Observation of the γγ→ττ Process in Pb+Pb Collisions and Constraints on the τ-Lepton Anomalous Magnetic Moment with the ATLAS Detector

This Letter reports the observation of τ-lepton-pair production in ultraperipheral lead-lead collisions Pb+Pb→Pb(γγ→ττ)Pb and constraints on the τ-lepton anomalous magnetic moment a_{τ}. The dataset corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 1.44  nb^{-1} of LHC Pb+Pb collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=5.02  TeV recorded by the ATLAS experiment in 2018. Selected events contain one muon from a τ-lepton decay, an electron or charged-particle track(s) from the other τ-lepton decay, little additional central-detector activity, and no forward neutrons. The γγ→ττ process is observed in Pb+Pb collisions with a significance exceeding 5 standard deviations and a signal strength of μ_{ττ}=1.03_{-0.05}^{+0.06} assuming the standard model value for a_{τ}. To measure a_{τ}, a template fit to the muon transverse-momentum distribution from τ-lepton candidates is performed, using a dimuon (γγ→μμ) control sample to constrain systematic uncertainties. The observed 95% confidence-level interval for a_{τ} is -0.057 Collapse

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Precise Measurement of the e^{+}e^{-}→D_{s}^{*+}D_{s}^{*-} Cross Sections at Center-of-Mass Energies from Threshold to 4.95 GeV

The process e^{+}e^{-}→D_{s}^{*+}D_{s}^{*-} is studied with a semi-inclusive method using data samples at center-of-mass energies from threshold to 4.95 GeV collected with the BESIII detector operating at the Beijing Electron Positron Collider. The Born cross sections of the process are measured for the first time with high precision in this energy region. Two resonance structures are observed in the energy-dependent cross sections around 4.2 and 4.4 GeV. By fitting the cross sections with a coherent sum of three Breit-Wigner amplitudes and one phase-space amplitude, the two significant structures are assigned masses of (4186.8±8.7±30) and (4414.6±3.4±6.1)  MeV/c^{2}, widths of (55±15±53) and (122.5±7.5±8.1)  MeV, where the first errors are statistical and the second ones are systematic. The inclusion of a third Breit-Wigner amplitude is necessary to describe a structure around 4.79 GeV.

First Experimental Study of the Purely Leptonic Decay D_{s}^{*+}→e^{+}ν_{e}

Using 7.33  fb^{-1} of e^{+}e^{-} collision data taken with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII collider, we report the first experimental study of the purely leptonic decay D_{s}^{*+}→e^{+}ν_{e}. Our data contain a signal of this decay with a statistical significance of 2.9σ. The branching fraction of D_{s}^{*+}→e^{+}ν_{e} is measured to be (2.1_{-0.9_{stat}}^{+1.2}±0.2_{syst})×10^{-5}, corresponding to an upper limit of 4.0×10^{-5} at the 90% confidence level. Taking the total width of the D_{s}^{*+} [(0.070±0.028)  keV] predicted with the radiative D_{s}^{*+} decay from the lattice QCD calculation as input, the decay constant of the D_{s}^{*+} is determined to be f_{D_{s}^{*+}}=(214_{-46_{stat}}^{+61}±44_{syst})  MeV, corresponding to an upper limit of 354 MeV at the 90% confidence level.

A Comparison of Clinicopathologic Outcomes and Patterns of Lymphatic Spread across Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy, Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy and Neoadjuvant Immunochemotherapy in Locally Advanced Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S)

To evaluate the differences in pathologic complete response (pCR) rates, TRG score, pathologic T stage and the pattern of lymphatic spread among patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NCT) or neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NCRT) or neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy (NICT) prior to esophagectomy for locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).

MATERIALS/METHODS

A total of 702 patients with ESCC who completed transthoracic esophagectomy followed neoadjuvant therapy at three cancer centers from January 2017 to December 2022 were enrolled. Among the included patients, 382 patients were treated with NCR, 172 with NCRT, and 148 with NICT. Inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) was performed to control potential confounding factors. Pathological response of primary tumor was evaluated using the Chirieac modified tumor regression grade (TRG) system. The complete regression of primary lesion and nodal metastases were considered pCR. Lymph node classification system used the 8th edition of AJCC. Specimens were assessed for pattern of lymphatic spread.

RESULTS

After adjusting for baseline characteristics, the R0 resection rate did not significantly differ between the patients receiving NCT or NCRT or NICT (99.48% vs.100% vs.98.65%, P = 0.273). Compared with the NCT group, the NCRT group and NICT group had an advantage in pathological response (P<0.05). The pCR rate was 7.07% in the NCT group, 30.23% in the NCRT group, and 22.30% in the NICT group. Compared to the other two groups, the TRG score (P<0.05) and pathologic T stage (P<0.05) in the NCT group were significantly higher. In the NCT group, 9.97% had ypT0 disease, compared with 35.76% in the NCRT group and 25.68% in the NICT group. And in the NCT group, 9.71% had TRG1 disease, compared with 32.76% in the NCRT group and 25% in the NICT group. Compared with NICT, NCRT can significantly reduce the rate of LNM in station 1R (0 vs 3.38%, P<0.05) and 2R (1.15% vs 6.76%, P<0.05). Subgroup analysis according to the tumor location distribution showed that in upper thoracic cases, there was no statistical difference in LNM rates among stations no matter whether patients received NCT or NCRT or NICT. NICT group had higher LNM rates in station 2R (9.1%) in middle thoracic cases (P<0.05) and in station 18 (7.5%) (P<0.05) in lower thoracic cases, compared with the NCRT group and NCT group.

CONCLUSION

NCRT or NICT followed by surgery may result in a promising pCR rate and show a better performance in therapeutic response of primary lesion. No matter whether patients received NCT or NCRT or NICT, multiple level and skip node metastases are common, and adequate lymphadenectomy should be achieved to ensure the complete removal of metastatic lymph nodes.

GlioPredictor: A Deep Learning Model for Identification of High-Risk Low-Grade Glioma toward Adjuvant Treatment Planning

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S)

High-risk low-grade glioma (LGG) patients are recommended to undergo adjuvant radiotherapy whereas watchful waiting is recommended for low-risk LGG patients per the latest NCCN guidelines. Based on Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 9802, high-risk features include age >40 or subtotal resection (STR). However, in the era of molecular-based classification for tumors of central neural system, current risk classification criteria based on gross disease and patient demographics may be outdated. Here, we aim to develop a molecular-based glioma risk classification system (GlioPredictor) that could potentially facilitate identification of high-risk LGG patients.

