251
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Smith JS, Sumner JW, Roumillat LF, Baer GM, Winkler WG. Antigenic characteristics of isolates associated with a new epizootic of raccoon rabies in the United States. J Infect Dis 1984; 149:769-74. [PMID: 6539356 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/149.5.769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A panel of 23 monoclonal antibodies to the nucleocapsid protein of rabies virus was used to study the antigenic character of isolates of rabies virus from raccoons in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. Comparison of the reaction pattern of these isolates with that of isolates of rabies virus collected from areas of major rabies outbreaks (skunk rabies in the midwestern United States, fox rabies in the northeastern United States, and raccoon rabies in the southeastern United States) suggests that this new epizootic originated with the transportation of rabid raccoons from the southeastern United States.
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252
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Sureau P, Rollin P, Wiktor TJ. Epidemiologic analysis of antigenic variations of street rabies virus: detection by monoclonal antibodies. Am J Epidemiol 1983; 117:605-9. [PMID: 6342369 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The nucleocapsid antigen of 204 strains of street rabies virus, which originated in Europe, Africa and Asia, was analyzed by fluorescent antibody staining technique with a panel of 20 monoclonal antibodies specific for nucleocapsid of rabies and rabies-related viruses. A definite pattern of reactivity was observed with strains of the same geographic origin with the exception of strains originating from Madagascar, Thailand and Iran which were more diversified. Mice immunized with a vaccine prepared from a Pasteur PV-11 strain of virus were well protected against challenge with representative strains from Europe and Africa, and a partial protection was observed following challenge with strains from Madagascar and Thailand.
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253
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Gribencha SV, Vanag KA, Barinskiĭ IF. [Biological variants of a population of strains of the rabies street virus]. Vopr Virusol 1982; 27:738-43. [PMID: 7157781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Experiments in mice weighing 6-7 g showed that a population of wild street rabies virus strains could contain from 1 to 3 biologic variants determining the clinical characteristics, duration of the incubation period and of the disease, and virus titres in the brain. Fox strains L-1 and L-2 produced only paralytic rabies, the BE strain isolated from a badger induced paralytic and chronic disease, and the population of the Yak strain isolated from a boy bitten by a fox and timely given a complete course of postexposure treatment contained 3 biologic variants: (1) VAR produced acute paralytic rabies throughout 59 passages, (2) VVR induced a disease of the type of "violent" rabies throughout 20 passages, and (3) VCR provoked chronic rabies in 27 passages.
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254
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Thongcharoen P, Sureau P, Wasi C, Puthavathana P, Chavanich L. Monoclonal antibodies study on rabies virus antigens in Thailand. JOURNAL OF THE MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF THAILAND = CHOTMAIHET THANGPHAET 1982; 65:439-42. [PMID: 6183386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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255
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Shope RE. Rabies-related viruses. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 1982; 55:271-5. [PMID: 6758373 PMCID: PMC2596466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Five viruses related to rabies occur in Africa. Two of these, Obodhiang from Sudan and kotonkan from Nigeria, were found in insects and are only distantly related to rabies virus. The other three are antigenically more closely related to rabies. Mokola virus was isolated from shrews in Nigeria, Lagos bat virus from fruit bats in Nigeria, and Duvenhage virus from brain of a man bitten by a bat in South Africa. The public health significance of the rabies-related viruses was emphasized in Zimbabwe where in 1981 a rabies-related virus became epizootic in the dog and cat population. It is postulated that the ancestral origin of rabies virus was Africa where the greatest antigenic diversity occurs and that the ancestor may have been an insect virus. Questions are raised why rabies has not evolved more rapidly in the New World, given the frequency and ease with which antigenic changes can be induced in the laboratory, and how the virus became so extensively established in New World bats.
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256
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Rabies virus and laboratory regulations. Lancet 1981; 2:209. [PMID: 6114274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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257
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Clark HF. Rabies serogroup viruses in neuroblastoma cells: propagation, "autointerference," and apparently random back-mutation of attenuated viruses to the virulent state. Infect Immun 1980; 27:1012-22. [PMID: 7380549 PMCID: PMC550874 DOI: 10.1128/iai.27.3.1012-1022.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Each of several strains of fixed rabies virus was found to replicate to high titers in C1300 mouse neuroblastoma (clone NA) cells, without adaptation. Rabies serogroup Lagos bat, Mokola, and Duvenhage viruses also replicated efficiently in NA cells. Kotonkan and Obodhiang viruses replicated efficiently after adaptation, to titers not previously obtained in vitro. Infection in NA cells was frequently more cytopathic than in BHK-21 cells, allowing titration of Kotonkan and Obodhiang viruses by plaque assay. Duvenhage virus caused syncytium formation. Serial propagation of rabies viruses at a high multiplicity of infection in NA cells led to a rapid decline in virus yields; similar "autointerference" has not previously been demonstrated with rabies virus in other cell systems. Rabies virus infection in NA cells exhibited extreme sensitivity to interference by experimentally added defective interfering virions. Although several strains of attenuated rabies virus consistently reverted rapidly to virulence after propagation in NA cells, other strains of attenuated rabies and rabies serogroup viruses acquired increased virulence at a more gradual rate or not at all, suggesting that diverse characters may control virulence. When attenuated Flury HEP rabies virus was serially propagated at a low multiplicity of infection in either NA cells or suckling mouse brain, virulence appeared at a very variable rate, indicating that these systems may selectively enhance replication of randomly occurring virulent virus mutants.
