[Institutional delivery rate in minority inhabited areas of China from 1996 to 2017]

Objective: To describe the secular trends of institutional delivery (ID) rate in minority inhabited areas of China from 1996 to 2017 according to national health policies. Methods: The number of live births and IDs for each county/district in 31 provinces of China were derived from the datasets collected by the Office for National Maternal & Child Health Statistics of China. Information on health policies and ethnical areas was derived from official governmental websites. The calendar years were divided into three periods: pre-program period (1996 to 1999), program implementation period (2000 to 2008) and post-program period (2009 to 2017). Minority autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures, and autonomous counties were defined as minority inhabited areas. The ethnic that a county was classified into was determined by a principle of close proximity to the name of the county or its next higher level administrative division. A total of 700 counties in minority inhabited areas were included in the analysis. Results: A total of 45 684 265 live births including 35 098 855 delivered in institutions were analyzed. The ID rate in minority inhabited areas was 37.5% (696 221/1 856 164) in 1996 and 99.2% (2 371 209/2 390 131) in 2017, with an annual growth rate of 4.7%. During the 22-years period, the ID rates in the eastern, central and western regions increased simultaneously, with the annual growth rates of 3.1%, 4.2% and 4.9% respectively. The difference between the eastern and western regions decreased steadily from 16% in 1996 to <1% in 2017 and the difference between the urban and rural areas decreased from 32.1% in 1996 to <1% in 2017. Besides, the ID rates in Tibetan and Yi inhabited areas with lower baseline levels increased 73 and 63 percentage points respectively. The number of counties with the ID rate of <96% were substantially reduced from 589 in 1996 to 72 in 2017; the 71 counties were all located in national deep poverty-stricken areas named Three Districts and Three States, predominantly involving Tibetan (58), Yi (6), Uygur (2) and Lisu (2) ethnics. Conclusion: During the past 22 years, the ID rate in minority inhabited areas in China has dramatically increased, achieving the goal of 2 020 ahead of schedule, but there remains a few western counties where ID rates are still<96%, indicating that minority inhabited western areas should be focused in developing national policies concerning institutional delivery.

[Clinical and genotypic characteristics of infantile inflammatory bowel disease]

Objective: To analyze the clinical and genotypic characteristics of infantile inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Methods: The age of onset, family history, clinical manifestations, and treatment effect were retrospectively analyzed in 39 infants (male 23 cases, female 16 cases) with IBD who were admitted to the Department of Gastroenterology in Children's Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics from January 2007 to December 2017. Next generation sequencing (NGS) based on target gene panel was used for gene analysis in 17 patients. Results: The median age of onset was 0.5 (0.5, 1.0) month. The most common clinical symptoms included diarrhea (39, 100%), malnutrition (38, 97%), hematochezia (34, 87%), fever (25, 64%), and perianal diseases (24, 61%). Four children had associated family history. Among the 17 patients whose gene was analyzed, 10 were found to have the pathogenic gene variation, within whom 7 had interleukin-10 receptor α subunit (IL-10RA) mutation, 2 had CYBB heterozygous mutation, 1 had interleukin-10 receptor β subunit (IL-10RB) mutation. The therapeutic medicine included mesalazine, steroids, and thalidomide. Eighteen children (46%) reached clinical remission (10 cases) or partial remission (8 cases). Conclusions: The incidence of single gene mutation in infants with IBD is high, with IL-10RA mutation as the most common. Refractory diarrhea and malnutrition may indicate infantile IBD.

Evaluating the Efficiency of REPLI-g® Single Cell Kit for Trace DNA Amplification

Abstract

Objective To evaluate the efficiency of REPLI-g® Single Cell Kit for sample DNA amplification, and explore its application value in forensic trace DNA amplification. Methods Three DNA extraction kits were selected to extract DNA from peripheral blood of 10 unrelated individuals. The DNA yield and purity of the three DNA extraction kits were compared. According to the results of comparison, one DNA sample was selected to concentrate and dilute, then used as the initial sample of whole genome amplification （WGA）. REPLI-g® Single Cell Kit was used to amplify the initial sample at the whole genome level. The amplification yield and amplification times were calculated, and the distribution of DNA fragments was detected by agarose gel electrophoresis. Goldeneye® DNA ID System 20A Kit was used to perform the STR typing of the initial sample and DNA samples amplified at the whole genome level to evaluate the performance of REPLI-g® Single Cell Kit in trace DNA amplication in terms of purity and yield as well as the success rate of STR typing. Results After comparison, one DNA sample was selected from QIAsymphony® DNA Investigator® Kit extracts to concentrate and dilute as the initial sample of WGA. After amplifying the whole genome of a series of initial samples by REPLI-g® Single Cell Kit, the lowest average of amplification yield reached 8.77×103 ng, while the average of the corresponding amplification times reached 1.40×106. DNA fragments were large and concentrated. The STR typing success rate of WGA samples became lower with the decrease of initial samples used, but when the amount of samples was lower than 0.5 ng, the STR typing success rate of samples after DNA WGA was higher than that of samples without DNA WGA. Conclusion REPLI-g® Single Cell Kit can increase the yield of template DNA. Especially for trace DNA, the STR typing success rate can be improved to a certain extent.

