Analysis of behavioral traits in the presence of cultural transmission and assortative mating: Applications to IQ and SES

General linear models of familial resemblance are described which allow for polygenic inheritance, cultural transmission from parent to offspring, phenotypic assortative mating, common environment, and maternal and parental effects. These models use observed phenotypic correlations between multiple classes of relatives and/or correlations between individuals reared in separated and extended family structures to yield maximum likelihood parameter estimates. The models are first applied to American kinship data for IQ, with the variance of IQ partitioned as 30% additive genetic, 29% due to cultural inheritance, 9% due to gene--culture covariance, and 32% due to nontransmissible environment. Under the assumption that the correlations between (nontransmissible) environments of DZ and MZ twins are the same, an approximate treatment of dominance yields an estimate of 23% dominance variation.

Posttraumatic acalculous cholecystitis

Acalculous cholecystitis occurred in six patients after trauma and burns. The majority developed signs and symptoms similar to acute calculous cholecystitis. All were treated by cholecystectomy after traditional conservative treatment failed. All had either gangrenous changes or focal necrosis of the gallbladder. Postoperative recovery was uniform. Acalculous cholecystitis occurs in 0.5% of large series of injured or burned patients. Delayed recognition led to a high mortality, reported as 24% overall with 10% related to gallbladder disease. Although cholecystostomy has been advocated, it appears that cholecystectomy, when feasible, affords the best overall results.

Drug-induced myocarditis: a report of two cases

Two patients are reported with hypersensitivity myocarditis. One, a 71-year-old female, was being treated with methyldopa at the time of her death and the second, a 67-year-old female, was receiving tetracycline for a respiratory tract infection.

Multifactorial inheritance with cultural transmission and assortative mating. III. Family structure and the analysis of separation experiments

Demographic data about family composition or structure in the United States is reviewed. About 25% of white children and a majority of black children are reared in either broken or extended families, and this must be taken into consideration for valid studies of cultural inheritance. Atypical family structures are described including those in which parents include: biological parents, stepparents, grandparents, uncles, aunts, sibs, foster parents, and their spouses. General formulae for a wide variety of kinship correlations are derived using path analysis. The multifactorial model presented allows for cultural inheritance, polygenic inheritance, correlated sibling environments, and phenotypic assortative mating (as previously described for intact families) plus extensions necessary for the analysis of separation experiments. These extensions allow for variable family structure and differences in parental influence due to separation, age or stage of development of the child, birth order, or type of relationship. Family structure is observed to have a marked effect on familial resemblance. Computer simulation studies demonstrate marked heterogeneity among phenotypic correlations for kinships of the same degree of genetic relationship arising in different family structures. Analyses of multiple types of sibs and other relatives in variable family structures offer great promise for the study of cultural inheritance.

Pulmonary hypertension and sudden death in aortic stenosis

Sudden death is now an infrequent occurrence in severe aortic stenosis. However, an impressive increase in pulmonary arteriolar resistance has been found in some patients with end-stage aortic stenosis dying suddenly or deteriorating suddenly after catheterisation. Pulmonary hypertension does not seem to cause sudden death, but, in conjunction with decreased cardiac output, a critical reduction in aortic orifice area, and left ventricular failure, pulmonary hypertension identifies a population at significant risk. The rare finding of severe pulmonary hypertension in aortic stenosis should be considered an important marker for sudden death and in association with left ventricular failure may indicate an urgent need for valve replacement, regardless of the apparent clinical condition of the patient. In a small number of subjects catheterised postoperatively, increased pulmonary arteriolar resistance lessened rapidly.

Multifactorial inheritance with cultural transmission and assortative mating. II. a general model of combined polygenic and cultural inheritance

A general linear model of combined polygenic-cultural inheritance is described. The model allows for phenotypic assortative mating, common environment, maternal and paternal effects, and genic-cultural correlation. General formulae for phenotypic correlation between family members in extended pedigrees are given for both primary and secondary assortative mating. A FORTRAN program BETA, available upon request, is used to provide maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters from reported correlations. American data about IQ and Burks' culture index are analyzed. Both cultural and genetic components of phenotypic variance are observed to make significant and substantial contributions to familial resemblance in IQ. The correlation between the environments of DZ twins is found to equal that of singleton sibs, not that of MZ twins. Burks' culture index is found to be an imperfect measure of midparent IQ rather than an index of home environment as previously assumed. Conditions under which the parameters of the model may be uniquely and precisely estimated are discussed. Interpretation of variance components in the presence of assortative mating and genic-cultural covariance is reviewed. A conservative, but robust, approach to the use of environmental indices is described.

