PSIX-11 Effects of Spray-Dried Lactococcus-Based Fermentation Products on Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs

A total of 720 barrows (initially 5.9 kg; Line 200 × 400; DNA, Columbus, NE) were used in a 42-d growth trial to test the effects of spray-dried Lactococcus-based fermentation products on nursery pig performance. There were 24 replications per treatment with pen randomly allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments. The positive control (PC) diet included zinc oxide (ZnO; phase 1), ZnO + chlortetracycline (CTC; phase 2) while the negative control (NC) diet did not include ZnO or CTC. Treatment diets included the negative control + 1 of 4 fermentation products (C, D, E, or F) added at 5% of the diet. Phase 3 diets contained a common control diet fed to all pigs plus treatment diets with fermentation products. Data were analyzed with pen as the experimental unit and barn within group as the blocking factor using PROC-GLIMMIX in SAS. From d 0 to 20, there was an overall treatment effect (P = 0.001) where pigs fed PC had increased (P < 0.05) d 20 BW, ADG, ADFI, and improved G:F compared to those fed the NC and NC + fermentation product. Overall, there was a treatment effect (P = 0.03) for pigs fed the PC having improved (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F compared to the NC and NC + fermentation product. In addition, pigs fed the NC had improved (P < 0.05) G:F compared to those fed additive D, E, and F. In conclusion, pigs fed the PC (zinc + CTC) diet had improved performance compared to pigs fed the NC with or without fermentation product. Adding fermentation products to the NC diet did not improve nursery pig performance.

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17 Challenges and implications of feeding diets with excess concentrations of leucine to growing-finishing pigs

Excess dietary leucine stimulates the key enzymes involved in branched-chain catabolism causing breakdown of all branched-chain amino acids, including isoleucine and valine. Branched-chain amino acids share a common brain transporter with other large neutral amino acids (LNAA). Excess levels of one of the LNAA increases brain uptake of that amino acid and decreases the uptake of the other LNAA, including tryptophan. Thus, excess leucine can impact the requirements for many amino acids. From a practical basis, this effect was first demonstrated with diets containing blood meal, but was thought to be of limited concern unless high blood meal diets were fed. Use of corn dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) or high protein DDGS in corn-based diets results in diets containing excess leucine. These high leucine levels are of limited concern if adequate levels of other branched-chain amino acids and LNAA are fed, which is often the case if the diet consists largely of intact protein sources. Feed grade amino acids, such as L-lysine, L-threonine, L-tryptophan, DL-methionine, L-valine, and L-isoleucine have been widely adopted as a means to lower nitrogen excretion and diet cost. Including these amino acids in diets containing corn products reduces dietary leucine; but the resulting diets are formulated near the requirement for the first 6 limiting amino acids, including valine, isoleucine, and tryptophan, while still being high in leucine. The excess leucine increases the requirements for valine, isoleucine, and possibly other LNAA, such as tryptophan and possibly others. The exact relationship between these amino acids and how to handle them in practical diet formulation is still being elucidated; however, recent meta-analysis and experimental data confirm the importance of these ratios and provide useful direction for future research.

291 Determining the effects of manganese source and level on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and economics of growing-finishing pigs

A total of 1,944 pigs (PIC 337×1050; initially 34.5±0.50 kg) were used in a 107-d growth trial to determine two different manganese source at 3 doses level effects on performance of growing-finishing pigs. Pens (27 pigs) were assigned to treatments in a RCB based on weight with 12 replicates/treatment. Diets were corn-SBM-based and fed in 4 phases. Treatments were arranged in a 2×3 factorial with Mn source (MnSO4 or Mn hydroxychloride: IBM, Micronutrients, Indianapolis, IN) and level (8, 16, or 32 ppm) as main effects. Overall, there was a marginal Mn source×level interaction (quadratic, R=0.057) for G:F, with the lowest and highest level of Mn IBM being best, but G:F improved with increasing Mn from MnSO4. There was no evidence for Mn source differences for ADG or ADFI, but 16 ppm of Mn tended to have the poorest (quadratic, R< 0.097) ADG and final BW (quadratic, R< 0.05) compared to other levels. There was a tendency for Mn source′level interaction (quadratic, R=0.075) for carcass yield, where yield did not change by increasing MnSO4, but was greatest for 16 ppm Mn from IBM. Loin depth increased (source×level, R=0.041) for increasing Mn from MnSO4 but decreased when Mn was increased from IBM. The intermediate level of Mn had the lightest HCW (quadratic, R=0.071) and decreased loin depth (quadratic, R=0.044). No evidence of difference (R >0.10) was observed for concentration of Cu and Zn in the liver. Manganese concentration increased (linear, R=0.015) as Mn supplementation increased and tended to be greater (P=0.075) when Mn was supplied by MnSO4 compared to IBM. These data suggest little difference between source but did show improvements in growth performance for 8 and 32 ppm of Mn compared with 16 ppm. Further research is needed to understand why the poorest performance was observed at the intermediate level of Mn.