Epididymal small non-coding RNA studies: progress over the past decade

BACKGROUND

Small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) accomplish a huge variety of biological functions. Over the past decade, we have witnessed the substantial progress in the epididymal sncRNA studies. In the Epididymis 7, we had the true privilege of having a whole session to share our findings and exchange ideas on the epididymal sncRNA studies.

OBJECTIVES

This mini-review attempts to provide an overview of what is known about the sncRNAs in the mammalian epididymis and discuss the future directions in this field.

METHODS

We surveyed literature regarding the sncRNA studies in the mammalian epididymis, and integrated some of our unpublished findings as well. We focus on the progress in methodology and the advances in our understanding of the expression and functions of epididymal sncRNAs.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The applications of high-throughput approaches have made great contributions in the discovery of new sncRNA species and profiling their dynamics in the epithelial cells, the passing spermatozoa, and the luminal environment. The diverse classes of epididymal sncRNAs exert important biological functions from the in situ regulation of epididymal gene expression to the epigenetic inheritance in the offspring.

CONCLUSION

Although still in its infancy, we believe that the research on epididymal sncRNAs will not only lead to a better understanding of their physiological and pathological functions, but also contribute to the whole landscape of the RNA field.

[Effects of vitamin D3 on intestinal mucosal barrier of mice with severe burns]

Objective: To explore the effects of vitamin D₃ on intestinal mucosal barrier of mice with severe burns. Methods: Forty-two C57BL/6C male mice aged eight to twelve weeks were divided into vitamin D₃ vehicle+ sham injury group of seven mice, vitamin D₃ vehicle+ burn injury group of fourteen mice, vitamin D₃+ sham injury group of seven mice, and vitamin D₃+ burn injury group of fourteen mice according to random number table. Mice in vitamin D₃ vehicle+ sham injury group and vitamin D₃ vehicle+ burn injury group were injected with vehicle of vitamin D₃ at a dose of 0.1 mL intraperitoneally at 1, 24, and 48 h before burn experiment. Mice in vitamin D₃+ sham injury group and vitamin D₃+ burn injury group were injected with vitamin D₃ at a dose of 100 ng/kg dissolved in 0.1 mL vehicle intraperitoneally at the same time points. Mice in vitamin D₃ vehicle+ burn injury group and vitamin D₃+ burn injury group were inflicted with 30% total body surface area full-thickness dermal scald (hereinafter referred to as burn) on the back by 98 ℃ hot water for 3 to 4 seconds. And mice in vitamin D₃ vehicle+ sham injury group and vitamin D₃+ sham injury were treated with 37 ℃ water on the back for 3 to 4 seconds to simulate injury. Seven mice in vitamin D₃ vehicle+ sham injury group and seven mice in vitamin D₃+ sham injury group at post injury hour (PIH) 24, and seven mice in vitamin D₃ vehicle+ burn injury group and seven mice in vitamin D₃+ burn injury group at PIH 6 and 24 were sacrificed respectively to collect mesentery lymph nodes, spleens, livers, and intestinal tissue. The mesentery lymph nodes, spleens, and livers of mice in each group were collected to observe growth of bacteria, and number of bacteria was counted. Intestinal tissue of mice in each group was collected to detect protein expressions of zonal occludin 1 (ZO-1) and occludin by immunohistochemistry staining method, distribution of ZO-1 by immunofluorescence staining method, and expression of occludin by Western blotting. Data were processed with Kruskal-Wallis H test, Nemenyi test, one-way analysis of variance, t test, and Bonferroni correction. Results: (1) At PIH 6 and 24, bacterial counts of mesentery lymph nodes, livers, and spleens of mice in vitamin D₃ vehicle+ burn injury group were significantly higher than those of mice in vitamin D₃ vehicle+ sham injury group (P<0.05). At PIH 6, bacterial counts of livers and spleens of mice in vitamin D₃+ burn injury group were significantly lower than those of mice in vitamin D₃ vehicle+ burn injury group (P<0.05). At PIH 24, bacterial counts of mesentery lymph nodes and livers of mice in vitamin D₃+ burn injury group were significantly lower than those of mice in vitamin D₃ vehicle+ burn injury group (P<0.05). (2) At PIH 6 and 24, expressions of ZO-1 and occludin of intestinal tissue of mice in vitamin D₃ vehicle+ burn injury group were significantly lower than those of mice in vitamin D₃ vehicle+ sham injury group, and expressions of ZO-1 and occludin of intestinal tissue of mice in vitamin D₃+ burn injury group were close to those of mice in vitamin D₃+ sham injury group. At PIH 6 and 24, expressions of ZO-1 and occludin of intestinal tissue of mice in vitamin D₃+ burn injury group were significantly higher than those of mice in vitamin D₃ vehicle+ burn injury group. (3) At PIH 6 and 24, compared with that of mice in vitamin D₃ vehicle+ sham injury group, distribution of ZO-1 of intestinal mucosal epithelium of mice in vitamin D₃ vehicle+ burn injury group was discontinuous. Distribution of ZO-1 of intestinal mucosal epithelium of mice in vitamin D₃+ sham injury group was normal, and the distribution of ZO-1 of intestinal mucosal epithelium of mice in vitamin D₃+ burn injury group was with good continuity. (4) At PIH 6 and 24, expressions of occludin of intestinal tissue of mice in vitamin D₃ vehicle+ burn injury group were 0.720±0.003, 0.638±0.052 respectively, significantly lower than 0.918±0.003 of mice in vitamin D₃ vehicle+ sham injury group (t=57.33, 5.36, P<0.05). At PIH 6 and 24, expressions of occludin of intestinal tissue of mice in vitamin D₃+ burn injury group were 0.994±0.058, 1.064±0.060, close to 0.938±0.023 of mice in vitamin D₃+ sham injury group (t=0.91, 1.96, P>0.05). At PIH 6 and 24, expressions of occludin of intestinal tissue of mice in vitamin D₃ vehicle+ burn injury group were significantly lower than those of mice in vitamin D₃+ burn injury group (t=4.75, 5.35, P<0.05). Conclusions: Intestinal bacterial translocation can occur in the early stage of severe burn. And vitamin D₃ plays a protective role in the intestinal mucosal barrier post severe burn to reduce the bacterial translocation by protecting tight junction proteins of intestinal epithelium.

