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Semciw AI, Green RA, Murley GS, Pizzari T. Gluteus minimus: an intramuscular EMG investigation of anterior and posterior segments during gait. Gait Posture 2014; 39:822-6. [PMID: 24314814 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Gluteus minimus is believed to consist of two structurally and functionally unique segments (anterior and posterior); however there is a lack of electromyography (EMG) research that attempts to verify current theoretical knowledge of this muscle. The purpose of this study was therefore to evaluate the function of gluteus minimus during gait, and to determine whether anterior and posterior segments are functionally independent. Bipolar fine wire intramuscular EMG electrodes were inserted into anterior and posterior gluteus minimus segments of fifteen healthy volunteers (9 males) according to previously verified guidelines. Participants completed a series of four walking trials, followed by maximum voluntary isometric contractions in five different positions. Temporal and amplitude variables for each segment were compared across the gait cycle with independent t-tests. The relative contribution of each segment to the maximum resisted trials was compared with Mann-Whitney U tests (α = 0.05). Anterior and posterior segments were contracting at different relative intensities for three of the five maximum resisted trials (effect size = 0.39 to 0.62, P < 0.037). The posterior segment was larger in EMG amplitude (peak and average) during the first 20% of the gait cycle (effect size = 0.96 to 1.03, P < 0.02), while the anterior segment peaked later in the stance phase (effect size = 0.83, P = 0.034). Gluteus minimus is therefore composed of functionally independent segments. These results build on contemporary theoretical knowledge and may signify hip stabilising roles for each segment across different phases of the gait cycle.
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Pizzari T, Wickham J, Balster S, Ganderton C, Watson L. Modifying a shrug exercise can facilitate the upward rotator muscles of the scapula. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2014; 29:201-5. [PMID: 24342452 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scapular dyskinesis, characterised by drooping scapulae and reduced upward rotation, has been implicated in the presentation of a number of shoulder disorders. Traditionally, in shoulder rehabilitation programmes, the shrug exercise has been prescribed to facilitate upward rotation of the scapula by strengthening the upper trapezius muscle. The aim of this research was to compare muscle activation levels during the standard shrug and the upward rotation shrug in a normal and pathological population. METHODS Surface electrodes recorded electromyographical activity from upper trapezius, middle trapezius, lower trapezius and serratus anterior muscles in 23 normal participants and 14 participants with multi-directional shoulder instability. Participants completed 10 trials of the standard shrug exercise at 0° of shoulder abduction and the upward rotation shrug exercise at 30° of shoulder abduction in the coronal plane. Muscle activity was expressed as a percentage of maximum voluntary isometric contraction. FINDINGS The four muscles tested performed at a higher intensity during the modified shrug than the standard shrug. Upper trapezius and lower trapezius activity was significantly greater (P < 0.05) in both populations. Though for middle trapezius and serratus anterior muscles, the modified shrug was statistically significant only in the normal population, P = 0.031 and P = <0.001 respectively. INTERPRETATION The upward rotation shrug is a more effective exercise for eliciting muscle activity of the upper and lower trapezius than the standard shrug in a normal and multi-directional instability population. Clinically, the upward rotation shrug might be useful to address scapular dyskinesis involving drooping shoulders and reduced scapula upward rotation.
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128
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Warby SA, Pizzari T, Ford JJ, Hahne AJ, Watson L. The effect of exercise-based management for multidirectional instability of the glenohumeral joint: a systematic review. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2014; 23:128-42. [PMID: 24331125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most commonly recommended treatment for multidirectional instability (MDI) of the glenohumeral joint is exercise-based management. The primary objective of this review was to evaluate the effectiveness of exercise-based management in patients with MDI. The secondary aim was to observe the types of exercise protocols and outcomes used, as well as any adverse results associated with exercise. METHODS The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Medline, Embase, CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature), PEDro, Current Contents, Allied and Complementary Medicine (AMED), Australasian Medical Index (AMI), Ausport, and Clinical Trials Registers were searched for published and unpublished studies from the inception date to June 2012 using the keywords multidirectional instability, glenohumeral, and exercise. Selection criteria included all study designs (except case reports and case series) and participants with clinically diagnosed MDI using exercise-based management. Inclusion criteria were not limited by outcomes. The authors' own risk-of-bias tool was used for quality assessment of studies. The GRADE approach (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) was used to synthesize the evidence. RESULTS The risk of bias was high in all 7 included studies. For before-and-after comparisons of exercise-based management, GRADE assessment showed very low-quality evidence for improvements in shoulder kinematics, the Rowe score, overall status rating, and peak muscle strength. CONCLUSIONS The effect of exercise-based management on MDI was variable across the included studies because of study heterogeneity and a high level of bias. There is a need for high-quality intervention studies to be undertaken to validate the effect of exercise for MDI.
