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Ash GI, Eicher JD, Tsongalis GJ, Thompson PD, Pescatello LS. Clinical and Genetic Determinants of Blood Pressure Under Ambulatory Conditions on Days With and Without Acute Exercise. FASEB J 2013. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.910.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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152
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Tayoun ANA, Tsongalis GJ, Lefferts JA. A Synopsis of Chromosomal Microarray Cases at Dartmouth‐Hitchcock Medical Center. FASEB J 2013. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.874.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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153
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Tunkey CD, Amos CI, Wells WA, Tsongalis GJ. Evaluation of Ion Torrent's AmpliSeq Cancer Hotspot Panelv2 on FFPE tissues. FASEB J 2013. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.874.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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154
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Abou Tayoun AN, Tunkey CD, Tafe LJ, Levandowsky E, Spangler J, Dindinger M, Ross T, Shah M, McLaughlin S, Lee CC, Harkins TT, Raia G, Amos CI, Wells WA, Tsongalis GJ. A Comprehensive Assay for CFTR Mutational Analysis Using Next‐Generation Sequencing. FASEB J 2013. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.874.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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155
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Burchard PR, Malhotra S, Kaur P, Tsongalis GJ. Genotyping the FCGR3a polymorphism using melt curve analysis. FASEB J 2013. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.874.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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156
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Lefferts JA, Tsongalis GJ. Molecular diagnostics: parallels between infectious disease and emerging oncology testing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 4:185-8. [PMID: 23488529 DOI: 10.1517/17530051003730402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Evolving molecular techniques used in the clinical laboratory are becoming increasingly important across nearly all fields of medicine. An increased understanding of carcinogenesis and the use of targeted cancer therapies has resulted in a demand for new types of molecular oncology test to help in cancer diagnosis and as tools to predict response to targeted therapeutics for cancer patients. Understanding the need for and the function of these emerging molecular oncology tests by both clinicians and laboratorians is often problematic. Although many of these molecular testing techniques and strategies are relatively new to oncology, similar testing has been performed in the field of infectious diseases for many years and is now widely accepted and understood. Recognizing the parallels between the molecular testing that is now standard for infectious diseases and testing being introduced to aid in the care of cancer patients will accelerate the acceptance, implementation and correct utilization of molecular assays for oncology.
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157
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Srivastava S, Tsongalis GJ, Kaur P. Recent advances in microRNA-mediated gene regulation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Clin Biochem 2013; 46:901-8. [PMID: 23518313 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common leukemia in the western world and is a very clinically heterogeneous disease for which better prognostic biomarkers are needed. Current prognostic markers exhibit both biological and technical limitations. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small endogenous, non-coding 22-nucleotide regulatory RNAs that have been shown to modulate hematopoietic lineage differentiation and play important gene-regulatory roles in disease processes. In this manuscript, we review miRNA biology and the association of specific miRNAs with CLL.
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158
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Cervinski MA, Schwab MC, Lefferts JA, Lewis LD, Lebel KA, Tyropolis AM, Pflueger SM, Tsongalis GJ. Establishment of a CYP2C19 genotyping assay for clinical use. Am J Clin Pathol 2013; 139:202-7. [PMID: 23355205 DOI: 10.1309/ajcp9k2kdocpcbsv] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Conversion of clopidogrel (Plavix) to its active metabolite is catalyzed largely by the P450 enzyme 2C19 (CYP2C19). Numerous allelic variants of CYP2C19 exist. The *1 allele is considered wild type, whereas the *2 and *3 alleles have no in vivo enzymatic activity. Conversely, the *17 allele has increased expression, resulting in increased clopidogrel activation. Poor metabolizers (*2/*2 and *2/*3 genotypes) experience higher rates of therapeutic failure. For this reason, we have validated a CYP2C19 genotyping assay for the *1, *2, *3, and *17 alleles. Genomic DNA extracted from 30 deidentified EDTA whole-blood samples from patients was analyzed at 2 independent facilities using specific TaqMan realtime polymerase chain reaction primers and probes. Concordant genotypes were generated on all samples tested. Of the 30 samples, 15 were CYP2C19*1/*1, 8 were CYP2C19*1/*17, 5 were CYP2C19*1/*2, and 2 were CYP2C19*2/*17. There were no CYP2C19*3 alleles or *2/*2 homozygous genotypes detected. This CYP2C19 genotyping assay is appropriate for clinical testing, demonstrating excellent interlaboratory concordance, enabling the selection of the most effective clopidogrel treatment regimen for patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.
