HLA-B*59:01: a marker for Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis caused by methazolamide in Han Chinese

Methazolamide is an intraocular pressure-lowering drug that is used in the treatment of glaucoma and other ophthalmologic abnormalities. The use of methazolamide has been shown to cause Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) in patients of Asian ancestry. Methazolamide-induced SJS/TEN is associated with the presence of HLA-B59 serotype/HLA-B*59:01 in Korean and Japanese populations. To better understand the genetic risk factors for these adverse reactions in the Han Chinese population, we characterized the HLA class I genotypes of eight Chinese patients with methazolamide-induced SJS/TEN from 2008 to 2014. The frequency of HLA-B*59:01 was 87.5% (7/8) in the case patients, which was significantly different from 0% (0/30) in the methazolamide-tolerant patients (odds ratio (OR)=305.0; P=6.3 × 10(-7)) and 0.35% (1/283) in healthy subjects from the human major histocompatibility complex database (OR=1974.0; P=2.0 × 10(-12)). HLA-C*01:02, which is closely linked to HLA-B*59:01, had a weaker but notable association with methazolamide-induced SJS/TEN compared with the tolerant controls (OR=12.1; P=0.016) and general population (OR=15.5; P=2.0 × 10(-3)). The distribution of the HLA-B*59:01-C*01:02 haplotype was also significantly different in cases and controls. This study demonstrated a strong association between HLA-B*59:01 and methazolamide-induced SJS/TEN in the Han Chinese population for the first time. Pretherapy screening for HLA-B*59:01 would be useful to reduce the risk of methazolamide-induced SJS/TEN.

Mining drug-disease relationships as a complement to medical genetics-based drug repositioning: Where a recommendation system meets genome-wide association studies

A novel recommendation-based drug repositioning strategy is presented to simultaneously determine novel drug indications and side effects in one integrated framework. This strategy provides a complementary method to medical genetics-based drug repositioning, which reduces the occurrence of false positives in medical genetics-based drug repositioning, resulting in a ranked list of new candidate indications and/or side effects with different confidence levels. Several new drug indications and side effects are reported with high prediction confidences.

96 EFFECT OF MOF GENE ON PREIMPLANTATION DEVELOPMENT OF PIG PARTHENOGENETIC EMBRYOS

The Mof gene (males absent on the first) is crucial to X-chromosome dosage compensation in the fly. It acts specifically to catalyse acetylation of histone H4 lysine 16 (H4K16ac) as one histone acetyltransferase of the MYST family, playing essential roles during mammalian development. However, little is known about Mof gene in pigs. The present study was designed to explore effects of Mof on pre-implantation development of pig parthenogenetic embryos obtained as reported by Cao et al. (2012 Zygote 20, 229–236). Immunofluorescent staining was performed to examine protein expression level of porcine Mof (pMof) and H4K16ac, and fluorescent intensity was measured by Image J software (NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA). Data are presented as mean ± standard error, and statistical analyses of the fluorescent intensity value, embryo development rate, and quality were performed using ANOVA with SPSS software (version 15.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), and P-value <0.05 was considered significant. First, the coding sequence (CDS) of the pMof gene was cloned and the spatio-temporal expression patterns of the CDS were determined in pig oocytes, early embryos, and other tissues. A 1471-bp-long cDNA of pMof was obtained with 99.34% and 98.25% amino acid sequence homology and 92.88% and 88.96% nucleotide sequence homology to the human and mouse MOF homologues. We observed that pMof is expressed predominantly in oocytes and early embryos but at low levels in sperm and other organs. We found that pMof decreased from pronuclear to 8-cell stages and remained low until the blastocyst stage based on RT-qPCR results (n = 10 for each stage embryos). In contrast, pMof protein expression as examined by immunofluorescent staining (n = 15 for each stage embryos) remained high throughout the pre-implantation development period. After porcine embryonic genome activation, pMOF remained detectable in 4-cell (n = 10) and 8-cell (n = 10) embryos despite amanitin treatment for 24 h. Thus, the mRNA level of MOF was not decreased after transcription inhibition suggesting that MOF is a maternal gene. To assess functional significance, we examined the expression of H4K16ac, a target of pMof, and found that the level of H4K16ac was constantly low from pronuclear to morula stage, but increased dramatically in blastocysts. When we knocked down pMOF by cytoplasmic injection of siRNA into porcine MII oocytes, rate and cell number of blastocysts declined significantly [blastocyst rate: uninjected (n = 228) v. negative-siRNA (n = 220) v. MOF-siRNA (n = 230) = 65.8 ± 3.75% v. 57.5 ± 4.30% v. 46.3 ± 5.72%; cell numbers: uninjected v. negative-siRNA v. MOF-siRNA = 84.73 ± 5.25 v. 77 ± 5.50 v. 55.08 ± 6.56]. A marker for DNA double-strand breaks and repair, γ-H2AX, increased in parallel to more apoptotic cells. Knockdown of MOF reduced H4K16ac. Overall, pMof is highly conserved among human, mouse, and pig; pMof is essential to pre-implantational development of pig parthenogenetic embryos involved in regulating H4K16ac.Research was supported by NSFC (31272442).