[Monitoring by high-sensitivity HBV DNA assay during treatment in chronic hepatitis B e antigen negative patients]

Objective: To explore the efficacy of tenofovir disoproxil and adefovir dipivoxil treatment in patients with hepatitis B virus e antigen (HBeAg) negative was analyzed through the comparison of highly sensitive HBV viral load monitoring with HBV genotyping and drug resistance mutations. Methods: The clinical data of newly diagnosed chronic hepatitis B patients from January 2015 to June 2017 in outpatients and inpatients were randomly divided into tenofovir and adefovir group. Quantitative detection of HBV DNA levels before therapy and at 12, 24, 48, 96, and 120 weeks after therapy were determined for HBV genotypes and drug-resistant mutations in HBeAg-negative patients. Student's t-test was used to compare the measurement data between groups. The data of comparison between groups were tested by χ (2). Results: A total of 106 cases of HBeAg-negative patients were collected. Tenofovir disoproxil had a higher rate of HBV DNA suppression (54%) than adefovir dipivoxil treatment (42%), but the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.19). After 120 weeks of treatment, a total of 46 patients (93.9%) were enrolled in the tenofovir disoproxil group with HBV DNA quantitation < 2 000 IU / ml. Adefovir dipivoxil group of patients with HBV DNA < 2 000 IU / ml a total of 40 cases, accounting for 75.5%. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05). For 49 cases of HBeAg-negative patients, HBV B, C, B and C were mixed before tenofovir dipivoxil treatment, and C1653T, A1762T and G1764A mutation sites were detected in patients with D genotype. Patients C, B, C, B, and C were examined for C1673T, G1896, G1858, G1899A. After treatment, the detection rate of the above mutation sites decreased, but C1653T, C1673T and G1899A were not detected. New mutation sites such as G1915A / C, L180M, M204V, V207I / L, T184A and V173L were detected, Low resistance rate (25%). Conclusion: Tenofovir disoproxil can be recommended as a treatment for HBeAg-negative patients. For HBeAg-negative patients, the choice of high-sensitivity detection of HBV DNA levels, better monitoring of anti-HBV efficacy.

[Advances in the research of early deepening mechanism and prevention measures of burn wounds]

Deepening of wounds not only prolongs the wound repair time, increases the chance of scar formation after healing, but also is one of the important causes of death in severe burn patients. How to prevent wound deepening is a clinical problem in the treatment of burns. The mechanism of deepening burn wounds has not been fully elucidated, and the prevention and treatment measures in clinic need to be further explored. Based on the research results of the early deepening mechanism and prevention measures of burn wounds at home and abroad, this paper intends to summarize the three aspects including deepening mechanism, prevention measures, and research prospects of burn wounds.

[Prevalence of drug resistance in treatment-naive HIV infected men who have sex with men in Guangzhou, 2008-2015]

