Self-powered nanosensors and nanosystems

Sensor networks are a key technological and economic driver for global industries in the near future, with applications in health care, environmental monitoring, infrastructure monitoring, national security, and more. Developing technologies for self-powered nanosensors is vitally important. This paper gives a brief summary about recent progress in the area, describing nanogenerators that are capable of providing sustainable self-sufficient micro/ nanopower sources for future sensor networks.

Removal of hexavalent chromium from wastewater by Fe0-nanoparticles-chitosan composite beads: characterization, kinetics and thermodynamics

Fe0-nanoparticles-chitosan composite beads (CS-NZVI beads) were prepared and used to remove hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)) from wastewater. Characterization with a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated that with the increase of the concentration of CS from 5.0 to 20.0 g/L and NaOH from 0.5 to 2.0 mol/L, the average aperture size of the CS-NZVI beads decreased from 26.8 to 10.6 μm and 42.6 to 0.8 μm, respectively. Batch experiments revealed that the removal of Cr (VI) using CS-NZVI beads was consistent with pseudo first-order reaction kinetics. The rate constant increased with increasing NZVI dosage but decreased with the increase in pH values. The Freundlich isotherm described the adsorption process better, suggesting that the CS-NZVI beads were heterogeneous in the surface properties. At equilibrium qmax was 35.97 mg/g. The thermodynamics study suggested that Cr (VI) removal by CS-NZVI beads was an endothermic and spontaneous process, reflecting good affinity of the sorbent for Cr (VI) ions and increasing randomness at the solid-solution interface during the adsorption process. This result will be very useful to understand the effects of NZVI on heavy metal Cr (VI) removal from wastewater in the successful application.

Narrowband plasmonic excitation on gold hole-array nanostructures observed using spectroscopic ellipsometer

Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) modes on gold hole-array nanostructures were studied using spectroscopy ellipsometer in reflection mode. Using background free techniques in the optical ellipsometer, clear SPP bands on gold nanostructure/air interface were measured in UV-Visible-Near infrared (NIR) regime (300 nm-1800 nm). Plasmonic excitation with bandwidth of 13 nm (FWHM) was observed in reflection measurement, and it is much narrower than that observed in transmission measurement mode. In addition, the plasmonic excitation bands were characterized in both amplitude and phase domain. Theoretical analysis using reciprocal lattice vector method and rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA) agreed well with the experimental results. By measuring the TM and TE waves simultaneously, the spectroscopic ellipsometer provides an important method to analyze both amplitude and phase information in plasmonic nanostructures and metamaterials.

Cavity phase matching via an optical parametric oscillator consisting of a dielectric nonlinear crystal sheet

We experimentally demonstrate cavity phase matching for the first time using a sheet optical parametric oscillator which is made of an x-cut KTiOPO(4) crystal sheet. This microcavity presents 220 kW peak power capability for near-frequency-degenerate parametric outputs with up to 23.8% slope efficiency. It also features unique spectral characteristics such as single-longitudinal-mode and narrow linewidth. These attractive properties predict broad applications of such a mini-device, such as terahertz generation, photonic integration, spectroscopy, and quantum information, etc.

[Hippocampal cAMP response element binding protein and antidepressant treatments]

With the deepening research on pathogenesis of depression, the focus has diverted from the mechanism of regulating monoamines to the basic pathophysiology of depression and the long-term mechanism of antidepressant treatments. cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) in the brain, especially in the hippocampi, as a converging agent of many intracellular signaling transduction pathways is getting increasing attention. To better understand the basic pathophysiology of depression and the long-term mechanism of antidepressant treatments, it is significant to make clear the correlation between hippocampal CREB and antidepressant treatments. This review mainly refers to the formation of CREB and its distribution in hippocampi, the upstream signaling transduction pathways of hippocampal CREB and antidepressant treatments, and the possible antidepressant mechanisms by regulating hippocampal CREB.