Plasma levels of TNF-α and MMP-9 in patients with silicosis

OBJECTIVE

Silicosis is usually recognized at later stages of the disease, and early biomarkers for silicosis will be useful for timely diagnosis. We aimed at examining plasma levels of TNF-α and MMP-9, and correlation between these, in patients with different stages of silicosis in order to test suitability of these inflammatory factors as early biomarkers for silicosis.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

TNF-α and MMP-9 were quantified by ELISA in plasma specimens from 30 healthy individuals (control group), 28 individuals exposed to silica dust but without clinical disease, and 30 patients with silicosis.

RESULTS

Plasma levels of TNF-α and MMP-9 were increased in individuals exposed to silica dust (p < 0.05 vs. control individuals) and were further elevated in patients with silicosis (p < 0.05 vs. control individuals and individuals exposed to silica dust). There was a significant correlation between plasma levels of TNF-α and MMP-9 both in individuals exposed to silica dust (r = 0.696, p < 0.01) and patients with silicosis (r = 0.768, p < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

Plasma levels of TNF-α and MMP-9 are increased prior to development of clinically recognized silicosis, suggesting that these biomarkers are involved in the onset and development of silicosis. Combined detection of TNF-α and MMP-9 may be useful for early diagnosis of silicosis.

microRNA-183 down-regulates the expression of BKCaβ1 protein that is related to the severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the expression of microRNA (miRNA)-183 and Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels β1 subunit (BKCaβ1) in the lung tissues of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

METHODS

Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting were used for detecting the expression of miRNA-183 and BKCaβ1 in the lung tissues from 45 COPD patients and 30 lung cancer patients without COPD. Possible miRNAs that target BKCaβ1 were forecasted by bioinformatics. The expression of these miRNAs in the peripheral blood of COPD patients was also examined. After transfecting vascular smooth muscle cells with pGCMV/EGFP/miR-183 plasmid, the expression of miRNA-183 and BKCaβ1 were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting.

RESULTS

The expression of BKCaβ1 in the lung tissues of COPD patients was significantly lower than control. Western blotting data showed that the expression of BKCaβ1 protein in COPD group was significantly lower than control. After transfecting the vascular smooth muscle cells with pGCMV/EGFP/miR-183 plasmid, we found that the level of BKCaβ1 mRNA was not significantly reduced by the increase of miRNA-183 level, but the expression of BKCaβ1 protein was down-regulated.