Objective: To understand the prevalence of drug resistance in treatment-naive HIV infected men who have sex with (MSM) in Guangzhou. Methods: HIV-1 RNA were extracted from the serum specimens of the MSM newly confirmed to be HIV-1 positive, living in Guangzhou and receiving no anti-viral therapy from 2008 to 2015. HIV-1 pol gene segments, including full protease and part reverse transcriptase, were amplified by nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (nested-PCR) and sequenced by Sanger. Subsequently, the sequence data were submitted to Stanford University HIV Drug Resistance Database for drug resistance analysis. Results: Among 2 283 HIV infected MSM, HIV-1 pol gene segments were obtained from the serum samples of 1 986 HIV infected MSM aged 16-84 (30.18±8.24) years. Among them, the unmarried accounted for 74.17% (1 473/1 986), those of Han ethnic group accounted for 90.64% (1 800/1 986), those with education level of college or above accounted for 49.65% (986/1 986), those with education level of senior high school or secondary school accounted for 27.14% (539/1 986), those with education level of junior high school or below accounted for 20.89% (415/1 986). The distribution of subtypes was predominated by CRF07_BC (38.22%, 759/1 986) and CRF01_AE (34.49%, 685/1 986). The overall prevalence of drug resistance was 3.32% (66/1 986). The prevalence of resistance to protease inhibitors (PIs), nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) were 1.36%(27/1 986), 0.65% (13/1 986) and 1.61% (32/1 986), respectively. Subtype B had higher resistance to PIs, NRTIs and NNRTIs and subtype CRF55_01B had highest resistance to NNRTIs compared with other subtypes. In subtype B, the resistant rates to D4T, EFV and NVP were highest (all 4.17%, 5/120), followed by those to NFV, AZT and RPV (all 3.33%, 4/120). In subtype CRF55_01B, the resistant rates to EFV and NVP were highest (all 5.50%, 16/291), followed by those to ETR and RPV (all 5.15%, 15/291). Conclusions: The prevalence of drug resistance in treatment-naive HIV infected MSM in Guangzhou remained at low level and current antiretroviral drugs are generally effective. However, subtype B and CRF55_01B have higher drug resistance.

[Differences of brain functional alterations between subtypes of Cushing's syndrome patients]

Objective: To compare the differences of brain functional damage of subtypes of patients with Cushing's syndrome (CS). Methods: A total of 11 adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-dependent CS patients and 29 ACTH-independent CS patients were recruited from Chinese PLA General Hospital between September 2015 and March 2017 with confirmed CS. The psychiatric scales and brain task functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) were evaluated. Results: A total of 40 patients (34 females, 6 males) with a mean age of (39.20±12.10) years and a median education level of 12 (9, 16) years were enrolled. ACTH-dependent patients had significantly worse performance than the ACTH-independent patients in response to the depression evaluation (64.6±6.1 vs 56.2±12.8, P=0.008), positive emotion (17.8±4.2 vs 24.3±7.2, P=0.008) and CS life quality [31(29,33) vs 42(29,51), P=0.040]. In the reaction to positive target pictures, ACTH-dependent CS patients showed stronger activation in left superior temporal gyrus compared with patients in ACTH-independent group, while the activation degree of their bilateral dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, bilateralsuperior frontal gyrus and left middle frontal gyrus was much worse. In the reactions to negative target pictures, ACTH-dependent CS patients had weaker activation in bilateral cerebellum, left superior frontal gyrus, left middle frontal gyrus, left precuneus and right postcentral gyrus, compared with patients in the ACTH-independent CS group (P<0.01, AlphaSim corrected). The activation degree of some regions whose brain function was different between the two groups was correlated to the cortisol level, ACTH level, 24 h urinary free cortisol (UFC) level, depression evaluation and negative emotion assessment (all P<0.05). Conclusions: The severity of the depression and the life quality of patients in ACTH-dependent group are worse than ACTH-independent CS patients. The brain function of ACTH-dependent CS patients is much weaker.

Fourier based partial least squares algorithm: new insight into influence of spectral shift in "frequency domain"

Developments in analytical chemistry technology, especially the combination between the partial least squares and spectroscopy, have contributed significantly to predicting the chemical concentrations and discriminating similar chemical analytes. However, spectral shift is an unwanted but inevitable factor for the spectroscopic analyzer, especially in practical application, which decreases the method's accuracy and stability. To remove the term of spectral shift completely and increase the robustness of spectroscopic analysis method, Fourier transform based partial least squares method was proposed. The approach used Fourier transform first to transform the spectral shift in the "time domain" to the phase term in the "frequency domain." The module of the Fourier transformed spectra was then calculated. As a result, the phase term was removed (the module of the phase term is 1), which means the spectral shift term was removed completely. Finally, the spectra modules were used to build the model and validate. The approach's advantages are: (i) that the approach provides a new insight to treat the spectral shift in spectroscopic analyzer; (ii) that the model is insensitive to spectral shift; (iii) that the approach makes partial least squares combined with spectroscopy more suitable for practical application, rather than lab experiment, because spectral shift is permitted, which means the decreased requirements of measure environment. As an example, blood species discrimination, using Raman spectroscopy, was used in order to demonstrate this approach's effectiveness.

[Esophageal motility and reflux characteristics in gastroesophageal reflux disease patients with or without extra-esophageal symptoms]