MATERIALS/METHODS

A total of 507 LGG cases from The Cancer Genome Atlas-low grade glioma (TCGA-LGG), and 1,309 cases from AACR GENIE v13.0 datasets were studied for genetic disparities between IDH1-wildtype and mutated cohorts, and varying age groups. Through a feature selection technique using genomic profiling and correlation analyses, features such as mutation status, copy number variations (CNVs), among other clinicopathologic features prognostic of IDH1 mutation status were selected as potential inputs to train an artificial neural networks (ANNs) that could predict IDH1 mutation status. Model performance was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Memorial Sloan Kettering (MSK) dataset (n = 404) for LGG was used to cross-validate the trained ANN. The optimized ANN model has 6 layers with 6 input nodes, 20 hidden nodes, and a binary output layer. The weights and biases of the hidden layers of the best-performing model were retrieved and reconstructed to yield the GlioPredictor score-the predicted risk of progression for IDH1-wildtype LGG.

RESULTS

Over 81% of glioma patients age less than 40 have IDH1 mutation, as compared with 31% in those age above 60. Using age > 40 as a cutoff failed to identify high-risk IDH1-mutant LGG with early progression. IDH1 mutation is associated with decreased CNVs of EGFR (21 % vs. 3%), CDKN2A (20% vs. 6%) and PTEN (14% vs. 1.7%), and increased percentage of mutations for TP53 (15% vs. 63%), and ATRX (10% vs. 54%) (p<0.001). Using these molecular features, along with the patient's age, an ANN model with 6 layers and 20 hidden nodes can predict IDH1 mutation status with over 90% accuracy and AUC score over 0.91.

CONCLUSION

We have developed an ANN model that is capable of learning the prognostic features of LGG associated with an IDH1-mutated LGG cohort and using the features to predict high-risk patients from the IDH1-wildtype cohort. This ANN model facilitates the selection of LGG patients who could benefit from immediate adjuvant radiotherapy. Future work includes the integration of image features to improve the prediction performance of the GlioPredictor system.

Comparison of Survival Outcomes between Adults and Pediatrics with Non-Metastatic Head and Neck Rhabdomyosarcoma: A SEER Database Analysis of 550 Patients

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S)

Despite the long-term survival rate for children with head and neck rhabdomyosarcoma (HNRMS) has improved to over 70-80% due to advancements in therapeutic approaches, the survival outcomes for adult HNRMS have not been thoroughly investigated. Our study aims to compare and analyze the survival outcomes of adult and pediatric patients with non-metastatic HNRMS, with a focus on the effect of different local treatment methods on disease outcomes.

MATERIALS/METHODS

We conducted a retrospective analysis of data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database covering the period from 2004 to 2018. Our study population consisted of patients with Head and Neck Rhabdomyosarcoma (HNRMS) who had not developed distant metastases and received at least one local treatment, either radiotherapy or surgery. The comparison of overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) was performed between the adult and pediatric patient groups, and between patients who received surgery (with or without radiotherapy) and those who received radiotherapy only (non-surgery).

RESULTS

In the study of 550 patients diagnosed with Head and Neck Rhabdomyosarcoma (HNRMS), data was collected from 181 (32.9%) adult and 369 (67.1%) pediatric patients. The results showed that the adult patient group had a significantly worse outcome compared to the pediatric group in terms of 5-year overall survival (OS) rate (34.9% vs 81.6%, P<0.001) and 5-year cancer specific survival (CSS) rate (59.96% vs 87.48%, P<0.001). Of these patients, 308(56%) underwent radical surgery, with 228 (41.5%) receiving a combination of radiation and surgery and the remaining 242 (44%) receiving radiation therapy alone. No significant differences were found in 5-year OS and CSS rates between the surgery and non-surgery (radiation only) groups in adult patients (34.9% vs 35.0%, P = 0.900; 60.2% vs 59.6%, P = 0.988). However, there were slight differences observed in the pediatric patient group, with the 5-year OS and CSS rates being higher for the surgery group compared to the non-surgery group (86.9% vs 75.9%, P = 0.001 and 90.6% vs 84.2%, P = 0.054, respectively).

CONCLUSION

The results of this cohort study indicate that age plays a crucial role in predicting survival outcomes in patients diagnosed with Head and Neck Rhabdomyosarcoma (HNRMS). The findings highlight the need for age-specific treatment strategies for HNRMS patients. While the data suggests that radiotherapy may be a viable first-line option for non-metastatic adult HNRMS patients, additional research is required to validate these trends.

Radiotherapy Utilization and Outcomes on a Contemporary Trial for Pediatric High-Risk Hodgkin Lymphoma Study

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S)

Contemporary trials in pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) evaluate strategies to reduce radiotherapy (RT) utilization while maintaining excellent progression-free survival (PFS). An alternative strategy is to irradiate selective sites at higher risk of relapse, and/or use proton therapy (PT) to minimize exposure to healthy tissue. We investigated the use of PT and photon therapy (XRT) and associated early outcomes among patients receiving involved site RT (ISRT) to high-risk sites on the Children's Oncology Group (COG) trial AHOD1331 (NCT021664643).

MATERIALS/METHODS

This multicenter randomized, open-label phase 3 study enrolled patients 2-21 years (yrs) with previously untreated cHL: stages IIB + bulk, IIIB, IVA, IVB. Patients were randomized to 5 cycles of either ABVE-PC (doxorubicin, bleomycin, vincristine, etoposide, prednisone, cyclophosphamide) or the brentuximab vedotin (BV) containing regimen BV-AVE-PC given every 21 days. ISRT to 21 Gy was given to bulky mediastinal adenopathy and slow responding lesions (SRL) defined by 5-point score 4 or 5 on PET-CT after 2 cycles. ISRT could be delivered as 3D conformal XRT (3D), intensity modulated XRT (IMRT), or proton therapy (PT). Utilization of RT was compared by mode and by study enrollment midpoint among irradiated patients. Severe acute toxicity assessment included any incident grade 3 or higher toxicity during the ISRT period, except for neuropathy.

RESULTS

Among 587 eligible patients who were enrolled across 153 institutions between March 2015 and August 2019 with a median follow up of 43.1 months, the 3-yr PFS was 82.5% (90% CI, 78.3%-85.9%) with ABVE-PC and 92.5% (90% CI 89.5%-94.6%) with BV-AVE-PC (p = 0.0002). There was no difference in ISRT receipt or modality by study arm (p = 0.33). Among those who received RT 69.7% received it due to bulky mediastinal adenopathy, 6.6% due to SRL, and 23.7% for both. Overall, 317 (54.0%) patients received protocol RT of which 28.7% received 3D, 44.8% received IMRT, and 26.5% received PT. PT utilization increased over the course of the study from 21.5% among the first 50% of irradiated patients to 31.5% in the second half of irradiated patients (p = 0.045). The 3-yr progression-free survival rates overall by RT were comparable: PT (88.0%, 90% CI 80.6% - 92.7%%); XRT (87.1%, 90% CI 82.9%-90.4%) (p = 0.85). No difference in PFS was observed between 3D versus IMRT (p = 0.65). No differences were observed in severe acute toxicities (8.33% vs. 8.15%, p = 0.96) between PT and XRT.

