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Vincent FB, Northcott M, Hoi A, Mackay F, Morand EF. Clinical associations of serum interleukin-17 in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther 2013; 15:R97. [PMID: 23968496 PMCID: PMC3979031 DOI: 10.1186/ar4277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Serum interleukin (IL)-17 concentrations have been reported to be increased in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but associations with clinical characteristics are not well understood. We characterized clinical associations of serum IL-17 in SLE. Methods We quantified IL-17 in serum samples from 98 SLE patients studied cross-sectionally, and in 246 samples from 75 of these patients followed longitudinally over two years. Disease activity was recorded using the SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI)-2k. Serum IL-6, migration inhibitory factor (MIF), and B cell activating factor of the tumour necrosis factor family (BAFF) were also measured in these samples. Results Serum IL-17 levels were significantly higher in SLE patients compared to healthy donors (P <0.0001). No correlation was observed between serum IL-17 and SLEDAI-2k, at baseline or during longitudinal follow-up. However, we observed that SLEDAI-2k was positively correlated with IL-17/IL-6 ratio. Serum IL-17 was significantly increased in SLE patients with central nervous system (CNS) disease (P = 0.0298). A strong correlation was observed between serum IL-17 and IL-6 (r = 0.62, P <0.0001), and this relationship was observed regardless of disease activity and persisted when integrating cytokine levels over the period observed (r = 0.66, P <0.0001). A strong correlation of serum IL-17 was also observed with serum BAFF (r = 0.64, P <0.0001), and MIF (r = 0.36, P = 0.0016). Conclusions Serum IL-17 concentration correlates poorly with SLE disease activity but is significantly elevated in patients with CNS disease. IL-17/IL-6 ratio may be more useful than IL-17 or IL-6 alone to characterize Th17-driven disease, such as SLE. The association of other cytokines with serum IL-17 suggests that IL-17 may drive activation of diverse immune pathways in SLE.
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Leech MT, Morand EF. Fibroblasts and synovial immunity. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2013; 13:565-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Vincent FB, Northcott M, Hoi A, Mackay F, Morand EF. Association of serum B cell activating factor from the tumour necrosis factor family (BAFF) and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) with central nervous system and renal disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2013; 22:873-84. [PMID: 23846230 DOI: 10.1177/0961203313496302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objective of this study is to determine whether serum concentrations of B cell activating factor from the tumour necrosis factor family (BAFF) and/or a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) are associated with clinical manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS BAFF and APRIL concentrations were quantified using a commercial ELISA in serum samples obtained at the time of clinical assessment in 98 patients, and on 245 samples from 75 of these patients followed prospectively. RESULTS Serum BAFF was significantly increased, and APRIL decreased, in patients with either renal or central nervous system (CNS) lupus. In contrast, in cross-sectional analysis, there was no correlation between disease activity (SLEDAI-2k) and serum BAFF or APRIL. In longitudinal follow-up, there was no association between changes in serum BAFF or APRIL and changes in SLEDAI-2k, or between baseline serum BAFF or APRIL and subsequent changes in SLEDAI-2k. However, between-visit changes in BAFF were significantly different in patients with increases in SLEDAI-2k ≥ 4, compared to patients whose SLEDAI-2k did not change. CONCLUSIONS Although neither serum BAFF nor APRIL correlated with disease activity in the overall population, elevated serum BAFF and reduced APRIL may be markers of renal and CNS disease in SLE patients.