Objective: To investigate esophageal motility and reflux characteristics in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) with and without extra-esophageal symptoms by high-resolution manometry and 24 h esophageal multichannel intraluminal impedance combined pH (MII-pH) monitoring. Methods: From February 2016 to June 2017, GERD patients with and without extra-esophageal symptoms were enrolled in this prospective controlled study. Esophageal HRM and 24 h MII-pH monitoring were performed. The differences in esophageal motility and reflux parameters were further analyzed between 30 GERD patients with extra-esophageal symptoms and 30 simple GERD patients. Results: The GERD symptom scores didn't show statistical difference between two groups. The GERD symptom scores didn't show statistical difference between two groups. The relaxation pressure of lower esophageal sphincter(LES), the integrated relaxation pressure, and the recovery time of upper esophageal sphincter(UES) of GERD patients with extra-esophageal symptoms were all lower than those of patients without extra-esophageal symptoms [(15±7) vs (21±11)mmHg, (8±3) vs (10±5)mmHg, (388±168) vs (492±170)ms, 1 mmHg=0.133 kPa], and the differences were statistically significant(all P<0.05). The main classification of esophageal motility type of GERD patients with extra-esophageal symptoms was mild esophageal motility disorders (27%, 8/30), and the occurrence of ineffective esophageal motivation was 20% (6/30), which were similar with simple GERD patients. The proximal reflux percentages of weak acid reflux and nonacid reflux, abnormal nonacid reflux in GERD patients with extra-esophageal symptoms were significantly higher than those in simple GERD patients [84.6% (73.2%, 100.0%) vs 75.0% (60.0%, 87.65%), P=0.048; 90.0% (45.8%, 100.0%) vs 0(0, 100.0%), P=0.017; 46.7% vs 3.3%, P=0.03]. Conclusions: The pathogenesis of GERD with extra-esophageal symptoms may be different from typical GERD. Increase of proximal esophageal reflux and abnormal nonacid reflux may all participate in the mechanisms of GERD with extra-esophageal symptoms.

[The diagnosis and treatment of thyroid microcarcinoma]

Thyroid microcarcinoma(TMC)refers to the diameter less than 1 cm in thyroid carcinoma.With the development of high frequency ultrasound and pathological diagnosis technology,the incidence of TMC increased.Preoperation examination methods include routine ultrasound､ultrasound elastography､CT and fine needle aspiration biopsy.But its treatment methods are controversal.In this paprer,we review the present status in the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid microcarcinoma.

[Application of reflux symptom index in diagnosis of allergic patients with laryngopharyngeal reflux]

Objective:To explore the diagnostic value and optimal diagnostic threshold of reflux symptom index(RSI) in allergic patients with laryngopharyngeal reflux. Method: All the adult allergic patients with respiratory tract symptoms completed the RSI with the consent of the patients. A total of 150 patients with RSI＞13 were screened out. The LPR patients were confirmed by 24 h pH-metry of pharyngo-laryngoesophageal (allergic group). The same number of non allergic laryngeal reflux patients were selected as control group (non allergic group). The ratio of RSI＞13 to LPR was calculated. The total score of RSI and each score were compared between the allergic group and the non allergic group. ROC curve was used to analyze the highly suspicious RSI score thresholds for patients with reflux laryngitis. Result:Only 53(35.33%) of 150 patients with RSI＞13 were diagnosed as LPR after 24 h pH-metry test in allergic patients. Among the 9 symptoms of RSI, the scores of 6 symptoms in allergic group were significantly higher than those in non allergic group(P<0.05). The average RSI score of allergic group was 23.57±3.17. The average RSI score of non allergic group was 17.57±2.64. The total score of allergic group was higher than that of non allergic group(P<0.05). According to the RSI score ROC curve of allergic group, the area under 95% confidence interval curve was 0.815. RSI had certain diagnostic accuracy for allergic patients with LPR. The best critical value of RSI score for allergic patients with LPR was 18, the sensitivity was 94.3%, and the specificity was 56.7%. Conclusion:RSI can be used to screen allergic patients with LPR, diagnostic score threshold RSI＞18 points, has a certain diagnostic accuracy.

[Effect of anesthesia on cardiopulmonary complications in elderly patients with hip fracture]

Objective: To compare the effects of different types of anesthesia on postoperative cardiopulmonary complications in patients aged 80 years and above who received unilateral hip fracture surgery. Methods: The perioperative data of patients aged 80 and above who underwent unilateral hip fracture surgery in Peking Union Medical College Hospital from July 2009 to June 2014 were collected and grouped based on the types of anesthesia including general anesthesia, neuraxial anesthesia, and peripheral nerve block. Variables were analyzed including preoperative general conditions (age, sex, type of fracture, ASA physical status classification, preoperative cardiopulmonary complications), intraoperative conditions (type of surgical procedure, operative time, blood loss, total intraoperative fluid infusion), and postoperative conditions (length of hospital stay, postoperative hospital stay, ICU stay, postoperative newly developed cardiopulmonary complications, postoperative in-hospital death, hospitalization costs). The incidences of postoperative cardiopulmonary complications of each group were analyzed and compared. Results: A total of 219 cases were finally analyzed including general anesthesia (n=46), neuraxial anesthesia (n=90) and nerve block group (n=83). Fewer cases with preoperative pulmonary complications were noticed in general anesthesia group (15 cases, 32.6%) than in neuraxial anesthesia group (45 cases, 50%) and nerve block group (47 cases, 56.6%) (χ(2)=6.912, P=0.032). No statistical differences were found between groups regarding preoperative cardiovascular complications and other variables. There were no significant differences in postoperative cardiopulmonary complications. However, the cost of hospitalization was lower in neuraxial anesthesia group (45.6±21.4) thousand RMB and nerve block group (48.2±25.8) thousand RMB compared with general anesthesia group (56.3±21.6) thousand RMB, the difference was statistically significant(F=9.951, P=0.007). Conclusions: For elderly patients undergoing unilateral hip surgery, the type of anesthesia does not affect the incidence of postoperative cardiopulmonary complications. However, neuraxial anesthesia and nerve block may reduce the cost of hospitalization.

