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Percy ME, Markovic VD, Crapper McLachlan DR, Berg JM, Hummel JT, Laing ME, Dearie TG, Andrews DF. Family with 22-derived marker chromosome and late-onset dementia of the Alzheimer type: I. Application of a new model for estimation of the risk of disease associated with the marker. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1991; 39:307-13. [PMID: 1867282 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320390312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We have identified 2 sisters with probable dementia of the Alzheimer type who have an unusual 22-derived marker chromosome with a greatly elongated short arm containing 2 well-separated nucleolus organizer regions. A marker chromosome similar in appearance is uncommon in the general population. Eleven of 24 of their biological relatives were also found to have the marker. The known pedigree of this family encompasses 6 generations in 2 of which there is evidence of 10 cases of dementia of the Alzheimer type. The average age-at-onset of dementia is 65.8 +/- 5.5 years; the average age-at-death among those apparently affected is 74.9 +/- 8.3 years. A new model for the estimation of risk was applied to the family data. Persons in this family with the marker were found to be 4 times more likely to develop dementia than those without the marker, the 95% confidence interval for this risk being 1-50. The probability that the association of dementia and the marker is due to chance alone is .05 (1 in 20).
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Murphy JE, Berg JM, Merer AJ, Harris NA, Field RW. Rydberg states and ionization potential of calcium monofluoride. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1990; 65:1861-1864. [PMID: 10042383 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.65.1861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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154
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Green LM, Berg JM. Retroviral nucleocapsid protein-metal ion interactions: folding and sequence variants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990; 87:6403-7. [PMID: 2385599 PMCID: PMC54542 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.87.16.6403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Retroviral nucleocapsid proteins contain one or two proposed metal-binding sequences of the form Cys-Xaa2-Cys-Xaa4-His-Xaa4-Cys. Previously, we reported that an 18-amino acid peptide derived from the nucleocapsid protein of Rauscher murine leukemia virus (RMLV) binds metals such as Co2+ and Zn2+. We have now synthesized the entire nucleocapsid protein from RMLV. We report here that the protein also binds Co2+ and Zn2+ and does so with a higher affinity than does the peptide. Limited proteolysis and circular dichroism studies reveal that metal binding induces folding of the metal-binding domain and, perhaps, the regions adjacent to it but the remainder of the protein remains in a relatively unstructured state. In addition, we have synthesized sequence variants of the metal-binding domain that correspond to viral mutations reported in the literature. In many cases, the metal-binding properties of these peptides correlate with the observed biological activity, providing further evidence for the importance of metal binding to nucleocapsid function.
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155
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Berg JM. Zinc finger domains: hypotheses and current knowledge. ANNUAL REVIEW OF BIOPHYSICS AND BIOPHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 1990; 19:405-21. [PMID: 2114117 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.bb.19.060190.002201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Many of the hypotheses are clearly correct that are based on the initial observation that TFIIIA has an approximately periodic structure with invariant pairs of cysteines and histidines apparently capable of coordinating metal ions. A startling number of other cDNA clones encode proteins that contain one or more sequences that match the zinc finger consensus, revealing that zinc finger proteins represent perhaps the largest class of DNA binding proteins in eukaryotes and that zinc finger protein-controlled gene expression may be a fundamental aspect of development as well as other processes. A great deal of progress has been made in elucidating the structure of single zinc finger domains. From knowledge of these structures, plausible and testable models can be developed for the complexes between zinc finger proteins and their DNA binding sites. Clearly, one of the most important challenges remaining in this area involves testing and extending these models. Structural data on such protein-nucleic acid complexes derived from NMR or crystallographic studies is tremendously valuable in this regard. Finally, an additional fundamental question is raised by the observation that this family and other important nucleic acid binding proteins contain zinc ions bound in small structural domains. Is zinc binding merely a useful structural strategy for generating domains involved in macromolecular interactions, or are zinc concentration fluctuations used in some manner to regulate gene expression? The biophysical data available to date certainly do not rule out this intriguing possibility.