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Cheng Q, Fan H, Ngo D, Beaulieu E, Leung P, Lo CY, Burgess R, van der Zwan YG, White SJ, Khachigian LM, Hickey MJ, Morand EF. GILZ Overexpression Inhibits Endothelial Cell Adhesive Function through Regulation of NF-κB and MAPK Activity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:424-33. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Ngo D, Beaulieu E, Gu R, Leaney A, Santos L, Fan H, Yang Y, Kao W, Xu J, Escriou V, Loiler S, Vervoordeldonk MJ, Morand EF. Divergent Effects of Endogenous and Exogenous Glucocorticoid-Induced Leucine Zipper in Animal Models of Inflammation and Arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:1203-12. [DOI: 10.1002/art.37858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Ngo D, Cheng Q, O′Connor AE, DeBoer KD, Lo CY, Beaulieu E, De Seram M, Hobbs RM, O′Bryan MK, Morand EF. Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) regulates testicular FOXO1 activity and spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) function. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59149. [PMID: 23516608 PMCID: PMC3597624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Spermatogonia stem cell (SSC) self-renewal and differentiation are tightly regulated processes that ensure a continued production of mature sperm throughout male adulthood. In the present study, we investigated the role of glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) in maintenance of the male germline and spermatogenesis. GILZ was detectable in germ cells of wild type mice on the day of birth, suggesting a role for GILZ in prospermatogonia and SSC pool formation. Gilz KO mice were generated and adult males were azoospermic and sterile. During the first wave of spermatogenesis in Gilz KO mice, spermatogenesis arrested part way through pachytene of meiosis I. Subsequent waves resulted in a progressive depletion of germ cells through apoptosis to ultimately produce a Sertoli cell-only phenotype. Further, in contrast to wild type littermates, PLZF+ cells were detected in the peri-luminal region of Gilz KO mice at day 6 post-natal, suggesting a defect in prospermatogonia migration in the absence of GILZ. At age 30 days, transient accumulation of PLZF+ cells in a subset of tubules and severely compromised spermatogenesis were observed in Gilz KO mice, consistent with defective SSC differentiation. GILZ deficiency was associated with an increase in FOXO1 transcriptional activity, which leads to activation of a selective set of FOXO1 target genes, including a pro-apoptotic protein, BIM. On the other hand, no evidence of a heightened immune response was observed. Together, these results suggest that GILZ suppresses FOXO1 nuclear translocation, promotes SSC differentiation over self-renewal, and favours germ cell survival through inhibition of BIM-dependent pro-apoptotic signals. These findings provide a mechanism for the effects of GILZ on spermatogenesis and strengthen the case for GILZ being a critical molecule in the regulation of male fertility.
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Jia Y, Morand EF, Song W, Cheng Q, Stewart A, Yang YH. Regulation of lung fibroblast activation by annexin A1. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:476-84. [PMID: 22777765 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Annexin-A1 (AnxA1) is a glucocorticoid-induced protein with multiple actions in the regulation of inflammatory cell activation. The contribution of AnxA1 to human cell biology is not well understood. We investigated the contribution of AnxA1 and its receptor, formyl-peptide receptor 2 (FPR2), to the regulation of inflammatory responses in human normal lung fibroblasts (NLF). Silencing constitutive AnxA1 expression in NLF using small interfering RNA (siRNA) was associated with moderate but significant increases in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced proliferation and interleukin (IL)-6 production, accompanied by reduction of ERK and NF-κB activity. AnxA1 regulation of ERK and NF-κB activation was associated with effects on proliferation. Blocking FPR2 using the specific antagonist WRW4 mimicked the effects of AnxA1 silencing on TNF-induced proliferation, IL-6, ERK, and NF-κB activation. AnxA1 silencing also impaired inhibitory effects of glucocorticoid on IL-6 production and on the expression of glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ), but blocking FPR2 failed to mimic these effects of AnxA1 silencing. These data suggest that AnxA1 regulates TNF-induced proliferation and inflammatory responses in lung fibroblasts, via effects on the ERK and NF-κB pathways, which depend on FPR2. AnxA1 also mediates effects of glucocorticoids and GILZ expression, but these effects appear independent of FPR2. These findings suggest that mimicking AnxA1 actions might have therapeutic potential in chronic inflammatory lung diseases.
