[Analysis on the trend of overweight and obesity of children and adolescents in 9 provinces of China from 1991 to 2015]

Objective: To analyze the trends of overweight and obesity of children and adolescents in 9 provinces of China from 1991 to 2015. Methods: A total of 14 888 children and adolescents aged 6-17 years with complete data were selected from the China Health and Nutrition Survey from 1991 to 2015. The definitions of overweight and obesity were defined using the international body mass index (BMI) cut-offs for child overweight and obesity established by the International Obesity Task Force in 2000 (hereinafter referred to as 'IOTF Standard'), the growth reference for school-aged children and adolescents established by the World Health Organization in 2007 (hereinafter referred to as 'WHO Standard'), the BMI cut-offs for screening overweight and obesity in Chinese children established by Li Hui et al. in 2009 (hereinafter referred to as 'Expert Standard'), and the screening thresholds for overweight and obesity in Chinese school-age children and adolescents released by the National Health and Family Planning Commission in 2018 (hereinafter referred to as 'Industry Standard'). Multivariable linear regression model was used to examine the trends in BMI values from 1991 to 2015, and multivariable logistic regression model was used to examine the trends in the prevalence of overweight and obesity from 1991 to 2015. Results: After adjusting for the age, sex and region, BMI values increased from 17.26 kg/m(2) in 1991 to 18.72 kg/m(2) in 2015 (P value for trend <0.001). The prevalence of overweight defined by the IOTF Standard, WHO Standard, Expert Standard, and Industry Standard increased from 4.06%, 5.37%, 5.16%, and 4.27% in 1991 to 13.58%, 16.23%, 13.30%, and 11.70% in 2015, respectively (all P values for trend <0.001), and the prevalence of obesity increased from 1.02%, 1.86%, 2.24%, and 2.41% in 1991 to 7.45%, 10.75%, 12.08%, and 12.74% in 2015, respectively (all P values for trend <0.001). Conclusion: The BMI values and prevalence of overweight and obesity increased significantly in Chinese children and adolescents from nine provinces from1991 to 2015.

[A novel and simplified closure method for defect closure after endoscopic full-thickness resection of gastric submucosal tumors: short-term outcomes of "Shao-Mai" closure method]

Objective: To evaluate the feasibility and short-term efficacy of a novel and simplified closure method developed by our team for the defect closure after endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFTR) for gastric submucosal tumors (SMT) in the gastric wall. Methods: A prospective single-arm clinical study was used. Inclusion criteria: (1) the lesion was located in the fundus or the greater curvature of the stomach, and was confirmed to originate from the muscularis propria layer; (2) the diameter of the tumor was ≤3.5 cm, and the tumor had no extensive adhesion to the peritoneal tissues and organs in extraperitoneal cavity; (3) the tumor had no malignant features under ultrasound endoscopy; (4) the patient agreed to participate in the study; (5) patients with severe complications were excluded. Based on the above criteria, 20 patients with gastric SMT at the Endoscopy Center of Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University from January 2015 to March 2018 were enrolled in this study, including 5 males and 15 females with mean age of 61.1 (38 to 70) years. Grasping forceps-assisted endo-loop snare ligation device which is called "Shao-Mai" method was used to close the defect site. All the patients underwent EFTR and "Shao-Mai" method to perform defect closure. After successful tumor resection by EFTR, an endo-loop was anchored onto the edge of the gastric defect with grasping forceps assistance and closed tightly. The observation indicators included tumor size, en bloc resection, operation time, postoperative complications and hospital stay. The follow-up indicators included tumor residual, local recurrence, and metachronous lesions. Results: All the 20 lesions were located in the muscularis propria with a size of 0.5-3.5 (mean 1.4) cm. Three of them were located in the greater curvature of the mid-upper gastric body, 17 were located in the fundus. The endoscopic "Shao-Mai" closure was successfully performed after EFTR in all the 20 cases. Endoscope was used uniquely through the entire process, without laparoscopic assistance. The operative time was 20-100 (mean 43.8) minutes, while the "Shao-Mai" closure procedure took a range of 3-30 (mean 10.1) minutes. The en bloc resection rate was 100%. The pathological diagnosis included 17 gastrointestinal stromal tumors and 3 leiomyomas. No major complications occurred during or after surgery. All the patients were discharged 1-11 (mean 3.1) days after operation. The wounds of all the cases were healed completely six months after operation and only scar was observed without ulcer. No residual lesion, tumor recurrence or metastasis, leakage or fistula of digestive tract were found during the follow-up period of 15-54 (median 41) months. Conclusion: The endoscopic "Shao-Mai" closure method is a simplified novel way, which is feasible, effective, and safe for closing the gastric defect after EFTR.

[Preliminary efficacy analysis of Cheng's Giraffe reconstruction after proximal gastrectomy in adenocarcinoma of esophagogastric junction]