[Clinicopathologic features and prognosis of gastrointestinal mantle cell lymphoma]

Objective: To investigate the clinicopathologic features and prognosis of gastrointestinal mantle cell lymphoma (GI-MCL). Methods: Clinical data of 38 GI-MCL patients diagnosed at Beijing Friendship Hospital from January 2002 to January 2016 were retrospectively reviewed morphologically and immunophenotypically. IgH/CCND1 gene fusion was assessed by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). For comparison, 60 cases of non-GI-MCL were randomly selected to extract the differences inclinicopathological features and patient survival between the two groups. Results: Of 38 patients with GI-MCL, the median age was 62 years (range: 35-78 years, 23 males and 15 females), of which patients of 60 years of age or older accounted for 55.3%. Patients with clinical course of less than 6 months accounted for 81.1%(30/37). The main symptoms included abdominal pain, diarrhea, anorexia and hematochezia. Those with B symptoms accounted for 32.4%(12/37). The tumor most often involved lleocecal region (57.9%, 22/38), followed by rectum (36.8%, 14/38) and sigmoid colon (28.9%, 11/37), and the stomach accounted for 18.4%(14/38). Endoscopic polypoid lesions were found in 33 cases (86.8%, 33/38), of which 22 cases (66.7%, 22/33) were multiple. Five cases (13.2%, 5/38) presented with local protuberant neoplasm. According to Ann Arbor staging, 3 cases (7.9%, 3/38) were at stage Ⅰ, 4 cases (10.5%, 4/38) were at stage Ⅱ, and 31 cases (81.6%, 31/38) were at stage Ⅳ. The number of patients with tumor involvement of abdominal and retroperitoneal lymph nodes accounted for 45.7%(16/35), including 41.7%(15/36) involving the superficial lymph node, 17.1%(6/35) involving extranodal sites, and 23.5%(8/34) having splenomegaly. All of the 38 cases were classic MCL, and the tumor was composed of uniform lymphoid cells and effacing normal mucosal structure. All tumors were positive for CD20 and CD5. 97.4% (37/38) tumors were positive for cyclin D1, and 92.0% (23/25) tumors were positive for SOX11. FISH test was positive in 1 case of cyclin D1 negative tumor. Twenty-eight patients (73.7%) had a median follow-up of 25.0 months (range: 3-79 months). The 3-year survival rate for stage Ⅰ-Ⅱ and stage Ⅲ-Ⅳ of patients were 80.0% and 69.1%, respectively (P> 0.05). The 3-year survival rate for GI-MCL and non-GI-MCL patients were 71.7% and 72.5%, respectively (P>0.05). Single factor analysis showed that age of >60 years and splenomegaly were correlated with a worse overall survival rate (P<0.05). Conclusions: Gastrointestinal malaise is the most common presenting symptom in GI-MCL patients. GI-MCL more commonly involves colorectum with more frequent multiple polypoid lesions. Patients of age >60 years and with splenomegaly have poor prognosis. There is no difference in the prognosis between GI-MCL and non-GI-MCL patients.

Forensic Analysis on 52 Medical Malpractice Cases of Cardiac Death

OBJECTIVES

To synthetically analyse the medical malpractice cases of cardiac death in forensic identification, and to explore the generality and characteristic of cause of death, medical malpractice and assessment of participation degree.

METHODS

Totally 52 medical malpractice cases of cardiac death examined in the Xiaoshan Branch Office, Hangzhou Minghao Forensic Judical Appraisal Institute, from January 2015 to April 2018 were collected. The general information of cases, medical institutions and situations of hospital stay, cause of death, medical malpractice and assessment of participation degree were retrospectively analysed.

RESULTS

In 52 cases, the male to female ratio was 2.25:1, and most subjects aged >50-60. Cardiac death caused by hypertensive heart disease or coronary heart disease was most common （67.3%）, followed by viral myocarditis and cardiomyopathy （13.5%）. There were 24 cases involved surgery, and the survival time after surgery was from 1 h to 118 d with a 7 d medium value. There were 63 medical institutes involved in these medical malpractices. Medical malpractice presented in most hospitals more or less, and the participation degree was >20%-30%.

CONCLUSIONS

Forensic appraisal contributes to determine causes of death, which not only provides scientific evidence for medical malpractice identification, but also improves diagnosis and treatment levels of medical institutions.

Association between household physical activity level and type 2 diabetes among urban males in northern China

OBJECTIVES

Physical activity contributes to preventing type 2 diabetes (T2D). Doing housework is an unstructured mild-intensity physical activity. We aimed to investigate the association between household physical activity level (HPAL) and T2D in urban Chinese men.

STUDY DESIGN

This is a cross-sectional study.