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Yang YH, Song W, Deane JA, Kao W, Ooi JD, Ngo D, Kitching AR, Morand EF, Hickey MJ. Deficiency of annexin A1 in CD4+ T cells exacerbates T cell-dependent inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 190:997-1007. [PMID: 23267026 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Annexin A1 (AnxA1) is recognized as an endogenous anti-inflammatory molecule. However, its effects on the adaptive immune response and, in particular, on T cells remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the actions of AnxA1 in three distinct models of T cell-mediated inflammation. In contact hypersensitivity, collagen-induced arthritis, and inflammation induced by OT-II TCR transgenic T cells responding to OVA, AnxA1 deficiency significantly increased Ag-induced T cell proliferation and the resultant level of inflammation. In the contact hypersensitivity model, this was associated with increased adhesion of CD4(+) T cells, CD8(+) T cells, and neutrophils in the dermal microvasculature, as well as increased T cell expression of RORγt and IL-17A. In collagen-induced arthritis, deficiency of endogenous AnxA1 increased susceptibility to arthritis and Ag-specific T cell activation. Deficiency of AnxA1 also increased OVA-induced cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity and IFN-γ and IL-17 release. Transfer experiments using CD4(+) T cells from AnxA1(-/-) mice demonstrated that the absence of AnxA1 solely in T cells resulted in increased inflammatory responses in wild-type recipients. Similarly, experiments using AnxA1(-/-) OT-II CD4(+) T cells demonstrated that the absence of AnxA1 in T cells was sufficient to induce increased Ag-specific CD4(+) T cell proliferation in vivo, augment T cell production of IFN-γ, IL-17, TNF, and IL-6, and increase Akt, ERK, and p38 activation. Together, these findings indicate that T cell-expressed AnxA1 functions to attenuate T cell-driven inflammatory responses via T cell-intrinsic effects on intracellular signaling, proliferation, and Th1/Th17 cytokine release.
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Vincent FB, Morand EF, Murphy K, Mackay F, Mariette X, Marcelli C. Antidrug antibodies (ADAb) to tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-specific neutralising agents in chronic inflammatory diseases: a real issue, a clinical perspective. Ann Rheum Dis 2012. [PMID: 23178294 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of biologics, especially tumour necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors, has revolutionized the management of chronic inflammatory diseases. However, at least one third of patients with these diseases, receiving TNF inhibitors either do not respond to treatment, or lose initial responsiveness. For a significant proportion, improvement of clinical response is achieved after switching to another anti-TNF drug, suggesting a basis for failure unrelated to the therapeutic target itself. A likely explanation for this is immunogenicity, as all biologics are potentially immunogenic, and the resulting anti-drug antibodies (ADAb) can theoretically decrease the efficacy of biologics and/or induce adverse events. Indeed, in these chronic inflammatory diseases, many studies have now established correlations between ADAb formation, low serum drug levels, and the failure or loss of response to anti-TNF antibodies. This article will review key findings related to ADAb, and propose a model wherein monitoring of drug levels and ADAb may be a predictive tool leading to a better choice of biologics. Such an approach could improve chronic inflammatory disease management toward a personalized and more cost-effective approach.
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Gantier MP, Stunden HJ, McCoy CE, Behlke MA, Wang D, Kaparakis-Liaskos M, Sarvestani ST, Yang YH, Xu D, Corr SC, Morand EF, Williams BRG. A miR-19 regulon that controls NF-κB signaling. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:8048-58. [PMID: 22684508 PMCID: PMC3439911 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fine-tuning of inflammatory responses by microRNAs (miRNAs) is complex, as they can both enhance and repress expression of pro-inflammatory mediators. In this study, we investigate inflammatory responses following global miRNA depletion, to better define the overall contribution of miRNAs to inflammation. We demonstrate that miRNAs positively regulate Toll-like receptor signaling using inducible Dicer1 deletion and global miRNA depletion. We establish an important contribution of miR-19b in this effect, which potentiates nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activity in human and mouse cells. Positive regulation of NF-κB signaling by miR-19b involves the coordinated suppression of a regulon of negative regulators of NF-κB signaling (including A20/Tnfaip3, Rnf11, Fbxl11/Kdm2a and Zbtb16). Transfection of miR-19b mimics exacerbated the inflammatory activation of rheumatoid arthritis primary fibroblast-like synoviocytes, demonstrating its physiological importance in the pathology of this disease. This study constitutes, to our knowledge, the first description of a miR-19 regulon that controls NF-κB signaling, and suggests that targeting this miRNA and linked family members could regulate the activity of NF-κB signaling in inflammation.