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260 Effects of iron administration timing on pre-weaning performance and hematological criteria in pigs

Newborn pigs (n=1,892; 1.5 kg BW) were used in a 20-d study evaluating the effects of Fe injection timing after birth on preweaned pig performance and blood criteria. A total of 172 litters were used. One d after farrowing, piglets were weighed, and 11 pigs within each litter were allotted to 1 of 6 treatments in a CRD. Treatments consisted of pigs receiving no Fe injection or 200-mg of injectable Fe (GleptoForte, Ceva Animal Health, Lenexa, KS) provided on d 1, 3, 5, or 7 of age, or 200-mg on d 1 plus 200-mg on d 12. 1 pig/litter received no Fe injection and 2 pigs/litter were placed on all other treatments. Piglets were weighed on d 1 and 20 after birth to determine growth performance and bled on d 20 to determine Fe status. Increasing the age that piglets received the Fe injection tended to decrease (linear; P=0.080) ADG. Not providing an Fe injection decreased (P=0.0001) overall ADG and d 20 BW compared to all other treatments. Hemoglobin and Hct decreased (linear; P< 0.05) with increasing age when pigs received an Fe injection. There was no evidence of differences (P >0.10) between the pigs receiving a 200-mg injection on d 1 and d 12 compared to those receiving the Fe on d 1 only. Pigs not provided an Fe injection had decreased (P=0.0001) Hb and Hct values compared to pigs receiving an Fe injection. Pigs receiving the 200-mg injection on d 1 and 12 had increased (P=0.0001) Hb and Hct values compared to pigs receiving 200-mg on d 1 only. Results suggest that providing a 200-mg Fe injection within 7 d after farrowing is sufficient for optimizing preweaning growth performance. The additional 200-mg Fe injection at d 12 did not influence growth performance but does increase Hb and Hct at weaning.

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128 Determining the effects of high phytase levels and feeding duration on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs

Our objective was to determine the effects of high phytase levels and feeding duration on performance of growing finishing pigs. A total of 1,215 barrows and gilts (PIC 359×Camborough, initially 28.0±0.47 kg) were used in a 126-d growth trial with 27 pigs per pen and 15 pens per treatment in a randomized complete block design. Diets were corn-soybean meal-dried distillers grains with solubles-based.Treatments were: 1) Control (no added phytase); 2) Grower phytase (1,500 FYT/kg added phytase fed from d 0 to 57, then no phytase from d 57 to market); and 3) Grow-finish phytase (1,500 FYT/kg added phytase fed throughout the study). Phytase (Ronozyme Hiphos GT 2500, heat-stable; DSM Nutritional Products, Inc., Parsippany, NJ) was assumed to release 0.146% digestible phosphorus (P), 0.166% available P, 0.102% STTD calcium, 53 kcal/kg of metabolizable energy, 42 kcal/kg of net energy (NE), and 0.0217, 0.0003, 0.00886, 0.0224, 0.0056, 0.0122, and 0.0163% standardized ileal digestible lysine, methionine, methionine+cysteine, threonine, tryptophan, isoleucine, and valine, respectively. Beef tallow and feed grade amino acids (AA) were added to the diets without phytase to balance NE and AA across treatments. Data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models with pen as the experimental unit.Overall, pigs fed diets with no phytase and pigs that were only fed phytase in the grower period had greater (P< 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (G:F) than pigs fed the phytase-containing diets until market. Pigs fed the control and grower phytase treatments had greater (P< 0.10) hot carcass weight (HCW) than the phytase throughout treatment. No evidence of differences (P >0.10) were observed for other carcass characteristics. In summary, adding 1,500 FYT/kg of phytase and using full matrix values for minerals, AA, and energy had detrimental effects on ADG, G:F, and HCW in this study when applied to the entire grow-finish period.

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265 Evaluating the route of antibiotic administration and its effect on nursery pig growth performance

A total of 2,592 pigs (L337×1050, PIC, Hendersonville, TN; initially 5.58 kg BW) were used in a 28-d study to evaluate the route of antibiotic administration (in-feed vs in-water) on pig performance. Pigs were weaned at 21 d of age and placed in a commercial research facility with 27 pigs per pen. After a 7-d pre-trial period, pens of pigs were assigned to weight blocks in a randomized complete block design. There were 12 replications per treatment with pen as experimental unit for in-feed medication treatments and a pairs of pens as the experimental unit for water medication treatments. Treatments included a control (no medication), chlortetracycline (CTC) provided via feed or water to achieve 22 mg/kg BW, tiamulin in feed (5 to10 mg/kg BW) or water (23 mg/kg BW), or a combination of CTC and tiamulin in feed. Experimental treatments were provided for 14-d followed by a 14-d period without medication. Data were analyzed using R Studio (Version 3.5.2). From d 0 to 14, there was an antibiotic×route of administration interaction for ADG and G:F. For ADG, pigs fed diets containing CTC had increased (P< 0.05) ADG compared with those fed tiamulin in feed, with pigs provided CTC or tiamulin in the water intermediate. For G:F, pigs provided tiamulin in feed had decreased G:F compared to pigs fed CTC in feed or CTC or tiamulin supplied in water. Pigs fed CTC in the diet had increased ADFI compared to the control with pigs provided antibiotics in the water or tiamulin in feed intermediate (P< 0.05). Pigs provided the combination of CTC and tiamulin in feed were not different than those provided CTC in feed. There was no evidence of difference among treatments in subsequent performance. In summary, providing CTC in feed with or without tiamulin improved nursery pig growth performance.

