Constraints on Primordial Gravitational Waves Using Planck, WMAP, and New BICEP2/Keck Observations through the 2015 Season

We present results from an analysis of all data taken by the bicep2/Keck CMB polarization experiments up to and including the 2015 observing season. This includes the first Keck Array observations at 220 GHz and additional observations at 95 and 150 GHz. The Q and U maps reach depths of 5.2, 2.9, and 26  μK_{CMB} arcmin at 95, 150, and 220 GHz, respectively, over an effective area of ≈400 square degrees. The 220 GHz maps achieve a signal to noise on polarized dust emission approximately equal to that of Planck at 353 GHz. We take auto and cross spectra between these maps and publicly available WMAP and Planck maps at frequencies from 23 to 353 GHz. We evaluate the joint likelihood of the spectra versus a multicomponent model of lensed-ΛCDM+r+dust+synchrotron+noise. The foreground model has seven parameters, and we impose priors on some of these using external information from Planck and WMAP derived from larger regions of sky. The model is shown to be an adequate description of the data at the current noise levels. The likelihood analysis yields the constraint r_{0.05}<0.07 at 95% confidence, which tightens to r_{0.05}<0.06 in conjunction with Planck temperature measurements and other data. The lensing signal is detected at 8.8σ significance. Running a maximum likelihood search on simulations we obtain unbiased results and find that σ(r)=0.020. These are the strongest constraints to date on primordial gravitational waves.

[The diagnosis and treatment of traumatic optic nerve neuropathy combined with carotid artery injury]

Objective: To discuss the diagnosis and treatment strategy of traumatic optic nerve neuropathy (TON) combined with carotid artery injury. Methods: Retrospective analyses were performed 397 cases of TON at Neurosurgery department of Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University (CMU), from January 2016 to December 2017.The clinical experience was concluded. Results: 9 cases of Traumatic Pseudo Aneurysm (TPA) and 16 cases of Traumatic Carotid Artery-Cavernous Sinus Fistula (TCCF) were found.7 cases of TPA were treated by covered stent, the other 2 cases were treated by detachable balloons.11 cases of TCCF were treated by detachable balloons, and 5 cases of fistulas were found spontaneously closed by DSA after 1-3 months.There was no disability rate and mortality in this study. Conclusion: TON combined with carotid artery injury was a critical situation, and sometime without obvious symptoms and sign, which was easily miss diagnosed.It should be with more concern in diagnosing and treating in such cases, to avoid disability rate and mortality.