Highly efficient phosphorescent organic light-emitting diode with a nanometer-thick Ni silicide/polycrystalline p-Si composite anode

A phosphorescent organic light-emitting diode (PhOLED) with a nanometer-thick (approximately 10 nm) Ni silicide/ polycrystalline p-Si composite anode is reported. The structure of the PhOLED is Al mirror/ glass substrate / Si isolation layer / Ni silicide / polycrystalline p-Si/ V(2)O(5)/ NPB/ CBP: (ppy)(2)Ir(acac)/ Bphen/ Bphen: Cs(2)CO(3)/ Sm/ Au/ BCP. In the composite anode, the Ni-induced polycrystalline p-Si layer injects holes into the V(2)O(5)/ NPB, and the Ni silicide layer reduces the sheet resistance of the composite anode and thus the series resistance of the PhOLED. By adopting various measures for specially optimizing the thickness of the Ni layer, which induces Si crystallization and forms a Ni silicide layer of appropriate thickness, the highest external quantum efficiency and power conversion efficiency have been raised to 26% and 11%, respectively.

Phosphorus doped Zn(1-x)Mg(x)O nanowire arrays

We demonstrate the growth of phosphorus doped Zn(1-x)Mg(x)O nanowire (NW) using pulsed laser deposition. For the first time, p-type Zn(0.92)Mg(0.08)O:P NWs are likely obtained in reference to atomic force microscopy based piezoelectric output measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and the transport property between the NWs and a n-type ZnO film. A shallow acceptor level of approximately 140 meV is identified by temperature-dependent photoluminescence. A piezoelectric output of 60 mV on average has been received using the doped NWs. Besides a control on NW aspect ratio and density, band gap engineering has also been achieved by alloying with Mg to a content of x = 0.23. The alloyed NWs with controllable conductivity type have potential application in high-efficiency all-ZnO NWs based LED, high-output ZnO nanogenerator, and other optical or electrical devices.

Identifying individual n- and p-type ZnO nanowires by the output voltage sign of piezoelectric nanogenerator

Based on a comparative study between the piezoelectric outputs of n-type nanowires (NWs) and n-core/p-shell NWs along with the previous study (Lu et al 2009 Nano. Lett. 9 1223), we demonstrate a one-step technique for identifying the conductivity type of individual ZnO nanowires (NWs) based on the output of a piezoelectric nanogenerator without destroying the sample. A negative piezoelectric output voltage indicates an NW is n-type and it appears after the tip scans across the center of the NW, while a positive output voltage reveals p-type conductivity and it appears before the tip scans across the central line of the NW. This atomic force microscopy based technique is reliable for statistically mapping the majority carrier type in ZnO NWs arrays. The technique may also be applied to other wurtzite semiconductors, such as GaN, CdS and ZnS.

Study on the relationship between meteorological conditions and acid rain in mid-eastern Fujian

Based on the acid rain observation data and the contemporaneous historical synoptic charts of Mid-Eastern Fujian during the period of 1991 to 2003, we analyzed the distribution characteristics of acid rain in different seasons, weather types, precipitation grades and wind directions. The results showed that the acid pollution in Mid-Eastern Fujian was still serious. In winter, the precipitation pH value was 4.79, and the acid rain frequency was 60.62% which was twice higher than that in summer. The pH value of warm shear-type precipitation at 850 hPa was 4.79. Nearly half of these precipitations had the problems of acid rain pollution. The acid rain frequency of the inverted trough type was only 26.11% which was the lowest one in all types. There was no marked difference of the acid rain distribution characteristics between ahead-of-trough and behind-the-trough. The precipitation pH values of the five grades were lower than 5.30 and the acid rain frequency changed as an inverted U shape with the increasing of the rainfall. The pH values of precipitations in the eight wind directions were generally below 5.20, and the acid rain frequencies were about 40%.

Assemblies of aligned magnetotactic bacteria and extracted magnetosomes: what is the main factor responsible for the magnetic anisotropy?

The origin of the magnetic anisotropy is explained in an assembly of aligned magnetic nanoparticles. For that, nanoparticles synthesized biologically by Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1 magnetotactic bacteria are used. For the first time, it is possible to differentiate between the two contributions arising from the alignment of the magnetosome easy axes and the strength of the magnetosome dipolar interactions. The magnetic anisotropy is shown to arise mainly from the dipolar interactions between the magnetosomes.