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305 Awardee Talk: Transferring a culture of biosecurity to the feedmill

A culture of on-farm biosecurity has been established and practiced by modern swine production systems for many years. The value of this has been repeatedly demonstrated through improved animal health and performance based on the prevention of disease introduction to the herd. With the introduction of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) to the US swine industry in 2013, we have learned that feed and feed ingredients can be vectors of disease transmission. Therefore, there is a heightened need to transfer our on-farm biosecurity culture to our feedmills and entire feed supply chain as a way to help prevent disease introduction into swine farms. Feedmills are designed to efficiently and effectively blend feed components into a homogenous batch, and the potential to distribute contaminated feed to multiple farms is significant. While feed and ingredients can be vectors of disease and pathogen transmission, our data continues to show that people are a major risk for pathogen transmission throughout the feed supply chain. Key biosecurity principles such as exclusion, prevention, isolation, mitigation, disinfection, and containment should be adopted and enforced for a strong feedmill biosecurity program. A written feedmill biosecurity plan should be developed and a training program that covers all employees as well as visitors and delivery drivers should be implemented. Continuous risk assessment and environmental monitoring should be utilized to identify new areas of risk and to assess the current status. Unfortunately, feedmills are nearly impossible to completely disinfect and therefore every effort should be made to prevent the introduction of pathogens into the mill. Research that we have conducted with PEDV and African Swine Fever Virus has demonstrated that adopting a culture of biosecurity at the feedmill will reduce risk of disease and pathogen exposure on farms.

18 Impact of in-feed vs. in-water antibiotic administrations on the fecal prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibilities of Campylobacter and Salmonella in piglets

Campylobacter and Salmonella are common food borne pathogens in the gut of pigs and are shed in the feces. The control of these bacteria in pigs is of importance in reducing the potential for transmission to humans. In swine, oral route, either in-feed or in-water, is by far the most common route of administration of antibiotics. Because the distribution of the antibiotic in the gut and the dosage are different, the impact of in-feed vs. in-water administration of antibiotics on the fecal shedding of food borne pathogens, Campylobacter and Salmonella, and on the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in gut bacteria is a largely unexplored area. Therefore, a study was conducted to compare the effects of in-feed and in-water antibiotic administration on fecal prevalence of Campylobacter and Salmonella and AMR development in nursery piglets. A total of 1,296 weaned piglets were allocated into pens (48 pens; 27 pigs per pen) distributed in a single room. Pens were assigned randomly to six treatment groups; Control (No antibiotic), In-feed chlortetracycline (CTC), In-water CTC, In-feed tiamulin, In-water tiamulin, and a combination of CTC and tiamulin (In-feed). Fresh fecal samples were collected randomly from 5 of 27 piglets from each pen on pre-treatment (days -7, 0), treatment (days 7, 14) and post-treatment (days 21, 28) phases. Bacterial isolations and identifications were done by culture method and PCR, respectively. Overall prevalence of Campylobacter and Salmonella were 18.2% (262/1,440) and 3.9% (56/1,440) respectively. Speciation of Campylobacter isolates indicated C. hyointestinalis (17.9%; 258/1,440) and C. coli (0.3%; 4/1,440). Pigs from control group had a higher prevalence (P< 0.05) of both Campylobacter and Salmonella when compared to other treatment groups. Both treatment and post-treatment phases had a significant effect on the prevalence of Campylobacter and Salmonella (P< 0.05).

PSIX-7 Effects of a dietary seaweed product on sow progeny performance, fecal consistency, and fecal microbiota during gestation, lactation, nursery and grow-finish periods

This study evaluated the effects of providing a selected mix of brown, red and green seaweeds (OceanFeed® Swine; Ocean Harvest Technology, Galway, Ireland) to sows during gestation and lactation and progeny during nursery and grow-finish periods on growth performance, fecal consistency, and microbiota composition. Twenty-eight sows and litters were used from d 30 of gestation until weaning. Sow treatments consisted of a control diet or diet supplemented with OceanFeed Swine (OFS) at 0.50% in gestation and 0.66% in lactation. At weaning, 360 pigs from these sows were used from d 0 to 56 and 57 to 156 in nursery and grow-finish periods, respectively, in a split-plot design. Treatments were a control diet or a diet supplemented with OFS at 0.75% in the nursery and grower phase (5.5 to 34 kg and 34 to 59 kg respectively) and 0.5% in the finisher phase (59 to 127 kg). Maternal OFS supplementation did not improve (P >0.10) sow or litter performance. There was no evidence (P >0.10) for main effects or interactions for nursery and finishing performance. On day 56 after weaning, there was an increased proportion of pigs exhibiting the families Peptostreptococcaceae and Veillonellaceae in fecal samples when fed OFS in the nursery and originating from OceanFeed OFS-fed sows. Pigs from this treatment combination also had increased mean number of species detected within the families Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae and had lower mean number of species detected within the family Fusobacteriacea. In the finishing period, no evidence for main effects or interactions (P >0.10) were observed on overall growth performance. In summary, addition of OFS in gestation, lactation, and nursery-finishing phases had no consistent effect on sow or litter performance; however, there were relative increases in beneficial bacteriain fecal microbiota, including the butyrate-producing families Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae that warrant further investigation.

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PSIX-10 Effects of SID Lysine:Calorie NE ratio on the Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of DNA 600 Sired Pigs

A total of 2,673 mixed sex pigs (DNA 600 × PIC 1050; initially 21.4 kg BW) were used in a 117-d study to evaluate the effects of increasing SID Lysine:Calorie NE ratio on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of DNA sired pigs. Pens of pigs (30 pigs/pen) were blocked by BW and location and allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments with 18 pens per treatment. Treatments were 90%, 95%, 100%, or 105% of the 2016 PIC recommended SID Lysine:Calorie NE ratio for finishing gilts. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete-block design with pen as the experimental unit. Overall (d 0-117), increasing Lysine:Calorie NE tended to improve ADG (Linear; P = 0.077) and G:F (Linear; P = 0.053). Although there was an increase in ADG with increasing SID Lysine:Calorie NE, there was no evidence for a difference (P > 0.100) in final BW. The lack of BW response is most likely due to the lower (Quadratic; P < 0.008) removal rate as SID Lysine:Calorie NE increased. Carcass ADG (Linear; P < 0.064) tended to improve as SID Lysine: Calorie NE increased. An improvement in carcass G:F (Quadratic; P < 0.004) was observed as SID Lysine:Calorie NE increased to 100% PIC (2016) recommendations, with little improvement observed thereafter. No significant differences were observed in carcass yield, loin depth, back fat, or % lean. These results suggests that DNA sired pigs fed increasing SID Lysine:Calorie NE ratios tended to have improved growth performance with no impact on carcass quality.