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Warby S, Ford J, Pizzari T, Hahne A, Watson L. A pilot randomized crossover trial comparing the effect of two exercise based management protocols on multidirectional instability of the glenohumeral joint: A research protocol. J Sci Med Sport 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2013.10.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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130
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Semciw A, Pizzari T, Green R. Are swimmers prone to deloading related dysfunction of gluteus medius and gluteus minimus? J Sci Med Sport 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2013.10.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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131
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Munteanu S, Munteanu L, Landorf K, Bonanno D, Pizzari T, Cook J, Menz H. Effectiveness of customised foot orthoses for the treatment of Achilles tendinopathy: Preliminary findings of a randomised controlled trial. J Sci Med Sport 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2013.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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132
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Warby S, Pizzari T, Ford J, Hahne A, Watson L. The effect of exercise based management for multidirectional instability of the glenohumeral joint: A systematic review. J Sci Med Sport 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2013.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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133
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Pizzari T, Taylor R, Coburn P. Emerging trends in hamstring injuries in the Australian Football League. J Sci Med Sport 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2013.10.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Perrott MA, Pizzari T, Cook J. Lumbopelvic exercise reduces lower limb muscle strain injury in recreational athletes. PHYSICAL THERAPY REVIEWS 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/1743288x12y.0000000055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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135
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Freckleton G, Cook J, Pizzari T. The predictive validity of a single leg bridge test for hamstring injuries in Australian Rules Football Players. Br J Sports Med 2013; 48:713-7. [PMID: 23918443 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-092356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hamstring muscle strain injuries (HMSI) are the greatest injury problem in kicking sports such as Australian Rules Football. Reduced hamstring muscle strength is commonly perceived to be a risk factor for hamstring injury; however, evidence is inconclusive. Testing hamstring strength with the hip and knee at functional angles and assessing endurance parameters may be more relevant for examining the risk of hamstring injury. OBJECTIVE The primary aim of this prospective study was to examine if reduced hamstring muscle strength assessed with the single leg hamstring bridge (SLHB) was a risk factor for hamstring injury. METHODS Hamstring muscle strength of 482 amateur and semielite players from 16 football clubs, mean age 20.7 (range 16-34 years), was tested during the 2011 preseason. Players were then monitored throughout the 2011 playing season for HMSI. RESULTS A total of 28 hamstring injuries, 16 right and 12 left, were recorded. Players who sustained a right HMSI during the season had a significantly lower mean right SLHB score (p=0.029), were older (p=0.002) and were more likely to have sustained a past right hamstring injury (p=0.02) or right knee injury (p=0.035). For left-sided hamstring injury, the injured group was more likely to be left leg dominant (p=0.001), older athletes (p=0.002) and there was a trend towards a history of left hamstring injury (p=0.07). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated a significant deficit in preseason SLHB scores on the right leg of players that subsequently sustained a right-sided hamstring injury. Age, previous knee injury and a history of hamstring injury were other risk factors supported in this study. Low hamstring strength appears to be a risk factor for hamstring injury; however, due to the confounding variables and low injury rate in this study, further studies are required.