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Berg JM. Zinc fingers and other metal-binding domains. Elements for interactions between macromolecules. J Biol Chem 1990; 265:6513-6. [PMID: 2108957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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157
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Berg JM. Zinc fingers and other metal-binding domains. Elements for interactions between macromolecules. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)39172-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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158
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Berg JM. Sensitivity to gravitational changes. Am J Psychiatry 1989; 146:1362. [PMID: 2535626 DOI: 10.1176/ajp.146.10.1362a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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159
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160
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Green LM, Berg JM. A retroviral Cys-Xaa2-Cys-Xaa4-His-Xaa4-Cys peptide binds metal ions: spectroscopic studies and a proposed three-dimensional structure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86:4047-51. [PMID: 2786206 PMCID: PMC287385 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.86.11.4047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Retroviral gag gene-encoded core nucleic acid binding proteins contain either one or two sequences of the form Cys-Xaa2-Cys-Xaa4-His-Xaa4-Cys. Previously, one of us has proposed that these sequences form metal-binding domains in analogy with the "zinc finger" domains first observed in transcription factor IIIA. We report that an 18-amino acid peptide derived from the core nucleic acid binding protein from Rauscher murine leukemia virus binds metal ions such as Co2+ and Zn2+. The absorption spectrum of the peptide-Co2+ complex is highly suggestive of tetrahedral coordination involving three cysteinates and one histidine. Titration experiments indicate that the dissociation constant for the peptide-Co2+ complex is 1.0 microM and that Zn2+ binds more tightly than Co2+. A detailed three-dimensional structure for this domain based on conserved substructures in other crystallographically characterized metalloproteins and on a detailed analysis of the Cys-Xaa2-Cys-Xaa4-His-Xaa4-Cys sequences from retroviruses and other related sources is proposed.
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Abstract
Platelet 3H-imipramine binding in 12 subjects with Down's syndrome showed a significantly lower maximal number of binding sites (Bmax) as compared to both unrelated normal and parental controls. No difference in the affinity constant (Kd) was observed. The results support the value of the platelet 3H-imipramine binding assay in the investigation of defects in serotonin metabolism in humans.
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162
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Berg JM. Proposed structure for the zinc-binding domains from transcription factor IIIA and related proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988; 85:99-102. [PMID: 3124104 PMCID: PMC279490 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.85.1.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Several proteins, including the gene regulatory protein transcription factor IIIA, have been shown to contain tandem repeats of sequences of approximately equal to 30 amino acids that are believed to form structural domains around bound zinc ions ("zinc fingers"). The consensus sequence for these repeats is (Phe, Tyr)-Xaa-Cys-(Xaa)2 or 4-Cys-(Xaa)3-Phe-(Xaa)5-Leu-(Xaa)2-His-(Xaa)3-His- (Xaa)5, where Xaa is any amino acid. Comparisons with metalloproteins with known structures have allowed the development of a detailed three-dimensional model for these domains consisting of an antiparallel beta-sheet followed by an alpha-helix. The proposed structure provides a basis for understanding the detailed roles of the conserved residues and allows construction of a model for the interaction of these proteins with nucleic acids in which the proteins wrap around the nucleic acids in the major groove.
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163
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Berg JM. Translating Gene Products into Proteins. Nat Biotechnol 1987. [DOI: 10.1038/nbt1187-1162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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165
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Frankel AD, Berg JM, Pabo CO. Metal-dependent folding of a single zinc finger from transcription factor IIIA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987; 84:4841-5. [PMID: 3474629 PMCID: PMC305201 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.84.14.4841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A 30-amino acid peptide, which corresponds to the second "zinc finger" domain of transcription factor IIIA, has been synthesized and purified. This peptide folds in the presence of zinc: adding Zn2+ significantly changes the circular dichroism spectrum, and Zn2+ protects the peptide from tryptic digestion. The peptide also binds Co2+, and the absorption spectrum of the Co2+ complex suggests that a tetrahedral binding site is formed by two cysteines and two histidines. Experiments at higher temperatures (60-75 degrees C) suggest that these folded metal-peptide complexes are quite thermostable. The peptide shows some sequence-specific effects in DNase and methylation protection experiments. However, it does not give a clear "footprint," and some effects are observed in the absence of added zinc.