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263 Effects of soybean meal level on growth performance of 11- to 25-kg nursery pigs

Four experiments were conducted to determine the effects of increasing soybean meal (SBM) in diets with or without 25% DDGS on growth performance of nursery pigs. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with main effects of SBM (27.5, 32.5, or 37.5%) and DDGS (0 or 25%). A total of 296, 2,502, 4,118, and 711 pigs, initially 10.6, 11.7, 12.5, and 12.3 kg, were used and there were 10, 16, 13, and 12 replicates per treatment in Exp. 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Experimental diets were fed for 21 d. Pigs were weighed and feed disappearance measured to calculate ADG, ADFI, G:F, and caloric efficiency (CE). Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with block as random effect and treatment as fixed effect. The average cull rate was 0.7, 0.5, 0.2, and 0% and the mortality rate was 0.7, 0.3, 0.4, and 0% in Exp. 1 to 4, respectively. There were interactions (P ≤ 0.039) between SBM and DDGS for G:F and CE in Exp. 2 and for ADG and ADFI in Exp. 3. These were mostly driven by increasing SBM negatively affecting performance in a greater magnitude when diets contained DDGS compared to diets without DDGS. The main effects of DDGS and SBM were more consistent across experiments. Pigs fed diets with 25% DDGS had decreased (P ≤ 0.001) ADG and ADFI in all experiments as well as poorer (P ≤ 0.028) G:F and CE except for Exp. 3. Feeding increasing amounts of SBM generally did not result in any major impact in ADG, but consistently improved (linear, P ≤ 0.078) G:F and CE across experiments. The mechanism for this response is unclear but could be driven by intrinsic components of SBM or underestimating the energy value of SBM.

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24 Determining the phosphorus release of Smizyme TS G5 2,500 phytase in nursery pigs

Two nursery trials (DNA 241×600) with 320 or 280 pigs, respectively (initially 10 kg) were used to determine the available P (aP) release curve for Smizyme TS G5 2,500 (Origination, Inc., Saint Paul, MN). Pigs were weaned at approximately 21-d of age, randomly allotted to pens based on initial body weight (BW) and fed a common diet. On d 21 post-weaning, pens were blocked by BW and randomly allotted to 1 of 8 (Exp. 1) or 7 (Exp. 2) dietary treatments with 5 pigs/pen and 8 pens/treatment. Treatments were formulated to include increasing aP from either inorganic P (0.12%, 0.18%, or 0.24% in Exp. 1 and 0.11%, 0.19%, or 0.27% in Exp. 2 from monocalcium P) or increasing phytase (150, 250, 500, 750, or 1,000 FTU/kg in Exp. 1 and 250, 500, 1000, or 1,500 FTU/kg in Exp. 2). Prior to beginning the 21-d studies, all pigs were fed the lowest inorganic P diet for a 3-d period. At the conclusion of the experiments, the pig closest to the pen mean BW was euthanized and the right fibula was collected to determine bone ash. In both experiments, pigs fed increasing aP from inorganic P had increased (linear, P< 0.01) ADG, G:F, and final BW. Additionally, pigs fed diets with increasing phytase had increased (Exp. 1 linear, P< 0.01, Exp. 2 linear and quadratic, P< 0.05) ADG, ADFI, and G:F. The aP release increased for ADG (Exp. 1 linear, P< 0.01; Exp. 2 linear and quadratic, P< 0.01), G:F (linear, P< 0.01), and bone ash percent (Exp. 1 linear and quadratic, P< 0.05; Exp. 2 linear, P< 0.01) up to the highest phytase inclusion. When combining the release values from Exp. 1 and 2, the release equations for Smizyme TS G5 2,500 are aP=(0.197×FTU)÷(584.956+FTU), aP=(0.175×FTU)÷(248.348+FTU), and aP=(0.165×FTU)÷(178.146+FTU) for ADG, G:F, and bone ash percent, respectively.

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PSIV-15 Determining the effects of increasing levels of xylanase in nutrient adequate diets on growth performance, carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs

A total of 1,944 mixed sex growing-finishing pigs (PIC; 337×1050; initial BW of 22.5±0.53 kg) were used in a 131-d growth trial to determine the effects of increasing levels of xylanase in adequate diets on grow-finish pig growth performance and carcass characteristics. The 6 dietary treatments consisted of corn, soybean meal, and dried distillers grains with solubles with added xylanase (Belfeed B 1100 MP; Jefo Nutrition Inc., Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec) formulated to: 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 75 of enzymatic activity for xylanase (IU/kg) with 27 pigs per pen and 12 replicates per treatment. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using lmer function in lme4 package in R with pen considered as the experimental unit, body weight as blocking factor, and treatment as a fixed effect. From d 0 to 70, there was a tendency (quadratic, R=0.068) for average daily gain (ADG) to decrease and then increase with increasing added xylanase, but there was no evidence (R >0.10) of differences for average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed efficiency (G/F). From d 70 to 131 and overall, there was no evidence of difference (R >0.10) observed for ADG, ADFI, and F/G. There was no evidence for difference (R >0.10) between treatments for number of pigs receiving injectable treatments or mortalities. For carcass traits, increasing xylanase increased then decreased (quadratic, R=0.010) percentage carcass yield. Also, as xylanase increased, percentage lean decreased (linear, R=0.038) and backfat marginally increased (linear, R=0.066). In conclusion, adding increasing levels of xylanase in nutrient adequate diets did not influence growth performance or mortality but did improve carcass yield when intermediate levels were fed.