Correlation between adiponectin polymorphisms and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with or without metabolic syndrome in Chinese population

BACKGROUND

To investigate the effect of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) 45 and 276 of the adiponectin gene on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with or without metabolic syndrome.

METHODS

A total of 165 NAFLD, 83 NAFLD with metabolic syndrome and 160 healthy controls from Chinese population were genotyped for the adiponectin gene (+45T>G and +276G>T) by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism methods. Plasma adiponectin and insulin levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and radioimmunoassay, respectively. Insulin resistance (IR) was evaluated by using homeostasis model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR).

RESULTS

NAFLD with metabolic syndrome had further extent of IR and hypoadiponectinemia. No association of SNP45 or SNP276 was found in NAFLD or NAFLD with metabolic syndrome. Subjects carrying the G allele of SNP45 showed higher levels of triglyceride (TG), fasting blood sugar (FBS), HOMA, body mass index (BMI), and alanine transaminase (ALT), as well as lower plasma adiponectin levels. In the normal-weight group of SNP276, subjects carrying the G allele showed higher HOMA and subjects carrying the T allele showed lower BMI.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study observed further hypoadiponectinemia and IR in NAFLD with metabolic syndrome. The T45G and G276T of the adiponectin gene may not be the important determinants of NAFLD in Chinese people, but some of them still influence serum ALT, BMI, IR, lipid, glucose metabolism and plasma adiponectin concentration.

Lateral self-aligned p-type In2O3 nanowire arrays epitaxially grown on Si substrates

Lateral orientated growth of In2O3 nanowire (NW) and nanorod (NR) arrays has been achieved by a vapor transport and condensation method on (001) and (111) surfaces of Si substrates. The single crystalline In2O3 NWs and NRs were grown along [211] in parallel to the Si +/-[110] and lying in the substrate plane. The electrical measurements show that the In2O3 NWs are p-type semiconductor. By N+ doping, the resistivity of the In2O3 NWs has been tuned. The lateral self-aligned In2O3 NW and NR arrays on Si can offer some unique advantages for fabricating parallel nanodevices that can be integrated directly with silicon technology.

Enhancing the electrical and optoelectronic performance of nanobelt devices by molecular surface functionalization

By functionalizing the surfaces of ZnO nanobelts (NBs) with a thin self-assembled molecular layer, the electrical and optoelectronic performances of a single NB-based device are drastically improved. For a single NB-based device, due to energy band tuning and surface modification, the conductance was enhanced by 6 orders of magnitude upon functionalization; a coating molecule layer has changed a Schottky contact into an Ohmic contact without sophisticated deposition of multilayered metals. A functionalized NB showed negative differential resistance and exhibited huge improved photoconductivity and gas sensing response. The functionalized molecular layer also greatly reduced the etching rate of the ZnO NBs by buffer solution, largely extending their life time for biomedical applications. Our study demonstrates a new approach for improving the physical properties of oxide NBs and nanowires for device applications.

Heterogeneous meshing and biomechanical modeling of human spine

We aim to develop a patient-specific biomechanical model of human spine for the purpose of surgical training and planning. In this paper, we describe the development of a finite-element model of the spine from the VHD Male Data. The finite-element spine model comprises volumetric elements suitable for deformation and other finite-element analysis using ABAQUS. The mesh generation solution accepts segmented radiological slices as input, and outputs three-dimensional (3D) volumetric finite element meshes that are ABAQUS compliant. The proposed mesh generation method first uses a grid plane to divide the contours of the anatomical boundaries and its inclusions into discrete meshes. A grid frame is then built to connect the grid planes between any two adjacent planes using a novel scheme. The meshes produced consist of brick elements in the interior of the contours and with tetrahedral and wedge elements at the boundaries. The nodal points are classified according to their materials and hence, elements can be assigned different properties. The resultant spine model comprises a detailed model of the 7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, and S1. Each of the vertebrae and intervertebral disc has between 1200 and 6000 elements, and approximately 1200 elements, respectively. The accuracy of the resultant VHD finite element spine model was good based on visual comparison of volume-rendered images of the original CT data, and has been used in a computational analysis involving needle insertion and static deformation. We also compared the mesh generated using our method against two automatically generated models; one consists of purely tetrahedral elements and the other hexahedral elements.

