin (Trx) and the apoptotic signaling pathways in human liver HHL-5 cells. The cells were treated with 0, 2, 5, and 10 μM of sodium arsenite for 24 h, and the changes of Trx1 and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR1) as well as intracellular ROS and apoptosis were examined. A concentration-dependent increase in mRNA and protein levels of Trx1 and TrxR1 was observed in arsenic-treated cells. Intracellular ROS levels and apoptosis were also significantly increased in a concentration-dependent manner. In line with this, protein levels of Bax and cytochrome C were increased and Bcl-2 was decreased by arsenic treatments. Increases in caspase 3 activity were observed. These results indicate that Trx is involved in arsenic-induced liver cell injury, probably through the apoptotic signaling pathway. However, further studies are needed to elucidate on these findings.

Mechanisms of sphingosine-1-phosphate-mediated vasoconstriction of rat afferent arterioles

AIM

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) influences resistance vessel function and is implicated in renal pathological processes. Previous studies revealed that S1P evoked potent vasoconstriction of the pre-glomerular microvasculature, but the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely defined. We postulated that S1P-mediated pre-glomerular microvascular vasoconstriction involves activation of voltage-dependent L-type calcium channels (L-VDCC) and the rho/rho kinase pathway.

METHODS

Afferent arteriolar reactivity was assessed in vitro using the blood-perfused rat juxtamedullary nephron preparation, and diameter was measured during exposure to physiological and pharmacological agents.

RESULTS

Exogenous S1P (10^-9 -10^-5 mol L^-1 ) evoked concentration-dependent vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles. Superfusion with nifedipine, a L-VDCC blocker, increased arteriolar diameter by 39 ± 18% of baseline and significantly attenuated the S1P-induced vasoconstriction. Superfusion with the rho kinase inhibitor, Y-27632, increased diameter by 60 ± 12% of baseline and also significantly blunted vasoconstriction by S1P. Combined nifedipine and Y-27632 treatment significantly inhibited S1P-induced vasoconstriction over the entire concentration range tested. In contrast, depletion of intracellular Ca²⁺ stores with the Ca²⁺ -ATPase inhibitors, thapsigargin or cyclopiazonic acid, did not alter the S1P-mediated vasoconstrictor profile. Scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) or inhibition of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activity significantly attenuated S1P-mediated vasoconstriction.

CONCLUSION

Exogenous S1P elicits potent vasoconstriction of rat afferent arterioles. These data also demonstrate that S1P-mediated pre-glomerular vasoconstriction involves activation of L-VDCC, the rho/rho kinase pathway and ROS. Mobilization of Ca²⁺ from intracellular stores is not required for S1P-mediated vasoconstriction. These studies reveal a potential role for S1P in the modulation of renal microvascular tone.

Maternal Substance Use Disorders and Infant Outcomes in the First Year of Life among Massachusetts Singletons, 2003-2010

OBJECTIVE

To determine the association of maternal substance use disorders (SUDs) during pregnancy with adverse neonatal outcomes and infant hospital re-admissions, observational stays, and emergency department utilization in the first year of life.

STUDY DESIGN

We analyzed 2 linked statewide datasets from 2002 to 2010: the Massachusetts Pregnancy to Early Life Longitudinal data system and the Massachusetts Bureau of Substance Abuse Services Management Information System. Generalized estimating equations were used to assess the association of maternal SUDs and neonatal outcomes and infant hospital-based care in the first year of life, controlling for maternal and infant characteristics.

RESULTS

Maternal SUDs increased from 19.4 per 1000 live births in 2003 to 31.1 per 1000 live births in 2009. In the adjusted analysis, exposed neonates were more likely to be born preterm (aOR 1.85; 95% CI 1.75-1.96) and low birthweight (aOR 1.94; 95% CI 1.80-2.09). After controlling for maternal characteristics and preterm birth, SUD-exposed neonates were more likely to have intrauterine growth restriction, cardiac, respiratory, neurologic, infectious, hematologic, and feeding/nutrition problems, prolonged hospital stay, and higher mortality (aOR range 1.26-3.80). Exposed infants were more likely to be rehospitalized (aOR 1.10; 95% CI 1.04-1.17) but less likely to have an observational stay (aOR 0.90; 95% CI 0.82-0.99) or use the emergency department (aOR 0.87; 95% CI 0.83-0.90) in the first year of life.

CONCLUSIONS

Infants born to mothers with SUD are at higher risk for adverse health outcomes in the perinatal period and are also more likely to be rehospitalized in the first year of life.