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PSIX-14 Evaluation of high-protein distillers dried grains on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs

A total of 1,890 growing-finishing pigs (PIC; 359 × 1050; initially 27.1 kg) were used in a 124-d growth trial to compare the effects of pigs fed diets with high-protein dried distillers grains (HPDDG) or conventional dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) on growth performance and carcass characteristics. Conventional DDGS contained 29.0% CP, 0.48% standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys and 9.2% oil, whereas HPDDG contained 39.3% CP, 0.68% SID Lys and 11.1% oil. All diets were formulated on an equal SID Lys-basis with diets containing HPDDG having less soybean meal than diets with conventional DDGS. There were 27 pigs per pen and 14 pens per treatment. Treatments were arranged in a 2×2 + 1 factorial with main effects of DDG source (conventional DDGS or HPDDG) and level (15 or 30%). A corn-soybean meal-based diet served as the control and allowed linear and quadratic level effects to be determined within each DDG source. Pens were assigned to treatments in a randomized complete block design with initial weight as the blocking factor. Data were analyzed using lme4 package in R (version 3.5.2) with pen as experimental unit. Overall, there were no differences observed in ADG between pigs fed either DDG source. Pigs fed HPDDG had decreased (P< 0.001) ADFI and increased (P< 0.001) G:F compared with those fed conventional DDGS. Increasing either conventional DDGS or HPDDG decreased carcass yield and HCW (linear, P< 0.02); however, there were no differences between pigs fed HPDDG or conventional DDGS. Iodine value (IV) was greater (P< 0.001) in pigs fed HPDDG than conventional DDGS, and IV increased (linear, P< 0.02) with increasing DDG. These data suggest that pigs fed HPDDG had greater G:F and IV compared with pigs fed conventional DDGS, probably due to the difference in oil content.

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178 Efficacy of commercial products on growth performance of nursery pigs fed diets with fumonisin-contaminated corn

Two experiments were conducted to determine the efficacy of commercial products on growth performance of nursery pigs fed high fumonisin diets. In Exp. 1,350 pigs (241 × 600; DNA; initially 9.9 kg) were used with 5 pigs per pen and 14 pens per treatment. Five dietary treatments consisted of a positive control (low fumonisin, 4 ppm fumonisin; FB1 + FB2), negative control (50 ppm fumonisin;) and the negative control with one of three products (0.3% of Kallsil Dry, Kemin Industries Inc., Des Moines, IA; 0.3% of Feed Aid Wide Spectrum, NutriQuest, Mason City, IA; 0.17% of Biofix Select Pro, Biomin America Inc., Overland Park, KS). Diets were fed for 14 d. Pens were assigned to treatments in a randomized complete block design with initial weight as the blocking factor. Data were analyzed using nlme package in R program (version 3.5.2) with pen as experimental unit. Pigs fed the negative control, or diets with Kallsil Dry or Feed Aid had decreased (P< 0.05) ADG, ADFI, and G:F compared with those fed the positive control and diet with Biofix. Pigs fed the positive control diet had decreased (P< 0.05) d 14 serum sphinganine to sphingosine (Sa:So) ratio than those fed other diets. In Exp. 2, 300 pigs (241 × 600; initially 10.4 kg) were used and fed experimental diets for 28 d. Procedures were similar to Exp. 1 except there were 12 replicates per treatment and diets contained 30 ppm fumonisin. Pigs fed the negative control, or diets with Kallsil Dry or Feed Aid had decreased (P< 0.05) ADG and G:F, and greater (P< 0.05) d 14 and 28 Sa:So ratios compared with the positive control and diet with Biofix. In summary, adding Biofix to high fumonisin diets mitigated the negative effects of fumonisin while Kallsil Dry and Feed Aid did not.

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PSIII-35 The effects of cold pelleting and separation of fine corn particles on growth performance of nursery pigs

A total of 320 pigs (DNA 241×600; initially 10.2 kg BW) were utilized in a 21-d experiment to determine the effects of corn fractionation and pelleting technique on nursery pig growth performance. There were 5 pigs per pen, 8 pens per treatment and 8 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design. Treatments 1–3 contained 400 µm ground corn and were fed as either mash, pelleted using a steam conditioner plus traditional vertical ring die (steam pellet) or pelleted with hot water plus a horizontal die (cold pellet). Treatments 4–6 contained corn ground to 400 µm with fines < 150 um removed and were fed as either mash, steam pellet or cold pellet. Treatments 7 and 8 contained ground corn with only fines < 150 um steam or cold pelleted prior to dietary inclusion without complete diet pelleting. Overall, pigs fed mash diets had improved (P < 0.05) ADG and d 21 BW compared to those fed steam pelleted diets with those fed cold pelleted diets being intermediate. There was no difference in G:F between pigs fed mash, steam pellet and cold pellet diets; however, pigs fed diets containing pelleted fines had decreased (P < 0.05) G:F due to an observed increased feed wastage and sorting. There was no difference in growth performance between pigs fed diets with fines removed or not. Cold pelleting was a viable option to steam pelleting in the current experiment; however, pelleting diets reduced pig performance compared to pigs fed mash diets, which was unexpected. Further research is needed to validate the response to cold pelleting when the expected response to pelleting using steam conditioning is achieved.