Objective: To investigate the safety and feasibility of proximal partial gastrectomy with Cheng's Giraffe esophagogastric reconstruction for the treatment of early Siewert II adenocarcinoma of esophagogastric junction (AEG). Methods: Indication of Cheng's Giraffe esophagogastric reconstruction: (1) Siewert II AEG or Siewert III AEG with diameter < 4 cm; (2) preoperative staging as cT1-2N0M0. A descriptive case series study was carried out. Clinical data of 34 patients with Siewert II AEG undergoing proximal partial gastrectomy and Cheng's Giraffe esophagogastric reconstruction at Department of Abdominal Surgery of Zhejiang Cancer Hospital and Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from February to July 2018 were retrospectively collected and analyzed, including 14 cases in IA stage, 11 cases in IIA stage and 8 cases in IIB stage. Brief procedure of Cheng's Giraffe esophagogastric reconstruction was as follows: Firstly, 12 cm long tubular stomach was formed by longitudinal incision 4 cm away from the great curvature of the stomach. Secondly, the gastric fundus and His angle were formed. Finally, the distance from His angle to esophagal-tubular gastric anastomosis should be more than 5 cm. The reflux disease questionare (RDQ) scores, radionuclide gastric emptying scintigraphy, and 24-hour multichannel intraluminal (MII)-pH monitoring technology were used to evaluate postoperative gastric emptying and gastroesophageal reflux. Result: All 34 patients successfully completed proximal partial gastrectomy with Cheng's Giraffe esophagogastric reconstruction, including 13 cases by open surgery and 21 cases by laparoscopic surgery. The operation time was (144.6±39.8) minutes, the blood loss during operation was (35.4±17.2) ml. No laparoscopic case was converted to open surgery and no postoperative complication was observed. The postoperative hospital stay was (8.4±2.5) days. The postoperative RDQ score was 4.4±3.1 one month after operation, and 3.3±2.5 six months after operation. Gastric-half emptying time was (67.0±21.5) minutes, and the residual ratio was (52.2±7.7)% in 1 hour, (36.4±3.1)% in 2 hours and (28.8±3.6)% in 3 hours at postoperative 1-month. The 24-hour MII-pH monitoring at postoperative 2-month revealed the frequency of acid reflux was (12.6±7.9) times, frequency of non-acid reflux was (19.6±9.7) times, DeMeester score was 5.8±2.9. Conclusion: Cheng's Giraffe esophagogastric reconstruction is safe and feasible in the treatment of Siewert type II AEG, and has good dynamic and anti-reflux effects.

[A study on the targeted nanoparticles of isosorbide mononitrate on reducing the levels of inflammatory factors in rabbit models of rhinosinusitis]

Objective: To investigate the effect of isosorbide mononitrate (ISMN) targeted nanoparticles on inflammatory factors of sinusitis by establishing a rabbit model of rhinosinusitis. Methods: Thirty healthy rabbits, male and female, weighing 2.5-3.5 kg, were randomly divided into 6 groups with 5 rabbits in each group. Group A was the control group. The model of rabbit sinusitis was established in group B to F, and CT was used to confirm the model was successful. After placing tubes into the maxillary sinus in the group C to F, saline, 45 mg/ml ISMN, 45 mg/ml ISMN nanoparticles and 45 mg/ml ISMN targeted nanoparticles were used to wash the maxillary sinus, respectively. Blood samples were collected from the ear vein of rabbits on day 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 after modeling respectively. Changes in the expression levels of inflammatory factors in rabbits during the modeling process and after drug washing were detected by ELISA. After the drug intervention, the maxillary sinus mucosa was taken for real-time quantitative PCR to detect the changes in the mRNA level of inflammatory factors. SPSS 22.0 software was used to process the data. Results: Rabbit model of sinusitis was successfully established. ELISA showed that after the action of ISMN targeted nanoparticles of 1 week (42th day after modeling), the levels of (interleukin, IL) 4, IL-8, IL-17A and interferon γ (IFN-γ) in the blood were lower compared with that of 35th day after modeling, the difference was statistically significant (5.57±1.20 vs 19.73±0.68, 66.41±11.87 vs 154.68±13.13, 17.96±1.87 vs 28.23±0.80, 53.56±5.66 vs 111.93±7.29, all P<0.05). Compared with the ISMN nanoparticles and ISMN, the ISMN targeted nanoparticles reduced the levels of IL-4, IL-8, IL-17A and IFN-γ more obviously, the differences were statistically significant (13.26±1.43 vs 8.81±1.33 vs 7.14±2.16, 89.47±17.80 vs 41.07±7.77 vs 15.84±3.72, 10.28±2.07 vs 3.06±1.62 vs 1.82±0.90, 62.16±6.18 vs 35.12±4.62 vs 27.89±10.18, all P<0.05). Real-Time PCR showed that after the flushing of ISMN targeted nanoparticles, the levels of IL-4, IL-8, IL-17A and IFN-γ mRNA were lowest compared with that of the model group, ISMN nanoparticles and ISMN group. Conclusion: ISMN targeted nanoparticles can reduce the level of inflammatory factors in rabbit sinusitis model.

Genome Sequencing of Mesonia algae K4-1 Reveals Its Adaptation to the Arctic Ocean

The special ecological environment of the Arctic has brought about a large number of salt-tolerant and psychrotolerant microorganisms. We isolated two culturable bacterial strains of the genus Mesonia; one from the Arctic ocean, Mesonia algae K4-1, and one from the tropical sea, Mesonia sp. HuA40. Our genome analysis and phenotypic experiments indicated that Mesonia algae K4-1 is a moderately halophilic and psychrophilic bacterium. Mesonia algae K4-1 can tolerate 3–14% NaCl and grow at a wide range of temperatures from 4 to 50°C. Mesonia sp. HuA40 is a mesophilic bacterium that can only grow with 3–9% NaCl. In addition, the salt adaptation strategy of Mesonia algae K4-1 accumulates organic osmolytes in the cell. RNA helicases, glutathione and organic compatible solutes may play important roles in maintaining the metabolism and physiological function of Mesonia algae K4-1 under cold stress. Moreover, the ability of Mesonia algae K4-1 to adapt to an oligotrophic marine environment is likely due to the synthesis of a large number of extracellular polysaccharides and the secretion of various families of extracellular proteases. This study systematically analyzed the relationship between genomic differentiation and environmental factors of the Mesonia genus and revealed the possible adaptation mechanism of Mesonia algae K4-1 in the extreme Arctic marine environment at the genomic level.

