Exercise improved rat metabolism by raising PPAR-α

Based on the importance of exercise and crucial role of liver in metabolism, the aim of this study was to determine whether the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α, γ and adiponectin receptor 2 in OLETF rat liver were altered in conjunction with improved metabolism with exercise training. OLETF rats were randomly assigned to 2 groups: sedentary control group (n=26), and long-term exercise-trained group (n=26). Full data were available on 32 OLETF rats (16 for each group). Adiponectin, glucose, insulin, triglyceride and cholesterol were assessed. Livers were taken to determine the expression of PPAR-α, γ and adiponectin receptor 2. Compared with sedentary control group, fasting glucose (9.38 ± 2.99 mmol/L vs. 7.32 ± 1.76 mmol/L, P<0.05), triglyceride (1.73 ± 0.34 mmol/L vs. 0.89 ± 0.12 mmol/L, P<0.05) and cholesterol (4.41 ± 0.75 mmol/L vs. 2.13 ± 0.32 mmol/L, P<0.05) were substantially reduced after exercise, which significantly correlated with increased PPAR-α (P<0.05) in liver. The expression of PPAR-α upstream and target genes, including hepatocyte nuclear factor-4 (HNF4), carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT-1), catalase (CAT) and ATPbinding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) also increased significantly. Therefore, our findings suggest that increased PPAR-α expression in OLETF rats liver is a contributory factor to the exercise-related improvements in whole-body metabolism.

αv β3 Integrin may participate in conceptus attachment by regulating morphologic changes in the endometrium during peri-implantation in ovine

The objective of this study was to determine expression and potential functions of α(v) and β(3) integrin subunits in ovine endometrium during the peri-implantation period (days 8-17 after fertilization). The morphologic changes in the endometrium were observed histochemically following haematoxylin/eosin (HE) staining, whereas the expressions of α(v) and β(3) integrin subunits were analysed by RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and Western blot. The filamentous conceptus attached to the luminal epithelium (LE) on day 17 of pregnancy, with no differences in endometrial morphology between days 8-12 of pregnancy. However, endometrial glands in the endometrial stroma (S) underwent extensive hyperplasia from day 14 to day 17, increased reductus of the LE with an obvious proliferation of caruncles, and an increased number and diameter of blood vessels (V) in the endometrium. The relative expression levels of α(v) and β(3) integrin subunits mRNA gradually increased until day 16, but sharply declined on day 17. Western blot analysis revealed that the expression pattern of α(v) and β(3) integrin subunit proteins paralleled that of the corresponding mRNA. In addition, immunohistochemical localization of α(v) and β(3) integrin subunits confirmed their presence in the glandular epithelium (GE), LE and endometrial stroma. Immunostaining on LE and stroma varied with the increasing days of pregnancy, with the strongest immunostaining on days 16 and 17. In conclusion, expression of α(V) and β(3) integrin subunits was closely related to the early progression of pregnancy and conceptus attachment; therefore, we inferred that α(v) β(3) integrin may participate in conceptus attachment by the regulation of endometrial morphology during peri-implantation in ovine.

Inhibin A, activin A, placental growth factor and uterine artery Doppler pulsatility index in the prediction of pre-eclampsia

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate whether the measurement of maternal serum inhibin A, activin A and placental growth factor (PlGF) at 12 + 0 to 16 + 0 weeks of gestation alone or in combination with second-trimester uterine artery Doppler pulsatility index (PI) is useful in predicting pre-eclampsia.

METHODS

This was a case-control study of pre-eclampsia. From pregnant women attending their first antenatal examination at 12-16 weeks we collected serum samples and stored them at - 80 °C. All patients also underwent uterine artery Doppler examination to measure the PI at 22-24 weeks' gestation. We retrieved for analysis frozen samples from women who then developed pre-eclampsia, as well as three control samples per woman, matched for gestational age and storage time. Inhibin A, activin A and PlGF were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) by an examiner who was blinded to the pregnancy outcome.