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159
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Sidor IF, Dunn JL, Tsongalis GJ, Carlson J, Frasca S. A multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction assay with two internal controls for the detection of Brucella species in tissues, blood, and feces from marine mammals. J Vet Diagn Invest 2012; 25:72-81. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638712470945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis has emerged as a disease of concern in marine mammals in the last 2 decades. Molecular detection techniques have the potential to address limitations of other methods for detecting infection with Brucella in these species. Presented herein is a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method targeting the Brucella genus–specific bcsp31 gene. The method also includes a target to a conserved region of the eukaryotic mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA gene to assess suitability of extracted DNA and a plasmid-based internal control to detect failure of PCR due to inhibition. This method was optimized and validated to detect Brucella spp. in multiple sample matrices, including fresh or frozen tissue, blood, and feces. The analytical limit of detection was low, with 95% amplification at 24 fg, or an estimated 7 bacterial genomic copies. When Brucella spp. were experimentally added to tissue or fecal homogenates, the assay detected an estimated 1–5 bacteria/µl. An experiment simulating tissue autolysis showed relative persistence of bacterial DNA compared to host mitochondrial DNA. When used to screen 1,658 field-collected marine mammal tissues in comparison to microbial culture, diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were 70.4% and 98.3%, respectively. In addition to amplification in fresh and frozen tissues, Brucella spp. were detected in feces and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from culture-positive animals. Results indicate the utility of this real-time PCR for the detection of Brucella spp. in marine species, which may have applications in surveillance or epidemiologic investigations.
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160
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Rauwerdink CA, Tsongalis GJ, Tosteson TD, Hill JM, Meehan KR. The practical application of chimerism analyses in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients: Blood chimerism is equivalent to marrow chimerism. Exp Mol Pathol 2012; 93:339-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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161
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Pipas JM, Zaki BI, McGowan MM, Tsapakos MJ, Ripple GH, Suriawinata AA, Tsongalis GJ, Colacchio TA, Gordon SR, Sutton JE, Srivastava A, Smith KD, Gardner TB, Korc M, Davis TH, Preis M, Tarczewski SM, MacKenzie TA, Barth RJ. Neoadjuvant cetuximab, twice-weekly gemcitabine, and intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Ann Oncol 2012; 23:2820-2827. [PMID: 22571859 PMCID: PMC3577039 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mds109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neoadjuvant therapy has been investigated for localized and locally advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) but no standard of care exists. Combination cetuximab/gemcitabine/radiotherapy demonstrates encouraging preclinical activity in PDAC. We investigated cetuximab with twice-weekly gemcitabine and intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) as neoadjuvant therapy in patients with localized or locally advanced PDAC. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Treatment consisted of cetuximab load at 400 mg/m(2) followed by cetuximab 250 mg/m(2) weekly and gemcitabine 50 mg/m(2) twice-weekly given concurrently with IMRT to 54 Gy. Following therapy, patients were considered for resection. RESULTS Thirty-seven patients were enrolled with 33 assessable for response. Ten patients (30%) manifested partial response and 20 (61%) manifested stable disease by RECIST. Twenty-five patients (76%) underwent resection, including 18/23 previously borderline and 3/6 previously unresectable tumors. Twenty-three (92%) of these had negative surgical margins. Pathology revealed that 24% of resected tumors had grade III/IV tumor kill, including two pathological complete responses (8%). Median survival was 24.3 months in resected patients. Outcome did not vary by epidermal growth factor receptor status. CONCLUSIONS Neoadjuvant therapy with cetuximab/gemcitabine/IMRT is tolerable and active in PDAC. Margin-negative resection rates are high and some locally advanced tumors can be downstaged to allow for complete resection with encouraging survival. Pathological complete responses can occur. This combination warrants further investigation.