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Berg JM. Metal ions in proteins: structural and functional roles. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 1987; 52:579-85. [PMID: 3454279 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.1987.052.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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167
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Berg JM. Response
: Histones and Metal-Binding Domains. Science 1986. [DOI: 10.1126/science.234.4783.1589-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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168
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Berg JM. Response
: Histones and Metal-Binding Domains. Science 1986. [DOI: 10.1126/science.234.4783.1589.b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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169
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Berg JM. Prenatal diagnosis of mental retardation and its implications. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1986; 9:625-34. [PMID: 3543887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal diagnostic procedures and their implications are reviewed with particular reference to mental retardation. The subject has biomedical, psychosocial, ethical, and legal ramifications, and consideration is given to each of these. These issues require the attention of psychiatrists because of emotional stresses, anxieties, and conflicts engendered by the circumstances under which consideration of prenatal diagnostic procedures becomes relevant, by the undertakings themselves, and by the complex and sensitive decisions that may subsequently need to be made.
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170
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Karlinsky H, Sandor P, Berg JM, Moldofsky H, Crawford E. Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome in Down's syndrome--a case report. Br J Psychiatry 1986; 148:601-4. [PMID: 2946345 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.148.5.601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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171
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Abstract
A systematic search for sequences that potentially could form metal-binding domains in proteins has been performed. Five classes of proteins involved in nucleic acid binding or gene regulation were found to contain such sequences. These observations suggest numerous experiments aimed at determining whether metal-binding domains are present in these proteins and, if present, what roles such domains play in the processes of nucleic acid binding and gene regulation.
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172
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Jordan SR, Whitcombe TV, Berg JM, Pabo CO. Systematic variation in DNA length yields highly ordered repressor-operator cocrystals. Science 1985; 230:1383-5. [PMID: 3906896 DOI: 10.1126/science.3906896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Crystals have been grown that contain the operator-binding domain of the lambda repressor and the lambda operator site OL1. Crystallization conditions were tested with a set of DNA fragments, ranging in length from 17 to 23 base pairs. The best crystals were grown with a 20-base pair DNA fragment. These crystals have space-group symmetry P2I, with unit cell dimensions a = 37.1 A, b = 68.8 A, c = 56.8 A, and a beta angle of 91.5 degrees. They diffracted to at least 2.5 A resolution. High resolution data from these crystals should allow the direct determination of how a repressor recognizes its operator site.
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173
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Berg JM, Hodgson KO, Bruce AE, Corbin JL, Pariyadath N, Stiefel EI. The crystal and molecular structures of dioxo mo(VI) complexes of tripodal, tetradentate N,S-donor ligands. Inorganica Chim Acta 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(00)80715-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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174
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Corey E, De B, Ponder JW, Berg JM. The stereochemistry and biosynthesis of hybridalactone, an eicosanoid from. Tetrahedron Lett 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)80088-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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175
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Dooley JM, Berg JM, Pakula Z, MacGregor DL. The puppet-like syndrome of Angelman. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DISEASES OF CHILDREN (1960) 1981; 135:621-4. [PMID: 7246489 DOI: 10.1001/archpedi.1981.02130310027010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Five new cases are presented of a syndrome characterized mainly by severe mental retardation, epilepsy, puppet-like ataxic movements, microbrachycephaly, prognathism, tongue protrusion, and inappropriate paroxysms of laughter. The cases are analyzed with reference to personal and family histories, clinical findings, and results of special investigations (biochemical, chromosomal, dermatoglyphic, EEG, and radiologic). The findings are compared with those in the 22 patients described previously. Though clinically distinctive, there is as yet no clear-cut evidence as to cause.
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