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Cheng Q, Hoi A, Hickey MJ, Morand EF. Lymphocytes from systemic lupus erythematosus patients display increased spreading on VCAM-1, an effect associated with active renal involvement. Lupus 2012; 21:632-41. [PMID: 22345121 DOI: 10.1177/0961203312436860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying leukocyte recruitment in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are unclear. Leukocytes from SLE patients display increased integrin expression, but whether this results in an increased capacity to undergo adhesive interactions has not been investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify alterations in the capacity of leukocytes from SLE patients to undergo interactions with various substrates under flow conditions. Blood from SLE patients was examined in a flow chamber assay, and rolling, adhesion and post-adhesion spreading assessed on platelet monolayers or VCAM-1. P-selectin-dependent neutrophil rolling on platelet monolayers did not differ between SLE patients and healthy controls. Similarly, lymphocyte adhesion on VCAM-1 did not differ between patients and controls. However, post-adhesion spreading on VCAM-1 was significantly increased in lymphocytes from SLE patients. These parameters were unaffected by overall disease activity, presence of organ damage or prednisolone usage. However, leukocyte spreading on VCAM-1 was elevated in patients with evidence of active renal disease. These findings indicate that lymphocytes from SLE patients have an increased propensity to undergo post-adhesion spreading, a key preliminary step in leukocyte transmigration. This behavior may contribute to lymphocyte infiltration in SLE patients and may represent a novel biomarker of lupus nephritis.
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Fan H, Morand EF. Targeting the side effects of steroid therapy in autoimmune diseases: the role of GILZ. DISCOVERY MEDICINE 2012; 13:123-133. [PMID: 22369971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are among the most widely prescribed drugs used for human diseases, and are especially commonly used in autoimmune diseases. Their use reflects their rapid and broad spectrum actions on immune cells, which in turn reflect the multiple mechanisms of cell activation upon which glucocorticoids impact. While inhibition of pro-inflammatory gene expression is a major effect of glucocorticoids, they also induce the expression of numerous molecules that exert regulatory influences on the immune system. Among these is glucocorticoid induced leucine zipper (GILZ), a recently described, highly glucocorticoid-induced, transcriptional regulatory protein which has important inhibitory effects on immune and inflammatory cell functions. In this review, we summarize knowledge of the actions of glucocorticoids relevant to autoimmune disease, and focus on the potential for greater understanding of the function of GILZ to facilitate discovery of new therapeutic options for these diseases.
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Yamana J, Morand EF, Manabu T, Sunahori K, Takasugi K, Makino H, Yamamura M. Inhibition of TNF-induced IL-6 by the TWEAK-Fn14 interaction in rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast like synoviocytes. Cell Immunol 2011; 272:293-8. [PMID: 22055894 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 07/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK), a member of the TNF superfamily, has been shown to increase cytokine production by rheumatoid arthritis (RA) fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS). In this study, we determined the effect of interaction between TWEAK and its receptor fibroblast growth factor-inducible-14 (Fn14) on cytokine expression in RAFLS. METHODS RAFLS were obtained from surgical synovial specimens and used at passage 5-10. Cytokine protein and mRNA expression were measured with ELISA and real time-PCR, respectively. Apoptotic cells were detected by TUNEL assay. RelB activation was detected by Western blot analysis. RESULTS TWEAK inhibited IL-6 production from total synovial cells from RA. TWEAK weakly induced FLS IL-6 and IL-8, but in contrast TWEAK dose-dependently inhibited IL-6 and IL-8 production by TNFα-activated FLS. TWEAK did not induce apoptosis in FLS but inhibited proliferation of TNFα-activated FLS. TWEAK induced RelB activation and suppressed IL-6 mRNA expression in TNFα-activated FLS and both of these phenomenon were abolished by inhibition of new protein synthesis with cycloheximide. CONCLUSIONS TWEAK has a previously unsuspected inhibitory effect on cytokine production by TNFα-activated RAFLS. This observation suggests that the effects of TWEAK on cytokine expression varies with the pro-inflammatory context, and that in TNFα-activated states such as RA TWEAK may have a net inhibitory effect.
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Ngian GS, Naidoo P, Morand EF, Hoi AY. Smooth muscle myopathy as an underrecognized manifestation of active systemic lupus erythematosus. Intern Med J 2011; 41:495-8. [PMID: 21707895 DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.2011.02505.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease with protean manifestations. We here present a case of unexplained diarrhoea and abdominal pain in a patient with SLE. Investigations revealed dilatation of stomach, small bowel and colonic wall, biliary and pancreatic ducts, renal collecting systems and ureters as well as thoracic aorta and major pulmonary arteries, as manifestations of a smooth muscle myopathy that was responsive to immunosuppressive therapy with cyclosporin A.