METHODS

This study contained 13,862 male adults aged 35-78 (48.4 ± 7.1) years. According to the self-reported time (hours/day [h/d]) spent on housework, they were stratified into three levels: 0 h/d, >0-2 h/d, and >2 h/d. The association of HPAL with T2D was investigated by logistic regression analysis.

RESULTS

The odds ratios (ORs) for T2D across increasing categories of HPAL were 1.00 (reference), 0.80 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.72-0.89), and 0.60 (95% CI 0.51-0.70), respectively (P for trend <0.001), after adjusting for confounding factors. Further adjustment for waist circumference or body mass index (BMI) had a minimal impact on these ORs. The inverse association of HPAL with T2D was persistent in subgroup analyses based on age, hypertension, family history of diabetes, smoking, BMI, waist circumstance, and fasting plasma glucose level.

CONCLUSION

Our findings indicated that HPAL was inversely associated with the risk of T2D among urban males in northern China. This implied that household physical activity may contribute to long-term glucose control. Well-designed longitudinal studies are required to improve our understanding of this association.

[Effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and lipopolysaccharide on antioxidant function of liver tissues in mice]

OBJECTIVE

To compare the effects of different sized titanium dioxide (titanium dioxide, TiO₂) on the antioxidant function of liver tissues in mice, and study the effect of TiO₂ nanoparticles on the susceptibility of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on liver tissues.

METHODS

Ninety 4-week-old clean-grade male ICR mice were divided into 18 groups, in which the mice were fed for different feed involving ordinary feed, nanometer TiO₂ feed which meant the feed including 1% (mass fraction) TiO₂ nanoparticles, and submicron TiO₂ feed which meant the feed including 1% (mass fraction) TiO₂ submicron particles. Respectively, they were fed for 1 month, 3 months and 6 months. On the second day after the feeding, respectively, 0 and 10 mg/kg LPS were given by gavage. The mice were harvested after 4 h and the body weight and liver weight for calculating the liver coefficient were recorded. Then the liver tissue homogenates were prepared for determining the antioxidant indexes including the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), and malondialdehyde (MDA).

RESULTS

The change of body weight in mice was only discovered in group fed for 1 month, which showed significant decrease of body weight in treatment groups compared with control group. And there was no significant change of the liver coefficient in each group. Compared with control groups, nanometer TiO₂ groups and submicron TiO₂ group, the activity of T-AOC, T-SOD and MDA of nanometer TiO₂+LPS group and submicron TiO₂+LPS group in which the mice were fed for 1 month and 6 months increased in different degree. And another result was also existing. The MDA activity of liver in different sized treatment groups fed for 3 months decreased. Neither significant difference between the results of different sized TiO₂ treatment groups, nor significant difference among different sized TiO₂ groups and the control groups were observed.

CONCLUSION

Longterm peroral TiO₂ nanoparticles and TiO₂ submicron particles are more likely to cause damage to the liver in the growing mice, and the damage may be either reductive or oxidative. In addition, small sized TiO₂ can increase the susceptibility of mice liver to LPS and the susceptibility will increase with the increase of exposure time.

[EB virus-positive T/NK lymphoproliferative diseases: an analysis of 156 patients]

Objective: To investigate the clinicopathological features of EBV-positive T/NK cell lymphoproliferative diseases (EBV(+) T/NK-LPD). Methods: The clinical characteristics of 156 cases of EBV(+) T/NK-LPD were collected from August 2002 to March 2015 at Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University. Immunohistochemical staining, EBER in situ hybridization and clonal analysis of TCR gene were performed. All patients were followed up. Results: There were 106 male and 50 female patients; patients' age ranged from 1 to 75 years (median 20 years). The course of the diseases before diagnosis ranged from 2 to 540 months (median 20 months). Fever was noted in 122 patients (78.2%), 108 patients had lymphadenopathy (69.2%), and 75 patients had hepatosplenomegaly (48.1%). Thirty-three cases were grade 1, 68 cases were grade 2, and 55 cases were grade 3. TCR gene arrangement analysis was performed in 45 cases, and 33 cases (73.3%) showed clonal rearrangement. The follow-up period ranged from 1-134 months, and 44 patients (28.2%) died. There was a trend of increased death rate associated with increasing grade (P>0.05). Conclusions: There are many types of EBV(+) T/NK-LPD, and they can be classified as systemic, relatively localized and localized. The prognosis should be based on a comprehensive analysis of pathology and clinical data. There is no significant correlation between morphological grade and mortality. An important goal of therapy is to prevent serious complications.

