101
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KUEHNE RW, GOCHENOUR WS. A slit sampler for collecting T-3 bacteriophage and Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. II. Studies with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. Appl Microbiol 1998; 9:106-7. [PMID: 13754875 PMCID: PMC1057683 DOI: 10.1128/am.9.2.106-107.1961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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102
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HEARN HJ, DAWSON FW. Comparative effects of beta-propiolactone on mice, mouse-derived cell cultures, and Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. Appl Microbiol 1998; 9:278-82. [PMID: 13712596 PMCID: PMC1057725 DOI: 10.1128/am.9.4.278-282.1961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Studies were made comparing the toxicity of beta-propiolactone (BPL) for mammalian (mouse) cells in vitro and for mice and for Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus which is highly cytopathogenic for each. The mammalian cells grown in tissue culture were found to be adversely affected by BPL in concentrations ranging from 0.001 to 0.1 mg/ml of supernatant fluid. The difference in response was influenced by the menstruum in which the BPL was suspended and the difference in cell types tested. Tenfold less BPL appeared to be required to destroy the cells when it was suspended in a balanced salt solution than when it was suspended in protein-containing solutions such as beef heart infusion broth or medium 199 plus 20% horse serum. Secondary embryonic mouse lung cells seemed slightly more adversely affected by BPL than the established embryonic lung or L cells. BPL given to mice by intranasal instillation and by intracerebral injection was lethal to half of the animals within 2 days at doses of 0.31 and 0.39 mg, respectively. Higher concentrations of BPL were required to rapidly inactivate the virus in vitro than were required to kill mice or to cause a toxic effect on cells in culture. It required 10 mg/ml of BPL to completely inactivate a high-titered VEE virus preparation in 5 min and 1 mg/ml to inactivate most, but not all, of the virus in 15 min. A concentration of 0.1 mg/ml of BPL had only a slight effect on the virus after a period as long as 60 min. Evidence is presented indicating that simultaneous inactivation of all of the properties of the VEE virus particles by BPL aerosols did not occur at the same time but that, after treatment, the virus possessed a limited ability to immunize mice despite a loss in infectivity.
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103
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PATERSON PY, HARWIN SM. Suppression of allergic encephalomyelitis in rats by means of antibrain serum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 117:755-74. [PMID: 13941827 PMCID: PMC2137643 DOI: 10.1084/jem.117.5.755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Rats regularly develop evidence of allergic encephalomyelitis (AE) 2 to 3 weeks following sensitization to nervous tissue plus adjuvant. Independent of the severity of AE which occurs, gradual recovery is the rule and by the 6th to 9th week after sensitization rats appear clinically well and microscopic lesions of AE have virtually disappeared. Pooled serum collected from rats 3 or 6 weeks after sensitization contains complement-fixing (CF) antibrain antibodies. Such pooled serum exerts a striking suppressive influence on development of AE when passively administered to rats actively sensitized to nervous tissue. Serum pools which contain CF antibrain antibody suppress the disease. Serum pools lacking CF antibody do not suppress the disease. Serum containing CF antibrain antibody after treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol no longer fixes complement with brain antigen in vitro and no longer suppresses AE in vivo. The data suggest that transfer of protection against AE by passively administered antibrain rat serum is due to an antibrain antibody, possibly the CF antibodies. The meaning of these findings is discussed in terms of the role(s) of circulating antibrain antibody in the pathogenesis of AE.
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104
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LEVINE S, WENK EJ, MULDOON TN, COHEN SG. Enhancement of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by adrenalectomy. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 1998; 111:383-5. [PMID: 13930175 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-111-27799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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105
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LAATSCH RH, KIES MW, GORDON S, ALVORD EC. The encephalomyelitic activity of myelin isolated by ultracentrifugation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 115:777-88. [PMID: 14461228 PMCID: PMC2137521 DOI: 10.1084/jem.115.4.777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
A relatively simple preparation of guinea pig brain myelin, free of gross contamination by other cellular elements has been described. Electron microscopic evidence of the predominance of membranous (lamellar) forms was used as the criterion of purity of this fraction. The slight mitochondrial contamination of the myelin fraction was confirmed by its low succinic dehydrogenase activity. Quantitative bio-assay of the encephalitogenic activity of myelin showed it to have a higher specific activity than whole guinea pig brain. The low encephalomyelitic activity of the other subcellular constituents (nuclei and mitochondria) which were removed from myelin by ultracentrifugation in 30 per cent sucrose could be explained by a small amount of myelin contamination. A basic protein of high specific encephalitogenic activity has been isolated from myelin by methods previously applied to whole brain. Although the protein is similar to nuclear histones, the following facts point to certain significant differences. Nuclei prepared by a different procedure from the one developed for the isolation of myelin were found to be non-encephalitogenic. Although basic protein could be extracted readily from these nuclei by dilute HCl, the same extraction procedure yielded little extractable protein from whole myelin. Myelin which had been defatted by cold chloroform-methanol yielded a basic protein which was highly encephalitogenic. The evidence presented thus supports the view that there exists in myelin a new basic protein responsible for the induction of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, which is distinctly different from nuclear histones. The possible relationship of this protein to myelin structure and function has been discussed.