Elevated serum levels of lipoprotein‑associated phospholipase A2 predict mortality rates in patients with sepsis

Sepsis remains one of the leading contributors to mortality rates in the intensive care unit (ICU) and emergency intensive care unit (EICU). Therefore, any treatments against the agents which produce sepsis in a medical emergency, are welcome. Elevated serum levels of lipoprotein‑associated phospholipase A2 (Lp‑PLA2) have been reported in a small cohort of patients with inflammation. The present study evaluated serum levels of Lp‑PLA2 in patients with sepsis and investigated the role of Lp‑PLA2 in sepsis. The investigation involved the selection of 151 patients with sepsis admitted to the emergency department of the Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University (Nantong, China) and 30 healthy controls. All patients (39 with sepsis, 55 with severe sepsis and 57 with septic shock) were examined on admission to the EICU. A complete blood count was performed, and serum levels of Lp‑PLA2, C‑reactive protein, procalcitonin, and interleukin 6, sequential organ failure (SOFA) scores and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) scores were determined on hospital admission. The EICU and overall mortality rates were evaluated at baseline. The present study also assessed various laboratory parameters, clinical data and inflammatory cytokines. The patient follow up duration was 90 days. The data suggested that the serum levels of Lp‑PLA2 on admission to the EICU in patients with sepsis were elevated, compared with those in healthy controls. The concentrations of Lp‑PLA2 were correlated with the severity of disease, and were significantly associated with experimental markers of inflammation and established prognostic scores. In the total cohort, persistently elevated levels of Lp‑PLA2 on admission for EICU treatment was a predictor of poor prognosis, and provided superior diagnostic use, compared with the prognostic scoring systems, including SOFA or APACHE II scores. Taken together, the results suggested that Lp‑PLA2, with respect to other markers of inflammation, may have a role as a prognostic marker in sepsis, and provide background evidence for further trials to evaluate the clinical and pathophysiologic roles of Lp‑PLA2 in sepsis. Persistently elevated serum concentrations of Lp‑PLA2 indicated an unfavorable outcome in patients with sepsis. In addition, the results indicated the potential role of Lp‑PLA2 as a prognostic biomarker in patients with sepsis during the early course of EICU treatment.

Effects of caponization and ovariectomy on objective indices related to meat quality in chickens

Capons and ovariectomized chickens are birds that have been gonadectomized to improve the meat quality. This study investigated the effects of caponization and ovariectomy on physical, chemical, and fatty acid and amino acid profiles of meat from Beijing-You chickens (a Chinese local breed) at market age (17 wk). All birds (20 capons, 20 ovariectomized, and 40 controls) were reared under the same conditions. Breast muscle fiber diameter and area were significantly smaller and the fiber density was higher in capons and ovariectomized chickens than in controls (P < 0.05). Compared with controls, caponization and ovariectomy significantly decreased breast muscle shear values and redness (a*), as well as increased yellowness (b*), hue (H*), and chroma (C*) (P < 0.05). There was significantly more intramuscular fat (IMF) in capons than in controls (P < 0.05), and there was a tendency for more inosine-5΄-monophosphate (IMP) in capons than in controls (P = 0.10). The levels of IMF and IMP in ovariectomized chickens were significantly higher than those in controls (P < 0.05). Capons and ovariectomized chickens exhibited a significantly higher content of palmitic acid (C16:0), palmitoleic acid (C16:1) and oleic acid (C18:1), together with a lower content of stearic acid (C18:0), arachidonic acid (C20:4), and lignoceric acid (C24:0) compared to controls (P < 0.05). The total saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids as well as amino acid composition were not affected by gonadectomy (P > 0.05). Overall, this study indicates that both caponization and ovariectomy likely improve the meat quality of the breast muscle based on the objective indices of IMF, appearance (color), texture, and minor change of the fatty acid profile; ovariectomy improves flavor-related indices.

Synthesis of methylprednisolone loaded ibuprofen modified dextran based nanoparticles and their application for drug delivery in acute spinal cord injury

To improve the therapeutic efficacy of spinal cord injury (SCI), the methylprednisolone was incorporated into nanoparticles based on the ibuprofen modified dextran. The ibuprofen modified dextran was synthesized using a direct esterification linkage between the carboxylic acids of hydrophobic drug and the hydroxyl groups of the polymer backbone. The morphology of methylprednisolone loaded nanoparticles was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The therapeutic efficacy of the prepared nanoparticles on the acute SCI model rats was assessed. It is demonstrated that methylprednisolone loaded ibuprofen modified dextran based nanoparticles (MP-loaded NPs) could promote the recovery of neurological deficits, enhance growth of neurons, decrease degeneration of injuried neurons and reduce the tissue tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels significantly in the SCI rats. Subsequently, the study indicates that synthesis of methylprednisolone loaded ibuprofen modified dextran based nanoparticles has a great potential in the synergetic effect treatment for spinal cord injury and nanoparticles based drug delivery system will become a powerful weapon of human conquest of disease.