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Semciw AI, Pizzari T, Murley GS, Green RA. Gluteus medius: An intramuscular EMG investigation of anterior, middle and posterior segments during gait. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2013; 23:858-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Semciw AI, Pizzari T, Green RA. Technical application and the level of discomfort associated with an intramuscular electromyographic investigation into gluteus minimus and gluteus medius. Gait Posture 2013; 38:157-60. [PMID: 23127355 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Our current theoretical understanding of gluteus minimus (GMin) and gluteus medius (GMed) function is primarily based on cadaveric studies and biomechanical modelling. There is an absence of electromyographic (EMG) research that aims to verify this understanding, particularly in relation to the potentially unique functional roles of structurally distinct segments within GMin (anterior and posterior) and GMed (anterior, middle and posterior). The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive technical description for inserting intramuscular EMG electrodes into uniquely oriented segments of GMin and GMed; and to report the levels of discomfort associated with gluteal intramuscular electrode insertions. Fifteen healthy volunteers took part in a series of walking trials after intramuscular EMG electrodes were inserted into segments of GMin (×2) and GMed (×3) according to previously verified guidelines. Visual analogue scores following walking trials at comfortable and fast speed indicate that discomfort levels associated with these insertions were low (2.4±1.4 and 1.6±0.7 respectively). The technical descriptions and illustrations provided in this paper will allow trained intramuscular electromyographers to insert electrodes into these muscle segments with confidence.
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Ganderton C, Pizzari T. A Systematic Literature Review of the Resistance Exercises That Promote Maximal Muscle Activity of the Rotator Cuff in Normal Shoulders. Shoulder Elbow 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/sae.12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background There are numerous resistance exercises that can be used to activate the rotator cuff. However, the optimal exercises to achieve maximal muscle activation in supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis and teres minor remain unclear. Thus, the aim of this systematic review is to identify the optimal resistance exercises for producing maximal muscle activation of the rotator cuff in normal shoulders. Methods A literature search was completed using six key databases - MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PEDro, SPORTdiscus and Cochrane Library (from inception to January 2012). The search yielded 452 records using terms relating to rotator cuff, exercise, and electromyography. Eighteen papers remained after duplicates were removed and selection criteria applied. Quality assessment, data extraction and data synthesis of included papers was undertaken. Results Prone horizontal abduction at 90–100° with external rotation, push-up-plus, empty can and full can produced greatest activity in supraspinatus; prone horizontal abduction at 90–100° with full external rotation, standing external rotation at 0° abduction and the push-up-plus exercise produced greatest activity in infraspinatus and push-up-plus and shoulder flexion exercise in subscapularis. There was limited data for teres minor. Discussion Exercises to elicit maximal activity of supraspinatus, infraspinatus and subscapularis in normal shoulders were identified.
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Opar M, Pizzari T, Cook J, Ford J, Wallis A. Diagnosing exercise related pubic pain: Findings from exploratory focus groups involving clinical experts. J Sci Med Sport 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2012.11.342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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140
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Pizzari T, Taylor R, Coburn P. The who, where and how.. Understanding hamstring injuries in the AFL. J Sci Med Sport 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2012.11.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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141
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Pizzari T, Davidson M. Health Outcomes can be Improved by Implementing an Occupational Physiotherapy Provider Programme. PHYSIOTHERAPY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 18:47-54. [DOI: 10.1002/pri.1533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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142
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Freckleton G, Pizzari T. Risk factors for hamstring muscle strain injury in sport: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2012; 47:351-8. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2011-090664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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143
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Wright D, Rubin C, Schutz K, Kerje S, Kindmark A, Brandström H, Andersson L, Pizzari T, Jensen P. Onset of sexual maturity in female chickens is genetically linked to loci associated with fecundity and a sexual ornament. Reprod Domest Anim 2012; 47 Suppl 1:31-6. [PMID: 22212210 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2011.01963.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Onset of sexual maturation is a trait of extreme importance both evolutionarily and economically. Unsurprisingly therefore, domestication has acted to reduce the time to sexual maturation in a variety of animals, including the chicken. In comparison with wild progenitor chickens [the Red Junglefowl (RJF)], domestic layer hens attain maturity approximately 20% earlier. In addition, domestic layers also possess larger combs (a sexual ornament), produce more eggs and have denser bones. A large quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis (n=377) was performed using an F(2) intercross between a White Leghorn layer breed and a RJF population, with onset of sexual maturity measured and mapped to three separate loci. This cross has already been analysed for comb mass, egg production and bone allocation. Onset of sexual maturity significantly correlated with comb mass, whilst the genetic architecture for sexual maturity and comb mass overlapped at all three loci. For two of these loci, the QTL for sexual maturity and comb mass were statistically indistinguishable from pleiotropy, suggesting that the alleles that increase comb mass also decrease onset of sexual maturity.