CONCLUSIONS

The present study indicated that miRNA-183 might play a role in the expression of BKCaβ1, and the expression of miRNA-183 and BKCaβ1 were possibly related with the pathogenetic pathways of COPD. Hippokratia 2014; 18 (4): 328-332.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Live Cells Decreased In vitro Methane Production in Intestinal Content of Pigs

An in vitro gas production technique was used in this study to elucidate the effect of two strains of active live yeast on methane (CH₄) production in the large intestinal content of pigs to provide an insight to whether active live yeast could suppress CH₄ production in the hindgut of pigs. Treatments used in this study include blank (no substrate and no live yeast cells), control (no live yeast cells) and yeast (YST) supplementation groups (supplemented with live yeast cells, YST1 or YST2). The yeast cultures contained 1.8×10¹⁰ cells per g, which were added at the rates of 0.2 mg and 0.4 mg per ml of the fermented inoculum. Large intestinal contents were collected from 2 Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire pigs, mixed with a phosphate buffer (1:2), and incubated anaerobically at 39°C for 24 h using 500 mg substrate (dry matter (DM) basis). Total gas and CH₄ production decreased (p<0.05) with supplementation of yeast. The methane production reduction potential (MRP) was calculated by assuming net methane concentration for the control as 100%. The MRP of yeast 2 was more than 25%. Compared with the control group, in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration increased (p<0.05) in 0.4 mg/ml YST1 and 0.2 mg/ml YST2 supplementation groups. Proportion of propionate, butyrate and valerate increased (p<0.05), but that of acetate decreased (p<0.05), which led to a decreased (p<0.05) acetate: propionate (A: P) ratio in the both YST2 treatments and the 0.4 mg/ml YST 1 supplementation groups. Hydrogen recovery decreased (p<0.05) with yeast supplementation. Quantity of methanogenic archaea per milliliter of inoculum decreased (p<0.05) with yeast supplementation after 24 h of incubation. Our results suggest that live yeast cells suppressed in vitro CH₄ production when inoculated into the large intestinal contents of pigs and shifted the fermentation pattern to favor propionate production together with an increased population of acetogenic bacteria, both of which serve as a competitive pathway for the available H₂ resulting in the reduction of methanogenic archaea.

Cyclic additional optical true time delay for microwave beam steering with spectral filtering

Optical true time delay (OTTD) is an attractive way to realize microwave beam steering (MBS) due to its inherent features of broadband, low-loss, and compactness. In this Letter, we propose a novel OTTD approach named cyclic additional optical true time delay (CAO-TTD). It applies additional integer delays of the microwave carrier frequency to achieve spectral filtering but without disturbing the spatial filtering (beam steering). Based on such concept, a broadband MBS scheme for high-capacity wireless communication is proposed, which allows the tuning of both spectral filtering and spatial filtering. The experimental results match well with the theoretical analysis.

CT45A1 acts as a new proto-oncogene to trigger tumorigenesis and cancer metastasis

Cancer/testis antigen (CTA)-45 family (CT45) belongs to a new family of genes in phylogenetics and is absent in normal tissues except for testis, but is aberrantly overexpressed in various cancer types. Whether CT45 and other CTAs act as proto-oncogenes has not been determined. Using breast cancer as a model, we found that CT45A1, a representative CT45 family member, alone had a weak tumorigenic effect. However, its neoplastic potency was greatly enhanced in the presence of growth factors. Overexpression of CT45A1 in breast cancer cells markedly upregulated various oncogenic and metastatic genes, constitutively activated ERK and CREB signaling pathways, promoted epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and increased cell stemness, tumorigenesis, invasion, and metastasis, whereas silencing CT45A1 significantly reduced cancer cell migration and invasion. We propose that CT45A1 functions as a novel proto-oncogene to trigger oncogenesis and metastasis. CT45A1 and other CT45 members are therefore excellent targets for anticancer drug discovery and targeted tumor therapy, and valuable genes in the study of a molecular phylogenetic tree.