CONCLUSION

Selective use of RT results in excellent outcomes for pediatric patients with high-risk HL and combination chemotherapy inclusive of the novel agent BV. Over the course of the study, PT utilization increased as an RT modality. Early results suggest that PT does not compromise disease control and has similar acute toxicity as XRT. Long term follow-up (>10 years) is needed to evaluate for secondary malignancies and cardiac toxicity among the different RT modalities.

Impact of shift work on dementia: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis

OBJECTIVES

Although shift work has been reported as having a link to dementia, evidence remains inconsistent, and a comprehensive dose-response meta-analysis of the association is still lacking. We therefore conducted this meta-analysis to explore the association between shift work and the risk of dementia.

STUDY DESIGN

Systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.

METHODS

PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases were systematically searched. Fixed or random-effects models were used to estimate the summary relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Generalized least squares regression was used to estimate dose-response associations, and restricted cubic splines were used to examine possible linear or non-linear associations.

RESULTS

Five articles (10 studies) with 72,999 participants and 23,067 cases were eventually included in the meta-analysis. The summary RRs and 95% CIs of dementia risk with shift work and night shift work versus daytime work were 1.13 (95% CI: 1.05-1.21, I2 = 46.70%) and 1.13 (95% CI: 1.03-1.24, I2 = 9.20%), respectively. The risk of dementia increased by 1% (RR = 1.01, 95% CI: 1.01-1.02, I2 = 41.3%) with each 1-year increase in the duration of shift work. We found a non-linear dose-response association between the duration of shift work and the risk of dementia (Pnon-linearity = 0.006). Though the shape of the curve was steeper with the duration of shift work <7 years, the increase was more gradual after 7 years.

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest that shift work may be a risk factor for future dementia and that controlling the length of shift work is a feasible measure that may contribute to prevent dementia.

Single Cell Analysis of Macrophage Heterogeneity and NK-Cell Exhaustion in Lewis Lung Cancer Xenograft Tumor

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S)

Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) has attracted much attention because of its ability to stimulate anti-tumor immune response. However, the mechanism of SBRT reprogramming the tumor microenvironment remains to be elucidated.

MATERIALS/METHODS

Using Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) xenograft mice model treated with SBRT (8Gy x 3F), multiplex assay was performed to measure serum chemokine levels, and single-cell RNA sequencing was performed to assess tumor microenvironment. The differential expression genes of each cell subcluster were identified by the "Find-All markers" function with default parameters provided by Seurat. Intercellular communication analysis was explored by using CellPhone DB package.

RESULTS

The majority of serum chemokines involved macrophage recruitment, including CCL3, CCL4, CCL8, and CCL20, were highly secreted at 7 days after SBRT. Single-cell RNA sequencing of 108,741 cells were contained from 6 mouse Lewis lung carcinoma samples (n = 3 tumors for SBRT, n = 3 tumors pooled for SHAM). Besides Lewis cancer cells, myeloid cells were 57.61% ,70.82% in Sham-irradiation (SHAM) and SBRT while NT and T cells were 20.50%, 7.81% in SHAM and SBRT, respectively. When compared with SHAM group, upregulation of Ccl3, Ccl4, Ccl8 chemokine genes were observed in cancer cells of SBRT group. Differential expression genes analysis showed high expression level of Ccl8 (Log2FC 2.54, p<0.01) in cluster of Mrc1+macrophage. The SBRT group consisted of more Ccl8+Mrc1+macrophages (proportion 36.28% for SBRT, 27.44% for SHAM) and exhausted NK cells (proportion 22.56% for SBRT, 13.70% for SHAM). More importantly, intercellular communication analysis revealed a potential communication network between Ccl8+Mrc1+macrophages and exhausted NK cells.

CONCLUSION

Our results provide a potential therapeutic strategy by disrupting Ccl8+ Mrc1+macrophages and NK-cell interaction to facilitate the stimulation of the anti-tumor immune response by SBRT.

Elective Nodal Irradiation vs. Involved-Field Irradiation for Stage Ⅱ-Ⅳ Cervical Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients Undergoing Definitive Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy: A Retrospective Propensity Study with Eight-Year Survival Outcomes

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S)

Definitive concurrent chemoradiotherapy (dCCRT) is suggested as the standard treatment for cervical esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (CESCC). This retrospective propensity study compared the eight-year survival outcomes and acute treatment toxicities of these patients treated with elective nodal irradiation (ENI) versus involved-field irradiation (IFI).

MATERIALS/METHODS

Patients with stage Ⅱ-Ⅳ CESCC treated with dCCRT in our institution between January 1, 2007 and December 31, 2020 were enrolled in the study. All the patients were restaged according to the American Joint Commission (AJCC) 8th edition criteria. The propensity score matching (PSM) was used to minimize the effects of treatment selection bias and potential confounding factors including sex, age, ECOG score, clinical T stage (cT), clinical N stage (cN), clinical TNM stage (cTNM) and radiation dose between the ENI group and IFI group. Survival and the prognostic factors were evaluated.

RESULTS

The 131 eligible patients underwent ENI (60 patients, 45.8%) or IFI (71 patients, 54.2%). The median follow-up time was 95.3 months (range, 28.0-186.2 months) for all the patients. The median OS, 1-, 3-, 5-, and 8-year OS rates were 44.4 months, 87.8%, 55.5%, 39.0%, and 28.3%, respectively. After PSM, there were 49 patients in each group. The median OS, 1-, 3-, 5-, and 8-year OS rates for ENI and IFI group were 32.0 months, 83.7%, 48.9%, 38.8% and 32.4% versus 45.2 months, 89.8%, 52.7%, 38.2%, 26.6%, respectively (P = 0.984; HR 0.99, 95% CI 0.61-1.62). Similar locoregional control was obtained in both groups. The tendency of leukocytopenia and neutropenia was higher in ENI than in IFI (59.2% versus 38.8%; P = 0.068 and 30.6% versus 14.3%; P = 0.089) at the end of dCCRT.

CONCLUSION

Cervical esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients undergoing definitive concurrent chemoradiotherapy has a satisfactory prognosis with organ conservation. The involved-field irradiation might be a better alternative owing to similar overall survival outcomes and local control with less toxicity of myelosuppression.

Effect of Segmental Abutting Esophagus-Sparing Technique to Reduce Severe Esophagitis in Limited-Stage Small-Cell Lung Cancer Patients Treated with Concurrent Hypofractionated Thoracic Radiation and Chemotherapy

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S)

To evaluate the effect of segmental abutting esophagus-sparing (SAES) radiotherapy to reduce severe (G3+) acute esophagitis from 20% to 5% in patients with limited-stage small cell lung cancer (LS-SCLC) treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy.