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PSIV-19 Evaluation of Enogen® high amylase corn on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs

A total of 288 pigs (Line 600 241, DNA, Columbus, NE; initially 41.6 kg) were used in an 82-d trial to determine if replacing conventional yellow dent corn with high amylase corn (Enogen®, Syngenta Seeds, LLC, Downers Grove, IL) in diets with or without distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) influences growth performance and carcass characteristics. Diets were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with 2 corn sources (yellow dent or high amylase) and 2 levels of DDGS (0 or 25%). Experimental diets were fed in meal form in 3 phases: d 0 to 29, 29 to 47, and 47 to 82. There were 9 pens/treatment each containing an equal number of barrows and gilts. Pigs were weighed approximately every 2 wk and at the beginning of each phase. On d 82, pigs were transported to a commercial packing plant for processing and carcass data collection. Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with pen as the experimental unit. There were no interactions (P > 0.05) between corn source and DDGS inclusion for overall performance or carcass characteristics. Overall, average daily gain (ADG) was marginally greater (P < 0.089) for pigs fed high amylase than yellow dent corn with no evidence (P > 0.196) for difference in feed intake, feed efficiency (G/F), hot carcass weight (HCW), or other carcass traits. Addition of DDGS resulted in decreased (P < 0.037) overall ADG and G/F. Pigs fed DDGS had marginally lower (P < 0.071) HCW, less (P < 0.050) backfat, greater (P < 0.026) loin depth, and greater (P < 0.020) percentage lean and iodine values. In summary, high amylase corn tended to improve overall ADG; however, feed efficiency and carcass characteristics were unchanged between corn sources. Consistent with previous research, addition of DDGS decreased ADG and increased IV.

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PSVIII-4 Effect of coarse wheat bran and crude protein level in nursery diets without zinc oxide on pig performance

A total of 355 pigs (DNA 200x400; initially 5.6 kg) were used to evaluate the effects of coarse wheat bran and crude protein (CP) level in diets without pharmacological levels of zinc oxide on nursery pig performance and fecal dry matter (DM%). Pigs were allotted to 1 of 6 treatments in a completely randomized design with 5 pigs per pen and 12 pens per treatment. Treatment diets were fed in two phases (d 0 to 7 and 7 to 21) followed by a common diet fed d 21 to 45. Treatments included a positive control diet with ZnO, negative control without ZnO, and negative control with 4% wheat bran and formulated to contain 21, 19.5, 18, or 16.5% CP. All diets contained 1.35% SID lysine except the 18 and 16.5% (1.25 and 1.20% lysine) CP diets. Data were analyzed using the lmer function from the lme4 package in R. During the experimental period, decreasing CP decreased (linear, P< 0.05) ADG, G:F, and d 21 BW, but increased (linear, P=0.005) fecal DM%. Pigs fed the diet containing ZnO had increased (P< 0.050) ADG, ADFI, and G:F compared to the negative control and diet with 21% CP and wheat bran. From d 21 to 45, pigs previously fed the 21% CP diet with wheat bran had increased (P< 0.05) ADG compared to the positive control. Fecal DM on d 45 and G:F increased (P< 0.05) for pigs fed the 21% CP, wheat bran diet and negative control compared to those fed the positive control. Overall, pigs fed low CP diets had decreased (P< 0.05) ADG while pigs fed the positive control had greater (P< 0.05) ADG compared to the negative control. Additional research is needed to determine if modifying low CP, wheat bran diets will elicit benefits of increased fecal DM% while maintaining growth performance.

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PSIX-8 Effects of an algae-clay complex-based feed additive and diet formulation regimen on finishing pig growth performance and carcass characteristics

This study evaluated the effect of an algae-clay-complex-based feed additive (ACC, Olmix Group, Brehan, France) and diet formulation regimen on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs. A total of 1,188 pigs (PIC 337×1050, initially 49.5 kg) were used in a 90-day study. There were 27 pigs per pen and 11 replications per treatment. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2×2 factorial with main effects of ACC (none or 0.10% until 100 kg body weight and 0.05% thereafter) and dietary formulation regimen (High vs Low). High diets were formulated to maximize growth with added fat and no dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). Low diets were formulated to contain approximately 150 kcal/kg less net energy (NE), 30% DDGS, no added fat, and were formulated 0.10% below the standardized ileal digestible (SID) lys requirement based on the SID Lys:NE ratio as estimated in the High diets. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. There were no ACC × formulation interactions (P >0.220) for growth or carcass characteristics. Overall, ADG was greater (P=0.027) for pigs fed diets with ACC compared with those fed diets without ACC with no change in ADFI or G:F (P >0.180). This was a result of late finishing (d 56 to 90) ADG and G:F increase (P< 0.019) for pigs fed diets with ACC compared with those fed no ACC. Also, pigs fed High diets had improved (P< 0.047) ADG, ADFI, G:F and final body weight compared to pigs fed Low diets. For carcass characteristics, pigs fed High diets tended to have greater (P=0.067) loin depth and had greater (P< 0.001) carcass weight than pigs fed low diets with no evidence for differences between the control and pigs fed ACC (P >0.05). The addition of ACC resulted in improved ADG and G:F in late finishing, but did not affect carcass characteristics.

