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Balci MA, Pamuk ÖN, Pamuk GE, Uzundere FK, Donmez S. Epidemiology and outcome of adult-onset Still's disease in Northwestern Thrace region in Turkey. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2015; 33:818-823. [PMID: 26320744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) is a rare disease that is classified among the multifactorial autoinflammatory disorders. It is characterised by fever, arthritis and, a typical salmon-coloured rash, and is accompanied by fever at nights. Currently, there is limited data on the prevalence of AOSD. METHODS Patients diagnosed with AOSD at the Department of Rheumatology of Trakya University Medical Faculty, between 2003 to 2014 were reviewed retrospectively. Patients' clinical features, laboratory measurements, demographics, treatments, follow-up durations, disease courses, outcomes and complications were evaluated. RESULTS Our study included 42 patients with AOSD of whom, 32 (76.2%) were females and 10 (23.8%) were males (female to male ratio: 3.2). Over the course of the study, the annual incidence of AOSD was 0.62/100,000; and the overall prevalence was 6.77/100,000. The most common findings were fever (97.6%), arthralgia (95.2%), arthritis (76.2%), rash (73.8%) and sore throat (40.5%). CONCLUSIONS In our hospital-based study on AOSD which is a disease with very limited epidemiological data, the frequency of AOSD was found to be significantly higher than in other series. Female gender was more common in our series; and polycyclic pattern was more common in patients with longer follow-ups.
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102
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Etter M, Vallelian F, Herfs G. [CME: Adult Still disease]. PRAXIS 2015; 104:1117-1125. [PMID: 26463902 DOI: 10.1024/1661-8157/a002171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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103
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Tada Y. [Diagnostic (Classification) Criteria and Treatment Guidelines of Collagen-vascular Diseases: Hos to Use and Cautions on Applying Them for General Physicians. Topics: VI. Adult Still's Disease/Adult-onset Still's Disease]. NIHON NAIKA GAKKAI ZASSHI. THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2015; 104:2143-2148. [PMID: 30160929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
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104
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Ortiz-Sanjuán F, Blanco R, Riancho-Zarrabeitia L, Castañeda S, Olivé A, Riveros A, Velloso-Feijoo ML, Narváez J, Jiménez-Moleón I, Maiz-Alonso O, Ordóñez C, Bernal JA, Hernández MV, Sifuentes-Giraldo WA, Gómez-Arango C, Galíndez-Agirregoikoa E, Blanco-Madrigal J, Ortiz-Santamaria V, Del Blanco-Barnusell J, De Dios JR, Moreno M, Fiter J, Riscos MDL, Carreira P, Rodriguez-Valls MJ, González-Vela MC, Calvo-Río V, Loricera J, Palmou-Fontana N, Pina T, Llorca J, González-Gay MA. Efficacy of Anakinra in Refractory Adult-Onset Still's Disease: Multicenter Study of 41 Patients and Literature Review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e1554. [PMID: 26426623 PMCID: PMC4616841 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000001554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) is often refractory to standard therapy. Anakinra (ANK), an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, has demonstrated efficacy in single cases and small series of AOSD. We assessed the efficacy of ANK in a series of AOSD patients. Multicenter retrospective open-label study. ANK was used due to lack of efficacy to standard synthetic immunosuppressive drugs and in some cases also to at least 1 biologic agent. Forty-one patients (26 women/15 men) were recruited. They had a mean age of 34.4 ± 14 years and a median [interquartile range (IQR)] AOSD duration of 3.5 [2-6] years before ANK onset. At that time the most common clinical features were joint manifestations 87.8%, fever 78%, and cutaneous rash 58.5%. ANK yielded rapid and maintained clinical and laboratory improvement. After 1 year of therapy, the frequency of joint and cutaneous manifestations had decreased to 41.5% and to 7.3% respectively, fever from 78% to 14.6%, anemia from 56.1% to 9.8%, and lymphadenopathy from 26.8% to 4.9%. A dramatic improvement of laboratory parameters was also achieved. The median [IQR] prednisone dose was also reduced from 20 [11.3-47.5] mg/day at ANK onset to 5 [0-10] at 12 months. After a median [IQR] follow-up of 16 [5-50] months, the most important side effects were cutaneous manifestations (n = 8), mild leukopenia (n = 3), myopathy (n = 1), and infections (n = 5). ANK is associated with rapid and maintained clinical and laboratory improvement, even in nonresponders to other biologic agents. However, joint manifestations are more refractory than the systemic manifestations.