Analysis of the safety and efficacy of combined extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy for the treatment of complex renal calculus

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the safety and efficacy of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) combined with percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) for treatment of complex renal calculus.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Seventy-eight patients diagnosed with complex renal calculus and who accepted treatment in our hospital were consecutively selected. Patients were divided randomly into the observation group (n=40) treated by combined ESWL and PCNL and the control group (n=38) treated by PCNL. The effect of treatment between the two groups was compared.

RESULTS

The stone-free rate at 3 months after surgery was higher in the observation group than in the control group. There were no differences in the rates of complications (including infection, hemorrhage, collection system perforation and laceration, peripheral organ impairment, and urination extravasation). There were gradual decreases of serum creatinine in the observation group at 4 weeks after extubation of the double J catheter and at 3 months after surgery, while there were no apparent decreases in the control group. The levels of cysteine protease inhibitor and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in both groups increased at 4 weeks after extubation of the double J catheter, and decreased at 3 months after surgery. The decreases were more apparent in the observation group compared with the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (p<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Combined use of ESWL and PCNL to treat complex renal calculus can improve the stone-free rate and renal function, and does not increase the complication rate. It is, therefore, safe and effective.

FOXC1: an emerging marker and therapeutic target for cancer

The Forkhead box C1 (FOXC1) transcription factor is involved in normal embryonic development and regulates the development and function of many organs. Most recently, a large body of literature has shown that FOXC1 plays a critical role in tumor development and metastasis. Clinical studies have demonstrated that elevated FOXC1 expression is associated with poor prognosis in many cancer subtypes, such as basal-like breast cancer (BLBC). FOXC1 is highly and specifically expressed in BLBC as opposed to other breast cancer subtypes. Its functions in breast cancer have been extensively explored. This review will summarize current knowledge on the function and regulation of FOXC1 in tumor development and progression with a focus on BLBC as well as the implications of these new findings in cancer diagnosis and treatment.

Abstract P6-09-55: “Quality, not quantity”: 10X hot-spot (HS) analysis of lymphocyte markers (CD3, CD8, CD4, CD20) in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) is superior to whole tumor (WT) analysis in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)

This abstract was withdrawn by the authors.

Abstract P4-12-14: Folate receptor alpha (FOLR1) expression in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)

Background Folate receptor alpha (FOLR1) has been identified as a potential prognostic and therapeutic target in breast cancer. The limited studies evaluating the role of FOLR1 in breast cancer have shown that FOLR1 protein expression is enriched in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Newly developed anti-FOLR1 therapy could potentially be used for patients with TNBC for whom few therapeutic options exist. We sought to evaluate FOLR1 protein expression in a cohort of patients with TNBC to determine its prevalence and prognostic value. Design Immunohistochemistry was performed for FOLR1 (26B3.F2, Biocare, RTU) on tissue microarray (TMA) slides consisting of 62 primary TNBC. Membranous staining in ≥5% of cells was deemed positive in a given case. Statistical analyses correlating FOLR1 protein expression with clinicopathologic parameters and clinical outcome [disease-free survival (DSF) and overall survival (OS) (range: 16 to 196 months, mean: 111 months)] were performed. Results 62 cases of primary TNBC from 61 patients were studied. All patients were female and the mean age was 55 years (range 30 to 91 years). Histologically, almost all tumors were invasive ductal carcinoma (94%; 58/62) and grade 3 (89%; 55/62). Most were pT1 tumors (71%; 44/62) or pT2 (27%; 17/62). For the majority of patients, the nodal status was N0 (61%; 38/62) or N1 (24%; 15/62) and the stage was 1 (53%; 33/62) or 2 (32%; 20/62). Most cases were negative for FOLR1 (84%; 52/62). FOLR1 expression did not correlate with any clinicopathologic parameters, DFS or OS (P&gt;0.05). Conclusion Similar to other studies, we found no correlation with FOLR1 expression and common clinicopathologic parameters and clinical outcome in TNBC. While FOLR1 expression has been previously reported to confer poor prognosis in breast cancer (all types), our findings suggest that in TNBC specifically, FOLR1 expression is not prognostically significant.

Citation Format: Cui X, McIntire PJ, Ginter PS, Irshaid L, Chen Z, Shin SJ. Folate receptor alpha (FOLR1) expression in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2016 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-12-14.

