Determination of the equilibrium constants of self-associating protein systems. XI. The application of C-(r) in graphical analysis and the enumeration of interacting species in the ultracentrifuge

A greatly simplified procedure is proposed which employs C equals f(r) as determined from sedimentation equilibrium measurements in graphical analysis of self-associating protein systems and in the enumeration of interacting species in the ultracentrifuge. Basic equations given here are applicable to any self-associating system. A procedure is outlined for enumeration of interacting components independent of non-ideal behavior, using principal component analysis.

Relationship between polyene resistance and sterol compositions in Cryptococcus neoformans

Six mutants of Cryptococcus neoformans resistant to nystatin and pimaricin and three mutants resistant to amphotericin B were isolated by ultraviolet irradiation techniques from two wild-type strains. The major sterols of the wild-type strains were Delta(7)-ergosten-3beta-ol and ergosterol. All six mutants resistant to nystatin and pimaricin showed either loss of ergosterol and concurrent production of Delta(7, 22)-ergostadien-3beta-ol and Delta(7)-ergosten-3beta-ol, or loss of both the wild-type sterols, with production of Delta(8(9))-ergosten-3beta-ol and Delta(5, 8(9), 22)-ergostatrien-3beta-ol. The mutants producing Delta(7, 22)-ergostadien-3beta-ol and Delta(7)-ergosten-3beta-ol showed relatively low levels of resistance to nystatin and pimaricin, whereas the mutants producing Delta(8(9))-ergosten-3beta-ol and Delta(5, 8(0), 22)-ergostatrien-3beta-ol showed a high level of resistance to either drug. Although highly resistant to amphotericin B, however, the three mutants produced sterol compositions identical to those of the wild types, indicating that the strains acquired resistance other than by alteration of the membrane sterols. The mutants producing Delta(8(9)) and Delta(5, 8(9), 22) sterols were not virulent for mice, showed reduced growth rates at 25 C, and failed to grow at 37 C. The other mutants showed a slightly reduced rate of growth both at 25 and 37 C, and the virulence in mice was slightly reduced in comparison with that of the wild types. These comparisons were on gross observations and were not statistically analyzed.