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162
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Martin IW, Steinmetz HB, Lefferts CL, Dumont LJ, Tafe LJ, Tsongalis GJ. Evaluation of the Cobas 4800 HPV Test for Detecting High-Risk Human Papilloma-Virus in Cervical Cytology Specimens. Pathogens 2012; 1:30-6. [PMID: 25436602 PMCID: PMC4235681 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens1010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2012] [Revised: 08/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As new platforms for high-risk strains of human papillomavirus (HR HPV) testing are introduced into the clinical laboratory, it is important to verify their performance and agreement. In this validation study, post-aliquot cervical cytopathology specimens (n = 226) were used to analyze agreement between the Invader HPV ASR assay (Hologic) and the recently FDA-approved Cobas 4800 high-risk HPV assay (Roche). Residual sample from 92 Invader positive and 134 Invader negative samples were analyzed with the Cobas 4800 test. Discordant results were further analyzed by Linear Array HPV genotype testing (Roche). To assess intra- and inter-run precision, 31 Invader positive samples were run in duplicate on the Cobas 4800 by different operators over multiple days and purchased HR HPV DNA control was run in ten replicates. Cross-contamination during cytology processing was evaluated by spiking 6 Invader negative samples with different volumes of Acrometrix HPV High Risk Positive Control and analyzed on the Cobas with 4 negative samples in between. There was significant discordance between the assays (p < 0.001; exact McNemar X2 test), with overall agreement of 82%. Of the 92 Invader positive samples, 58 (63%) were positive with the Cobas assay, while 34 (37%) were negative. Of the 134 Invader negative samples, 6 (4%) were positive with the Cobas while 128 (96%) were negative. The observed discordance may be attributed to the previously described false positive rate of the Invader ASR assay. The Cobas 4800 high-risk HPV assay is a viable new tool for use in the clinical setting to identify high-risk HPV.
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163
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Miravalle L, Lefferts JA, Al-Haddad M, Tsongalis GJ, Cheng L. KRAS testing in clinical laboratory: optimizing targeted therapy. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2012; 9:337-341. [PMID: 22990113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Activating mutations in the KRAS gene are found in more than 30% of colorectal tumors, where they are associated with a poor response to anti-epidermal growth factor receptor therapies. Mutation testing techniques have therefore become an urgent concern. Several methods for KRAS mutation detection have been described in the literature. Most of these are laboratory developed tests and only a few commercial assays are currently available. MATERIALS AND METHODS We studied the performance characteristics of a KRAS mutation detection assay on the ABI-3130XL genetic analyzer using a new commercial mutation detection kit based on shifted termination assay technology. Samples were analyzed in parallel by different reference laboratories using alternative methodologies. Various sample types were used including formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue, fine-needle aspirates, and cyst fluid specimens. RESULTS A high level of agreement (100% correlation for formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue and fine-needle aspirate samples and 93% correlation for cyst fluid specimens) was obtained despite the use of different methodologies. CONCLUSION Shift termination assay is a simple, robust, and sensitive method for the identification of KRAS mutations in a wide variety of specimen types.