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Gao XM, Liu Y, White D, Su Y, Drew BG, Bruce CR, Kiriazis H, Xu Q, Jennings N, Bobik A, Febbraio MA, Kingwell BA, Bucala R, Fingerle-Rowson G, Dart AM, Morand EF, Du XJ. Deletion of macrophage migration inhibitory factor protects the heart from severe ischemia–reperfusion injury: A predominant role of anti-inflammation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2011; 50:991-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2010.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Santos LL, Fan H, Hall P, Ngo D, Mackay CR, Fingerle-Rowson G, Bucala R, Hickey MJ, Morand EF. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor regulates neutrophil chemotactic responses in inflammatory arthritis in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:960-70. [PMID: 21452319 DOI: 10.1002/art.30203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) facilitates multiple aspects of inflammatory arthritis, the pathogenesis of which has been significantly linked to the activity of neutrophils. The effects of MIF on neutrophil recruitment are unknown. This study was undertaken to investigate the contribution of MIF to the regulation of neutrophil chemotactic responses. METHODS K/BxN serum-transfer arthritis was induced in wild-type (WT), MIF(-/-) , and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1; CCL2)-deficient mice as well as in WT mice treated with monoclonal antibodies to cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (anti-KC). Leukocyte trafficking in vivo was examined using intravital microscopy, and neutrophil function in vitro was examined using migration chambers and assessment of MAP kinase activation. RESULTS K/BxN serum-transfer arthritis was markedly attenuated in MIF(-/-) mice, with reductions in the clinical and histologic severity of arthritis and the synovial expression of KC and interleukin-1. Arthritis was also reduced by anti-KC antibody treatment, but not in MCP-1-deficient mice. In vivo, neutrophil recruitment responses to KC were reduced in MIF(-/-) mice. Similarly, MIF(-/-) mouse neutrophils exhibited reduced chemotactic responses to KC in vitro, despite displaying unaltered chemokine receptor expression. Reduced chemotactic responses of MIF(-/-) mouse neutrophils were associated with reduced phosphorylation of p38 and ERK MAP kinases. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that MIF promotes neutrophil trafficking in inflammatory arthritis via facilitation of chemokine-induced migratory responses and MAP kinase activation. Therapeutic MIF inhibition could limit synovial neutrophil recruitment.
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Fan H, Hall P, Santos LL, Gregory JL, Fingerle-Rowson G, Bucala R, Morand EF, Hickey MJ. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor and CD74 regulate macrophage chemotactic responses via MAPK and Rho GTPase. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:4915-24. [PMID: 21411731 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) promotes leukocyte recruitment to sites of inflammation. However, whether this stems from a direct effect on leukocyte migration is unknown. Furthermore, the role of the MIF-binding protein CD74 in this response has not been investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the contributions of MIF and CD74 to chemokine-induced macrophage recruitment. Intravital microscopy studies demonstrated that CCL2-induced leukocyte adhesion and transmigration were reduced in MIF(-/-) and CD74(-/-) mice. MIF(-/-) and CD74(-/-) macrophages also exhibited reduced chemotaxis in vitro, although CD74(-/-) macrophages showed increased chemokinesis. Reduced CCL2-induced migration was associated with attenuated MAPK phosphorylation, RhoA GTPase activity, and actin polymerization in MIF(-/-) and CD74(-/-) macrophages. Furthermore, in MIF(-/-) macrophages, MAPK phosphatase-1 was expressed at elevated levels, providing a potential mechanism for the reduction in MAPK phosphorylation in MIF-deficient cells. No increase in MAPK phosphatase-1 expression was observed in CD74(-/-) macrophages. In in vivo experiments assessing the link between MIF and CD74, combined administration of MIF and CCL2 increased leukocyte adhesion in both MIF(-/-) and CD74(-/-) mice, showing that CD74 was not required for this MIF-induced response. Additionally, although leukocyte recruitment induced by administration of MIF alone was reduced in CD74(-/-) mice, consistent with a role for CD74 in leukocyte recruitment induced by MIF, MIF-treated CD74(-/-) mice displayed residual leukocyte recruitment. These data demonstrate that MIF and CD74 play previously unappreciated roles in CCL2-induced macrophage adhesion and migration, and they indicate that MIF and CD74 mediate this effect via both common and independent mechanisms.