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164 Evaluation of the energy value of soybean meal relative to corn based on growth performance of 11- to 22-kg pigs

A 21-d experiment was conducted to estimate the energy value of soybean meal (SBM) and determine the effects of increasing SBM on pig performance. A total of 2,233 pigs (PIC 337 × 1050), initially 11.0 kg, were placed in pens containing 20 to 27 pigs. Treatments were assigned in a randomized complete block design with BW as blocking factor. Dietary treatments consisted of 21, 27, 33, or 39% SBM obtained by changing the amount of feed-grade amino acids and corn. There were 23 replicates per treatment. Pigs were weighed and feed disappearance measured to calculate ADG, ADFI, G:F, and caloric efficiency (CE). Cull pigs and mortality were evaluated daily. Data were analyzed with the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. There was a tendency (P = 0.090) for a quadratic response for ADG, with a decrease in ADG observed with 39% SBM. There was a tendency (linear, P = 0.092) for a decrease in ADFI as SBM increased. Pigs fed diets with increasing SBM had a tendency (quadratic, P = 0.069) for an increase in G:F up to 33% SBM and an improvement (linear, P = 0.001; quadratic, P = 0.063) in CE with increasing SBM. There was no evidence for differences (P ≥ 0.457) in cull pigs and mortality. Using CE to estimate the energy of SBM relative to corn, a value of 105.4% of corn energy or 2,816 kcal/kg NE was determined using all data points. When removing the CE value of the 39% SBM treatment due to the quadratic tendency, SBM was estimated to have 121.1% of corn energy or 3,236 kcal/kg NE. The results suggest that feeding increasing levels of SBM improves G:F and CE. The energy value of SBM was estimated between 105 and 121% of corn, which is much greater than the NRC (2012) would suggest.

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277 Effects of timing and amount of feed prior to farrowing on sow and litter performance under commercial conditions

A total of 727 mixed parity (mean=3.8) sows were used to evaluate the effects of timing and amount of meals before farrowing on sow and litter performance. Upon entry to the farrowing house (d 113), sows were blocked by weight within parity and allotted to one of three feeding management treatments until farrowing: 1) 2.7 kg lactation diet (1.15% SID lysine and 2,153 Kcal/kg NE) once daily at 0700 h; 2) 4 daily meals of 0.67 kg (0100 h, 0700 h, 1300 h, 1900 h); 3) ad libitum lactation diet and encouraged to consume feed at 0100 h, 0700 h, 1300 h, and 1900 h. Data was analyzed using the lme function (lmer package of R, version 3.5.2). Feeding sows ad libitum before farrowing tended to reduce sow body weight loss (P=0.077) and reduce backfat loss (P=0.003) from entry to weaning compared to sows fed 4 daily meals, with sows fed once daily intermediate. Litter gain from 24 h to weaning tended to be greater (P=0.073) in sows fed ad libitum or 4 times daily prior to farrowing compared to sows fed one meal. Piglet weaning weight increased (P=0.050) in sows fed ad libitum before farrowing, compared to those fed one meal, with those fed 4 times daily intermediate. There was no evidence for difference in farrowing duration, stillborn rate, colostrum yield, or 24 h piglet survival regardless of treatment. However from 24 h to weaning, sows fed one daily meal had higher (P=0.012) percentage of fall-behind pigs compared to sows fed ad libitum, and increased (P=0.027) preweaning mortality compared to sows fed four daily meals, resulting in reduced (P=0.006) weaned percentage compared to sows fed four daily meals. There was no evidence for a negative impact when sows were fed ad libitum from 2 to 3 days before farrowing.

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72 Young Scholar Presentation: Use of medium chain fatty acids as mitigation or prevention strategies against pathogens in swine feed

Four experiments were conducted to evaluate: 1) medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) application to swine feed pre- or post-viral contamination with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) measured by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), 2) MCFA levels and combinations measured by qRT-PCR, and 3) selected MCFA in bioassay. In Exp. 1, treatments were a 2x2 + 1 factorial with the main effects of chemical treatment (0.3% commercial formaldehyde (CF), Sal CURB [Kemin Industries, Des Moines, IA] or 1% MCFA blend (Blend) of 1:1:1 C6:C8:C10 [PMI, Arden Hills, MN]) and timing of application pre- or post-inoculation with PEDV; plus a positive control (PC; feed inoculated with PEDV and no chemical treatment). All combinations of treatment and timing decreased detectable PEDV compared to PC (P< 0.05). Pre-inoculation had decreased PEDV detection compared to post-inoculation (P=0.009). Commercial formaldehyde decreased PEDV detection compared to MCFA (P< 0.001). In Exp. 2 and 3, pre-inoculation treatments consisted of: 1) PC, 2) 0.3% CF, and varying levels (0.125-0.66%) and combinations of MCFA (C5:0, C6:0, C8:0, or C10:0). In Exp. 2, treating feed with 0.33% C8:0 decreased (P< 0.05) PEDV detection compared to all levels of MCFA and PC. In Exp. 3, treating feed with CF, 0.5-1% Blend, all levels of C6:0+C8:0, 0.25% C6:0+C10:0, 0.33% C6:0+C10:0, 0.25% C8:0+C10:0, or 0.33% C8:0 + 0.33% C10:0 resulted in decreased PEDV detection compared to PC (P< 0.05). In Exp. 4, feed was treated pre-inoculation with either 1) no treatment (PC), 2) 0.3% CF, 3) 0.5% Blend, or 4) 0.3% C8:0 and analyzed via qRT-PCR and bioassay. Adding 0.5% Blend or 0.3% C8:0 resulted in decreased PEDV detection compared to PC. All chemical treatments resulted in no evidence of infectivity in the bioassay while the positive control did produce evidence of infectivity. In conclusion, lower levels of MCFA than previously evaluated may provide in-feed protection against PEDV.