[Diagnostic value and patient compliance of a pancreas-oriented multidisciplinary clinic: a retrospective analysis from a Chinese pancreatic disease center]

Objective: To evaluate the role of multidisciplinary team (MDT) clinic in the diagnosis of pancreatic diseases and patient compliance with MDT advice in the current medical system. Methods: The study included 512 patients that had visited the pancreas-oriented MDT clinic of Zhongshan Hospital between May 2015 and May 2019.The clinical and pathological data were collected and analyzed retrospectively. Diseases were classified in accordance with 2010 WHO classification of tumors of the digestive system and usual clinical practices. Compliance was determined according to whether a patient received corresponding therapies or undergoing further checks or follow-ups. Results: Among the 512 patients that had visited the MDT clinic, 121 patients were referred due to undetermined diagnosis. Classified according to the final diagnosis, the rate of undetermined diagnosis in different disease categories from high to low in order was inflammatory diseases of the pancreas (75.0%, 24/32), other lesions of the pancreas (56.1%,23/41), pancreatic cystic lesions (19.1%,17/89), pancreatic carcinomas (18.3%,48/262) and pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (pNEN)(10.2%,9/88). The MDT clinic made diagnosis to 68 patients directly with an accuracy of 89.7%. The rate of compliance in the entire cohort was 63.4%. The rate of compliance of patients from June 2017 to May 2019 (68.4%) was higher than that of patients from May 2015 to May 2017(59.6%). The compliance rate of patients in different disease categories from high to low in order was inflammatory diseases of the pancreas(84.4%, 27/32), pancreatic carcinomas (67.9%, 178/262), pNEN(60.2%,53/88), other lesions of the pancreas (56.1%,23/41), and pancreatic cystic lesions(49.4%, 44/89). The compliance rate of patients with different MDT advice from high to low in order was best supportive care(78.6%,22/28), antitumor approaches beyond surgery(71.6%,159/222), further tests(62.6%, 77/123), surgery(53.7%, 65/121) and follow-up(49.2%, 31/63). In patients suggested for surgery, the compliance rate of patients with carcinomas(67.4%, 33/49) was higher than patients with other kinds of neoplasms. Conclusions: MDT clinic could facilitate the diagnosis of pancreatic diseases conveniently and inexpensively. The overall compliance rate of MDT clinic patients is rather low, and patients with carcinomas have a relative high rate of compliance with the suggestion of surgery.

[High level of hemoglobin during the first trimester of pregnancy associated with the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus]

Objective: To explore the relationship between hemoglobin (Hb) level during the first trimester of pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods: A total of 1 276 participants, who underwent scheduled prenatal examination and normal singleton delivery at the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai and Hospital of Intergrated Chinese and Western Medicine in Minhang District, from January 2016 to May 2018 were included. There were 99 cases of GDM (GDM group) and 1 177 cases of normal (control group) pregnant women.Based on the serum Hb level during the first trimester of pregnancy, participants were divided into three groups, 236 cases of low Hb level group (Hb<110 g/L), 868 cases of normal Hb level group (110 g/L≤Hb<130 g/L), and 172 cases of high Hb level group (Hb≥130 g/L). Maternal clinical data were collected, including Hb level during the first trimester of pregnancy, three-point blood glucose (BG) of oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and fasting insulin during the second trimester of pregnancy. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) and homeostasis model assessment of pancreatic β cell function index (HOMA-β) were used to evaluate insulin resistance and pancreatic β cell function. Results: (1) Hb level during the first trimester of pregnancy in GDM group was significantly higher than that in control group [(123±10),(119±11) g/L, P<0.05]. There were no significant difference in gravidity, parity, index of liver and renal function (all P>0.05). (2) Pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), 1-hour BG and 2-hour BG of OGTT were significantly increased in the high Hb level group during the first trimester of pregnancy, which were (23±4) kg/m(2), (7.3±2.0) mmol/L, and (6.5±1.4) mmol/L (P<0.05), respectively. The pre-pregnancy BMI, 1-hour BG and 2-hour BG of the normal or low Hb level group were (22±3) kg/m(2), (6.7±1.6) mmol/L, (6.1±1.2) mmol/L; (22±3) kg/m(2), (6.5±1.5) mmol/L, (5.9±1.1) mmol/L, respectively. There were no statistically significant difference in levels of fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR and HOMA-β within 3 groups (all P>0.05). (3) In the high Hb level group, prevalence of pregnancy overweight or obesity and GDM were the highest, which were 37.2%(64/172) and 15.1%(26/172), respectively; the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). (4) The serum Hb level in the first trimester was positively related with pre-pregnancy BMI (r=0.130, P<0.05), 1-hour BG (r=0.129, P<0.05), 2-hour BG (r=0.134, P<0.05), fasting insulin (r=0.096, P<0.05), and HOMA-IR (r=0.101, P<0.05).Logistic regression indicated that Hb≥130 g/L during the first trimester of pregnancy was an independent risk factor for GDM (OR=2.799, 95%CI: 1.186-6.604; P<0.05). Conclusion: The high level of Hb (Hb≥130 g/L) during the first trimester of pregnancy is associated with GDM.