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Ohe M, Bohgaki T. A Case of Adult-Onset Still's Disease Treated with Monitoring of Serum Tacrolimus Levels. BULLETIN OF THE HOSPITAL FOR JOINT DISEASE (2013) 2015; 73:213-216. [PMID: 26535602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) is a rare systemic inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology. The mainstays of treatment are glucocorticoids (GCs) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, although most cases are refractory to these conventional therapies. Immunosuppressants,such as methotrexate (MTX), cyclosporine A, tumor necrosis factor-α blockers, an interleukin (IL)-1 blocker, and an IL-6, receptor blocker, have been suggested in previous reports for the treatment of steroid-resistant AOSD. We report herein the case of an AOSD patient who was successfully treated with tacrolimus, another immunosuppressant, in combination with GC and MTX. Blood concentrations of tacrolimus were monitored because of the narrow therapeutic window.
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106
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Waghmare S, Valecka B, Cairns AP. A SEVERE CASE OF ADULT ONSET STILLS DISEASE WITH MYOPERICARDITIS, RESISTANT TO TREATMENT WITH TOCILIZUMAB BUT RESPONSIVE TO ANAKINRA. THE ULSTER MEDICAL JOURNAL 2015; 84:130-132. [PMID: 26376493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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107
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Kobayashi D, Ito S, Murasawa A, Narita I, Nakazono K. Two cases of adult-onset Still's disease treated with tocilizumab that achieved tocilizumab-free remission. Intern Med 2015; 54:2675-9. [PMID: 26466710 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.54.4935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been many previously reported cases of adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) which were successfully treated with tocilizumab (TCZ). However, the efficacy and safety of TCZ therapy for AOSD-associated macrophage activation syndrome (MAS), and the optimal duration of TCZ therapy, remain unclear. We herein report two cases of refractory AOSD, one of which was associated with MAS. These two patients were treated with TCZ, and the withdrawal of TCZ was planned according to the serum interleukin-6 level, which resulted in TCZ-free remission.
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108
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Nishioka K, Tanaka T. [Rheumatology: Progress in Diagnosis and Treatments. Topics: III. Rheumatoid Arthritis and Allied Conditions; 2. Allied Conditions. 2) Polymyalgia rheumatica]. NIHON NAIKA GAKKAI ZASSHI. THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2014; 103:2440-8. [PMID: 27514192 DOI: 10.2169/naika.103.2440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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109
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Harigai M. [Rheumatology: Progress in Diagnosis and Treatments. Topics: III. Rheumatoid Arthritis and Allied Conditions; 2. Allied Conditions, 3) Adult Still disease]. NIHON NAIKA GAKKAI ZASSHI. THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2014; 103:2449-2456. [PMID: 27514193 DOI: 10.2169/naika.103.2449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
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110
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Ohe M, Oku K, Kono M, Bohgaki T. Successful treatment with tacrolimus of refractory adult-onset Still's disease. Korean J Intern Med 2014; 29:259-61. [PMID: 24648814 PMCID: PMC3957001 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2014.29.2.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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111
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Gerfaud-Valentin M, Maucort-Boulch D, Hot A, Iwaz J, Ninet J, Durieu I, Broussolle C, Sève P. Adult-onset still disease: manifestations, treatment, outcome, and prognostic factors in 57 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2014; 93:91-99. [PMID: 24646465 PMCID: PMC4616309 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000000021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We conducted a retrospective observational study to describe a cohort and identify the prognostic factors in adult-onset Still disease (AOSD). Patients enrolled in this retrospective chart review fulfilled either Yamaguchi or Fautrel criteria. Candidate variables were analyzed with logistic unadjusted and adjusted regression models. Fifty-seven patients were seen in the internal medicine (75%) and rheumatology (25%) departments over a mean period of 8.4 years. The median time to diagnosis was 4 months. The course of AOSD was monocyclic in 17 patients, polycyclic in 25, and chronic in 15. The assessment of glycosylated ferritin (GF) in 37 patients was correlated with early diagnosis. Nine F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) scans identified the lymph nodes and glands as the main sites of hypermetabolism. Complications were frequent (n = 19), including reactive hemophagocytic syndrome (n = 8). None of the 3 deaths could be attributed to AOSD. Corticosteroid dependence, as predicted by a low GF level, occurred in 23 patients (45%). A quarter of the patients received tumor necrosis factor-α blockers or anakinra with good tolerance. Fever >39.5 °C was predictive of monocyclic AOSD, while arthritis and thrombocytopenia were associated with chronic and complicated AOSD, respectively. The youngest patients had the highest risks of resistance to first-line treatments.AOSD remains difficult to diagnose. Mortality is low despite frequent complications. GF and FDG-PET scans were of value in the diagnostic approach. The condition in highly symptomatic patients evolved to systemic AOSD, whereas more progressive patterns with arthritis predicted chronic AOSD.