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258
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Dietzschold B, Cox JH, Schneider LG. Rabies virus strains: a comparison study by polypeptide analysis of vaccine strains with different pathogenic patterns. Virology 1979; 98:63-75. [PMID: 483574 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(79)90525-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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259
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Díaz AM, Varela-Díaz VM. Detection of antigenic differences among street and fixed rabies virus strains by the counterimmunoelectrophoresis test. ZENTRALBLATT FUR BAKTERIOLOGIE, PARASITENKUNDE, INFEKTIONSKRANKHEITEN UND HYGIENE. ERSTE ABTEILUNG ORIGINALE. REIHE A: MEDIZINISCHE MIKROBIOLOGIE UND PARASITOLOGIE 1976; 236:185-90. [PMID: 65070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Using the counterimmunoelectrophoresis test, two street rabies virus strains (Mangosta and Apipe) revealed antigens not detected in the standard challenge virus (CVS). No antigenic differences, however, were found between CVS and another fixed rabies virus strain (strain 91) by this method. The results of serum neutralization tests revealed similar antigenic relationships among the rabies virus strains studied. These findings are discussed in terms of their significance to antigenic variations in rabies virus strains.
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260
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Bauer SP, Murphy FA. Relationship of two arthropod-borne rhabdoviruses (kotonkan and Obodhiang) to the rabies serogroup. Infect Immun 1975; 12:1157-72. [PMID: 1104485 PMCID: PMC415412 DOI: 10.1128/iai.12.5.1157-1172.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Indirect immunofluorescence confirmed the antigenic relationship between kotankan and Obodhiang viruses and Mokola virus that had originally been shown by complement fixation test. This relationship suggests inclusion of these two arthropod isolates in the rabies subgroup of the Rhabdoviridae family. Cross-reactivity with Mokola virus was also demonstrated by direct immunofluorescence but was easily eliminated when conjugates were diluted. No crossreactivities were found by neutralization tests or by surface immunofluorescence. Other than these immunological ties to the rabies serogroup, other biological characteristics of kotonkan and Obodhiang viruses were distinct. Maximum yield of infectivity of kotonkan and Obodhiang in cell culture was at 30 C, antigen usually filled the cytoplasm of infected cells diffusely, and syncytia were formed before severe cytonecrosis. By electron microscopy, virus particles and their nucleocapsids appeared cone shaped (mean lengths: kotonkan, 182 nm; Obodhiang, 170 nm). Viral morphogenesis took place on plasma membranes of cells in culture, mouse brain neurons, and inflammatory cells (macrophages) in brain lesions. All of these characteristics of the two viruses, and the known association of kotonkan virus with an acute, febrile illness of cattle in Nigeria, suggest a biological relationship with bovine ephemeral fever virus. The latter is known to exist in the same geographic area but exhibits no serological cross-reaction with either kotonkan or Obodhiang virus. The question of whether these two viruses deserve placement in an expanded rabies subgroup (at the cost of a less precise definition of the subgroup) or in a separate subgroup (which would include bovine ephemeral fever virus) of the Rhabdoviridae family will only be answered by further physicochemical characterization and comparison.
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261
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Sokol F, Koprowski H. Structure-function relationships and mode of replication of animal rhabdoviruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1975; 72:933-6. [PMID: 165494 PMCID: PMC432436 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.72.3.933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently accumulated knowledge allows more precise comparison of the structural (and possibly evolutionary) relationships of several different animal rhabdoviruses: vesicular stomatitis virus, rabies virus, Kern Canyon virus, and spring viremia of carp virus. Each virus is composed primarily of a glycoprotein, an RNA-associated nucleoprotein, and one or two membrane proteins. Vesicular stomatitis virus group viruses contain lesser amounts of two additional distinct polypeptides, NS and L. The separate viruses undergo structural polypeptide phosphorylation in vivo according to characteristic patterns. In vesicular stomatitis virus the NS protein is selectively phosphorylated. In rabies group viruses and in spring viremia of carp virus, the nucleoprotein is the predominant phosphoprotein; in these viruses only the phosphorylated moiety is selectively cleaved off with trypsin. In Kern Canyon virus, only membrane protein and glycoprotein are weakly phosphorylated. Each virus possesses a virion-bound protein kinase. Vesicular stomatitis virus group viruses, Kern Canyon virus, and spring viremia of carp virus only contain virion-bound transcriptases of respectively decreasing levels of activity demonstrable in vitro. Vesicular stomatitis and Kern Canyon viruses replicate efficiently in enucleated cells; rabies virus does not. Based upon these observations, it is suggested that vesicular stomatitis virus may represent the most highly evolved of these rhabdoviruses, whereas spring viremia of carp and Kern Canyon viruses may represent "evolutionary links" between the vesicular stomatitis and rabies virus groups.