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Beaulieu E, Green L, Elsby L, Alourfi Z, Morand EF, Ray DW, Donn R. Identification of a novel cell type-specific intronic enhancer of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and its regulation by mithramycin. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 163:178-88. [PMID: 21087445 PMCID: PMC3043308 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04289.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the genetic regulation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). DNase I hypersensitivity was used to identify potential hypersensitive sites (HS) across the MIF gene locus. Reporter gene assays were performed in different human cell lines with constructs containing the native or mutated HS element. Following phylogenetic and transcription factor binding profiling, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and RNA interference were performed and the effects of incubation with mithramycin, an antibiotic that binds GC boxes, were also studied. An HS centred on the first intron of MIF was identified. The HS acted as an enhancer in human T lymphoblasts (CEMC7A), human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293T) and human monocytic cells (THP-1), but not in a fibroblast-like synoviocyte (FLS) cell line (SW982) or cultured FLS derived from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Two cis-elements within the first intron were found to be responsible for the enhancer activity. Mutation of the consensus Sp1 GC box on each cis-element abrogated enhancer activity and EMSA indicated Sp1 binding to one of the cis-elements contained in the intron. SiRNA knock-down of Sp1 alone or Sp1 and Sp3 together was incomplete and did not alter the enhancer activity. Mithramycin inhibited expression of MIF in CEMC7A cells. This effect was specific to the intronic enhancer and was not seen on the MIF promoter. These results identify a novel, cell type-specific enhancer of MIF. The enhancer appears to be driven by Sp1 or related Sp family members and is highly sensitive to inhibition via mithramycin.
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Ralph JA, Ahmed AU, Santos LL, Clark AR, McMorrow J, Murphy EP, Morand EF. Identification of NURR1 as a mediator of MIF signaling during chronic arthritis: effects on glucocorticoid-induced MKP1. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010. [PMID: 20829434 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Elucidation of factors regulating glucocorticoid (GC) sensitivity is required for the development of "steroid-sparing" therapies for chronic inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Accumulating evidence suggests that macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) counterregulates the GC-induction of anti-inflammatory mediators, including mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1 (MKP1), a critical mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling inhibitor. This observation has yet to be extended to human disease; the molecular mechanisms remain unknown. We investigated NURR1, a GC-responsive transcription factor overexpressed in RA, as a MIF signaling target. We reveal abrogation by recombinant MIF (rMIF) of GC-induced MKP1 expression in RA fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS). rMIF enhanced NURR1 expression, artificial NBRE (orphan receptor DNA-binding site) reporter transactivation, and reversed GC-inhibition of NURR1. NURR1 expression was reduced during experimental arthritis in MIF-/- synovium, and silencing MIF reduced RA FLS NURR1 mRNA. Consistent with NBRE identification on the MKP1 gene, MKP1 mRNA was reduced in FLS that ectopically express NURR1, and silencing NURR1 enhanced MKP1 mRNA in RA FLS. rMIF enhanced NBRE binding on the MKP1 gene, and the absence of the NBRE prevented NURR1-repressive effects on basal and GC-induced MKP1 transactivation. This study defines NURR1 as a novel MIF target in chronic inflammation and demonstrates a role for NURR1 in regulating the anti-inflammatory mediator, MKP1. We propose a MIF-NURR1 signaling axis as a regulator of the GC sensitivity of MKP1.