[The mediating role of psychological resilience to childhood abuse and binge eating among middle school students]

To explore the mediating role of psychological resilience to childhood abuse and binge eating. This study assessed the childhood abuse, binge eating and psychological resilience of 3 453 middle school students in Harbin city, Heilongjiang Province. SPSS PROCESS macro program, combined with Bootstrap method, was employed to explore the mediating effect of psychological resilience. The incidence of middle school students experiencing at least one type of abuse in their childhood was 81.3% (2 807/3 453). Childhood abuse, psychological resilience and binge eating were all significantly different in terms of gender, household registration and whether they were only child (all P values<0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between childhood abuse and binge eating. Psychological resilience was negatively associated with childhood abuse and binge eating. Childhood abuse could not only directly predict the binge eating behavior of adolescents, but also could indirectly affect it via psychological resilience.

[Development of primary teeth among infants and toddlers in nine cities of China in 2015]

Objective: To investigate the status of the development of primary teeth and to identify the development patterns among infants and toddlers in nine cities of China in 2015. Methods: Healthy children aged 1-<36 months were investigated by across-sectional survey and retrospective studies, which was carried out in 9 cities (Beijing, Harbin and Xi'an in northern China; Shanghai, Nanjing and Wuhan in central China; and Guangzhou, Fuzhou and Kunming in southern China) from June to October in 2015. Subjects (n=103 995) were divided into 14 age groups (1-<2, 2-<3, 3-<4, 4-<5, 5-<6, 6-<8, 8-<10, 10-<12, 12-<15, 15-<18, 18-<21, 21-<24, 24-<30, 30-<36 months). There were 150-200 boys and girls respectively in each group of urban and suburb areas in each city. The eruption status and the number of primary teeth were examined by the trained child health care physician or pediatrician on the spot. The timing of primary teeth eruption of children was retrospectively surveyed using a questionnaire. The prevalence of primary teeth was calculated and χ(2) test was used for comparison of categorical data. Probit regression analysis was used to determine the median and percentile age of eruption of primary teeth. Results: Totally 103 995 children aged 1-<36 months were investigated. There were 52 346 children in urban areas (boys 26 228, girls 26 118) and 51 649 children in suburb areas (boys 25 912, girls 25 737). The eruption rate of primary teeth in children under 2 years became higher with age and the difference among each age group was statistically significant (χ(2)=85 913.868, P<0.01), which was 0.3% (22/7 450) in 3-<4 months group, 43.0% (3 227/7 503) in 6-<8 months group and 99.9% (7 441/7 446) in 15-<18 months group. The eruption age of primary teeth was 6.6 months (95%CI: 6.5-6.7 months), and the range of the 3rd to 97th percentile was 4.1-10.6 months. The eruption ages of primary teeth in urban and suburb areas children were 6.6 months (95%CI: 6.5-6.7 months) and 6.6 months (95%CI: 6.5-6.7 months) respectively. The eruption age of primary teeth was earlier in boys (6.4 months, 95%CI: 6.3-6.5 months) than that in girls (6.7 months, 95%CI: 6.6-6.8 months). The median eruption age of primary teeth was earlier in northern China (6.2 months) than that in central (6.7 months) and southern China (6.9 months). The eruption rate of primary teeth became higher with age, showing that the median number of primary teeth was 2 in 8-<10 months group, 8 in 12-<15 months group and 20 in 30-<36 months group. Conclusions: The timing of eruption of primary teeth was similar between urban and suburb areas children and that of the boys was slightly earlier than that of the girls. There were slight differences among different regions in the eruption timing of primary teeth. The range of the 3rd to 97th percentile in the eruption age of primary teeth was 4.1-10.6 months and the number of primary teeth followed the regular development pattern with age.

[Mortality and influencing factors on injecting drug users with HIV/AIDS in Guizhou province, 1996-2015]

Objective: To understand the mortality and influencing factors on injecting drug users (IDUs) with HIV/AIDS, in Guizhou province, 1996-2015. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on IDUs with HIV/AIDS that were reported through national comprehensive HIV/AIDS information system, in Guizhou province during 1996-2015. Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors on the mortality of HIV/AIDS. Results: A total of 3 958 cases of IDUs with HIV/AIDS were recruited in this study, with all-cause mortality rate of 44.01% (1 742/3 958) and total mortality rate of 7.80/100 person-years, respectively. The median survival time between diagnosis and death was 8.08 years. Mortality rate was 3.57/100 person-years in the group receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). The mortality appeared to be 4.08/100 person-years in the group who were on methadone maintenance treatment (MMT). Data from the multiple regression analysis indicated that factors of gender, ethnicity, age when HIV/AIDS diagnosis was made, CD(4)(+)T lymphocyte (CD(4)) count at the first testing, ART and MMT were significantly associated with deaths among these people. The risk of death in females was 0.82 times (95%CI: 0.69-0.98) higher than that in males. The risk of deaths among the ethnic minority subjects was 1.39 times (95%CI: 1.21-1.60) higher than that of the Hans. The risk of death appeared to be 2.44 times higher (95%CI: 1.07-5.56) in the over-50-year of age group than in the <20 year-old group, when HIV/AIDS was diagnosed for the first time. The risk of death in CD(4) ≥500/μl group in the first time was 0.27 times (95%CI: 0.22-0.32) more than CD(4) <200/μl group in the firs time. The risk of death in cases who were treated with ART or MMT was 2.83 times (95%CI: 2.45-3.26) and 1.35 times (95%CI: 1.15-1.59) higher than those who did not receive any treatment, respectively. Conclusion: Higher risks on death seemed to be related to the following factors: being male, older age at the time of diagnosis, lower CD(4) at diagnosis, not on ART or MMT among the IDUs with HIV/AIDS in Guizhou province, between 1996-2015.