MATERIALS/METHODS

Patients with a clinical target volume (CTV) ≤1 cm close to the esophagus were enrolled in the experimental arm (45 Gy in 3 Gy daily fractions in 3 weeks) of an ongoing phase III randomized clinical trial (NCT02675088), which enrolled patients with histologically confirmed SCLC and clinically staged as LS or I-IIIB (AJCC 7th). This trial was designed to determine whether HYPO TRT (45 Gy in 3 Gy QD, experimental arm) has the same efficacy as CF TRT (60 Gy in 2 Gy QD, controlled arm) in patients with LS-SCLC. The whole esophagus was divided into the involved esophagus and abutting esophagus (AE) to receive different dose limitations according to the distance from the edge of the CTV. The primary endpoint was grade ≥ 3 acute esophagitis.

RESULTS

From 1 May 2021 to 30 April 2022, 30 patients were enrolled and completed four cycles of planned chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Our patient population was predominantly male (66.7% men vs. 33.3% women), with a median age of 62 years. A majority of patients presented with Stage N2-3 (90.0%) and T2-4 (76.7%), in which 4 patients had ultracentral-located primary tumors. With the SAES technique, all dosimetric parameters were significantly reduced for the whole esophagus and AE. The maximal and mean dose of the esophagus (47.4±1.9 Gy and 13.5 ± 5.8 Gy, respectively) and AE (42.9±2.3 Gy and 8.6 ± 3.6 Gy, respectively) in the SAES plan were significantly lower than those (esophagus 48.0±1.9 Gy and 14.7± 6.1 Gy, AE 45.1±2.4 Gy and 9.8± 4.2 Gy, respectively) in the non-SAES plan. After the follow-up of more than 7 months (range, 7.0-18.1 months) for all patients, only one patient (3.3%, 95% CI 0.1%-17.2%) experienced grade 3 acute esophagitis and no grade 4-5 acute esophagitis happened (Table 3). For late toxicities, one patient suffered sustained grade 1 late esophagitis and all others had no symptoms of esophagitis. The rate of radiation pneumonitis was very low, with one grade 3 event and no grade 4-5 event. Twelve (40.0%) patients had G3+ hematologic toxic events, including 2 patients with febrile neutropenia. The 1-year OS, LRFS, DMFS and PFS was 96.4%, 88.7%, 78.4% and 64.3%, respectively. No patient developed local recurrence in the abutting esophagus-sparing region.

CONCLUSION

SAES radiotherapy has significant dosimetric advantages compared with standard radiotherapy, which are successfully translated into clinical benefits for patients with LS-SCLC treated with 45 Gy in 3 Gy daily fractions. This may facilitate dose escalation for TRT in LS-SCLC patients.

Different techniques reveal the difference of community structure and function of fungi from root and rhizosphere of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge

Fungi have essential functions in plant health and performance. However, the plant-associated functions of many cultured fungi have not been established in detail. Here, the fungal species diversity in Salvia miltiorrhiza roots and rhizosphere was assessed for the first time using culturomics and high-throughput sequencing. We present a comprehensive functional metagenomic analysis of these fungi and verified activity of cellulase and chitinase predicted in the metagenomic analysis. We first collected and cultured fungi from the root and rhizosphere of S. miltiorrhiza. We found 92 species across 37 families and five phyla, with Ascomycota being dominant. Many rDNA internal transcribed spacer sequences could not be assigned to lower taxonomic levels. There were 19 genera of endophytic fungi and 37 genera of rhizosphere fungi. The culturomics approach had lower taxonomic diversity than high-throughput sequencing, but some fungi were only found in cultures. Structural analyses indicated that the dominant species differed in cultured and non-cultured samples at other levels, apart from the phylum level. Functional analysis mapped 223 carbohydrate enzyme families and 393 pathways in the CAZy and KEGG databases, respectively. The most abundant families were glycoside hydrolases and those involved in carbohydrate metabolism. As predicted by metagenomics, we experimentally verified cellulase and chitinase activity for 29 and 74 fungi, respectively. We provide the first evidence of biomass recycling by fungi that are associated with plants. Culturing is essential to reveal the hidden microbial community and critical functions in plant-microbe interactions.

Development of a novel combined nomogram integrating deep-learning-assisted CT texture and clinical-radiological features to predict the invasiveness of clinical stage IA part-solid lung adenocarcinoma: a multicentre study

AIM

To develop a novel combined nomogram based on deep-learning-assisted computed tomography (CT) texture (DL-TA) and clinical-radiological features for the preoperative prediction of invasiveness in patients with clinical stage IA lung adenocarcinoma manifesting as part-solid nodules (PSNs).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study was conducted from January 2015 to October 2021 at three centres: 355 patients with 355 PSN lung adenocarcinomas who underwent surgical resection were included and classified into the training (n=222) and validation (n=133) cohorts. PSN segmentation on CT images was performed automatically with a commercial deep-learning algorithm, and CT texture features were extracted. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator was used for feature selection and transformed into a DL-TA score. The combined nomogram that incorporated the DL-TA score and identified clinical-radiological features was developed for the prediction of pathological invasiveness of the PSNs and validated in terms of discrimination and calibration.

RESULTS

The present study generated a combined nomogram for predicting the invasiveness of PSNs that included age, consolidation-to-tumour ratio, smoking status, and DL-TA score, with a C-index of 0.851 (95% confidence interval: 0.826-0.877) for the training cohort and 0.854 (95% confidence interval: 0.817-0.891) for the validation cohort, indicating good discrimination. Furthermore, the model had a Brier score of 0.153 for the training cohort and 0.135 for the validation cohort, indicating good calibration.

CONCLUSION

The developed combined nomogram consisting of the DL-TA score and clinical-radiological features and has the potential to predict the individual risk for the invasiveness of stage IA PSN lung adenocarcinomas.

Hybrid Immuno-RT for Bulky Tumors: Standard Fractionation with Partial Tumor SBRT

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S)

Bulky tumors remain challenging to be treated. Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is effective against radioresistant tumor cells and can induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) that leads to T-cell-mediated antitumor effects. Low-dose radiation (LDRT) can inflame the tumor microenvironment (TME) by recruiting T cells. We designed a novel radiotherapy technique (RT, ERT) whose dose distribution map resembles the "eclipse" by concurrently delivering LDRT to the whole tumor, meanwhile SBRT to only a part of the same tumor. This study examined the safety and efficacy of ERT to bulky lesions with PD-1 inhibitors in mice and patients.