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164
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Tsongalis GJ, Calin G, Cordelier P, Croce C, Monzon F, Szafranska-Schwarzbach AE. MicroRNA analysis: is it ready for prime time? Clin Chem 2012; 59:343-7. [PMID: 22935643 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2012.185009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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165
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McAllister TW, Tyler AL, Flashman LA, Rhodes CH, McDonald BC, Saykin AJ, Tosteson TD, Tsongalis GJ, Moore JH. Polymorphisms in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene influence memory and processing speed one month after brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2012; 29:1111-8. [PMID: 22188054 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.1930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a role in cognition, as well as neural survival and plasticity. There are several common polymorphisms in the BDNF gene, one of which (rs6265) is an extensively studied non-synonymous coding polymorphism (Val66Met) which has been linked to cognitive performance in healthy controls and some clinical populations. We hypothesized that the Met allele of rs6265 would be associated with poorer cognitive performance in individuals with mild-to-moderate traumatic brain injury, and that other polymorphisms in the BDNF gene would also affect cognition. Genotype at 9 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the BDNF gene, and measures of speed of information processing, learning, and memory were assessed in 75 patients with mTBI and 38 healthy subjects. Consistent with previous reports, the Met allele of rs6265 was associated with cognition (slower processing speed) in the entire group. Two other SNPs were associated with processing speed in the mTBI group, but both are in linkage disequilibrium with rs6265, and neither remained significant after adjustment for rs6265 status. Within the mTBI group, but not the controls, 4 SNPs, but not rs6265, were associated with memory measures. These associations were not affected by adjustment for rs6265 status. Polymorphisms in BDNF influence cognitive performance shortly after mTBI. The results raise the possibility that a functional polymorphism other than rs6265 may contribute to memory function after mTBI.
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166
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Dragnev KH, Ma T, Cyrus J, Galimberti F, Memoli V, Busch AM, Tsongalis GJ, Seltzer M, Johnstone D, Erkmen CP, Nugent W, Rigas JR, Liu X, Freemantle SJ, Kurie JM, Waxman S, Dmitrovsky E. Bexarotene plus erlotinib suppress lung carcinogenesis independent of KRAS mutations in two clinical trials and transgenic models. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011; 4:818-28. [PMID: 21636548 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The rexinoid bexarotene represses cyclin D1 by causing its proteasomal degradation. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) erlotinib represses cyclin D1 via different mechanisms. We conducted a preclinical study and 2 clinical/translational trials (a window-of-opportunity and phase II) of bexarotene plus erlotinib. The combination repressed growth and cyclin D1 expression in cyclin-E- and KRAS/p53-driven transgenic lung cancer cells. The window-of-opportunity trial in early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients (10 evaluable), including cases with KRAS mutations, repressed cyclin D1 (in tumor biopsies and buccal swabs) and induced necrosis and inflammatory responses. The phase II trial in heavily pretreated, advanced NSCLC patients (40 evaluable; a median of two prior relapses per patient (range, 0-5); 21% with prior EGFR-inhibitor therapy) produced three major clinical responses in patients with prolonged progression-free survival (583-, 665-, and 1,460-plus days). Median overall survival was 22 weeks. Hypertriglyceridemia was associated with an increased median overall survival (P = 0.001). Early PET (positron emission tomographic) response did not reliably predict clinical response. The combination was generally well tolerated, with toxicities similar to those of the single agents. In conclusion, bexarotene plus erlotinib was active in KRAS-driven lung cancer cells, was biologically active in early-stage mutant KRAS NSCLC, and was clinically active in advanced, chemotherapy-refractory mutant KRAS tumors in this study and previous trials. Additional lung cancer therapy or prevention trials with this oral regimen are warranted.
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167
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Tafe LJ, Tsongalis GJ. The human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Clin Chem Lab Med 2011; 50:23-30. [PMID: 21919545 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2011.707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The declared "war on cancer" aimed to eradicate this disease using our knowledge of cancer cell biology to develop novel therapeutics. One such target of these novel therapies has been the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) gene. Unique in the approach to abolishing function of this gene coded receptor, it was the first target of new monoclonal antibody therapy targeting the extracellular receptor and now also a target of small molecule drugs against the intracellular tyrosine kinase domain. In this instance, it was also one of the first applications of personalized medicine requiring companion diagnostics. In this manuscript, we review the biology and clinical applications of HER2 as a biomarker of disease and as a therapeutic target.
