[Therapeutic effect of inosine in Tourette syndrome and its possible mechanism of action]

We found incidentally 3 years ago that inosine relieved the symptoms in a patient with Tourette syndrome. Since then, 36 patients suffered from Tourette syndrome were exclusively treated with inosine, 50-90 mg/kg daily in divided doses. The vocal and non-vocal tic attacks were counted either by the observation of an examiner or with a video-tape record. The clinical status was scored as the sum of the number of various tic attacks recorded during a period of 60 minutes (video-tape record) or 20 minutes (direct observation). According to the scores obtained from double blind cross-over trial (11 cases) and open trial (25 cases), the tic attacks were well controlled in 75% of patients treated. A follow-up study by the end of one year medication the efficacy of inosine was still impressive in 50% of patients. Since we have observed that inosine potentiated the release of dopamine from rat striatal synaptosomes, mimicked the action of some dopamine antagonists, it is suggested that inosine might behave as a dopamine antagonist and exerts its effect on Tourette syndrome as haloperidol does.

[Observation of the outcome of 112 cases with Graves' disease treated by short-term antithyroid drug therapy for one year]

One hundred and twelve new cases with Graves' disease were treated by tapazole for 6 months and followed-up for another 12 months in a prospective study. One hundred and eleven cases completed the whole course of study, and only one failed to be followed up. The results of the follow-up for 12 mon showed that the remission rate was 41.4% (46/111) and relapse rate was 58.6% (65/111). The present study indicated that the remission or relapse was related with serum levels of T3 before treatment, shrank goiter and disappearance of goiter bruit during the treatment as well as thyroid suppression rate, but not related to sex, age, period of illness before therapy or severity of the disease. It is suggested that a 6-mon antithyroid drug therapy instead of traditional long term therapy may be suitable for those patients who are with a reduced goiter and disappeared goiter bruit during the antithyroid therapy, and suppressible thyroid up-take by T3 and whose serum levels of T3 before treatment are not very high. So the patients may benefit from the short-term therapy. They are not only able to obtain a prolonged remission but also save time and money.

Physical mapping of the Myxococcus xanthus genome by random cloning in yeast artificial chromosomes

Random segments of Myxococcus xanthus DNA were cloned in yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) to construct a physical map of the genome. EcoRI restriction maps of 409 YAC clones with inserts averaging 111 kilobase pairs (kb) were determined. Comparison to the map of a 300-kb region of M. xanthus obtained from clones in Escherichia coli indicates that segments of DNA cloned in YACs are stably maintained in yeast and that their sequences accurately reflect the structure of the Myxococcus genome. The 409 YAC inserts were ordered within 60 map segments (contigs) by aligning their EcoRI restriction maps and by hybridization with 18 gene-specific DNA probes. These 60 map segments may represent the entire Myxococcus genome and could be used to organize its genetic information. This study illustrates the utility of YACs for cloning large segments of DNA and for reliable long-range genomic mapping.

dsg, a gene required for Myxococcus development, is necessary for cell viability

Previous work identified the dsg gene as necessary for cell-cell interaction in Myxococcus xanthus. Point mutations of this gene, such as dsg-439, are viable, but insertions of Tn5 within the dsg gene (dsg::Tn5) are lethal. Partial diploids, dsg::Tn5/dsg+ or dsg::Tn5/dsg-429 or dsg::Tn5/dsg-439, are also viable, showing that the lethal effect of the haploid insertions is due to loss of function. Thus the evidence implies that the dsg gene is essential for viability as well as development, but its essential quality differs between growth and development because dsg-429 and dsg-439 mutants grow normally, but are unable to develop.

dsg, a gene required for cell-cell interaction early in Myxococcus development

dsg mutants of Myxococcus xanthus are conditionally defective in fruiting body development, including sporulation. Unable to develop on their own, these mutants can assemble fruiting bodies with spores if they are mixed with wild-type cells. To elucidate the developmental defect in dsg mutants by close comparison with wild type, such mutants have been backcrossed by transduction, using a closely linked insertion of transposon Tn5 for selection. Backcrossed dsg mutants form aggregates that are larger, less compact, and less symmetrical than dsg+ fruiting bodies. Also, the starvation-induced sporulation in dsg aggregates is delayed and reduced. However, dsg mutants can be induced by glycerol or dimethyl sulfoxide to sporulate at levels approaching those of wild type. dsg mutants may thus have a primary defect early in development which diminishes their capacity to aggregate and which indirectly decreases the number of fruiting body spores. The linked insertion of Tn5 also facilitated cloning the dsg gene. The cloned dsg+ allele was shown to be dominant to both the dsg-429 and dsg-439 alleles, and both mutant alleles were shown to belong to the same genetic complementation group. Subcloning of restriction fragments, deletions, and insertions of transposon Tn5 agree in locating the dsg gene to an 850-base-pair segment of the cloned region.