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Choi AD, Moles V, Fuisz A, Weissman G. Cardiac magnetic resonance in myocarditis from adult onset Still's disease successfully treated with anakinra. Int J Cardiol 2014; 172:e225-7. [PMID: 24461482 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.12.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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113
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Qi H, Yin C, Xiao H, Duan T. A rare case of diffuse pulmonary nodules in a patient with adult-onset Still's disease. Intern Med 2014; 53:1869-72. [PMID: 25130127 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.53.1868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) is a multisystemic inflammatory disorder, but pulmonary involvement is rare. We herein describe the case of a woman diagnosed with AOSD; treatment resolved her symptoms, but nine days later she was admitted with pyrexia and a productive cough. A chest X-ray revealed diffuse pulmonary nodules and patchy shadows. A high-resolution chest computed tomography scan confirmed diffuse infiltration in the pulmonary parenchyma, signs of alveolar nodules, distribution along the lobule center, several areas of tree-in-bud patterns, and bilateral pleural effusion. The patient was treated with high doses of corticosteroids, which rapidly reduced the size of her diffuse pulmonary nodules and dramatically improved her pleural effusion.
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114
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Liu T, Dong Y, Zeng DF, Xie L, Ye J, He XG. A case of adult-onset Still's disease presenting with multifocal central serous chorioretinopathy. EUROPEAN REVIEW FOR MEDICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2014; 18:421-425. [PMID: 24563445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) is a rare systemic inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology with no specific histological features. In this study, we reported a 43-year-old woman who developed AOSD with multifocal central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). Up to now, the patient is still on close follow-up. Besides, we reviewed the literature emphasized on the ophthalmological features of AOSD.
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115
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Kiyonaga Y, Maeshima K, Imada C, Haranaka M, Ishii K, Shibata H. Steroid-sparing effects of etanercept in a patient with steroid-dependent adult-onset Still's disease. Intern Med 2014; 53:1209-13. [PMID: 24881751 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.53.1488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We herein report the case of an 84-year-old man with steroid-dependent adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) whose daily steroid dose was successfully tapered after etanercept treatment. The corticosteroids worked well initially, and the patient went into remission promptly; however, he suffered a relapse due to steroid tapering. Because treatment with cyclosporine and methotrexate was ineffective, reducing the steroid dose was difficult, and the corticosteroids induced myopathy and diabetes. However, steroid tapering was accomplished in combination with etanercept therapy, and the patient's steroid-induced side effects disappeared. Etanercept should therefore be considered as a steroid-sparing treatment option in patients with steroid-responsive, steroid-dependent AOSD.
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116
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Cho YT, Liao YH. Prurigo pigmentosa-like persistent papules and plaques in a patient with adult-onset Still's disease. Acta Derm Venereol 2014; 94:102-3. [PMID: 23624720 DOI: 10.2340/00015555-1615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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117
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Díez Morrondo C, Pantoja Zarza L. [Current issues of adult-onset Still's disease]. Med Clin (Barc) 2013; 142:29-32. [PMID: 23937819 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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118
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Padilla-Ibarra J, Sanchez-Ortiz A, Sandoval-Castro C, Ramos-Remus C. Rituximab treatment for pulmonary arterial hypertension in adult-onset Still's disease. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2013; 31:657-658. [PMID: 23622421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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119
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Rinkin C, Van Durme C, Fautrel B, Malaise M. [Clinical case of the month. A rare case of arthritis and fever]. REVUE MEDICALE DE LIEGE 2013; 68:423-427. [PMID: 24053103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We present the case report ofa 28 year old male presenting with recurrent fever episodes and arthralgia. Based on the presence of an inflammatory syndrome, a hyperferritinemia, a salmon-pink rash and recurrent fever episodes, the diagnosis of an adult onset Still's disease (AOSD) was made. A treatment with corticosteroids was started. During the following years, the corticosteroids could not be tapered. Eventually, a treatment with anakinra, an interleukin 1 (IL-1) receptor antagonist was started, allowing tapering of the corticosteroids. This case report supports the possible role of IL-1 in the pathogenesis ofAOSD, possibly through the inflammasome.