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168
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Marotti JD, Schwab MC, McNulty NJ, Rigas JR, DeLong PA, Memoli VA, Tsongalis GJ, Padmanabhan V. Cytomorphologic features of advanced lung adenocarcinomas tested for EGFR and KRAS mutations: a retrospective review of 50 cases. Diagn Cytopathol 2011; 41:15-21. [PMID: 21681971 DOI: 10.1002/dc.21749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Associations between bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC), mucinous differentiation, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and KRAS mutations have been previously reported in studies of surgical specimens. We present the cytomorphology of lung adenocarcinomas, including metastases that were diagnosed by cytologic methods and the relationship to both EGFR and KRAS mutational status. We retrospectively reviewed the clinical and cytomorphologic features of 50 lung adenocarcinomas that were tested for both EGFR and KRAS mutations. Cytomorphologic features evaluated included cell size, architectural pattern, nucleoli, intranuclear cytoplasmic inclusions (INCI), mucin, necrosis, squamoid features, lymphocytic response, and histologic features of BAC differentiation. DNA was extracted from a paraffin-embedded cell block or frozen needle core fragments. Exon 19 deletions and the L858R mutation in exon 21 of EGFR were detected using PCR followed by capillary electrophoresis for fragment sizing. KRAS mutational analysis was performed by real-time PCR using a set of seven different Taqman(r) allelic discrimination assays to detect six mutations in codon 12 and one mutation in codon 13. Six cases (12%) showed EGFR mutations, 12 (24%) showed KRAS mutations, and 38 (62%) contained neither EGFR nor KRAS mutations. The majority of patients had stage IV disease (78%); 20 samples (40%) were from metastatic sites. The presence of prominent INCI (P = 0.036), papillary fragments (P = 0.041), and histologic features of BAC on paraffin block (P = 0.039) correlated with the presence of EGFR mutations. The presence of necrosis (P = 0.030), squamoid features (P = 0.048), and poorly differentiated tumors (P = 0.025) were more likely to be identified in the KRAS positive group.
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169
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Chen H, Lefferts JA, Schwab MC, Suriawinata AA, Tsongalis GJ. Correlation of polypoid colorectal adenocarcinoma with pre-existing adenomatous polyps and KRAS mutation. Cancer Genet 2011; 204:245-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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170
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Rimm DL, Nielsen TO, Jewell SD, Rohrer DC, Broadwater G, Waldman F, Mitchell KA, Singh B, Tsongalis GJ, Frankel WL, Magliocco AM, Lara JF, Hsi ED, Bleiweiss IJ, Badve SS, Chen B, Ravdin PM, Schilsky RL, Thor A, Berry DA. Cancer and Leukemia Group B Pathology Committee guidelines for tissue microarray construction representing multicenter prospective clinical trial tissues. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29:2282-90. [PMID: 21519016 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.33.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Practice-changing evidence requires confirmation, preferably in multi-institutional clinical trials. The collection of tissue within such trials has enabled biomarker studies and evaluation of companion diagnostic tests. Tissue microarrays (TMAs) have become a standard approach in many cooperative oncology groups. A principal goal is to maximize the number of assays with this precious tissue. However, production strategies for these arrays have not been standardized, possibly decreasing the value of the study. In this article, members of the Cancer and Leukemia Group B Pathology Committee relay our experiences as array facility directors and propose guidelines regarding the production of high-quality TMAs for cooperative group studies. We also discuss statistical issues arising from having a proportion of patients available for TMAs and the possibility that patients with TMAs fail to represent the greater study population.