RESULTS

There were 31 cases with pre-eclampsia and 93 controls. Second-trimester uterine artery PI and marker levels were expressed as multiples of the median (MoM). The uterine artery PI was increased in pregnancies with pre-eclampsia compared with controls (mean ± SD, 1.45 ± 0.31 MoM vs. 1.02 ± 0.25 MoM, P < 0.001), as were the level of inhibin A (mean ± SD, 1.57 ± 0.34 MoM vs. 1.08 ± 0.43 MoM, P < 0.001) and the level of activin A (mean ± SD, 1.68 ± 0.38 MoM vs. 1.06 ± 0.42 MoM, P < 0.001). The level of PlGF was decreased in pre-eclampsia compared with controls (mean ± SD, 0.69 ± 0.23 MoM vs. 1.00 ± 0.26 MoM, P < 0.001). Receiver-operating characteristics curves were analyzed for controls and cases and areas under the curve (AUC) were 0.796 (95% CI, 0.712-0.880, P < 0.001) for inhibin A, 0.823 (95% CI, 0.746-0.899, P < 0.001) for activin A, 0.831 (95% CI, 0.752-0.910, P < 0.001) for PlGF and 0.851 (95% CI, 0.783-0.920, P < 0.001) for uterine artery PI. The combination of activin A, inhibin A and PI using logistic regression analysis yielded an AUC of 0.907 (95% CI, 0.830-0.938, P < 0.001) with a sensitivity of 87% and a specificity of 80%. The combination of activin A, PlGF and PI gave an AUC of 0.925 (95% CI, 0.852-0.978, P < 0.001) with a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 80%. Combining all four markers gave an AUC of 0.941 (95% CI, 0.891-0.990, P < 0.001) with a sensitivity of 93% and a specificity of 80%.

CONCLUSION

Early second-trimester serum inhibin A, activin A, PlGF and second-trimester uterine artery Doppler PI may add further information for the prediction of pre-eclampsia. The combination of the three serum markers and uterine artery Doppler PI has the highest prediction value for pre-eclampsia.

The effect of spatial resolution on wall shear stress measurements acquired using radial phase contrast magnetic resonance angiography in the middle cerebral arteries of healthy volunteers. Preliminary results

We have recently implemented radial phase-contrast techniques that allow high resolution angiograms with velocity information to be acquired within clinically-useful imaging times. 10 healthy volunteers were scanned using PC-VIPR and PC-SOS, two high resolution phase-contrast techniques at spatial resolutions of 0.67×0.67×0.67 mm(3) and 0.4×0.4×1 mm(3) respectively. The velocity measurements from the two acquisitions were imported into a custom Matlab runtime environment that automatically calculated WSS values using Green's Theorem and B-spline interpolation. Time average axial WSS was 1.069 N/m(2) (95% confidence interval: 0.8628< x < 1.276) in the left and right middle cerebral arteries of the 10 healthy volunteers (n=20) when scanned by PC-VIPR, and 1.670 N/m(2) when scanned by PC-SOS (95% confidence interval: 1.395 < x < 1.946). This difference in means was statistically significant (p < 0.002). Previous investigators have found that higher spatial resolution results in higher WSS measurements because smaller voxel size results in fewer partial volume effects. This was true in our study as well. In this study, we found that PC-SOS has significantly higher spatial resolution than PC-VIPR and this followed in the WSS measurements. Higher in-plane spatial resolution allows WSS calculations to be performed more accurately because of increased precision near the vessel boundary.

Purging efficacy of ZnPcH₁-based photodynamic therapy on chronic myeloid leukemia bone marrow

INTRODUCTION

Ex vivo purging is an emerging technique for successful transplantation of autologous hematopoietic stem cells in the treatment of leukemia. Among them, photodynamic therapy (PDT) might be a promising modality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the purging efficacy of ex vivo PDT on chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).

METHODS

A new amphiphilic mono-α-substituted zinc (II) phthalocyanine (ZnPcH₁) was used as a PDT photosensitizer. Nest reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time quantitative PCR of BCR/ABL1 fusion gene remained positive were performed to determine the purging effects of ZnPcH₁-PDT on the mixture of CML cell line K562 cells and normal bone marrow mononuclear cells (MNC) and on the CML cells from the bone marrow of patients with CML who had achieved complete hematology remission but whose BCR/ABL1 fusion genes remained positive.

RESULTS

CML cells exhibited higher susceptibility to ZnPcH₁-PDT than normal granulocyte/macrophage progenitors. PDT could eliminate K562 cells from K562-normal MNC mixture and the residual BCR/ABL1 positive CML cells from the bone marrow of patients with CML.