[Clinicopathologic features and prognosis of mantle cell lymphoma: an analysis of 349 cases]

Objective: To investigate clinicopathologic features and prognostic factors of mantle cell lymphoma(MCL). Methods: The clinical data of 349 MCL patients diagnosed at Beijing Friendship Hospital from January 2004 to January 2016 were retrospectively collected. Corresponding histological sections were reviewed. Additional studies included immunohistochemical staining using the MaxVision two-step method, IgH/CCND1 fusion gene detection by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), and correlative statistical analysis. Results: Of 349 patients with MCL, the median patient age was 61 years (range: 25-83 years, M∶F=2.7∶1.0) and the age of 243 patients ranged from 51 to 70 years (69.6%). Those with B symptoms accounted for 22.4% (70/313). Most of the patients presented with superficial lymphadenopathy and the clinical stage Ⅲ-Ⅳ accounted for 76.1% (235/309). Extranodal involvement was seen in 47.9% (148/309), among which the gastrointestinal tract accounted for 31.8% (47/148) and splenic involvement accounted for 15.4% (47/305). Three hundred and nine (88.5%) cases were of classical type and 40 (11.5%) cases were of aggressive variant type, and all were composed of proliferating lymphoid cells. All the tumors were positive for CD20 and cyclin D1, and 98.6% (344/349) tumors were weakly positive or positive for CD5. FISH test was positive in 12 cases that were CD5 negative and with cyclin D1 partial expression.Two hundred and forty-three (69.6%) patients had a median follow-up of 26 months (range: 3-108 months). The 3- and 5-year overall survival rates for patients were 63.0% and 34.8%, respectively. Single factor analysis showed that age of >60 years, splenic involvement, aggressive variant type, incompletely overlapping type [Based on the degree of overlap ≥90% and <90% between the follicular dendritic cell (FDC) meshwork and tumor cells, the tumors were divided into the completely overlapped type and incompletely overlapped type] and Ki-67 index >40% had poor prognosis (P<0.05). Multiple factor Cox proportional risk regression analysis after removing the aggressive variant type showed that age, splenic involvement, the degree of overlap between the FDC meshwork and tumor cells and Ki-67 index were independent prognostic factors for overall survival rate of MCL patients (P<0.05). Conclusions: MCL is more commonly found among middle-aged and elderly men. Patient age, splenic involvement, degree of overlap between FDC meshwork and tumor cells and Ki-67 index are the independent prognostic indicators for MCL.

[Knowledge, related behavior and on AIDS/HIV infection among rural adults with Derung minority, in Yunnan province, 2016]

Objective: To understand the related risk behaviors, knowledge and status of HIV/AIDS infection among rural adults of Derung minority, to provide relevant messages for the development of HIV/AIDS intervention strategy in this minority group. Methods: We used system sampling method to conduct a cross-sectional survey in 6 administration villages of Derung Township, Gongshan Derung and Nu Autonomous County in Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan Province, with a sample size estimated as 383. Adult residents with Derung minority in six villages of Gongshan County were involved, with relevant information collected through door-to-door visit. HIV antibody was tested and SPSS 17.0 was used for statistical analysis. Results: Information on 394 valid respondents was collected, with age as between 18 and 65 (34.39±9.74), 80.7% (318/394) as married, 54.0% (213/394) having had primary school education, 13.2% (52/394) as migrant workers. In this population, the overall HIV infection rate appeared as 0.5% (2/400), mainly through sexually transmission. The rate of awareness on HIV/AIDS was 69.8% (275/394), mainly through free publicized materials 50.0% (197/394). Rates on premarital sexual behavior on multiple sexual partners in the past year, on temporary sexual partners in the past year, having commercial sexual experiences in the past year and ever used condoms when engaging in casual sex, were 6.4% (60/366), 18.0%(66/366), 5.7%(21/366), 1.9%(7/366) and 8.0%(25/311), respectively. Conclusions: Few numbers of HIV infections were identified among the migrating workers with Derung minority, with sexual transmission as the major route, along with the increased number of rural migrant workers and the low rates both on AIDS knowledge and condom use, accompanied by the high risk sexual behavior appeared in this rural adult residents of Derung minority. Relative strategies on HIV/AIDS intervention and control should be developed.

[Analysis of clinical data, esophageal motility and reflux characteristics in patients with non-erosive reflux disease(NERD) and reflux esophagitis(RE)]

Objective: To compare the clinical data, esophageal motility and reflux characteristic in patients with non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) and reflux esophagitis (RE). Methods: A total of 167 patients of NERD were enrolled in the study[60 males, 107 females, mean age(44.1±13.4) years old], and 151 patients of RE were enrolled [74 males, 77 females, mean age(46.5±9.9) years old]. All patients were surveyed by questionnaires to investigate the clinical data. All patients accepted the esophageal highresolution manometry and 24 hours pH+ impedance monitoring to investigate the esophageal motility and reflux characteristic. Results: The proportion of female patients in group NERD was significantly higher than that in group RE(60/107 vs 74/77, P=0.049). The reflux symptom scores and the proportion of reflux in group NERD were significantly lower than those in group RE[(4.5±2.4) vs (5.6±2.1), 44.91% vs 64.24%, P<0.05). The Demeester score of group NERD was significantly lower than that of group RE[12.54(1.60, 10.80) vs 17.31(3.40, 16.64), P=0.044]. The proportion of Demeester scores positive patients in group NERD was significantly lower than that in group RE(15.1% vs 23.8%, P=0.018). The number of acid reflux in group NERD was significantly lower than that in group RE[17.49(3.00, 22.22) vs 21.69(4.00, 30.00), P=0.042]. Conclusions: There are more female patients in group NERD. The reflux symptoms of the group NERD are less serious than those of group RE.RE patients have more acid reflux events. There is no significant difference in the esophageal motility between the two groups.