The use of multiple thresholds and segregation analysis in analyzing the phenotypic heterogeneity of multifactorial traits

(1) Three models based on multifactorial inheritance are introduced to account for phenotypic heterogeneities. These models are used to determine whether subforms of a triat are: (a) different degrees of the same process, (b) non-familial environmental variants of the same process, and (c) independently transmitted processes. (2) The parameters of each model consist of two population prevalences and either one, two, or three correlation coefficients which reflect the three hypotheses given above. The models are formulated so that a likelihood ratio test may be performed to discriminate between them. (3) The following types of analyses are described: (a) analysis of prevalence data with separate population prevalence estimates, (b) analysis of prevalence data with the proband a parent with specified spouse, (c) analysis of prevalence data with the proband an offspring with specified parents, and (d) the full segregation distribution of families using Complex Segregation Analysis. (4) When compared with the Analysis of Prevalences, Complex Segregation Analysis has the following advantages: (a) the number of degrees of freedom for parameter estimates is greater and separate estimates of the population prevalences are not necessary, (b) standard errors of the parameters are smaller, and (c) the power to discriminate models is increased. (5) Phenotypic heterogeneities such as age of onset, severity, and sex effect can be more completely understood by the methods of analyses described above. The nosology of familial disorders can also be clarified, and environments relevant to the transmission of the trait can be detected. This approach is particularly suitable for the analysis for behavioural traits since it does not require the assumption that environmental effects common to relatives be ignored. (6) Finally, our experience indicates that incorporating both prevalence and pedigree data into a single analysis decreases the time required to perform the analysis.

Multifactorial inheritance with cultural transmission and assortative mating. I. Description and basic properties of the unitary models

A general linear model of familial resemblance is described which allows for cultural transmission from parent to offspring, polygenic inheritance, phenotypic assortative mating, common environment, maternal and paternal effects, and threshold effects. Three special cases are described in detail which are particularly useful when data are only available about a few classes of relatives reared in intact families. The cultural model, the polygenic model, and the pseudopolygenic model share the common feature that all factors which are transmitted from parent to offspring may be represented by one parameter without any loss of information. We introduce a new model, termed the unitary model, which includes these models and is appropriate when combined genetic and cultural transmission is present and when data are available only for individuals reared in intact nuclear families. The basic properties of these models are explored using path analysis and computer simulation, including description of the relationship between parameters under random and assortative mating, rate of approach to equilibrium, and constraints on the magnitude of the parameters. General formulae for familial resemblance in extended pedigrees are given for any ancestor or descendant of either vertical or collateral relatives. Estimation procedures are described and a FORTRAN program TAU, available upon request, is used to provide maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters from reported correlations. A powerful test for detecting the presence of cultural transmission is suggested and applied to simulated data and to data sets reported by others for human stature, for which cultural transmission is suggested. In addition, it is shown that there is no need to postulate dominance to account for available data about height.

Histochemical demonstration of collagen fibers in ascorbic-acid-fed cell cultures

Nine cultures of fibroblast cell types and 13 epithelial-like cell types were maintained for 1 week in media supplemented with L-asborbic acid (50 microgram per ml). All fibroblast-like cultures produced extracellular fibers that stained positively by a silver-impregnation reticulin stain. Nine of the 13 epithelial-like cultures produced fibers that stained positively for reticulin. Nearly all cultures not supplemented with ascorbic acid showed no fiber staining. Those few lines that stained positively for reticulin in the absence of ascorbic-acid supplementation demonstrated only slight reticulin formation. Reticulin from one fibroblast culture and one epithelial culture was examined by electron microscopy, and the silver-impregnated fibrils were morphologically identical to collagen. The reticulin was digestible with collagenase, providing further evidence that the silver-impregnation reticulin stain identifies collagen in culture. The demonstartion of collagen can be performed easily in histology laboratories using Formalin-fixed cells, and provides a means of assaying a functional property of cells in culture which is characteristic of connective tissue fibroblasts in general as well as certain specialized epithelia.

The generalized sib pair IBD distribution: its use in the detection of linkage

General expression for the distribution of identity by descent (IBD) scores at a marker locus have been derived given neither, one or both sibs affected with a disorder determined by a linked trait locus with arbitrary gene frequency and penetrance vector. It is shown that the distirbution of IBD scores depends only on the additive and dominance variances and the population prevalence of the disorder. A one-sided test is suggested as an appropriate means of statistically testing the hypothesis that the recombination fraction is significantly less than 1/2. This sib pair approach is designed primarily to detect the presence of a critical disease susceptibility locus but when the assumptions of the incompletely penetrant single locus model are correct the methodology proposed here results in consistent estimates of the recombination fraction. The affected sib pair methodology seems especially suited to traits determined by single loci with non-Mendelian transmission.