MATERIALS/METHODS

In mice with CT26 colon or LLC1 lung bulky tumors (400 - 500 cm3), the whole tumor was irradiated by LDRT (2 Gy x 3), meanwhile the tumor center was irradiated by SBRT (10 Gy x 3); αPD-1 was given weekly. The dependence of therapeutic effects on CD8+ T cells was determined using depleting antibodies. Frequencies of CD8+ T cells and M1 macrophages (Mφ) were determined by flow cytometry. Multiplex Immunohistochemistry (mIHC) was applied to analyze the number and the location of CD8+ T cells and their subpopulations, as well as the phospho-eIF2α level (the ICD marker) of tumor cells in TME. Patients with advanced lung or liver bulky tumors who failed standard treatment or with oncologic emergencies were treated. Kaplan-Meier method was applied to estimate patients' progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS).

RESULTS

ERT/αPD-1 is superior to SBRT/αPD-1 or LDRT/αPD-1 in controlling bulky tumors in both mouse models in a CD8+ T-cell dependent manner. In the CT26 model, ERT/αPD-1 resulted in complete tumor regression in 3/11 mice and induced more CD8+ T cells and M1 Mφ in TME compared to other groups. mIHC analysis showed that ERT/αPD-1 induced higher bulk, stem-like (TCF1+ TIM3- PD-1+), and more differentiated (TCF1- TIM3+ PD-1+) CD8+ T cells infiltration into the tumor center and periphery compared to other groups. Compared to untreated or LDRT-treated tumor centers, tumor centers irradiated with ERT or SBRT showed elevated phospho-eIF2α accompanied by higher dendritic cell infiltration. In total, 39 advanced cancer patients were treated with ERT/αPD-1 or plus chemotherapy. Radiation-induced pneumonitis occurred in 1 of 26 patients receiving thoracic ERT. There were two cases of grade III toxicity associated with PD-1 inhibitors. No toxicity above grade III was observed. The objective response rate was 38.5%. The median PFS was 5.6 months and median OS was not reached at a median follow-up of 11.7 months.

CONCLUSION

ERT/αPD-1 showed superior efficacy in controlling bulky tumor in two mouse models. The hybrid immuno-RT (ERT) combing PD-1 inhibitors was safe and effective in patients with bulky tumors. Further clinical trials in combination with bioimaging to identify the optimal SBRT target region for the bulky tumor are warranted.

Association of Treatment Disparities and Primary Sites with the Survival of Non-Gastric Early-Stage MALT Lymphoma

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S)

To investigate the association between utilization of radiotherapy and differences in survival among patients with non-gastric early-stage mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma at different primary sites.

MATERIALS/METHODS

A total of 5,995 patients with non-gastric early-stage MALT lymphoma in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database treated between 2000-2015 were extracted and analyzed. Mediation analyses were conducted to quantitatively determine the proportion of the relationship between OS and primary sites mediated by radiotherapy. Inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) was conducted to control confounding factors affecting treatment choice.

RESULTS

After controlling for confounding factors, pulmonary MALT lymphoma was found to have the highest rate of omitted radiotherapy compared to other primary sites, including ocular adnexa, salivary gland, skin and other sites. Multivariate Cox analyses showed that lung MALT lymphoma patients had the lowest 10-year OS rate of 58.3%, while skin MALT lymphoma patients had the highest 10-year OS rate of 81.6%. After balancing confounding factors that potentially affected the choice of radiotherapy using IPTW, differences in utilization of radiotherapy explained a significant portion of the poor prognosis of lung MALT lymphoma (35.6%, P = 0.002) and the favorable prognosis of skin MALT lymphoma (6.1%, P <0.001).

CONCLUSION

Differences in survival among patients with non-gastric early-stage MALT lymphoma at different primary sites are associated with disparities in the utilization of radiotherapy.

Anatomy-Guided Deep Learning Model for Accurate and Robust Gross Tumor Volume Segmentation in Lung Cancer Radiation Therapy

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S)

In lung cancer radiation therapy, clinicians must outline the gross tumor volume (GTV) precisely on the planning computed tomography (pCT) for accurate radiation dose delivery. However, due to the limited contrast between tumor and normal tissues in lung parenchyma, accurate delineation of tumor boundaries is difficult leading to large inter-observer variation. In this study, we develop an anatomy-guided lung GTV deep segmentation model using a training cohort of multi-center datasets. The quantitative segmentation performance is evaluated on an independent dataset, where the inter-observer delineation variation is also assessed.

MATERIALS/METHODS

We collected and curated four publicly available lung datasets with GTV annotations (Lung-PET-CT-Dx, LIDC-IDRI, NSCLC-Radiogenomics and RIDER-CT) for deep learning model development. A total of 871 CT scans of patients, who were diagnosed with T1-T4 NSCLC, were available for training after data curation. The GTV annotations of primary tumor were examined and edited by two experienced radiation oncologists following the RTOG 1106 protocol. An anatomy-guided deep learning model was proposed, which consisted two deep networks. The first deep network used CT scan as input and segmented 4 anatomic organs (airway, heart, pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein), while the second deep network took both CT scan and these pre-segmented 4 organs as input and segmented the lung GTV. With the help of anatomic priors from 4 pre-segmented organs, the second deep network could more easily locate the GTV. We used nnUNet as the deep segmentation network. For evaluation, we used NSCLC-Radiomics as the testing dataset, which contains 20 CT scans each annotated by 5 radiation oncologists. The auto-segmented GTV were compared against each of the manual GTV reference. Inter-observer variation was also assessed using the 5 manual GTV references.

RESULTS

The proposed anatomic-guided lung GTV segmentation model achieved a mean Dice score of 82.4% and 95% Hausdorff distance (HD95) of 6.9mm when averaged cross 20 patients and 5 GTV references (Table 1), which outperformed the basic deep GTV segmentation model by markedly reducing 19.4% HD95 error. The performance of proposed model was also comparable to the inter-observer variation (Dice score: 82.4% vs. 81.9%, HD95 6.9 vs. 6.4mm), indicating that our model had similar reproducibility as human observers.

CONCLUSION

We developed and tested an anatomy-guided deep learning model for segmenting GTV in NSCLC patients. The model achieves high quantitative segmentation performance, which is comparable to the human observer variation. It can be potentially used in radiotherapy practice to improve GTV delineation consistency and reduce workloads of radiation oncologists.

Radiotherapy Effect on Long-Term Net Survival Benefit for Early-Stage Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma in the Rituximab Era

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S)

It is controversial whether to add consolidative radiotherapy (RT) after chemoimmunotherapy in the first-line treatment for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). This study aimed to investigate the long-term net survival benefit of RT for early-stage DLBCL in the rituximab era.