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Singh B, Biboa J, Musuku S, Patel C, Pugh JL, Boyer TD. Reversal of severe hepatitis with infliximab in adult-onset Still's disease. Am J Med 2013; 126:e3-4. [PMID: 23331455 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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121
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Sen K, Ghosh UC, Mukherjee AK, Ghosal A, Pandey UK. A case of adult onset Still's disease with flare of arthritis. JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 2013; 111:132-134. [PMID: 24003576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Adult onset Still's disease is a febrile illness of unknown aetiology, accounting for about 6% cases of fever of unknown origin. It was first described by Eric GL Bywater in 1971, and since then few case series have been reported from India and other parts of the globe. A case of adult onset Still's disease who presented with fever and polyarthralgia of 18 months duration with flare of joint symptoms during fever spikes has been reported.
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122
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Yilmaz S, Karakas A, Cinar M, Coskun O, Simsek I, Erdem H, Eyigun CP, Pay S. Adult onset Still's disease as a paraneoplastic syndrome--a case report and review of the literature. BULLETIN OF THE HOSPITAL FOR JOINT DISEASE (2013) 2013; 71:156-160. [PMID: 24032618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Adult onset Still's disease (AOSD) is a systemic inflammatory disease with unknown etiology and characterized by evanescent salmon pink rash, sore throat, liver dysfunction, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, arthritis, and leukocytosis. It is a diagnosis of exclusion; however, there are case reports in the literature about patients with malignancies and AOSD-like signs and symptoms. Here we report a patient with AOSD seems to be associated with sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma. This phenomenon is not distinguishable from primary AOSD either in presentation or in treatment; except for the main purpose of the management should be targeted to the underlying malignancy.
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123
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Debski M, Stepniewski P, Wróbel M. [Adult onset Still's disease as a diagnostics challenge in case of fever of unknown origin]. POLSKI MERKURIUSZ LEKARSKI : ORGAN POLSKIEGO TOWARZYSTWA LEKARSKIEGO 2013; 34:45-48. [PMID: 23488285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Fever of unknown origin is often a diagnostic challenge. Here we present a case of 55-year-old woman with a history of a few months fever, progressing weakness and salmon-coloured, macular skin rash. The differential diagnosis included neoplasmatic conditions, infections and connective tissue disorders. Finally adult onset Still's disease was suspected. Glucocorticosteroid treatment was induced. During the therapy a central nervous system infection occurred, which was fatal for the patient. The presented clinical case shows that among many causes of fever of unknown origin, adult onset Still's disease should be taken into account.
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Khobragade AK, Chogle AR, Ram RP, Mascarenhas J, Kothari S, Kawadkar S, Deshpande SS, Nair D, Makhija J. Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome in a case of adult onset Still's disease with concurrent thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: response to high dose immunoglobulin infusions. THE JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF PHYSICIANS OF INDIA 2012; 60:59-62. [PMID: 23767207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a multisystem disorder characterized by a pentad consisting of thrombocytopenic, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, renal dysfunction, neurological signs and fever. Coexistence of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and Adult Onset Still's Disease (AOSD) is extremely rare. We report a case of 18 year old girl with AOSD who developed TTP. Neuroimaging of brain demonstrated white matter edema consistent with reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS). Complete recovery occurred with prompt anti-hypertensive treatment and high dose immunoglobulin infusions (IVIg). Plasma exchange is the standard of care and the first line treatment for patient with TTP. We used IVIg alone in our case and this showed a gratifying response. Use of IVIG before considering plasmapharesis is justifiable or not requires randomized control clinical trials. This should determine the optimal therapeutic strategies for TTP.
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Quartuccio L, Salvin S, Zuliani F, Mansutti E, De Vita S. Pleuritis is a red flag for adult-onset Still's disease which may require biologic therapies. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2012; 30:807. [PMID: 22992345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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