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Ralph JA, Ahmed AU, Santos LL, Clark AR, McMorrow J, Murphy EP, Morand EF. Identification of NURR1 as a mediator of MIF signaling during chronic arthritis: effects on glucocorticoid-induced MKP1. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010. [PMID: 20829434 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Elucidation of factors regulating glucocorticoid (GC) sensitivity is required for the development of "steroid-sparing" therapies for chronic inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Accumulating evidence suggests that macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) counterregulates the GC-induction of anti-inflammatory mediators, including mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1 (MKP1), a critical mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling inhibitor. This observation has yet to be extended to human disease; the molecular mechanisms remain unknown. We investigated NURR1, a GC-responsive transcription factor overexpressed in RA, as a MIF signaling target. We reveal abrogation by recombinant MIF (rMIF) of GC-induced MKP1 expression in RA fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS). rMIF enhanced NURR1 expression, artificial NBRE (orphan receptor DNA-binding site) reporter transactivation, and reversed GC-inhibition of NURR1. NURR1 expression was reduced during experimental arthritis in MIF-/- synovium, and silencing MIF reduced RA FLS NURR1 mRNA. Consistent with NBRE identification on the MKP1 gene, MKP1 mRNA was reduced in FLS that ectopically express NURR1, and silencing NURR1 enhanced MKP1 mRNA in RA FLS. rMIF enhanced NBRE binding on the MKP1 gene, and the absence of the NBRE prevented NURR1-repressive effects on basal and GC-induced MKP1 transactivation. This study defines NURR1 as a novel MIF target in chronic inflammation and demonstrates a role for NURR1 in regulating the anti-inflammatory mediator, MKP1. We propose a MIF-NURR1 signaling axis as a regulator of the GC sensitivity of MKP1.
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Ralph JA, Ahmed AU, Santos LL, Clark AR, McMorrow J, Murphy EP, Morand EF. Identification of NURR1 as a mediator of MIF signaling during chronic arthritis: effects on glucocorticoid-induced MKP1. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 177:2366-78. [PMID: 20829434 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.091204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Elucidation of factors regulating glucocorticoid (GC) sensitivity is required for the development of "steroid-sparing" therapies for chronic inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Accumulating evidence suggests that macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) counterregulates the GC-induction of anti-inflammatory mediators, including mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1 (MKP1), a critical mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling inhibitor. This observation has yet to be extended to human disease; the molecular mechanisms remain unknown. We investigated NURR1, a GC-responsive transcription factor overexpressed in RA, as a MIF signaling target. We reveal abrogation by recombinant MIF (rMIF) of GC-induced MKP1 expression in RA fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS). rMIF enhanced NURR1 expression, artificial NBRE (orphan receptor DNA-binding site) reporter transactivation, and reversed GC-inhibition of NURR1. NURR1 expression was reduced during experimental arthritis in MIF-/- synovium, and silencing MIF reduced RA FLS NURR1 mRNA. Consistent with NBRE identification on the MKP1 gene, MKP1 mRNA was reduced in FLS that ectopically express NURR1, and silencing NURR1 enhanced MKP1 mRNA in RA FLS. rMIF enhanced NBRE binding on the MKP1 gene, and the absence of the NBRE prevented NURR1-repressive effects on basal and GC-induced MKP1 transactivation. This study defines NURR1 as a novel MIF target in chronic inflammation and demonstrates a role for NURR1 in regulating the anti-inflammatory mediator, MKP1. We propose a MIF-NURR1 signaling axis as a regulator of the GC sensitivity of MKP1.
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Cheng Q, McKeown SJ, Santos L, Santiago FS, Khachigian LM, Morand EF, Hickey MJ. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor increases leukocyte-endothelial interactions in human endothelial cells via promotion of expression of adhesion molecules. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:1238-47. [PMID: 20554956 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0904104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has been shown to promote leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions, although whether this occurs via an effect on endothelial cell function remains unclear. Therefore, the aims of this study were to examine the ability of MIF expressed by endothelial cells to promote leukocyte adhesion and to investigate the effect of exogenous MIF on leukocyte-endothelial interactions. Using small interfering RNA to inhibit HUVEC MIF production, we found that MIF deficiency reduced the ability of TNF-stimulated HUVECs to support leukocyte rolling and adhesion under flow conditions. These reductions were associated with decreased expression of E-selectin, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, IL-8, and MCP-1. Inhibition of p38 MAPK had a similar effect on adhesion molecule expression, and p38 MAPK activation was reduced in MIF-deficient HUVECs, suggesting that MIF mediated these effects via promotion of p38 MAPK activation. In experiments examining the effect of exogenous MIF, application of MIF to resting HUVECs failed to induce leukocyte rolling and adhesion, whereas addition of MIF to TNF-treated HUVECs increased these interactions. This increase was independent of alterations in TNF-induced expression of E-selectin, VCAM-1, and ICAM-1. However, combined treatment with MIF and TNF induced de novo expression of P-selectin, which contributed to leukocyte rolling. In summary, these experiments reveal that endothelial cell-expressed MIF and exogenous MIF promote endothelial adhesive function via different pathways. Endogenous MIF promotes leukocyte recruitment via effects on endothelial expression of several adhesion molecules and chemokines, whereas exogenous MIF facilitates leukocyte recruitment induced by TNF by promoting endothelial P-selectin expression.