MATERIALS/METHODS

The data of 10,841 adult patients with early-stage DLBCL from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database between 2002 and 2015 were extracted and analyzed. The patients had received combined modality treatment (CMT, chemotherapy plus RT) or chemotherapy alone. Linear regression analysis was performed for RT utilization by year of diagnosis. Competing risk analysis was used to evaluate the cumulative incidence of mortality according to the cause of death. Inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) was used to balance the distribution of covariates between treatment arms. Relative survival (RS), standardized mortality ratio (SMR), and transformed Cox regression were performed to estimate the net survival benefit of RT by controlling for background mortality.

RESULTS

Linear regression revealed that the slope of the best-fit line for RT utilization over time was negative between 2002 and 2015 (m = -0.006, P = 0.003). A total of 4,648 deaths were recorded among 10,841 patients; 55.6% were lymphoma-related death (LRD), and 44.4% were attributed to other causes. Patients initially treated with CMT had a lower cumulative incidence of LRD than chemotherapy alone (HR 0.63, 95% CI: 0.57-0.69; P < 0.001). The 10-year overall survival (OS) rate of 66.1%, RS rate of 85.0%, and SMR of 1.71 achieved with CMT were significantly better than chemotherapy alone (OS, 53.0%; RS, 69.8%; SMR, 2.62; P < 0.001). By IPTW and multivariable analysis, the addition of RT remained associated with better OS (HR 0.67, 95% CI: 0.62-0.71; P < 0.001) and RS (HR 0.69, 95% CI: 0.65-0.74; P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

RT was associated with better long-term net survival in patients with early-stage DLBCL in the rituximab era.

[Influence of family with sequence similarity 134, member B-mediated reticulophagy on lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptosis of mouse dendritic cells]

Objective: To investigate the influence of family with sequence similarity 134, member B (FAM134B)-mediated reticulophagy on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced apoptosis of mouse dendritic cells (DCs), so as to provide a basis for improving the immune suppression of sepsis caused by wound infection and other factors. Methods: The experimental research methods were used. The DC line DC2.4 of the 3rd to 10th passage in the logarithmic growth stage was collected for experiments. DCs were divided into LPS stimulation 0 h (no stimulation) group, LPS stimulation 6 h group, LPS stimulation 12 h group, LPS stimulation 24 h group, and LPS stimulation 72 h group, which were cultured with 1 μg/mL LPS (the same concentration below) for the corresponding time. The protein expressions of FAM134B, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B (LC3B), and transporter protein SEC61B were determined by Western blotting, and the ratio of LC3B-Ⅱ/LC3B-Ⅰ was calculated (n=3). DCs were divided into phosphate buffer solution (PBS) group and LPS group for corresponding treatment. After 24 hours of culture, the expression of FAM134B and its co-localization with lysosomal probes and LC3B were detected using immunofluorescence method, while the number of autolysosomes in cells were observed through transmission electron microscope. DCs were divided into the FAM134B-knockdown group that were transfected with lentivirus containing small interfering RNA (siRNA) sequence of FAM134B gene and the empty vector group with empty lentivirus transfected. At post transfection hour 72, the fluorescence expression of cells was observed under the inverted fluorescence phase contrast microscope, meanwhile, the normally cultured DCs were set as blank control group, and the same observation was performed at the corresponding time point. DCs were divided into PBS alone group and LPS alone group, DCs successfully transfected with lentivirus containing siRNA sequence of FAM134B gene were divided into FAM134B-knockdown+PBS group and FAM134B-knockdown+LPS group, and DCs successfully transfected with empty lentivirus were divided into empty vector+PBS group and empty vector+LPS group. These cells were stimulated correspondingly and cultured for 24 hours. The protein expression of FAM134B was detected using Western blotting (n=3); the apoptotic rate of cells was determined by flow cytometry (n=3); the situation of apoptosis was observed by Hoechst staining, and the apoptotic rate was calculated (n=5); the protein expressions of cleaved cysteine aspartic acid specific protease-3 (caspase-3), B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) were detected using Western blotting, and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 was calculated (n=5). Data were statistically analyzed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), least significant difference test, and ANOVA for factorial design. Results: Compared with those in LPS stimulation 0 h group, the protein expressions of FAM134B of cells in LPS stimulation 12 h group and LPS stimulation 24 h group were significantly increased (P<0.05), the protein expressions of SEC61B of cells in LPS stimulation 6 h group, LPS stimulation 12 h group, LPS stimulation 24 h group, and LPS stimulation 72 h group were significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the ratios of LC3B-Ⅱ/LC3B-Ⅰ of cells in LPS stimulation 24 h group and LPS stimulation 72 h group were obviously increased (P<0.05). As the most significant changes of three proteins were seen in the cells of LPS stimulation 24 h group, 24 h was used as the duration of subsequent LPS stimulation. After 24 hours of culture, the expression of FAM134B and its co-localization with LC3B and lysosomal probes in the cells of LPS group were all significantly enhanced, with a significant increase in the number of autolysosomes in comparison with those in PBS group. Both the empty vector group and the FAM134B-knockdown group showed high intensity fluorescence in the cells at post transfection hour 72, but the blank control group showed no fluorescence in the cells at the corresponding time point. After 24 hours of culture, the protein expression of FAM134B of cells in FAM134B-knockdown+PBS group was significantly lower than the expressions in PBS alone group and empty vector+PBS group (with P values all <0.05), the protein expression of FAM134B of cells in FAM134B-knockdown+LPS group was significantly lower than the expressions in LPS alone group and empty vector+LPS group (with P values all <0.05), the protein expression of FAM134B of cells in LPS alone group was significantly higher than that in PBS alone group (P<0.05), while the protein expression of FAM134B of cells in empty vector+LPS group was significantly higher than that in empty vector+PBS group (P<0.05). After 24 hours of culture, flow cytometry assay revealed that the apoptotic rate of cells in PBS alone group, LPS alone group, empty vector+PBS group, empty vector+LPS group, FAM134B-knockdown+PBS group, and FAM134B-knockdown+LPS group were (13.3±0.8)%, (32.6±4.3)%, (17.0±1.5)%, (51.7±3.3)%, (52.4±3.1)%, and (62.3±2.6)%, respectively. After 24 hours of culture, compared with those in LPS alone group and empty vector+LPS group, the protein expression of cleaved caspase-3, the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2, and the apoptotic rates of cells detected by flow cytometry and Hoechst staining were significantly increased in FAM134B-knockdown+LPS group (P<0.05); compared with those in the corresponding PBS treatment group, namely, PBS alone group, empty vector+PBS group, and FAM134B-knockdown+PBS group, the protein expression of cleaved caspase-3, the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2, and the apoptotic rates of cells detected by flow cytometry and Hoechst staining were significantly increased in LPS alone group, empty vector+LPS group, and FAM134B-knockdown+LPS group (P<0.05). Conclusions: The activation of reticulophagy mediated by FAM134B in mouse DCs is enhanced and peaked in 24 hours under LPS stimulation, and the activated reticulophagy has a significant inhibitory effect on cell apoptosis.