[Clinical characteristics of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery in 91 children]

Objective: To explore the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) . Methods: A retrospective study identified 91 patients diagnosed with ALCAPA at Shanghai Children's Medical Center from March 2010 to August 2017. According to the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) at the time of consultation, patients were divided into the cardiac insufficiency group (n=54) and the normal cardiac function group (n=37). Clinical features (age of onset, clinical performance, etc) and auxiliary examinations (electrocardiogram, echocardiography, etc) between the two groups were compared using a t-test and a Chi-square test. Prognostic factors were analyzed by an ordered logistic regression and a Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: (1) The age of diagnosis of patients in the cardiac insufficiency group who were usually misdiagnosed as cardiomyopathy was (10.0±2.6) months (20/54) , whereas the age of diagnosis of patients in the normal cardiac function group who were usually misdiagnosed as valvular diseases was (40.0±7.8) months (4/37). According to the pathophysiological mechanism, forty of the 54 (74%) patients in the cardiac insufficiency group were infantile type, and 78% patients (29/37) in the normal cardiac function group were adult type. (2) Preoperative electrocardiogram showed the deep Q wave in lead I occurred more frequently in the cardiac insufficiency group than in the normal cardiac function group (28/54 vs. 11/37, χ(2)=4.388, P=0.036). (3) Twenty patients died in the cardiac insufficiency group including 12 patients who died from postoperative cardiac pump failure and 8 children who did not undergo surgery due to poor prognosis and died from other reasons. There was no death in the normal cardiac function group. (4) Preoperative LVEF was the unique risk factor affecting prognosis (F=16.872, P=0.005). The preoperative LVEF was significantly lower than the postoperative LVEF ((37±11)% vs. (45±14)%, t=3.614, P=0.001) in the cardiac insufficiency group. During the follow-up period, 6 patients in the cardiac insufficiency group still presented with postoperative cardiac dysfunction, and the patients in the normal cardiac function group still had normal cardiac function. Conclusions: Preoperative LVEF was the unique risk factor affecting prognosis of ALCAPA. Patients with infantile type ALCAPA and preoperative cardiac insufficiency should receive long-term follow-up treatment.

[Hemorrhage-prevention value of second-look endoscopy after endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer: a meta-analysis]

Objective: To use the meta-analysis in evaluating the hemorrhage-prevention value of second-look endoscopy after endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for early gastric cancer. Methods: A literature search was conducted to identify all relevant studies comparing second-look endoscopy and non-second-look endoscopy after gastric ESD. The Medline/PubMed, Ovid, Elsevier ScienceDirect, EBSCO, CNKI and VIP databases were searched systematically. Literature inclusion criteria: (1) all the patients were diagnosed as early gastric cancer receiving ESD; (2) end point of the study included postoperative bleeding rate of ESD. Exclusion criteria: (1) papers of repeated research, review, comment, guideline, etc; (2) non-control study. Meta-analysis method was used to calculate a pooled odds ratio (OR) for developing post-ESD bleeding. Results: The meta-analysis showed that post-ESD bleeding was observed in 40 of 1287 patients (3.1%) without second-look endoscopy and in 40 of 968 patients (4.1%) with second- look endoscopy (OR=1.25, 95% CI: 0.79-1.98), with no significant difference between these two groups. Subgroup analysis on research method still indicated no significant difference of post-ESD bleeding between RCT group (OR=1.45,95%CI: 0.79-2.65) and non-RCT group (OR=1.02, 95%CI: 0.50-2.08) (all P>0.05). Conclusion: Based on meta analysis, second-look endoscopy can not reduce the rate of postoperative bleeding of ESD. Therefore, routine second-look endoscopy after gastric ESD may not be necessary to prevent delayed postoperative bleeding of ESD.

[Application value of dual channel dual curved endoscope in the endoscopic submucosal dissection for gastric angle mucosal lesions]

Objective: To evaluate the clinical value of dual channel dual curved endoscope in the endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for gastric angle mucosal lesions. Methods: A descriptive cohort study was carried out. Clinicopathological data of 20 cases with gastric angle mucosal lesions undergoing ESD by dual channel dual curved endoscope in our center from October 2016 to August 2018 were collected and analyzed retrospectively. Inclusion criteria: (1) the lesion was located in the gastric angle confirmed by gastroscopy before ESD. (2) CT examination showed no distant metastasis. (3) pathological biopsy confirmed precancerous lesion or early cancerous lesion without submucosal invasion. (4) the whole operation was performed by the same endoscopist with ESD experience of about 2000 cases. Patients with previous ESD history of gastric angle and other serious diseases were excluded. The dual channel dual curved endoscopy (Olympus, GIF-2TQ260M) and other conventional endoscopic surgical instruments were used in all the cases. Complete tumor resection rate, pathological results, intraoperative and postoperative complications, operation time and hospitalization time were observed. Follow - up parameters included residual tumor, local recurrence and heterogeneous lesion. Results: Of 20 patients, 14 were male and 6 were female with an average of 55.6 years (range, 37 to 75). All the tumors located in gastric angle. Specimen size ranged from 1.2 to 5.5 (average 2.9) cm. Operation time ranged from 50 to 120 (average 85.8) minutes. Hospital stay ranged from 3 to 7 (average 5.1) days. The en bloc excision was performed successfully in all 20 cases. There was no perforation or bleeding during or after operation. Pathological results showed curative or nearly curative resection stage in all the cases. No tumor residual or recurrence was found during follow-up for 8 to 30 (average 18.5) months. Conclusion: Dual channel dual curved endoscope can provide good vision and easy control in removing the lesion completely and avoiding complications during the ESD procedure in gastric angle mucosal lesions with good long-term efficacy.