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Beaulieu E, Ngo D, Santos L, Yang YH, Smith M, Jorgensen C, Escriou V, Scherman D, Courties G, Apparailly F, Morand EF. Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper is an endogenous antiinflammatory mediator in arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 62:2651-61. [DOI: 10.1002/art.27566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Yang YH, Ngo D, Jones M, Simpson E, Fritzemeier KH, Morand EF. Endogenous estrogen regulation of inflammatory arthritis and cytokine expression in male mice, predominantly via estrogen receptor alpha. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 62:1017-25. [PMID: 20131258 DOI: 10.1002/art.27330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A number of experimental observations have associated elevated estrogen levels with amelioration of inflammation. The involvement of estrogen and estrogen receptor (ER) isotypes in the regulation of inflammation in males is not well understood. In this study, we used specific ERalpha and ERbeta agonists in male mice deficient in estrogen because of a deletion of aromatase (aromatase-knockout [ArKO] mice) to investigate ER isotype utilization in estrogen regulation of inflammation. METHODS Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokine expression and antigen-induced arthritis (AIA) were investigated in male ArKO and WT littermate mice, as well as in response to selective agonists of ERalpha (16alpha-LE2) and ERbeta (8beta-VE2). The therapeutic effect of selective ER agonists was also examined in mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). RESULTS Estrogen deficiency in ArKO mice was associated with significant increases in LPS-induced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor, monocyte chemotactic protein 1, and interferon-gamma levels, which were significantly abrogated by administration of 16alpha-LE2, but not 8beta-VE2. In contrast, both 16alpha-LE2 and 8beta-VE2 significantly increased LPS-induced IL-10 levels. Estrogen deficiency was also associated with significant exacerbation of AIA and antigen-specific T cell proliferation, which was reversed by administration of either 16alpha-LE2 or 8beta-VE2. ArKO mice showed increased antigen-specific T cell proliferation in response to immunization with type II collagen (CII). Administration of 16alpha-LE2, but not 8beta-VE2, significantly reduced the severity of CIA, which was associated with inhibition of anti-CII-specific IgG. CONCLUSION These data indicate that endogenous estrogen plays an essential inhibitory role in inflammation in male mice and that ERalpha is the dominant receptor that mediates these effects.
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Gregory JL, Hall P, Leech M, Morand EF, Hickey MJ. Independent roles of macrophage migration inhibitory factor and endogenous, but not exogenous glucocorticoids in regulating leukocyte trafficking. Microcirculation 2010; 16:735-48. [PMID: 19905972 DOI: 10.3109/10739680903210421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) promotes leukocyte recruitment and antagonizes the anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids (GC). The aim of this study was to examine whether interaction between MIF and GC underlies the ability of MIF to promote leukocyte-endothelial cell (EC) interactions. METHODS Intravital microscopy was used to assess leukocyte-EC interactions in wild-type and MIF(-/-) mice following treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the GC dexamethasone, and inhibition of endogenous GC, using the GC-receptor antagonist, RU486. RESULTS Dexamethasone reduced LPS-induced leukocyte interactions in wild-type mice to levels similar to those observed in MIF(-/-) mice not treated with dexamethasone, whereas in MIF(-/-) mice, leukocyte interactions were not further inhibited by dexamethasone. RU486 increased LPS-induced leukocyte adhesion and emigration to a similar extent in both wild-type and MIF(-/-) mice, indicating that endogenous GC exert a similar inhibitory effect on leukocyte trafficking in wild-type and MIF(-/-) mice. Both MIF deficiency and RU486 treatment reduced VCAM-1 expression, while neither treatment modulated expression of ICAM-1 or chemokines CCL2, KC, and MIP-2. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that endogenous MIF and GC regulate leukocyte-EC interactions in vivo reciprocally but through predominantly independent mechanisms, and that the anti-inflammatory effect of MIF deficiency is comparable to that of exogenous GC.
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