Biofunctionalization of CeF(3):Tb(3+) nanoparticles

CeF(3):Tb(3+) nanoparticles (short pillar-like morphology with an average length and width of 11 and 5 nm, respectively) were successfully prepared by a polyol process using diethyleneglycol (DEG) as solvent. After being functionalized with a SiO(2)-NH(2) layer, these CeF(3):Tb(3+) nanoparticles can be conjugated with biotin molecules (activated by thionyl chloride) and further with avidin. The as-formed CeF(3):Tb(3+) nanoparticles, CeF(3):Tb(3+) nanoparticles functionalized with amino groups, biotin conjugated amino-functionalized CeF(3):Tb(3+) nanoparticles and biotinylated CeF(3):Tb(3+) nanoparticles bonded with avidin were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), UV/vis absorption spectra and luminescence spectra, respectively. The biofunctionalization of the CeF(3):Tb(3+) nanoparticles has less effect on their luminescence properties, i.e. they still show strong green emission (from Tb(3+), with (5)D(4)-(7)F(5) at 543 nm as the most prominent group), indicative of the great potential for these CeF(3):Tb(3+) nanoparticles to be used as biological fluorescence probes.

Low-temperature in situ large strain plasticity of ceramic SiC nanowires and its atomic-scale mechanism

Large strain plasticity is phenomenologically defined as the ability of a material to exhibit an exceptionally large deformation rate during mechanical deformation. It is a property that is well established for metals and alloys but is rarely observed for ceramic materials especially at low temperature ( approximately 300 K). With the reduction in dimensionality, however, unusual mechanical properties are shown by ceramic nanomaterials. In this Letter, we demonstrated unusually large strain plasticity of ceramic SiC nanowires (NWs) at temperatures close to room temperature that was directly observed in situ by a novel high-resolution transmission electron microscopy technique. The continuous plasticity of the SiC NWs is accompanied by a process of increased dislocation density at an early stage, followed by an obvious lattice distortion, and finally reaches an entire structure amorphization at the most strained region of the NW. These unusual phenomena for the SiC NWs are fundamentally important for understanding the nanoscale fracture and strain-induced band structure variation for high-temperature semiconductors. Our result may also provide useful information for further studying of nanoscale elastic-plastic and brittle-ductile transitions of ceramic materials with superplasticity.

Pharmacological studies of the large-scaled purified genistein from Huaijiao (Sophora japonica-Leguminosae) on anti-osteoporosis

In this report, we used genistein that was extracted from a Chinese herbal medicine Huaijiao (Sophora japonica-Leguminosae) to evaluate its pharmacological function on anti-osteoporosis. This genistein is purified in a large-scale production from Huaijiao by a state-of-art method as described by Tian et al. [2004. The preparation of genistein and LC-MS/MS on-line analysis. Drug Devel. Res. 61, 6-12]. Chemical structure of the isolated genistein was examined by using various techniques including nuclear magnetic resonant spectrum, infrared absorption spectrum, ultraviolet absorption spectrum and mass spectrum, and was proved to be identical to those purified from soybean in a small scale as previously reported. We randomly divided female SD rats into 6 groups, including control, ovariectomized model, Nilestriol-treated, and three level of dosages of genistein-treated. We evaluated the pharmacological effects of genistein against osteoporosis by measuring the bone density of femur and bone mineral group including calcium, phosphorous, and magnesium. The consequences of genistein treatment on bone histology and morphology were also determined by measuring the trabcular area, thickness and number. Our results indicated that treatment with a 4.5 or 9 mg/kg dosage of genistein could also prevent osteoporosis significantly at the 4th week after treatment. In comparison with the anti-osteoporosis effects of soybean genistein, the genistein extracted from Huaijiao has the same beneficial effect on anti-osteoporosis.

[Preparation of monoclonal antibodies against West Nile virus envelope protein domain.]

BACKGROUND

To prepare monoclonal antibodies against West Nile virus (WNV) envelope protein domain.