Neurotensin potentiates the endogenous dopamine release from striatal synaptosomes of rat

The effect of neurotensin (NT) on the release of endogenous dopamine (DA) of rat striatal synaptosomes was studied. In the basic medium with Ca++ (5mM K+ and 1.2 mM Ca++), spontaneous release of DA was determined to be 12.03 +/- 1.12 pmol/mg protein, while in the Ca++-free basic medium containing EGTA (2.0 mM), the amount of DA released was still up to 11.2 +/- 1.06 pmol/mg protein. NT in 10(-4)-10(-6) M range tested potentiated both the spontaneous and K+-induced release of DA in Ca++-free medium. In addition, NT in 10(-4) M, but not in lower concentrations tested, potentiated the spontaneous, Ca++-dependent release of DA. It is suggested that the effect of NT on DA release is mediated by the specific NT receptors at the DA axonal terminals. The possibility, however, that NT has some influence on the carrier-mediated process of the membrane might not be ruled out.

Conceptual clustering in knowledge organization

Knowledge organization is a very important step in building an expert system. The problem is how to organize knowledge into a conceptual structure and thus make it complete, concise, and consistent. In this paper, concepts used in knowledge description are divided into tangible ones and intermediate ones depending on whether or not they appear in the input or the output of the system. Intermediate concepts and their relationships with tangible concepts are subjected to changes. A distance measure for rules and an algorithm for conceptual clustering are described. New intermediate concepts are generated using this algorithm. A few new concepts may replace a large number of old relationships and also generate new rules for the system. An experiment on traditional Chinese medicine shows that the proposed method produces results similar to those generated by experts.

Establishment of dihydrofolate reductase-increased human cell lines and relationship between dihydrofolate reductase levels and gene copy

A series of methotrexate (MTX)-resistant human sublines developed by step increases in selected MTX concentrations have been cloned and examined for dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) content, relative DNA copy number, and sensitivity to MTX. These cloned sublines had increased DHFR levels which were dependent on the presence of MTX in the medium. The increased levels of DHFR in the absence of MTX were stable in all the clones examined for over a year. Antibody immunolocalization on Western blots showed good correlation of the intensity of the immunostained DHFR band with enzyme activities. Relative gene copy number in these sublines was low relative to the DHFR increases and was not dependent on the presence of MTX in the medium. The increase in gene copy number in these sublines did not correlate with either the levels of DHFR or the sensitivity to MTX.

Characterization of the DNA polymerases induced by a group of herpes simplex virus type I variants selected for growth in the presence of phosphonoformic acid

Five independently derived variants of a herpes simplex virus type I (HSV-1) strain were plaque purified from a virus population passaged in 1 mM phosphonoformic acid (PFA). The DNA polymerase induced by the parent and PFA-resistant viruses were purified and characterized. No differences were observed among the enzymes with respect to their chromatographic properties, specific activities, or polypeptides resolved by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The variant enzymes exhibited levels of PFA resistance which ranged from 15- to 25-fold. Resistance to PFA was always associated with a similar degree of resistance to its congener phosphonoacetic acid, but cross-resistance to beta-phenylphosphonoacetic acid was only seen with two of the five variant enzymes. PFA and pyrophosphate were mutually competitive in PPi exchange reactions, but in DNA synthetic reactions the levels of resistance to PFA and PPi were not equal. The apparent affinities of the enzymes for Mg2+ did parallel their affinities for PFA. Km values of dNTPs were about 2-fold higher than the parent virus enzyme for all of the variant enzymes except one which was 4-fold higher. The processivity of polymerization was apparently unaffected by the enzyme changes related to PFA resistance although one variant enzyme had a lower value. Resistance among the variant enzymes to the triphosphates of 9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)guanine and 2',3'-dideoxyguanosine was directly related to the level of resistance to PFA. The data presented here indicated that (i) PFA resistance may result from several types of active site alterations, since the PFA-resistant enzymes were of three kinetically distinct types. Also, additional enzyme alterations, probably unrelated to PFA resistance, were detected in one enzyme. (ii) PFA and PPi possess some different binding determinants within the active center of herpes simplex virus type I DNA polymerase. (iii) PFA and the triphosphates of 9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)guanine and 2',3'-dideoxyguanosine may have a common ultimate inhibitory mechanism.

Selective antiviral agents. The metabolism of 5-propyl-2'-deoxyuridine and effects on DNA synthesis in herpes simplex virus type 1 infections

The metabolism and disposition of 5-propyl-2'-deoxyuridine (Pr-dUrd) in herpes simplex virus type 1 infections were investigated in cell culture using [14C]Pr-dUrd, [32P]orthophosphate, and several methods including high pressure liquid chromatography and isopycnic centrifugation. Results in infected cells indicate Pr-dUrd 1) is taken up and phosphorylated to mono-, di-, and triphosphates; 2) is incorporated into DNA; 3) preferentially inhibits synthesis of viral DNA; 4) blocks re-initiation of viral DNA synthesis even after removal of the nucleoside from the culture; and 5) exerts these effects early in the course of infection (before 6 h postinfection). Pr-dUrd was not phosphorylated in uninfected cells, and had little or no effect on apparent cellular DNA synthesis in infected or uninfected cells. Present evidence suggests one possible antiviral event could be the lethal effect of Pr-dUrd after incorporation into viral DNA by alteration of DNA template-directed functions such as replication.