CONCLUSION

Our data suggest that ZnPcH₁-PDT may be a useful modality for purging CML cells for autologous grafts.

Bonding characters of Al-containing bulk metallic glasses studied by 27Al NMR

We report very small (27)Al metallic shifts in a series of Cu-Zr-Al bulk metallic glasses. This observation and the Korringa type of spin-lattice relaxation behavior suggest that s-character wavefunctions weakly participate in bonding and opens the possibility of enhanced covalency (pd hybridization) with increasing Al concentration, in good agreement with elastic constants and hardness measurements. Moreover, ab initio calculations show that this bonding character originates from the strong Al 3p band and Zr 4d band hybridization since their atomic energy levels are closer to each other while the Al 3s band is localized far below the Fermi level. This study might provide a chemical view for understanding flow and fracture mechanisms of these bulk glass-forming alloys.

Impact of lapatinib plus trastuzumab versus single-agent lapatinib on quality of life of patients with trastuzumab-refractory HER2+ metastatic breast cancer

BACKGROUND

Progression-free survival (PFS) was significantly longer for the lapatinib plus trastuzumab (L+T) arm than for L alone in a phase III, randomized, open-label study of women with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive metastatic breast cancer who had documented progression on at least one T-containing regimen in the metastatic setting. This analysis focused on impact of treatments on health-related quality of life (HRQOL).

METHODS

HRQOL was assessed using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast (FACT-B) questionnaire. Changes from baseline and time to deterioration were analyzed in the intent-to-treat population.

RESULTS

Differences between the treatment arms in adjusted mean change from baseline favored the L+T arm, ranging from 0.0 to 4.1 (FACT-B), 1.0-4.0 [Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G)], and 0.5-2.7 (Trial Outcome Index). Most differences were not statistically significant, except for FACT-G at week 12 (delta = 4.0, P = 0.037). Similar results were found in a sensitivity analysis that included HRQOL records up to patient withdrawal from original randomized treatment. The longer time to HRQOL deterioration in the L+T arm was not statistically significant (FACT-B hazard ratio, 0.82; 95% confidence interval 0.56-1.20).

CONCLUSION

The addition of lapatinib to trastuzumab prolonged PFS while improving or maintaining near-term HRQOL, suggesting a meaningful clinical benefit to patients.

Identification and genetic effect of haplotypes in the promoter region of porcine myostatin gene

Myostatin plays a pivotal role in controlling skeletal muscle mass in mammals. Polymorphisms in its promoter region likely impact on transcription and production traits. In this study, haplotypes involving three polymorphic sites in the promoter region of the porcine myostatin gene, namely at sites 435, 447 and 879, were identified and their effect on production traits, gene expression as well as on skeletal muscle traits were analysed. Four haplotypes were revealed and the linkage disequilibrium and evolutionary relationship were assessed. The results revealed that haplotypes A, B and C are predominant in Yorkshire and Landrace, Duroc and two Chinese indigenous pig breeds (Laiwu and Dapulian) respectively. The genotypes are associated with body weight on day 21 (BW21), average daily gain from birth to day 21 (ADG1) and average daily gain from day 21 to day 70 (ADG2) (P < 0.05) in Duroc pigs. The activity of haplotype A (pGL3-A) is significantly higher than other constructs in driving reporter gene transcription (P < 0.01). As compared with CC animals, the myostatin mRNA level in BC animals is relatively lower in both semimembranosus (SM) and semitendinosus (ST) skeletal muscles, and the difference was significant in the SM muscle (P < 0.01). Moreover, the mRNA levels of MyHCI, MyHCIIa, MyHCIIb and MyHCIIx and the muscle fibre diameter and density were also compared between BC and CC animals.

Comparison of health care resource use before and after docetaxel treatment among prostate cancer patients

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Background: Docetaxel is standard of care among late-stage prostate cancer patients. We analyzed patterns of health care resource utilization (RU) among patients before and after exposure to docetaxel using a large commercial claims database.