METHODS

BALB/c mice were immunized with recombinant antigen of West Nile virus envelope protein domain, and the spleen cells of the mice were used to prepare the monoclonal antibodies (McAb) by hybridoma technique.

RESULTS

Three hybridoma cell strains secreting McAbs against WNV envelope protein domain, designated as 4F7, 6H3 and 8E4, respectively, were obtained and were identified by indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), they belonged to IgG1, IgG1 and Ig2a, respectively. Two epitopes of envelope protein domain were determined, among them, 4F7 and 6H3 were against the same epitope and 8E4 to another one.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of indirect ELISA, Western blot and indirect immunofluorescence experiment indicated that these three McAbs were specific for West Nile virus envelope protein domain and did not cross-react with Japanese encephalitis virus and other viruses, so they can be used for specific detection of West Nile virus.

Synthesis and Electrical Transport of Single-Crystal NH4V3O8 Nanobelts

Monoclinic NH(4)V(3)O(8) single-crystalline nanobelts with widths of 80-180 nm, thicknesses of 50-100 nm, and lengths up to tens of micrometers have been synthesized at large scale in an ammonium metavanadate solution by a templates/catalysts-free route. Such nanobelts grow along the direction of [010]. The individual NH(4)V(3)O(8) nanobelt exhibits nonlinear, symmetric current/voltage (I/V) characteristics, with a conductivity of 0.1-1 S/cm at room temperature and a dielectric constant of approximately 130. The dominant conduction mechanism is based on small polaron hopping due to ohmic mechanism at low electric field below 249 V/cm due to Schottky emission at medium electric field between 249 and 600 V/cm and due to the Poole-Frenkel emission mechanism at high field above 600 V/cm.

Size-Manipulable Synthesis of Single-Crystalline BaMnO3and BaTi1/2Mn1/2O3Nanorods/Nanowires

We report a size-manipulable synthesis of single-crystalline nanorods/nanowires of barium manganite (BaMnO(3)) and barium titanium manganite (BaTi(1/2)Mn(1/2)O(3)) by using the composite-hydroxide-mediated approach. The synthesis cleanly yields nanorods with a hexagonal perovskite structure. Typical nanorods have widths ranging between 50 and 100 nm, and the lengths can be easily controlled by time and temperature or by adding a small amount of water during the synthesis process. Resistance measurement shows that a phase transition happened at 58 K on BaMnO(3). The photoluminescence spectrum of BaTi(1/2)Mn(1/2)O(3) presents two emission peaks at wavelengths of 465 and 593 nm, corresponding to blue and green fluorescence. The ability to synthesize nanorod manganites of a desired length should enable detailed investigations of the size-dependent evolution of magnetism, magnetoresistance, nanoscale phase separation, and realization of a nanodevice of magnetic sensors.

Quantitative trait Loci mapping for adult-plant resistance to powdery mildew in bread wheat

ABSTRACT Powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, is a major disease to wheat (Triticum aestivum) worldwide. Use of adult-plant resistance (APR) is an effective method to develop wheat cultivars with durable resistance to powdery mildew. In the present study, 432 molecular markers were used to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) for APR to powdery mildew in a doubled haploid (DH) population with 107 lines derived from the cross Fukuho-komugi x Oligoculm. Field trials were conducted in Beijing and Anyang, China during 2003-2004 and 2004-2005 cropping seasons, respectively. The DH lines were planted in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Artificial inoculation was carried out in Beijing with highly virulent isolate E20 of B. graminis f. sp. tritici and the powdery mildew severity on penultimate leaf was evaluated four times, and the maximum disease severity (MDS) on penultimate leaf was investigated in Anyang under natural inoculation in May 2004 and 2005. The heritability of resistance to powdery mildew for MDS in 2 years and two locations ranged from 0.82 to 0.93, while the heritability for area under the disease progress curve was between 0.84 and 0.91. With the method of composite interval mapping, four QTL for APR to powdery mildew were detected on chromosomes 1AS, 2BL, 4BL, and 7DS, explaining 5.7 to 26.6% of the phenotypic variance. Three QTL on chromosomes 1AS, 2BL, and 7DS were derived from the female, Fukuho-komugi, while the one on chromosome 4BL was from the male, Oligoculm. The QTL on chromosome 1AS showed high genetic effect on powdery mildew resistance, accounting for 19.5 to 26.6% of phenotypic variance across two environments. The QTL on 7DS associated with the locus Lr34/Yr18, flanked by microsatellite Xgwm295.1 and Ltn (leaf tip necrosis). These results will benefit for improving powdery mildew resistance in wheat breeding programs.