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171
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Dragnev KH, Ma T, Cyrus J, Galimberti F, Memoli V, Busch AM, Tsongalis GJ, Seltzer MA, Johnstone D, Erkmen CP, Nugent W, Rigas JR, Liu X, Freemantle SJ, Kurie JM, Waxman S, Dmitrovsky E. Abstract LB-412: Combining bexarotene with erlotinib in window of opportunity and phase II trials causes lung cancer responses independent of KRAS mutations. Cancer Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2011-lb-412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the United States. Improved ways to treat and prevent lung cancer are needed. Increased epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression frequently occurs in lung carcinogenesis. Treatment with the EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) erlotinib prolongs survival, especially in patients whose lung cancers harbor activating EGFR mutations. However, patients with non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) that harbor KRAS mutations can be less responsive. Therefore, there is a need for improved NSCLC treatments irrespective of KRAS or EGFR mutation status. Previous studies showed that the rexinoid bexarotene causes cyclin D1 proteasomal degradation. The EGFR-TKI erlotinib also represses cyclin D1, but via different mechanisms. The combination of bexarotene with erlotinib was explored. Initial effects of this combination on tumor growth and cyclin D1 expression were examined in murine transgenic lung cancer cell models with or without KRAS/p53 mutations. Findings were translated into both early stage window of opportunity (14 patients enrolled) and advanced stage (42 patients enrolled) phase II NSCLC trials. In the window of opportunity trial, cyclin D1 was measured in pre-versus post-treatment NSCLC biopsies and in buccal swabs. EGFR and phospho-EGFR immunohistochemical expression was assessed in the paired tumor biopsies. KRAS and EGFR mutations were also examined. A phase II trial in heavily pre-treated stage IV NSCLC cases was performed with early PET responses evaluated. Findings reveal significant repression of cyclin D1 expression and lung cancer cell growth. Intriguingly, cyclin D1, EGFR and phospho-EGFR immunohistochemical expression profiles were reduced while necrosis and inflammatory cellular responses were induced in the window of opportunity trial independent of the presence of KRAS or EGFR mutations. Cyclin D1 was repressed in post-treatment buccal swabs. The refractory NSCLC trial (2 median relapses, 21% with prior EGFR-inhibitor therapies) had 3 major clinical responses (2 had KRAS or EGFR mutations) with prolonged survival (583, 665, and 1460+ days). Median survival was 22 weeks (16 weeks for controls). Hypertriglyceridemia or rash significantly increased median overall survival to 24 weeks. Early PET response did not reliably predict clinical response.
In summary, combining bexarotene with erlotinib can repress cyclin D1 and confer in vitro and clinical anti-tumor responses (including induced tumor necrosis and inflammatory changes) independent of EGFR or KRAS mutations present in the lung cancers. Notably, survival increased in the treated stage IV NSCLC patients when hypertriglyceridemia or rash developed. Clinical activity of this regimen is encouraging and warrants further study for lung cancer therapy or chemoprevention.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-412. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-LB-412
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Fuld AD, Speck ME, Harris BT, Simmons NE, Corless CL, Tsongalis GJ, Pastel DA, Hartford AC, Ernstoff MS. Primary melanoma of the spinal cord: a case report, molecular footprint, and review of the literature. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29:e499-502. [PMID: 21444862 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.34.0695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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173