Methods: A random sample of patients (N = 336) with a diagnosis of prostate cancer (ICD 9 code: 185.X) and a claim for docetaxel (2003–2009) was identified from the PharMetrics database, a nationally representative, non-payer-owned integrated commercial U.S. claims database. All patients had ≥ 12 months of enrollment prior to initiation of docetaxel. Patients were followed from their first docetaxel claim until lost to follow-up or June 30, 2009 (censored). RU was defined as all-cause hospitalization, ER, physician, and ambulatory visits. Incidence rates were derived.

Results: Mean age of patients was 67.9 years (SD 10.6); mean number of docetaxel prescriptions was 9.9 (SD 10.3). Mean time to study end/lost to follow-up was 15.41 (SD 12.49) months from the index date. The table shows health care RU for the 12 months before, and over the follow-up period after docetaxel initiation. Hospitalizations, ER, physician, and ambulatory visits were significantly higher in the follow-up period. The average length of hospital stay was significantly longer after docetaxel treatment (8.2 vs 5.5 days). Prior to docetaxel, two-thirds of the patients were on hormonal therapy; 51% on analgesics, and 31% on bisphosphonates. After docetaxel, the proportions were 62%, 58%, and 54%, respectively.

Conclusions: The significantly higher RU with disease progression in prostate cancer patients suggests a need for new treatment options that can effectively manage and improve patient outcomes.

[Table: see text]

[Table: see text]

The farther from town the lower the blood pressure: report from rural Yunnan province

BACKGROUND

Hypertension (HTN) is a major cause of death in Chinese farmers. Remoteness from population centers may independently affect HTN prevalence and severity.

METHODS

We used random cluster sampling to select 27 villages in Yunnan province, China. Within each village, we randomly selected 50-80 men and women between the ages of 50 and 70 years. A total of 1,177 participants underwent interviews and blood pressure (BP) measurement. We evaluated the relationship between BP and distance of the participants' village from the town and county centers with and without adjustment for covariates.

RESULTS

There was a significant (P < 0.001) inverse relationship between BP and distance from populations centers. For every 10 km from the town center, the mean systolic BP (SBP) in the village decreased by 1.2 mm Hg and the mean diastolic by 0.5 mm Hg. After adjustment for age, gender, ethnicity, body mass index, smoking, and drinking, we found that SBP decreased by 1.8 mm Hg (P = 0.03) and diastolic BP by 1.0 mm Hg (P = 0.02) for every 10 km distance from the town center.

CONCLUSIONS

HTN prevalence and severity are significantly linked to distance from population centers in rural Chinese farmers. The farther a farmer's village is from larger population centers, the greater is the probability that his/her BP will be normal. This relationship is independent of age, gender, ethnicity, body mass index, smoking, and alcohol use. Strategies in addressing HTN in rural regions should take account of this geographic dependence on distance from population centers.

Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat-derived bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells have impaired abilities in proliferation, paracrine, antiapoptosis, and myogenic differentiation

BACKGROUND

Diabetes has been widely recognized as a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. With the development of the regenerative medicine, autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), transplantation can effectively improve cardiac function after myocardial infarction. However, the BMSCs used in most previous studies are derived from young or normal donors. Little is know about the biological characters change of BMSCs in diabetes mellitus.

METHODS

BMSCs were taken from the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats and normal control rats. Cell proliferation was evaluated by CCK-8 assay. Production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Apoptosis under hypoxia and serum deprivation culture conditions were detected by Hoechst 33342 stain and flow cytometry. Myogenic differentiation, induced by 5-azacytidine was assessed by using immunocytochemical staining for the expression of sarcomeric α-actin and desmin.

RESULTS

Diabetic rat models were successfully induced by intraperitoneal injection of STZ. The proliferative abilities of BMSCs derived from diabetic rats decreased significantly compared with that from normal rats (P < .05). Similar results were also presented in the cytokines (VEGF and IGF-1) release (P = .02 and P < .01, respectively) that the ability of antiapoptosis and myogenic differentiation decreased obviously between diabetes group and the normal control group (P < .01).

CONCLUSION

BMSCs from STZ-induced diabetic rats could be successfully harvested and expanded in vitro culture condition; their morphology was very similar to normal control group, with minor changes. However, the proliferative and differentiation properties of diabetic BMSCs, as well as cytokine release and antiapoptosis ability, were significantly impaired.