[Association of abnormal metabolic indices and its clustering with carotid intima-media thickness in childhood]

Objective: To examine the association of abnormal metabolic indexes and its clustering with carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) in childhood. Methods: A convenient sampling method was used to conduct a cross-sectional survey from November 2017 to January 2018 in a primary school in Huantai County, Zibo City, Shandong Province. A total of 1 240 children who had complete data of questionnaires, physical examinations, and blood biochemical tests were included for analysis. Covariance analysis was used to analyze the association of the single abnormal metabolic indices and its clustering with cIMT. The multivariable linear regression model was used to quantify the relationship between the number of abnormal metabolic indices and cIMT. Results: The age of 1 240 children was (8.9±1.5) years, and 657 boys accounted for 53.0%. The highest detection rate of abnormal metabolic indicators was found in abdominal obesity, accounting for 30.9% (203/657) of boys and 29.7% (173/583) girls respectively.The cIMT of boys and girls were (0.49±0.08) and (0.45±0.07) mm, respectively. After adjusting for sex, age, consumption of fruits, vegetables and carbonated drinks, sleep duration, screen time and physical activity, abdominal obesity, elevated blood pressure, total triglyceride and fasting glucose were associated with cIMT (all P values <0.001). Children with 0, 1, 2 and ≥3 abnormal metabolic indicators had cIMT values of (0.45±0.07), (0.48±0.08), (0.50±0.09) and (0.53±0.08) mm, respectively. That was, cIMT values increased with the number of abnormal metabolic indexes (P(trend)<0.001). Conclusion: Abdominal obesity, elevated blood pressure, total triglyceride, fasting glucose and clustering of the above factors are associated with cIMT.

[Association of joint effect of overweight/obesity and elevated blood pressure with left ventricular hypertrophy in children]

Objective: To examine the association of joint effect of overweight (including obesity) and elevated blood pressure (BP) with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in children. Methods: A convenient cluster sampling method was used to conduct a cross-sectional survey from November 2017 to January 2018 in a primary school in Huantai County, Zibo City, Shandong Province. A total of 1 319 children aged 6-11 years old who had complete data on anthropometric indices and variables collected using a questionnaire were included in the study. LVH was defined as left ventricular mass index (LVMI) ≥90 th percentile for sex and age of this population. Based on weight status (yes vs. no) and elevated BP status (yes vs. no), all participants were divided into four subgroups (normal weight and normal BP, normal weight and elevated BP, overweight and normal BP, overweight and elevated BP). LVMI levels or prevalence of LVH across four subgroups were compared. The multivariate logistic regression model was used to examine the association of joint effect between overweight and elevated BP with LVH in children. Results: The age of children was (8.4±1.6) years, and boys accounted for 53.3% (n=703). There were significant differences in LVMI levels and prevalence of LVH across four subgroups (P<0.05); Children with both overweight and elevated BP (n=184) had the highest LVMI levels and prevalence of LVH [LVMI: (30.69±0.32) g/m(2.7); the prevalence of LVH: 24.46%]. After the adjustment for potential covariates, compared to children with both normal weight and normal BP (n=657), the risk of LVH in children with elevated BP alone (n=136) was not increased [OR (95%CI) was 0.89 (0.30-2.62)]. Children with overweight alone (n=342) [OR (95%CI) was 5.69(3.39-9.55)] and those with both overweight and elevated BP [OR (95%CI) was 9.45 (5.47-16.33)] were at higher risk of LVH. Conclusion: The joint effect between overweight and elevated BP could be highly correlated with LVH in children.

[Association between fresh fruit consumption and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes]

Objective: To investigate the association between fresh fruit consumption and status of glycemic control, among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: Using the stratified cluster sampling method, a cross-sectional study was conducted among 19 473 diabetic patients who were under the Disease Management Program related to the National Basic Public Health Service in Changshu county, Huai'an and Qinghe districts of Huai'an city from December 2013 to January 2014, under the combination of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) methods, the glycemic control status in T2DM patients was assessed. Multiple logistic regression method was used to explore the relationship between fresh fruit consumption and status of glycemic control among T2DM patients. Results: 62.4% of the T2DM patients reported their amount of fruits intake in the past year. Both the levels of FPG and HbA1c decreased in T2DM patients, when the frequency and amount of fresh fruit consumption were increasing. Compared with patients who did not take fresh fruits, the risk of poor glycemic control in patients with fresh fruit consumption of 1-4 times/week and ≥5 times/week decreased 20% (OR=0.80, 95%CI: 0.73-0.87) and 30% (OR=0.70, 95%CI: 0.62-0.80), respectively. Patients with fruit consumption of 50-99 g/day and ≥100 g/day had lower risk of poor glycemic control, with ORs (95%CI) as 0.71 (95%CI: 0.62-0.83) and 0.68 (95%CI: 0.59-0.78), respectively. Conclusions: The association of fresh fruit intake and glycemic control was statistically significant in patients with type 2 diabetes. With the increase of frequencies and amounts of fresh fruit consumption, the levels of FPG and HbA1c showed a decreasing trend. Our findings suggested that fresh fruit intake seemed helpful for glycemic control.