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106
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MUSSGAY M, WEIBEL J. Electron microscopic and biological studies on the growth of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in KB cells. Virology 1998; 16:52-62. [PMID: 14477588 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(62)90201-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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107
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DE SOMER P, PRINZIE A, DENYS P, SCHONNE E. Mechanism of action of interferon. I. Relationship with viral ribonucleic acid. Virology 1998; 16:63-70. [PMID: 13884552 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(62)90202-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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108
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TASKER JB, MIESSE ML, BERGE TO. Studies on the virus of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis. III. Distribution in tissues of experimentally infected mice. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1998; 11:844-50. [PMID: 13993424 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1962.11.844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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109
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HARWIN SM, PATERSON PY. Antibrain antibodies of the 19S gamma-globulin type in rats with allergic encephalomyelitis. Nature 1998; 194:391-2. [PMID: 13905113 DOI: 10.1038/194391a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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110
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MUELLER PS, KIES MW, ALVORD EC, SHAW CM. Prevention of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) by vitamin C deprivation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 115:329-38. [PMID: 14476938 PMCID: PMC2137494 DOI: 10.1084/jem.115.2.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Scorbutic guinea pigs injected with CNS and mycobacterium to induce experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) showed no clear-cut neurological signs and failed to show histological evidence of central nervous system damage. The degree of protection afforded by vitamin C deprivation was related directly to the duration of the scorbutogenic diet and inversely to the strength of the CNS challenge. Vitamin C deprivation also abolished tuberculin sensitivity as measured by the PPD skin reaction. Upon restoration of vitamin C, the animals recovered their sensitivity to PPD but did not develop EAE. It was further demonstrated that these effects of vitamin C deprivation were not related to inanition or to the endogenous levels of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids.
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111
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112
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TIGERTT WD, DOWNS WG. Studies on the virus of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis in Trinidad, W.I. I. The 1943-1944 epizootic. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1998; 11:822-34. [PMID: 13985028 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1962.11.822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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113
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LENNETTE EH, MAGOFFIN RL, LONGSHORE WA, HOLLISTER AC. An etiologic study of seasonal aseptic meningitis and encephalitis in the Central Valley of California. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1998; 10:885-96. [PMID: 14464001 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1961.10.885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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114
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LEVINE S. Localization of allergic encephalomyelitis in lesions of cyanide encephalopathy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1998; 19:238-47. [PMID: 14416293 DOI: 10.1097/00005072-196004000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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115
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HEARN HJ, BROWN A. Induction of increased Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus synthesis in chronically infected L cells. J Bacteriol 1998; 78:595-6. [PMID: 14400424 PMCID: PMC290592 DOI: 10.1128/jb.78.4.595-596.1959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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116
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FIELD EJ, MILLER H. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: comparison of protective effects of prednisolone and corticotrophin. BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 1998; 1:843-4. [PMID: 13892762 PMCID: PMC1958036 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.5281.843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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117
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DOWNS WG, AITKEN TH, SPENCE L. Eastern equine encephalitis virus isolated from Culex nigripalpus in Trinidad. Science 1998; 130:1471. [PMID: 13817918 DOI: 10.1126/science.130.3387.1471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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118
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MORGAN C, HOWE C, ROSE HM. Structure and development of viruses as observed in the electron microscope. V. Western equine encephalomyelitis virus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 113:219-34. [PMID: 13772566 PMCID: PMC2137342 DOI: 10.1084/jem.113.1.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Stages in the development and release of Western equine encephalomyelitis virus are illustrated and described. It is suggested that precursor particles 22 mmicro in diameter differentiate at template sites close to membranes bordering cytoplasmic vacuoles and that these particles either pass into the lumen of the vacuole, acquiring in the process a coat and peripheral membrane, or are dispersed in the cytoplasm and extruded through the cellular wall, emerging as viral particles on the surface. Although necrosis and dissolution of the cell with release of contents, including virus, may intervene at any stage of infection, ejection of virus from the vacuoles presumably can occur without rupture of the cell. The virus consists of a 30 mmicro core separated by a zone of lesser density from a sharply defined peripheral membrane 45 to 48 mmicro in diameter. Precursor particles, as well as viral particles, occasionally crystallize, the former in the cytoplasm, the latter in vacuoles and probably on the cellular surface.
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119
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MILLER AA, RAMSDEN F. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, with massive necrosis of the spinal cord, probably due to antitetanus serum. J Clin Pathol 1998; 15:314-23. [PMID: 14473939 PMCID: PMC480405 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.15.4.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The clinical and pathological findings are described of a fatal case of acute haemorrhagic leucoencephalitis and disseminated encephalomyelitis with acute necrosis of the white matter of the spinal cord. It is suggested that the reaction was a severe immunological response of an allergic nature, probably due to antitetanus serum.