A Dry Powder Inhaler with Reduced Mouth–Throat Deposition

A novel, compact, and highly efficient dry powder inhaler (DPI) with low mouth-throat deposition is described. The performance of this DPI was evaluated by measuring both (1) the total aerosol deposition in and distal to an idealized mouth-throat cast and (2) the fine particle fraction (FPF) using a standard Mark II Anderson impactor. Ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy techniques were used in the aerosol deposition measurements. Two inhalation aerosol powders, namely budesonide (extracted from a Pulmicort/Turbuhaler multi-dose device, 200 microg/dose) and ciprofloxacin + lipid + lactose (in-house), were dispersed by the DPI at a steady inhalation flow rate of 60 L/min. The newly developed DPI had a total aerosol delivery distal to the mouth-throat cast of 50.5% +/- 3.04% and 69.7% +/- 1.5% for the budesonide and ciprofloxacin + lipid + lactose aerosols, respectively. This is a significant improvement over the Turbuhaler original device delivery of 34.5% +/- 5.2%, particularly considering that in vitro mouth-throat deposition dropped from 27.5% +/- 5.4% with the budesonide Turbuhaler to 11.0% +/- 3.5% with the present inhaler. The different lung deliveries from the same inhaler for the two formulations above also confirm that the overall performance of an inhaler is optimizable via powder formulations.

Sol-gel fabrication and photoluminescence properties of SiO2 @ Gd2O3:Eu3+ core-shell particles

A uniform nanolayer of europium-doped Gd2O3 was coated on the surface of preformed submicron silica spheres by a Pechini sol-gel process. The resulted SiO2 @ Gd2O3:Eu3+ core-shell structured phosphors were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), photoluminescence (PL) spectra as well as kinetic decays. The XRD results show that the Gd2O3:Eu3+ layers start to crystallize on the SiO2 spheres after annealing at 400 degrees C and the crystallinity increases with raising the annealing temperature. The core-shell phosphors possess perfect spherical shape with narrow size distribution (average size: 640 nm) and non-agglomeration. The thickness of the Gd2O3:Eu3+ shells on the SiO2 cores can be adjusted by changing the deposition cycles (70 nm for three deposition cycles). Under short UV excitation, the obtained SiO2@Gd2O3:Eu3+ particles show a strong red emission with 5D0-7F2 (610 nm) of Eu3+ as the most prominent group. The PL intensity of Eu3+ increases with increasing the annealing temperature and the number of coating cycles.

Prion protein gene (PRNP) polymorphisms in Xinjiang local sheep breeds in China

Amino acid polymorphisms of the prion protein (PrP) gene (PRNP), particularly those occurring at codons 136, 154, and 171 have a significant influence on scrapie pathogenesis in many sheep breeds. We isolated blood samples from 222 sheep representing the eight main local sheep breeds in the Xinjiang Autonomous Region, the territory with the most abundant local sheep breeds in China, to identify the PRNP polymorphisms and to determine whether these breeds were at risk for developing scrapie. A new PRNP polymorphism encoding either glycine (G) or arginine (R) at codon 85 as well as eight previously reported polymorphisms at codons 101, 112, 127, 141, 146, 154, 171, and 189 in other sheep breeds were detected. Interestingly, the alanine (A)/V polymorphism at codon 136 was not observed in this study, all sheep being homozygous for A at this position. While the previously identified polymorphism of argine (R) or histidine (H) at codon 154 was detected, the H polymorphism was rare (2.25%). Four polymorphisms at codon 171 encoding glutamine (Q), R, H, or lysine (K) were detected. The predominant ARQ allele occurred at a high frequency of 77.48%, suggesting an increased risk of scrapie in Xinjiang Autonomous Region.