[A preliminary study on resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging of brain after anterior cruciate ligament preservation reconstruction with autologous tendon]

Objective: To preliminarily study on the possible mechanism of cerebral cortical dysfunction pattern after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) preservation reconstruction with autologous tendon through resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Methods: From June 2015 to February 2019, 18 patients (10 males and 8 females with an average age of (36±10) years) with left anterior cruciate ligament rupture and treated with arthroscopic preservation reconstruction with autologous tendon were enrolled in this study, and 17 comparable healthy controls were included in Tongji Hospital of Tongji University. fMRI was performed after the postoperative period (2 to 12 weeks). The fMRI data were preprocessed by SPM8 software package and RESTplus software. The amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) and the fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF) in those two groups were calculated. Two-sample t-test was performed on ALFF and fALFF of the two groups, and multiple test corrections were performed by using AlphaSim. These methods were used for contrast studies on the characteristic activities of the brain dysfunction. Results: Compared with those in the control, ALFF in the central cingulate gyrus (cingulum_mid_bilateral), involving the auxiliary movement zone (supp_motor_ area) were significantly higher in the patients (P<0.01 before correction, P<0.05 after AlphaSim correction). The fALFF in activation cluster 1 was significantly higher in the right central gyrus (postcentral_R), the right lower lobule (parietal_inf_R), and the right upper margin (supramarginal_R) in the patients than that in the normal control group, respectively (P<0.01 before correction, P<0.05 after AlphaSim correction); the fALFF in activation cluster 2 in the right central cingulate gyrus (cingulum_mid_R), involving the right auxiliary movement zone (supp_motor_area_R) was significantly higher in the patients than that in the normal control group, respectively (P<0.01 before correction, P<0.05 after AlphaSim correction). Conclusion: The patients' cerebrum cortical function associated with the kinesthesis and their regulations are abnormally changed after anterior cruciate ligament preservation reconstruction with autologous tendon.

Evaluation of the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer using diffusion-weighted imaging and dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging

This study aims to investigate the predictive values of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) in evaluating the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) for breast cancer. Between September 2011 and December 2014, a total of 174 patients with locally advanced breast cancer treated with NAC were selected for this study. Conventional CT and MRI examinations (DWI and DCE-MRI) were performed in all patients before NAC (T0), after the first course (T1) and after the whole course (T2) of NAC. According to the response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (RECIST), patients were divided into the effective [complete response (CR) + partial response (PR)] and ineffective groups [stable disease (SD) + disease progression (DP)]. The Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), maximum tumor diameter, the early-phase enhancement rate (Ee), maximal enhanced rate of tumor (E max), maximal linear slope (S max), maximal excretion rate (E wash), signal intensity (SI), maximal signal rise velocity (V max) and area under the curve (AUC) of Cho before and after NAC were calculated. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn and the AUC of change rate of ADC values and semi-quantitative parameter were utilized to analyze the diagnostic performance of them for evaluating the efficacy of NAC for breast cancer. There were 135 patients in the effective group, with 52 cases of CR and 83 cases of PR; 39 patients were in the ineffective group, with 14 cases of PD and 25 cases of SD. The effective rate of NAC for breast cancer was 77.6%. The ADC values of the two groups significantly increased but the maximum tumor diameter, E e, E max, S max, E wash and AUC of Cho greatly decreased. The effective group had higher ADC values, its change rate and tumor regression rate than the ineffective group. However, the maximum tumor diameter, E e, E max, S max, E wash, AUC of Cho, SI and V max in the effective group were remarkably lower than those in the ineffective group. The change rate of ADC mean achieved the highest evaluation efficiency with AUC of 0.920, sensitivity of 80.0% and specificity of 94.9%. The optimal critical value was 36.49 (× 10-3mm2/s). In conclusion, these results demonstrated that the change rate of ADC mean values and E e could be promising tools for evaluating the efficacy of NAC in patients with breast cancer.

[Diffusion tensor imaging and visual evoked potentials in pediatric patients with sellar region lesions]

Objiective: To evaluate the prognosis of visual function and the impact of surgery in pediatric patients with sellar mass lesions, as evidenced by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and visual evoked potentials. Methods: Twenty patients with sellar mass lesions were included in the study. DTI and visual evoked potentials were obtained before and after surgery. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were calculated for both optic nerves. DTI parameters and visual evoked potential amplitudes were compared for all patients to assess the correlation between DTI parameters and visual function. Results: The 20 patients were divided into two groups according the relationship between the lesions and the optic chiasm. The FA values increased significantly after operation, while the ADC values decreased (P<0.05). And the average amplitude of visual evoked potentials after operation was significantly higher than before operation (P<0.05). Conclusions: DTI assessments of the affected sides, with the resulting FA and ADC values, may help to estimate the visual improvement produced by surgical therapy in the early postoperative period. Surgical removal can improve visual function dramatically.

[A novel nanoparticle in treatment of staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms]

Objective:To investigate CPC-nanoparticles of low concentrations in treatment of staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms in vitro. Method: We established specific biofilms of staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15692, and prepared CPC-nanoparticles and CPC micelle solutions of low concentrations(0.010%, 0.025% and 0.050%). AlamarBlue was used to test the viability of both planktonic staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa and their biofilms after treatment for 5 minutes and 2 hours respectively in the bactericidal efficacy study.The interaction between CPC-nanoparticles and staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms was observed by confocal laser scanning microscope(CLSM). Result: 0.010%, 0.025% and 0.050% CPC-nanoparticles and CPC-micelle solutions had significant bactericidal effect on planktonic staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa after fiveminute exposure(P<0.05), and staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms after both five-minute and two-hour treatments(P<0.05). In CLSM study, the size of staphylococcus aureus biofilms decreased, while dead bacteria of pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms increased after two-hour treatment. Conclusion: CPC-nanoparticles had significant bactericidal effects on staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms, which could be used in treatment of CRS.