Human deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase. Purification and characterization of the deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase from acute lymphocytic leukemia

A new fast assay procedure for increasing deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase activity was developed. With this assay procedure, this enzyme derived from blast cells of patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia was purified at least 1218-fold. The molecular weight was estimated by gel filtration to be 43,000. The enzyme exhibited optimal activity over a pH range of 7 to 8 and the activation energy was estimated to be 6.5 kcal/mol at pH 7.5. While the enzyme had activity in the absence of added divalent cations, the activity could be inhibited by EDTA but not by phenanthroline. The inhibition caused by EDTA could be reversed by Mg2+ or Zn2+. The enzyme had maximal activity in the presence of Mg2+ (40 muM) and Mg2+ (4 mM) stabilized the enzyme at 37 degrees C. Cupric ion (0.5 mM) inhibited (50%) enzyme activity in the presence or absence of Mg2+. The substrate for the enzyme was dUTP and the apparent Km was 1 muM. No other deoxyribonucleoside or ribonucleoside triphosphate served as a substrate for the enzyme.

Quantitative analysis of tubulin and microtubule compartments in isolated rat hepatocytes

A combined morphometric and biochemical approach has been used to identify and quantitate microtubules and tubulin in isolated hepatocytes. The total soluble pool of microtubule protein was estimated by specific high affinity binding to radiolabeled colchicine. Scatchard analysis of the data identified two populations of binding sites: high affinity-low capacity sites resembling tubulin and low affinity-high capacity sites believed to represent nonspecific colchicine-binding sites. Data from these studies indicate that tubulin represents 1% of the soluble protein of the cell, that 9.0 X 10(-14) dimers of tubulin are present per microgram soluble hepatocyte protein, and that the average hepatocyte contains 3.1 X 10(7) tubulin dimers. Our calculations suggest that this amount of tubulin would form a microtubule 1.9 cm in length if totally assembled. However, stereological measurements indicate that the actual length of microtubules in the cytosolic compartment of the average hepatocyte is only 0.28 cm. Thus, these experiments suggest that only 15% of the available tubulin in hepatocytes of postabsorptive rats is assembled in the form of microtubules.

Human thymidylate kinase. Purification, characterization, and kinetic behavior of the thymidylate kinase derived from chronic myelocytic leukemia

Thymidylate kinase derived from the blast cells of human chronic myelocytic leukemia was purified 2186-fold to near homogeneity by means of alcohol precipitation, alumina-Cgamma gel fractionation, calcium phosphate gel fraction, ultrafiltration, and affinity column chromatography. The molecular weight was estimated by glycerol gradient centrifugation to be 50,000. This enzyme had an optimal activity at pH 7.1 and required a divalent cation in order to catalyze the reaction. Mg2+ and Mn2+ were found to be the preferential divalent cations. The activation energy was estimated to be 19.1 kcal/mol at pH 7.2. Initial velocity study suggested that the reaction followed a sequential mechanism. Mg2+ ATP had a Km of 0.25 mM and dTMP had a Km of 40 micrometer. The enzyme was unstable even at 4 degrees. In the presence of ATP or dTMP the enzyme maintained its activity. Purine triphosphate nucleosides were found to be better phosphate donors than the pyrimidine triphosphate nucleosides. ATP and dATP had a lower Km and a higher Vmax than GTP and dGTP. dTMP was the only preferred phosphate receptor among all the monophosphate nucleotides tested dTTP and IdUTP competed with both substrates and inhibited the reaction with a Ki of 0.75 mM and 1.1 mM, respectively.

Partially miscible liquid systems: The density, change of volume on mixing, vapor pressure, surface tension, and viscosity in the system: aniline–hexane

The following properties have been investigated experimentally: density, change of volume on mixing, vapor pressure, surface tension, and viscosity, at temperatures above and below the critical solution temperature. The question at issue is: How does the chemical potential, or any property dependent on chemical potential, change, at constant temperature, over a range of composition, just above the critical solution temperature? In the present case, the vapor pressure and surface tension, properties directly dependent on chemical potential, are constant within the range of experimental accuracy (which, however, may not be sufficient) over a range of concentration. The viscosity is complicated by the occurrence of anomalous viscosity. The change of volume on mixing is negative, and this is usually associated with compound formation. In all other systems investigated by us, except the system triethylamine–water, ΔV is positive. We have shown elsewhere, however, that a very stable chemical compound is formed between water and triethylamine.