[Study of immunophenotypic characteristics, clinicopathological parameters and prognosis in gastric cancer microenvironment]

Objective: To explore the immunophenotypic characteristics of gastric cancer microenvironment and analyze its correlation with clinicopathological parameters and prognosis of patients. Methods: The expression levels of leukocyte differentiation antigen (CD) 8, CD4, T lymphocyte immunoglobulin mucoprotein 3 (TIM3), human forkhead box protein P3 (Foxp3) and co-localized tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) were detected in 92 cases of gastric cancer tissue [58 males and 34 females; aged M(Q1, Q3), 70(59, 77) years ] and 84 cases of paracancer tissue [57 males and 27 females, aged 70(59, 77) years] purchased from Shanghai Xinchao Biotechnology Co., Ltd., and the samples were from 28 hospitals in the sample bank. Gastric cancer and adjacent tissues were divided into high expression group and low expression group according to the optimal cut-off value of positive lymphocytepercentage. The expression of immunophenotypes in gastric cancer and adjacent tissues was analyzed. Kaplan-Meier method was used for survival analysis. Cox proportional hazard model was used to explore the prognostic factors of gastric cancer patients. Results: The optimal cut-off values of CD8, CD4, TIM3 and Foxp3 positive cells in gastric cancer were 12.73%, 1.39%, 10.77% and 2.44%, respectively. The expression of Foxp3 in gastric cancer tissues was higher than that in paracancer tissues [M (Q1, Q3), 0.93 (0.45, 2.16) vs 0.31 (0.09, 0.86), P<0.001], and the expression of CD8 [4.92 (2.34, 8.80) vs 8.81 (6.61, 12.17), P<0.001], CD4 [4.79 (1.77, 11.36) vs 8.40 (4.84, 12.77), P=0.022] and TIM3 [5.68 (2.05, 11.58) vs 7.07 (3.13, 11.43), P=0.338] were lower than that in paracancer tissues. There were significant differences in TIM3 expression in gastric cancer patients with different lymph node metastasis and clinical stage (all P<0.05). The 5-year survival rate of patients with high CD4 expression, low TIM3 expression and low Foxp3 expression in gastric cancer tissues was poor, among which the high CD4 expression and low CD4 expression groups were 29.3% and 64.7%, respectively; The high and low TIM3 expression groups were 60.9% and 30.4%, respectively; The high and low Foxp3 expression groups were 64.3% and 33.3%, respectively (all P<0.05). The optimal cut-off values of CD8+TIM3+TILs, CD4+TIM3+TILs, CD8+Foxp3+TILs and CD4+Foxp3+TILs were 3.86%, 0.23%, 0.08% and 0.76%, respectively. Colocalization analysis showed that the expression of CD8+Foxp3+TILs in gastric cancer tissues was higher than that in adjacent tissues(all P<0.05). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that high expression of CD4 (HR=3.079, 95%CI: 1.350-7.024,P=0.008), low expression of TIM3 (HR=0.428, 95%CI: 0.208-0.879, P=0.021) and low expression of Foxp3 (HR=0.288, 95%CI: 0.121-0.687, P=0.005) were the influencing factor for the 5-year survival rate of patients with gastric cancer after operation. Conclusions: Gastric cancer tissues have complex immune microenvironment characteristics. The expression of CD4, TIM3 and Foxp3 is closely related to the prognosis of patients.

[Clinical characteristics and prognosis of patients with therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia arising from malignant tumors]

Objective: To investigate the clinical characteristics, cytogenetics, molecular biology, treatment, and prognosis of patients with therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia (t-MDS/AML) secondary to malignancies. Methods: The clinical data of 86 patients with t-MDS/AML in West China Hospital of Sichuan University between January 2010 and April 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. The clinical characteristics, primary tumor types, and tumor-related therapies were analyzed. Results: The study enrolled a total of 86 patients with t-MDS/AML, including 67 patients with t-AML, including 1 patient with M(0), 6 with M(1), 27 with M(2), 9 with M(3), 12 with M(4), 10 with M(5), 1 with M(6), and 1 with M(7). Sixty-two patients could be genetically stratified, with a median overall survival (OS) of 36 (95% CI 22-52) months for 20 (29.9%) patients in the low-risk group and 6 (95% CI 3-9) months for 10 (14.9%) in the intermediate-risk group. The median OS time was 8 (95% CI 1-15) months in 32 (47.8%) patients in the high-risk group. For patients with non-acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) and AML, the median OS of the low-risk group was 27 (95% CI 18-36) months, which was significantly longer than that of the non-low-risk group (χ(2)=5.534, P=0.019). All 9 APL cases were treated according to the initial treatment, and the median OS was not reached, and the 1-, 2-, and 3-year OS rates were 100.0%, (75.0±6.2) %, and (75.0±6.2) % respectively. Of the 58 patients with non-APL t-AML (89.7%), 52 received chemotherapy, and 16 achieved complete remission (30.8%) after the first induction chemotherapy. The 1-, 2-, and 3-year OS rates of the non-APL t-AML group were (42.0 ± 6.6) %, (22.9±5.7) %, and (13.4±4.7) %, respectively. The median OS of patients who achieved remission was 24 (95% CI 18-30) months, and the median OS of those who did not achieve remission was 6 (95% CI 3-9) months (χ(2)=10.170, P=0.001). Bone marrow CR was achieved in 7 (53.8%) of 13 patients treated with vineclar-containing chemotherapy, with a median OS of 12 (95% CI 9-15) months, which was not significantly different from that of vineclar-containing chemotherapy (χ(2)=0.600, P=0.437). In 19 patients with t-MDS, the 1-, 2-, and 3-year OS rates were (46.8±11.6) %, (17.5±9.1) %, and (11.7±9.1) % with a median OS of 12 (95% CI 7-17) months, which was not significantly different from that in t-AML (χ(2)=0.232, P=0.630) . Conclusions: Breast cancer, bowel cancer, and other primary tumors are common in patients with t-MDS/AML, which have a higher risk of adverse genetics. Patients with APL had a high induction remission rate and a good long-term prognosis, whereas patients without APL had a low remission rate and a poor long-term prognosis.