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120
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METZGER JF, BANKS IS, SMITH CW, HOGGAN MD. Demonstration of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis in tissue culture by immunofluorescence. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 1998; 106:212-4. [PMID: 13769909 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-106-26289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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121
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SHAW CM, FAHLBERG WJ, KIES MW, ALVORD EC. Suppression of experimental "allergic" encephalomyelitis in guinea pigs by encephalitogenic proteins extracted from homologous brain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 111:171-80. [PMID: 13831267 PMCID: PMC2137257 DOI: 10.1084/jem.111.2.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The intradermal injection of aqueous solutions of certain homologous neural proteins will suppress the encephalomyelitis which is induced in guinea pigs by the previous injection of whole homologous brain with Freund's adjuvants. These neural proteins extracted by dilute acid from defatted guinea pig brain are themselves highly encephalitogenic when injected with adjuvants, but the specificity of this suppression for encephalitogenic as compared to non-encephalitogenic extracts remains to be proven. Suppression is probably not due to a non-specific stress reaction, as indicated by the absence of suppression by intradermal injections of alcohol and by statistically insignificant and inconstant effects of similar injections of tuberculin.
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122
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KIBLER RF, BARNES AE. Antibody studies in rabbit encephalomyelitis induced by a water-soluble protein fraction of rabbit cord. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 116:807-25. [PMID: 14032458 PMCID: PMC2137585 DOI: 10.1084/jem.116.6.807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
A water-soluble protein fraction of nervous tissue was prepared by extraction of rabbit spinal cord with sodium citrate at pH 4.3. Characterization by nitrogen content and paper electrophoresis showed it to be a mixture of basic proteins. This extract demonstrated encephalitogenic activity when injected into rabbits. The most suitable technique for the measurement of serum antibody to the rabbit cord antigen proved to be the precipitation of antigen-antibody complexes by 40 per cent saturated ammonium sulfate. Antibody could not be demonstrated by the techniques of complement fixation, quantitative precipitation, and Ouchterlony plates. The early appearance of circulating antibody occurred almost exclusively in rabbits that subsequently developed EAE. Specificity of the antibodies for nervous tissue was demonstrated by appropriate blocking and adsorption experiments.
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123
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SHAW CM, ALVORD EC, FAHLBERG WJ, KIES MW. Adjuvant-antigen relationships in the production of experimental "allergic" encephalomyelitis in the guinea pig. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 115:169-79. [PMID: 13911447 PMCID: PMC2137483 DOI: 10.1084/jem.115.1.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative relationships between the amounts of encephalitogenic neural tissue and mycobacterial adjuvant are presented for the guinea pig, for comparison with similar results obtained in the mouse and presented in an accompanying paper by Lee and Schneider (27). Definite threshold amounts of both neural encephalitogenic and mycobacterial adjuvant can be defined. With the proper amounts of each component, 100 per cent of guinea pigs can be made to develop EAE, 97 per cent dying of it, and over 50 per cent becoming paralyzed by the 12th day after challenge. With moderate amounts of encephalitogen the severity and incidence of EAE can be very great, but this encephalitogenic potential can be masked if large amounts of mycobacteria are employed. The mechanism of this masking effect by excess adjuvant is not known, but speculation centers upon the possibility of competition of antigens of the mycobacteria at the expense of those of the encephalitogen.
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124
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KARSTAD L, VADLAMUDI S, HANSON RP, TRAINER DO, LEE VH. Eastern equine encephalitis studies in Wisconsin. J Infect Dis 1998; 106:53-9. [PMID: 14404591 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/106.1.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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125
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LEE JM, SCHNEIDER HA. Critical relationships between constituents of the antigen-adjuvant emulsion affecting experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in a completely susceptible mouse genotype. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 115:157-68. [PMID: 14463517 PMCID: PMC2137478 DOI: 10.1084/jem.115.1.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The production of EAE in the fully susceptible BSVS mouse genotype has been found to be dependent on the ratio of proteolipid antigen and adjuvant mycobacterial concentration as used in the emulsion, of the Freund type. Disturbance of this ratio, by manipulation of either component, by diminution or increase, results in a decrease in the frequency by which EAE is produced. Simultaneous reduction of antigen and mycobacteria, so that the ratio remains unchanged, retains the full EAE-producing power of the emulsion. The limit of this has not been ascertained. Emulsifying agents have been found to restrict further the permissible limits of the antigen-mycobacterial ratio for full EAE production. Such effects of the emulsifier have been found to vary with the qualitative nature of the emulsifier. Aquaphor has been found to be less restrictive than falba. These phenomena, systematically analyzed here for the mouse, may have an application for other antigen-adjuvant systems and for other hosts.
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