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262
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Rengell FS, Heitor de Sousa LM. [Characteristics and importance of different serotypes and variations of rabies viruses in epidemiology]. REVISTA DE INVESTIGACION EN SALUD PUBLICA 1975; 35:77-84. [PMID: 1179078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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263
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Gribencha SV, Selimov MA, Gribanova LI, Dzhmukhadze VA. [Study of rabies virus strains circulating in nature]. Vopr Virusol 1974:700-4. [PMID: 4446570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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264
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Salido Rengell F. [Serological relations of the rabies virus with other viruses]. SALUD PUBLICA DE MEXICO 1974; 16:351-5. [PMID: 4453940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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265
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Tignor GH, Shope RE, Gershon RK, Waksman BH. Immunopathologic aspects of infection with Lagos bat virus of the rabies serogroup. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 1974; 112:260-5. [PMID: 4590821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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266
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Winkler WG, Fashinell TR, Leffingwell L, Howard P, Conomy P. Airborne rabies transmission in a laboratory worker. JAMA 1973; 226:1219-21. [PMID: 4800498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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267
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Kemp GE, Lee VH, Moore DL, Shope RE, Causey OR, Murphy FA. Kotonkan, a new rhabdovirus related to Mokola virus of the rabies serogroup. Am J Epidemiol 1973; 98:43-9. [PMID: 4205431 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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268
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Buckley SM. Singh's Aedes albopictus cell cultures as helper cells for the adaptation of Obodhiang and kotonkan viruses of the rabies serogroup to some vertebrat cell cultures. Appl Microbiol 1973; 25:695-6. [PMID: 4633481 PMCID: PMC380889 DOI: 10.1128/am.25.4.695-696.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Multiplication of rabies serogroup viruses, Obodhiang and kotonkan, was induced in vertebrate cell cultures by using Singh's Aedes albopictus cell cultures as "helper cells."
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269
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Wiktor TJ, Clark HF. Comparison of rabies virus strains by means of the plaque reduction test. ANNALES DE MICROBIOLOGIE 1973; 124:283-7. [PMID: 4748295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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270
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Kantorovich RA. [Viruses of the rabies group]. ZHURNAL MIKROBIOLOGII, EPIDEMIOLOGII I IMMUNOBIOLOGII 1972; 49:9-15. [PMID: 4566841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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271
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Fuenzalida DE, Larghi OP. [Characteristics of a rabies virus strain isolated from the brain of Desmodus rotundus]. BOLETIN DE LA OFICINA SANITARIA PANAMERICANA. PAN AMERICAN SANITARY BUREAU 1972; 73:93-9. [PMID: 4262443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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272
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Mengeling WL, Van der Maaten MJ. Identification of selected animal viruses with fluorescent antibodies prepared from multivalent antiserums. Am J Vet Res 1971; 32:1825-33. [PMID: 4330674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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273
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Shope RE, Murphy FA, Harrison AK, Causey OR, Kemp GE, Simpson DI, Moore DL. Two African viruses serologically and morphologically related to rabies virus. J Virol 1970; 6:690-2. [PMID: 5530013 PMCID: PMC376175 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.6.5.690-692.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lagos bat virus and an isolate from shrews (IbAn 27377), both from Nigeria, were found to be bullet-shaped and to mature intracytoplasmically in association with a distinct matrix. They were related to, but readily distinguishable from, rabies virus and each other by complement fixation and neutralization tests. The three viruses, including rabies, form a subgrouping within the rhabdoviruses.
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274
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275
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276
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Gard GP, Melville LF, Calisher CH, Karabatsos N. Koolpinyah: a virus related to kotonkan from cattle in northern Australia. Intervirology 1993; 34:142-5. [PMID: 1302250 DOI: 10.1159/000150274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Two closely related viruses were isolated from the blood of bovines near Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia. When studies of virus morphology indicated that these were rhabdoviruses, serologic studies were done. These isolates are closely related or identical and are related to, but distinct from, the rabies-related kotonkan virus. Other serologic studies showed that these are two isolates of a newly recognized virus, for which the name Koolpinyah virus is proposed.
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