Toward multi-Gbps indoor optical wireless multicasting system employing passive diffractive optics

This Letter presents the evaluation and demonstration of an optical free-space (FS) multicasting system for multi-Gigabits-per-second (multi-Gbps) indoor transmission. These simultaneous line-of-sight links are formed by infrared beams and are beam-steered using a passive diffraction grating. The experiment has resulted in error-free links (bit error rate <10(-9) at 2.5 Gbps on-off keying) and is scalable to support higher data rates. This system is proposed for short-range optical wireless communication and can be seamlessly integrated in in-building fiber networks.

Toothbrush efficacy for plaque removal

OBJECTIVES

To determine the effectiveness of a novel sonic toothbrush in reducing plaque and in maintenance of gingival health when compared to a standard manual brush.

METHODS

This study was a block-randomized, examiner-blind, two-treatment, parallel group, single centre clinical investigation. A total of 84 subjects were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive either the Panasonic EW-DL90 or an American Dental Association-endorsed manual toothbrush. Subjects were instructed to follow a twice-daily brushing regimen without flossing. Plaque levels and gingival health were assessed at baseline and after 1 and 3 weeks of treatment using the Turesky Modification of the Quigley-Hein Plaque Index and the Papillary Bleeding Score.

RESULTS

Subjects assigned to the EW-DL90 group had significantly lower plaque levels after 1 and 3 weeks of treatment than those in the manual group (P = 0.003 and 0.0035, respectively). Both groups showed a reduction in plaque levels at Week 3 relative to baseline. The EW-DL90 group had significantly lower gingival inflammation scores after 1 week of treatment (P = 0.0293), but there was no difference between groups after 3 weeks of treatment.

CONCLUSION

The EW-DL90 toothbrush safely and effectively removes more plaque than a standard manual toothbrush. Improvement in gingival inflammation was observed after 1 week of treatment. There was no difference in Papillary Bleeding Score between the two groups after 3 weeks of treatment.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

The newly developed sonic brush (Panasonic EW-DL90) tested in this study was found to be more effective than a manual toothbrush at plaque removal. The papillary bleeding scores were significantly lower in the sonic brush group after 1 week of product use. After 3 weeks of product use, both treatment groups had similar papillary bleeding scores almost returning to baseline values.

Phase modulation parallel optical delay detector for microwave angle-of-arrival measurement with accuracy monitored

A novel phase modulation parallel optical delay detector is proposed for microwave angle-of-arrival measurement with accuracy monitored by using only one dual-electrode Mach-Zehnder modulator. A theoretical model is built up to analyze the proposed system including measurement accuracy monitoring. The spatial delay measurement is translated into the phase shift between two replicas of a microwave signal. Thanks to the accuracy monitoring, the phase shifts from 5° to 165° are measured with less than 3.1° measurement error.

Characterization of an injectable chitosan-demineralized bone matrix hybrid for healing critical-size long-bone defects in a rabbit model

BACKGROUND

The effect of injectable demineralized bone matrix (DBM) on bone repair is not known. Here, we tested the hypothesis that injectable DBM can heal a critical-size diaphyseal radius defect in a rabbit model.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The bone defect was filled with DBM powder, injectable DBM or powdered, freeze-dried powdered allografts. Radiological determination, gross evaluation, histology, and micro-computer tomography was carried out 4, 8, and 12 weeks after the surgery, respectively.

RESULTS

The injectable DBM group yielded better when compared with the freeze-dried powder group (p < 0.05). Moreover, biomechanical functionality was restored comparable to normal levels in the injectable DBM group.

CONCLUSIONS

The injectable DBM was as effective in structurally and functionally repairing bone defects as the DBM powder and more effective than the freeze-dried bone powder. Thus, our study supports the use of injectable DBM for bone healing.

Abstract P4-07-11: Dual characteristics of microRNA-484 modulated cytidine deaminase (CDA) axis in breast cancer: Chemo-resistance and regulating cell proliferation

Acquired resistance to chemotherapy is a major clinical obstacle to achieve successful treatment in breast cancer. Cancer cells could evolve a complicated sensory network to develop resistance to chemo treatment. Recently, microRNAs modulated chemo-resistance is investigated as a new paradigm in cancer biology and some acquired mis-expression of miRs confer cancer cells to escape chemotherapy. However, it is important to address whether these miRs also play various intrinsic roles in carcinogenesis. Here, our study demonstrated that miR-484 could modulate cytidine deaminase (CDA) axis, playing various roles in chemo-resistance and cell proliferation.