[Antimicrobial resistance and molecular epidemiology of foodborne Yersinia enterocolitica in Pudong New District, Shanghai]

Objective: To investigate the antimicrobial resistance and molecular epidemiology of foodborne Yersinia (Y.) enterocolitica in Pudong New District of Shanghai. Methods: Four kinds of raw food samples were collected in retail circulation sites in Pudong from 2012 to 2016. Cold enrichment method was used to isolate Y. enterocolitica and further detection of biotype, serotype, virulent genes, antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) were conducted. Results: A total of 3 900 raw food samples were collected during this period, including poultry product (n=590), livestock product (n=1 074), aquatic product (n=1 488), vegetable (n=748), in which 111 (2.8%) were contaminated by Y. enterocolitica. The detection rates of Y. enterocolitica in poultry product samples (5.3%, 31/590) and livestock product samples (4.5%, 48/1 074) were higher than those in aquatic product samples (1.6%, 24/1 488) and vegetable samples (1.1%, 8/748). The predominant biotype was 1A (95.5%) and predominant serotype was O∶8 (42.3%). All the strains lacked ail, ystA, yadA and virF genes, which encoded pathogenic Y. enterocolitica. Seventy six (68.5%) strains harbored ystB gene, in which 35 (31.5%) belonged to 1A/O∶8/ystB pattern. Most strains were resistant to ampicillin (74.8%) and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (70.3%), and non-sensitive rate to Cefoxitin was over 50.0%. No third generation cephalosporin or fluoroquinolone resistant strains were detected, but 38.7% (43/111) strains were multidrug resistant (MDR). Serotype O∶8 and O∶5 strains had 44 and 18 PFGE patterns, respectively. Conclusions: The main foodborne exposure sources of Y. enterocolitica in raw food were poultry and livestock products in Pudong New District. 1A/O∶8/ystB was the predominant pattern with potential pathogenicity despite lacks of typical pathogenic virulent genes. The antimicrobial resistant rates of Y. enterocolitica were at a low level, but MDR strains still existed. Molecular types of the isolates showed highly genetic diversity.

[Association of copy number of SMN1 and SMN2 with clinical phenotypes in children with spinal muscular atrophy]

OBJECTIVE

To study the association of copy number of SMN1 and SMN2 with clinical phenotypes in children with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA).

METHODS

A total of 45 children with SMA were enrolled. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification was used to measure the gene copy numbers of SMN1 and SMN2. The association of copy number of SMN1 and SMN2 with clinical phenotypes was analyzed.

RESULTS

Of the 45 children with SMA, 42 (93%) had a homozygous deletion of SMN1 exons 7 and 8, and 3 (7%) had a deletion of SMN1 exon 7 alone. No association was found between SMA clinical types and the deletion types of SMN1 exons 7 and 8 (P>0.05). There was a significant difference in the distribution of SMN2 gene copy numbers between the children with SMA and the healthy children (P<0.05). The children with SMA usually had two or three copies of SMN2 gene, while the healthy children usually had one or two copies of SMN2 gene. There was a significant difference in the distribution of SMN2 copy numbers among the children with different SMA clinical types (P<0.05). The children with two copies of SMN2 gene had a significantly lower age of onset than those with three or four copies. Most of the children with type I SMA had two or three copies of SMN2 gene. Most of the children with type II SMA had three copies of SMN2 gene. Most of the children with type III SMA had three or four copies of SMN2 gene. Children with a higher copy number of SMN2 gene tended to have an older age of onset and better motor function and clinical outcome, and there was a significant association between SMN2 gene copy number and clinical outcome (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The SMN2 gene can reduce the severity of SMA via the dosage compensation effect. SMN2 copy number is associated with the phenotype of SMA, and therefore, it can be used to predict disease severity.

[Association of copy number of SMN1 and SMN2 with clinical phenotypes in children with spinal muscular atrophy]

OBJECTIVE

To study the association of copy number of SMN1 and SMN2 with clinical phenotypes in children with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA).

METHODS

A total of 45 children with SMA were enrolled. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification was used to measure the gene copy numbers of SMN1 and SMN2. The association of copy number of SMN1 and SMN2 with clinical phenotypes was analyzed.

RESULTS

Of the 45 children with SMA, 42 (93%) had a homozygous deletion of SMN1 exons 7 and 8, and 3 (7%) had a deletion of SMN1 exon 7 alone. No association was found between SMA clinical types and the deletion types of SMN1 exons 7 and 8 (P>0.05). There was a significant difference in the distribution of SMN2 gene copy numbers between the children with SMA and the healthy children (P<0.05). The children with SMA usually had two or three copies of SMN2 gene, while the healthy children usually had one or two copies of SMN2 gene. There was a significant difference in the distribution of SMN2 copy numbers among the children with different SMA clinical types (P<0.05). The children with two copies of SMN2 gene had a significantly lower age of onset than those with three or four copies. Most of the children with type I SMA had two or three copies of SMN2 gene. Most of the children with type II SMA had three copies of SMN2 gene. Most of the children with type III SMA had three or four copies of SMN2 gene. Children with a higher copy number of SMN2 gene tended to have an older age of onset and better motor function and clinical outcome, and there was a significant association between SMN2 gene copy number and clinical outcome (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The SMN2 gene can reduce the severity of SMA via the dosage compensation effect. SMN2 copy number is associated with the phenotype of SMA, and therefore, it can be used to predict disease severity.