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144
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Georgiou A, Smith A, Pizzari T. Immune-mediated sperm selection between competing males in the female tract. J Reprod Immunol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2012.03.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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145
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Semciw A, Green R, Pizzari T, Briggs C. Verification of a standardized method for inserting intramuscular EMG electrodes into uniquely oriented segments of gluteus minimus and gluteus medius. Clin Anat 2012; 26:244-52. [DOI: 10.1002/ca.22055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Perrott MA, Pizzari T, Opar M, Cook J. Development of clinical rating criteria for tests of lumbopelvic stability. Rehabil Res Pract 2011; 2012:803637. [PMID: 22263111 PMCID: PMC3255301 DOI: 10.1155/2012/803637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Lumbopelvic stability (LPS) is regarded as important for injury prevention, yet there are few reliable or valid tests that can be used in the clinical assessment of LPS. Three dynamic functional tests were identified that assess LPS in multiple planes of motion: dip test (DT), single leg squat (SLS), and runner pose test (RPT). Existing rating criteria for SLS have limited reliability and rating criteria for DT and RPT have not been established. Objective. To develop rating criteria for three clinical tests of LPS. Design. Qualitative research: focus group. Method. A focus group of five expert physiotherapists used qualitative methods to develop rating criteria for the three clinical tests. Results. Detailed rating criteria were established for the three tests. Each key factor considered important for LPS had characteristics described that represented both good and poor LPS. Conclusion. This study established rating criteria that may be used to clinically assess LPS.
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Freckleton G, Pizzari T, Cook J, Young M. The predictive validity of a single leg bridge test for hamstring injuries in football players. J Sci Med Sport 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2011.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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148
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Semciw, Pizzari T, Green R. Intramuscular EMG placement for two segments of gluteus minimus and three segments of gluteus medius with unique orientation and function. J Sci Med Sport 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2011.11.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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149
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Crow J, Pizzari T, Buttifant D. Muscle onset can be improved by therapeutic exercise: A systematic review. Phys Ther Sport 2011; 12:199-209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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150
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Taylor CJ, Pizzari T, Ames N, Orchard JW, Gabbe BJ, Cook JL. Groin pain and hip range of motion is different in Indigenous compared to non-indigenous young Australian football players. J Sci Med Sport 2011; 14:283-6. [PMID: 21444244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 02/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hip and groin pain are common problems in Australian football. Although indigenous (I) players are at greater risk of soft tissue injury than their non-indigenous (non-I) counterparts, Aboriginal descent has not previously been identified as a risk factor for hip and groin injury. The aim of this study was to investigate if hip and groin screening tests would demonstrate differences between indigenous and non-indigenous junior elite AF players. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHOD Two hundred and seventy elite junior Australian football players were screened using five hip and groin musculoskeletal tests. RESULTS Thirty-three players (12%) were indigenous. Differences were demonstrated between the two groups for right prone hip internal rotation (I X = 27.60 ± 9.16, non-I X = 33.39 ± 8.88, p < 0.001) and left prone hip internal rotation (I X = 25.83 ± 10.25, non-I X = 31.36 ± 8.75, p < 0.001), pressure on squeeze test with knees at 90° (I X = 165.71 ± 40.32, non-I X = 188.17 ± 62.32, p = 0.001) and pressure on squeeze tests with knees at 0° (I X = 172.57 ± 35.98, non-I X = 202.57 ± 49.14, p = 0.049), and pain provocation during squeeze test with knees at 90° (I X = 3.19 ± 2.26, non-I X = 1.03 ± 1.78, p > 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The indigenous players displayed less range of passive hip internal rotation with the hip in neutral, reduced adductor squeeze force and higher levels of groin pain with the squeeze test at 90°. The differences observed between indigenous and non-indigenous players suggest indigenous players are at greater risk of hip and groin injuries in Australian football.
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