[Medium-term efficacy and safety analysis of Ex-PRESS shunt implantation for the treatment of secondary glaucoma in Sturge-Weber syndrome]

Objective: To evaluate the medium-term efficacy and safety of Ex-PRESS shunt implantation in the treatment of secondary glaucoma associated with Sturge-Weber Syndrome (SWS). Methods: This was a retrospective case series study. Medical records of patients diagnosed with secondary glaucoma due to SWS who underwent Ex-PRESS shunt implantation at Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, between January 2013 and February 2020 were collected. Only the right eye were included in the analysis when both eyes were affected. Follow-up visits were scheduled at postoperative week 1, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, and 3 years. Clinical data including intraocular pressure (IOP), vertical cup-to-disc (C/D) ratio, corneal horizontal diameter, visual field, anterior chamber condition, anti-glaucoma medication usage, and additional surgeries were evaluated and analyzed before and after the procedure. Surgical success rates and procedure-related complications at each follow-up time point were assessed. Statistical analyses were performed using t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, and χ2 test. Results: A total of 21 patients (21 eyes) were included in the study, comprising 10 females and 11 males. Among them, 15 eyes were on the right side, and 6 eyes were on the left side. The patients' ages ranged from 3 to 51 years, with a median age of 8.1 (6.3, 11.9) years. The follow-up period ranged from 3 to 53 months, with a median of 11 (6, 24) months. Preoperatively, the IOP in the 21 operated eyes was (32.9±9.1) mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa), significantly higher than the IOP in the 19 healthy eyes, which was (17.1±4.3) mmHg (t=5.80, P<0.001). The C/D ratio in the operated eyes was (0.75±0.13), also significantly higher than that in the healthy eyes, which was (0.32±0.10) (t=11.22, P<0.001). At the 1-year, 2-year, and 3-year follow-up, 8 eyes out of 16 operated eyes, 6 eyes out of 9 operated eyes, and 7 eyes out of 10 operated eyes achieved overall surgical success (complete success+conditional success), respectively. The number of eyes with complete success at the three follow-up time points was 3, 2, and 4, respectively. The IOP in the operated eyes was significantly reduced at all follow-up time points compared to preoperative values (all P<0.05), while there was no statistically significant difference in C/D ratio before and after surgery (all P>0.05). Two operated eyes experienced retinal detachment or choroidal leakage postoperatively, both of which recovered after conservative treatment. One eye developed postoperative degree Ⅰ shallow anterior chamber, and it resolved spontaneously on the third day after surgery. No serious surgical complications, such as bleb-related complications, malignant glaucoma, expulsive choroidal hemorrhage, or endophthalmitis, were observed postoperatively. Conclusions: Ex-PRESS shunt implantation for the treatment of secondary glaucoma in SWS demonstrated a relatively high level of safety. The medium-term IOP in the operated eyes significantly decreased compared to preoperative values. However, the majority of operated eyes did not achieve complete surgical success.

Measurement of the Lifetime and Λ Separation Energy of _{Λ}^{3}H

The most precise measurements to date of the _{Λ}^{3}H lifetime τ and Λ separation energy B_{Λ} are obtained using the data sample of Pb-Pb collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=5.02  TeV collected by ALICE at the LHC. The _{Λ}^{3}H is reconstructed via its charged two-body mesonic decay channel (_{Λ}^{3}H→^{3}He+π^{-} and the charge-conjugate process). The measured values τ=[253±11(stat)±6(syst)]  ps and B_{Λ}=[102±63(stat)±67(syst)]  keV are compatible with predictions from effective field theories and confirm that the _{Λ}^{3}H structure is consistent with a weakly bound system.

[Meta-analysis of the relationship between maternal arsenic exposure and preterm birth]

OBJECTIVE

To systematic evaluate the association between maternal arsenic exposure and preterm birth.

METHODS

A literature search was conducted through Pubmed, Web of Science, Embase, China Knowledge Network(CNKI), WanFang Data, Vip Chinese Journal Service Platform(VIP) with a time frame of November 2022 from the beginning of database construction. Meta-analysis of dichotomous variables was performed using Stata MP15 software, and a random or fixed effects model was chosen for the meta-analysis based on the heterogeneity result, with the ratio of ratios(OR) as the effect indicator; subgroup analysis was used to find characteristic changes; funnel plots were used to evaluate publication bias.

RESULTS

A total of 15 papers with a sample size of(n=9 892 256 279), 10 prospective cohort studies, 3 retrospective cohort studies, and 2 cross-sectional studies, were included in 6 Chinese and 9 English papers. By Meta-analysis, the combined OR of preterm birth outcome was 1.06(95%CI 1.03-1.09); the result of subgroup analysis by exposure factors and region, the combined OR(95%CI) of hair, blood, urine, drinking water, and placenta were 0.97(0.56-1.69), 1.40(1.22-1.60), 1.04(0.93-1.17), 1.14(1.04-1.24) and 0.69(0.07-6.38). The combined OR(95%CI) were 1.17(1.04-1.31), 1.10(1.05-1.14), 0.69(0.07-6.38) and 1.17(1.01-1.36) for Asia, Americas, Europe and Africa, respectively. For subgroup analysis based on study type, the combined OR(95%CI) was 1.16(1.05-1.28), 1.01(1.01-1.02) and 1.65(0.73-3.74) for prospective cohort studies, retrospective cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Maternal arsenic exposure may contribute to the occurrence of preterm birth, and drinking water arsenic levels may be an important indicator for assessing human arsenic exposure and risk of causing preterm birth.

Analysis of the value of echocardiographic parameters in the early diagnosis of preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study was to investigate the role of echocardiographic parameters in diagnosing bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm infants.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Ninety preterm infants with a gestational age of less than 32 weeks and a weight less than 1.5 kg, admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of the hospital between January 2020 and January 2021, were selected for the study. The study subjects were divided into two groups: a BPD group (54 cases, observation group) and a non-BPD group (36 cases, control group). The correlation between tricuspid regurgitation (TR) velocity and BPD was investigated by detecting the cardiac function of preterm infants in both groups using a color Doppler ultrasound diagnostic instrument and analyzing the cardiac ultrasound results. The early prediction efficiency of TR velocity (m/s) for BPD was evaluated using the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve.

RESULTS

The incidence of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and pulmonary hypertension (PH) in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group. The levels of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and left ventricular shorting fraction (LVFS) were significantly lower than those in the control group (p < 0.05). The incidence of patent foramen ovale (PFO), atrial septal defect (ASD), and ventricular septal defect (VSD) in the observation group were not significantly different from the control group (p > 0.05). The proportion of tricuspid regurgitation in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group, and the TR velocity was significantly higher than that in the control group. The Spearman correlation analysis showed that TR velocity (m/s) was positively correlated to BPD severity (r = 0.379, p < 0.05). The area under the curve (AUC) for predicting BPD with TR velocity was 0.735. The sensitivity and specificity were 88.0% and 62.6%, respectively, when the TR velocity was 1.45 m/s.

CONCLUSIONS

Echocardiography is useful for understanding the degree of impaired cardiac function in preterm infants and for early detection of PH, which may reduce the mortality rate to a certain extent. The risk of BPD is significantly increased when TR velocity is higher than 1.45 m/s.

Erratum: Global Polarization of Ξ and Ω Hyperons in Au+Au Collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200 GeV [Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 162301 (2021)]

This corrects the article DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.162301.