We have generated a chemo-resistant breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231 Gem) which has 10 fold higher IC50 value than MDA-MB-231 cells in response to gemcitabine (dFdC) treatment through molecular evolution. Gene ontology analysis showed that cytidine degradation pathway was activated in the resistant cells, and qPCR array confirmed that cytidine deaminase (CDA), which converts dFdC to dFdU, was significantly upregulated. Interestingly, microRNA array analysis implicated that miR-484, which might target the 3’UTR region of CDA gene was down-regulated in these resistant cells. Furthermore, 3’UTR luciferase reporter assay and western blot revealed that miR-484 directly regulates CDA gene expression. Over-expression of miR-484 can sensibilize the resistant cells to dFdC treatment. Remarkably, restoration of CDA gene strongly converts miR-484–mediated dFdC sensibilization. These results implicated that miR-484/CDA axis play a pivotal role in chemo-resistance. Unexpectedly, further studies implicated that miR-484/CDA axis could also regulate cell proliferation due to disrupting cell cycle. We found that the chemo-resistant cells had deficiency in cell cycle progression at the S-phase transition, and miR-484 could significantly promote cell growth and overcome cell cycle arrest with CDA down-regulation. Moreover, reintroduction of CDA gene could abrogate miR-484-induced effects on cell proliferation via reactivating S-phase checkpoint. Importantly, the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis supported that higher expression of CDA in breast cancer patients indicates better outcome in DFS model.

In summary, this study uncovers for a previously unknown axis that cytidine deaminase was a direct downstream target for miR-484. The miR484/CDA axis could modulate cells into stagnant status for promoting cellular resistance to DNA damage agents in chemotherapy. On the other hand, as CDA gene participates in cell cycle S-phase arrest, miR484/CDA axis could also contribute to cell proliferation. Taken together, our findings provided new evidences that miR-484/CDA axis has various functions in cell proliferation and chemo-resistance and might be considered as a candidate therapeutic target in breast cancer.

Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P4-07-11.

SSMI cancellation in direct-detection optical OFDM with novel half-cycled OFDM

Half-cycled DDO-OFDM transmission and reception was successfully demonstrated to resist SSMI without spectra efficiency reduction for the first time. The receiver sensitivity was improved by 2 and 1.5 dB in QPSK and 16QAM OFDM with 40-km SSMF-28 transmission, respectively.

[Residues affecting hydrolysis of soy isoflavone glycosides, stability and catalytic properties of Thermotoga maritime β-glucosidase]

The thermostable β-glucosidase A (TmBglA) from Thermotoga maritime is a promising biocatalyst for production of isoflavone aglycones. Use of enzymes with high specificity for soy isoflavone conjugates is however essential for efficient hydrolysis. The effect of the amino acids located in the aglycone binding pocket with non-conserved residues between specificity groups in family 1 glycoside hydrolase (GH1) was studied using wild-type TmBglA and 3 exchange mutants (MI-TmBglA, M2-TmBglA, M1M2-TmBglA). Three mutants were expressed in Escherichia coli, purified and characterized. They had shifts in both optimum tem- perature and thermal stability, and their narrowing pH-activity curve caused by removing the ionized side chain in mutation. All mutants demonstrated the decreased catalytic efficiency more effectively revealed with natural glycoside, salicin, than with artificial substrate, p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside, suggesting that' these amino acids are the key residues to determine aglycone specificity. A lower hydrolysis of genistin and daidzin for M2-TmBglA than M1-TmBglA indicated that L400, A407 and E408 being preferable to V170, A171, V173, G 174 and H180 residues of Tm-BglA could be essential for soy isoflavone glycoside binding and catalysis.