Abstract P4-12-15: Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) rich in infiltrating stromal plasma cells have improved disease-free survival and overall survival

Background Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) have emerged as a prognostic indicator in patients with TNBC. Furthermore, lymphocyte-predominant breast cancer (LPBC), defined as those containing ≥50% stromal TILs has been shown to be associated with better prognosis. While cell-mediated immunity has received much of the credit for anti-tumor responses, the International TILs Working Group recommends that the assessment of stromal density of TILs should incorporate all mononuclear cells including plasma cells. Very little is known about the role of humoral immunity, particularly the role of plasma cells in the anti-tumoral response in breast cancer. We sought to evaluate the prognostic value of plasma cells in the setting of stromal TIL assessment of TNBC. Design Morphologic assessment of TILs was performed on a representative H&E slide of 76 cases of primary TNBC. For each case, the stromal density of TILs was estimated and then classified as LPBC or non-LPBC using a cutoff of ≥50% for the former. Also, the plasma cell intensity defined as the mean percentage of stromal plasma cells of five 40x high power microscopic fields of TILs was recorded at 5% increments. Statistical analyses were performed using disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) (range: 16 to 196 months, mean: 110 months) as primary endpoints. Results Plasma cell intensity was dichotomized at 12.5% and predictive of OS [.21, 95% confidence interval (CI) .05-.93, P = 0.0401)]. A positive dose related response trended toward significance for each 5% increase in plasma cell intensity (.97, 95% CI .93-1.01, P = 0.1168). Disease-free survival also trended positively towards significance (.39, 95% CI .13-1.20, P = 0.0991). When comparing LPBC, tumors rich in plasma cells (&gt;12.5% of TILs) trended towards longer DFS (.17, 95% CI .02-1.62, P = 0.1226) when compared to plasma cell poor LPBC. Conclusion In addition to the cell-mediated immune response in TNBC, our findings suggest that humoral immunity may also play a role in predicting recurrence and survival in these patients. Our findings suggest that inclusion of an additional parameter of plasma cell intensity may be prognostically valuable in TIL assessment of TNBC.

Citation Format: McIntire PJ, Cui X, Ginter PS, Irshaid L, Chen Z, Shin SJ. Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) rich in infiltrating stromal plasma cells have improved disease-free survival and overall survival [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2016 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-12-15.

Abstract P6-09-56: Tissue microarray (TMA) based immunohistochemical studies of lymphocyte-specific markers yield inaccurate results

This abstract was withdrawn by the authors.

Advances in multicellular spheroids formation

Three-dimensional multicellular spheroids (MCSs) have a complex architectural structure, dynamic cell-cell/cell-matrix interactions and bio-mimicking in vivo microenvironment. As a fundamental building block for tissue reconstruction, MCSs have emerged as a powerful tool to narrow down the gap between the in vitro and in vivo model. In this review paper, we discussed the structure and biology of MCSs and detailed fabricating methods. Among these methods, the approach in microfluidics with hydrogel support for MCS formation is promising because it allows essential cell-cell/cell-matrix interactions in a confined space.

iTRAQ-based Protein Profiling and Fruit Quality Changes at Different Development Stages of Oriental Melon

BACKGROUND

Oriental melon is one of the most popular crops for its nutritional and flavour quality. Components that determine melon quality, such as sugar, colour, texture, flavour and aroma, among other factors, accumulate in different developmental stages. Thus, correlating the proteomic profiles with the biochemical and physiological changes occurring in the oriental melon is very important for advancing our understanding of oriental melon quality in the ripening processes.

RESULTS

iTRAQ-based protein profiling was conducted on 'YuMeiren' oriental melon fruit at different developmental stages. Physiological quality indices, including firmness, rind colour, soluble solids content (SSC), ethylene production, sugar content and volatile compounds were also characterized during four maturity periods of the melon, including 5, 15, 25 and 35 days after anthesis (DAA). A principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the aroma volatiles at 5 DAA and 15 DAA were similar and separated from that of 35 DAA. More than 5835 proteins were identified and quantified in the two biological repeats and divided into 4 clusters by hierarchical cluster analysis. A functional analysis was performed using Blast2GO software based on the enrichment of a GO analysis for biological process, molecular function and cellular components. The main KEGG pathways, such as glycolysis, α-linolenic acid and starch and sucrose metabolism, were analyzed. The gene family members corresponding to differentially expressed proteins, including lipoxygenase (CmLOX01-18) and alcohol acetyltransferase (CmAAT1-4) involved in the α-linolenic acid metabolic pathway, were verified with real-time qPCR. The results showed that the expression patterns of 64.7% of the genes were consistent with the expression patterns of the corresponding proteins.

CONCLUSIONS

This study combined the variation of the quality index and differentially expressed proteins of oriental melon at different developmental stages that laid the foundation for the subsequent protein and gene function validation.