Long-term survival after single aortic or mitral valve replacement with the present model of Smeloff-Cutter valves

Two hundred fourteen survivors of single aortic (AVR) or mitral valve replacement (MVR) were evaluated. The present model of the Smeloff-Cutter prosthesis was used in these patients, and the series was started in September, 1966, following the last structural change in the valve. Clinical follow-up ended in September, 1976. Bleeding, thromboembolism, and peristent left ventricular dysfunction were the major complications. Thromboembolism occurred at a rate of 0.13 percent per month of patient follow-up. Late deaths occurred in 19.2 percent of patients, half of these within the first year. Acturarial data indicated a 5 year survival rate of approximately 75 percent after both mitral and aortic replacements. Bleeding and thromboembolism were more frequent causes of death after mitral replacement. Myocardial function was of greatest importance in long-term survival after replacement of either valve. Variations in warfarin dosage significantly affected both bleeding and thromboembolic complications.

Modulation of acetylcholine receptor by antibody against the receptor

Antibody against acetylcholine receptor induces an increase in the rate of degradation of acetylcholine receptors on a mouse cell line (BC(3)H-1) and cultured rat skeletal muscle. The increased rate of degradation results in a lowered density of acetylcholine receptors on muscle membrane and a lowered sensitivity to iontophoretically applied acetylcholine. The modulation of acetylcholine receptor is energy, temperature, and time dependent and may be related to antigenic modulation found in other systems. Acetylcholine noise analysis demonstrates that antibody against acetylcholine receptor reduces the channel mean conductance and mean open time slightly. It is concluded that antibody binds to the acetylcholine receptor, impairs its function, and induces receptor degradation. This results in a lowered density of acetylcholine receptor and a lowered sensitivity to acetylcholine. Patients with myasthenia gravis have antibodies to their acetylcholine receptor in their serum. Antigenic modulation of receptor in the muscle of patients with myasthenia gravis could contribute to the observed decrease in amplitudes of miniature endplate potentials and in muscle acetylcholine sensitivity, and the symptoms of muscular weakness.

Effects of monensin-feeding regimens on flock immunity to coccidiosis

Feed medication with monensin caused delays in development of immunity in two floor-pen experiments which simulated commercial broiler production. Development of immunity was retarded with the higher level of monensin (120 p.p.m.) but was progressively less delayed as the monensin level was decreased (100, 60 or 0 p.p.m.). Delay was greatest with Eimeria tenella, but also occured with intestinal species including E. acervulina, E. brunetti, E. maxima, E. mivati, and E. necatrix. Drug withdrawal permitted earlier development of immunity. Plans involving use of monensin on layer replacements which later will be maintained on the floor without medication should consider: 1) prevalence of infective oocyst exposure in the area, 2) the lowest possible level of drug required for protection, and 3) its use for the shortest possible period of time.

Prophylactic control of simian hemorrhagic fever in monkeys by an interferon inducer, polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid-poly-L-lysine

A nuclease-resistant complex of polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid containing poly-L-lysine and carboxymethylcellulose was used as prophylactic treatment of simian hemorrhagic fever in rhesus monkeys. This infection has proven uniformly fatal to more than 50 monkeys. Treatment 8 hr before infection and repeatedly thereafter completely prevented the development of viremia and death. Untreated animals died before development of antibodies to the virus. None of the treated animals developed antibody to the virus, a fact which suggested that viral growth was essentially completely blocked by the compound.

A modified polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid complex that induces interferon in primates

A comlex of polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid (poly I-poly C) with poly-L-lysine and carboxymethylcellulose has been prepared. This complex is five to 10 times as resistant to hydrolysis by primate serum as the parent poly I-poly C. It has a thermal denaturation temperature about 40 C higher than that of poly I-poly C. The complex induces significant levels of serum interferon in monkeys and chimpanzees under conditions in which poly I-poly C itself induces no interferon.

A METHOD FOR MAXIMIZING THE RATIO OF TWO QUADRATIC FORMS

A method for solving for the largest eigenvalue and associated eigenvector of the eigenequation (A - XB)s = 0 is presented. The method is contrasted with other procedures for the same problem.