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Seip RL, Zoeller RF, Angelopoulos TJ, Salonia J, Bilbie C, Moyna NM, Miles MP, Visich PS, Pescatello LS, Gordon PM, Tsongalis GJ, Bausserman L, Thompson PD. Interactive effects of APOE haplotype, sex, and exercise on postheparin plasma lipase activities. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 110:1021-8. [PMID: 21252218 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00287.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic lipase (HL) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activities (HLA, LPLA) modify lipoproteins and facilitate their binding to hepatic receptors. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) physically interacts with the lipases, and the three common haplotypes of the APOE gene (ε2, ε3, and ε4) yield protein isoforms (E2, E3, and E4, respectively) that are functionally different. Lipase activities themselves differ by sex and exercise training status. The interaction of APOE genotype, exercise training, and sex effects on lipase activities has not been studied. We measured postheparin plasma lipase activities in normolipidemic men and women with the three most common APOE genotypes, which are the haplotype combinations ε2/ε3 (n = 53 ), ε3/ε3 (n = 62), and ε4/ε3 (n = 52), enrolled in 6 mo of aerobic exercise training. These haplotype combinations comprise an estimated 11.6, 62.3, and 21.3% of the population, respectively. Baseline HLA was 35% lower in women than in men (P < 0.0001). In men but not women, HLA was higher in ε2/ε3 group compared with ε4/ε3 (P = 0.01) and ε3/ε3 (P = 0.05). Neither sex nor APOE genotype affected baseline LPLA. Training decreased HLA by 5.2% (P = 0.018) with no APOE effect. The apparent increase in LPLA following exercise was significant and APOE dependent only when corrected for baseline insulin (P < 0.05). Exercise decreased LPLA by 0.8 μmol free fatty acid (FFA)·ml⁻¹·h⁻¹ (-6%) in ε3/ε3 compared with the combined increases of 6.6% in ε2/ε3 and 12% in ε4/ε3 (P = 0.018 vs. ε3/ε3). However, these differences were statistically significant only after correcting for baseline insulin. We conclude that common APOE genotypes interact with 1) sex to modulate HLA regardless of training status, with ε2/ε3 men demonstrating higher HLA than ε3/ε3 or ε4/ε3 men, and 2) aerobic training to modulate LPLA, regardless of sex, with ε3/ε3 subjects showing a significant decrease compared with an increase in ε2/ε3 and ε3/ε4 after controlling for baseline insulin.
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Black CC, Bentley HA, Davis TH, Tsongalis GJ. Use of a linear array for the detection of human papillomavirus genotypes in head and neck cancer. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2011; 134:1813-7. [PMID: 21128780 DOI: 10.5858/2009-0592-oar.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Tumors of the head and neck commonly arise from the squamous and respiratory mucosa that lines the nasal and oral cavity, sinuses, pharynx, and larynx. The rate of oropharyngeal cancers diagnosed among Americans younger than 50 years is increasing. Infection of the oropharynx and tonsils by the human papillomavirus (HPV) has been linked to preneoplasia and cancer. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the Roche Linear Array HPV Genotyping test kit to identify, and then specifically genotype, HPV in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. DESIGN We evaluated the performance of this assay for accuracy, for intra-assay and interassay precision, and for its limit of detection, using materials with known HPV status. Sixteen tumor tissues with the following origins were evaluated: 1 ocular, 1 hypopharynx, 8 tonsil, 1 retromolar trigone, 3 tongue, 1 anal, and 1 lymph node. DNA from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor sections was isolated and amplified in duplicate, with positive and negative controls, using primers specific to the polymorphic L1 region of the HPV genome. Thirty-seven genotypes were tested using the linear array. The amplified product (450 base pairs) was visualized by gel electrophoresis and, if positive, reflexed to HPV genotyping. RESULTS Nine of the 16 tumors analyzed were HPV positive. The detected genotypes included HPV 6, 16, and 69. CONCLUSIONS The Roche Linear Array HPV Genotyping test is an easy-to-use method for determining HPV genotype in the routine analysis of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumors. This assay is robust and can be performed routinely in a clinical laboratory setting.
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175
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Ward BP, Tsongalis GJ, Kaur P. MicroRNAs in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Exp Mol Pathol 2010; 90:173-8. [PMID: 21168405 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common leukemia in the western world. Recent research, conducted primarily in basic science laboratories, has indicated a role for microRNAs (miRNAs) in the pathogenesis and prognosis of this disease. MiRNAs are small, non-coding, functional RNAs, that mediate post-transcriptional inhibition of messenger RNAs. Because miRNA expression levels in CLL patients differ from that of normal patients, there may be a role for these novel small molecules as biomarkers in this disease.
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