207 Improving Performance of Finishing Pigs with Added Val, Ile, and Trp: Validating a Meta-analysis Model

Based on a recent meta-analysis, we hypothesized that increased dietary Val, Ile, or Trp could correct possible amino acid interactions caused by high dietary Leu in diets containing high levels of corn protein, namely dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). A total of 1,200 pigs (PIC TR4×(Fast LW×PIC L02); initially 33.6±0.63 kg) were used in a 103-d study. The 6 dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal-DDGS-based diets as follow: low level of Lys-HCl (SBM), high Lys-HCl and moderate Ile, Val, Trp (NC; AA above NRC 2012 estimates), moderate Lys-HCl and high Ile, Val, Trp (PC), and PC with either increased L-Val (Val), L-Ile (Ile), or L-Trp (Trp). Diets contained 30% DDGS until pigs reached approximately 100 kg and then 20% DDGS until market. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using lmer function in lme4 package in R with pen considered as the experimental unit, body weight as blocking factor, and treatment as a fixed effect with 10 replicates/treatment. Overall final BW and ADG were greater for pigs fed SBM, Val, and Ile diets than the NC with PC and Trp intermediate. Pigs fed the Val diet had greater (R< 0.05) ADFI than the NC with pigs fed SBM, PC, Ile, and Trp intermediate. No differences were detected between treatments for G:F. In conclusion, increasing Val or Ile in high Lys-HCl-DDGS-based diets improved growth performance and final BW compared with pigs fed diets containing high levels of HCl-Lys without added Val and Ile. These results demonstrate that negative effects of high Leu in corn-DDGS-based diets can be overcome by increasing the ratios of Val and Ile to Lys.

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60 Use of environmental monitoring to inform biosecurity compliance in a swine health challenge

As endemic and foreign diseases threaten the U.S. swine herd, producers are scrutinizing on-farm biosecurity practices. Environmental monitoring may help inform biosecurity compliance. Unfortunately, the Kansas State Swine Teaching and Research Center suffered an outbreak of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in March 2019. The objective of this research was to use environmental monitoring to evaluate biosecurity risk on a farm experiencing a viral outbreak. In a completely randomized design, environmental swabs were collected after barn sanitation on 14, 28, and 42-days after initial PEDV diagnosis from four zones: 1) pig contact surfaces within barns, 2) non-pig contact surfaces within barns, 3) outside barns and inside offices, and 4) transition areas. Swabs were analyzed for PEDV, rotavirus, and Enterobacteriaceae at a veterinary diagnostic laboratory. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedures of SAS, v 9.4 (Cary, NC). There was a significant time × zone interaction for PEDV (P < 0.0001), where swabs from non-pig contact areas within barns on d 28 (Zone 2) had greater (P < 0.05) levels of PEDV than pig-contact areas (Zone 1) on d 14, 28, or 42. No other interactions existed, and they were therefore removed from the statistical model. Time did not affect (P > 0.05) any measured response criteria. No PEDV was detected (45.0 Ct) from Zone 1 due to recent sanitation, but viral presence was highest (P < 0.05) in non-pig contact areas inside barns and was tracked outside of barns and through transition zones (32.9, 34.3, and 38.5 Ct for zones 2, 3, and 4, respectively). There was no detected difference (P > 0.05) for rotavirus or Enterobacteriaceae in time or zone. In conclusion, producers experiencing a PEDV outbreak may successfully decontaminate pig-contact surfaces, but still have risk throughout the farm. Biosecurity practices should support preventing cross-contamination from other contaminated areas.

258 Effects of iron administration timing on subsequent nursery performance

Weaned pigs (n=1,722; 5.9 kg BW) were used in a 53-d study evaluating the effects of Fe injection timing on subsequent nursery pig performance. Treatments consisted of a negative control for piglets receiving no Fe injection or 200-mg of injectable Fe (GleptoForte, Ceva Animal Health, Lenexa, KS) provided on d 1, 3, 5, or 7 of age, or 200-mg on d 1 plus an additional 200-mg injection on d 12. At weaning, pigs were placed in a commercial wean-to-finish facility in a total of 15 pens with equal representation of treatments in each pen. Pigs were weighed on d 73 after birth to determine subsequent nursery growth performance. Growth data were analyzed (GLIMMIX procedure of SAS) as a completely randomized design with individual pig as the experimental unit and pen as a random effect. Increasing the age that piglets received a 200-mg Fe injection showed no evidence of difference (P >0.10) for subsequent nursery ADG (Table 1). Not providing an Fe injection after birth decreased (P=0.0001) subsequent nursery ADG and decreased (P=0.0001) d 73 BW compared to all other treatments. Providing a 200-mg injection of Fe on d 1 plus a 200-mg injection on d 12 decreased (P=0.010) subsequent nursery ADG and decreased (P=0.024) d 73 BW compared to pigs receiving a 200-mg injection on d 1 only. There was no evidence of difference (P >0.10) for nursery mortality amongst the treatments. These results suggest that providing a 200-mg Fe injection within 7 d after farrowing is sufficient for optimizing subsequent nursery growth performance. The additional 200-mg Fe injection at d 12 decreased subsequent nursery growth performance and ending BW.

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