151
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Helton HL, Wilke VM, Gesteland PH, Srivastava R, Maloney CG. 538 SUCCESS, LENGTH OF STAY, AND HOSPITAL COSTS OF INFANTS < 90 DAYS WHO HAD IMAGING-ASSISTED LUMBAR PUNCTURES AFTER INITIAL FAILED ATTEMPTS. J Investig Med 2006. [DOI: 10.2310/6650.2005.x0004.537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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152
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Srivastava R, Aggarwal R, Chowdhury A, Naik S. P.306 Innate immune response in acute hepatitis E. J Clin Virol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1386-6532(06)80483-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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153
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Srivastava R, Singh K. Species diversity in dryland and irrigated agroecosystems and marginal grassland ecosystem in dry tropics. COMMUNITY ECOL 2005. [DOI: 10.1556/comec.6.2005.2.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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154
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Tripathi RP, Tiwari VK, Tewari N, Katiyar D, Saxena N, Sinha S, Gaikwad A, Srivastava A, Chaturvedi V, Manju YK, Srivastava R, Srivastava BS. Synthesis and antitubercular activities of bis-glycosylated diamino alcohols. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:5668-79. [PMID: 15955703 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2005] [Revised: 05/13/2005] [Accepted: 05/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Conjugate addition of diamines to glycosyl olefinic esters 1a and 1b followed by reduction of resulting bis-glycosyl beta-amino esters (2-7 and 14-19) with lithium aluminium hydride led to the respective glycosyl amino alcohols (8-13 and 20-25) in moderate to good yields. All the compounds were evaluated for antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H(37)Ra and H(37)Rv. Few of the compounds exhibited antitubercular activity with MIC as low as 6.25-3.12microg/mL in virulent and avirulent strains. Compound 13 was found to be active against MDR strain and showed mild protection in mice.
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155
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Mod H, Prasiko G, Jha AK, Chaurasia PP, Srivastava R. Radiotherapy for splenomegaly. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc 2005; 44:97-9. [PMID: 16554863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy for massive, symptomatic splenomegaly has been used in a palliative setting since the early 1990's. Massive splenomegaly may be seen in CML, CLL, hairy cell leukemia and splenic marginal zone lymphomas, prolymphocytic leukemia, myeloproliferative disorders such as polycythaemia rubra, polycythaemia vera or essential thrombocytosis or myelofibrosis. Splenic radiation therapy has been shown to be effective in palliation of the signs and symptoms due to massive splenomegaly. We present here one such case of myelofibrosis where the patient was treated with radiotherapy to the spleen for symptomatic relief. The patient achieved excellent response to the treatment.
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156
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Katiyar D, Tiwari VK, Tewari N, Verma SS, Sinha S, Gaikwad A, Srivastava A, Chaturvedi V, Srivastava R, Srivastava BS, Tripathi RP. Synthesis and antimycobacterial activities of glycosylated amino alcohols and amines. Eur J Med Chem 2005; 40:351-60. [PMID: 15804534 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2004.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2004] [Revised: 12/09/2004] [Accepted: 12/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Reduction of glycosyl beta-amino esters (6-14 and 25-30) with lithium aluminum hydride resulted in glycosyl amino alcohols (15-23 and 31-36) in good yields. However, reductive amination of glycosyl aldehydes (1-3) with different amines in presence of sodium borohydride resulted in good to moderate yields of glycosyl amines (37-41). All the compounds were evaluated for antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra and H37Rv. Compounds 18, 21, 35 and 36 exhibited antitubercular activities with MIC ranging from 6.25 to 3.12 microg ml(-1).
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157
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Khader A, Srivastava R, Parekh N. Intravascular catheter-associated infection. Anesth Analg 2005; 100:1216-1217. [PMID: 15781555 DOI: 10.1213/01.ane.0000148973.50969.00] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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158
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Venkatathri N, Srivastava R. Synthesis, characterization and catalytic properties of hexagonal mesoporous vanadium aluminophosphate molecular sieves. CATAL COMMUN 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2004.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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159
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Srivastava R, Bennur T, Srinivas D. Factors affecting activation and utilization of carbon dioxide in cyclic carbonates synthesis over Cu and Mn peraza macrocyclic complexes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2004.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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160
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Abstract
In patients with chronic renal failure, blood samples for laboratory analysis are often taken via dialysis catheters. This report describes a case of gross spurious hypernatraemia in a blood sample collected from a patient undergoing haemodialysis. After centrifugation of the blood sample in question, the separator gel formed the topmost layer, with the serum in the middle and the clot at the bottom. Subsequent analysis of the serum showed severe hypernatraemia (serum sodium, 744 mmol/litre). It was established that the blood sample had been taken from the patient's dialysis catheter into which 3 ml of Citra-Lock (46.7% trisodium citrate) had been instilled previously as a "catheter locking" solution. The hypernatraemia seen in this case was recognised immediately as an artefact, but it was found that even minimal contamination of blood samples with Citra-Lock may significantly affect sodium concentrations. This contamination may be missed, with potentially adverse consequences for patient management.
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161
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Srinivas D, Srivastava R, Ratnasamy P. Transesterifications over titanosilicate molecular sieves. Catal Today 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2004.06.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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162
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Srivastava R, Manju M, Srinivas D, Ratnasamy P. Phosgene-Free Synthesis of Carbamates over Zeolite-Based Catalysts. Catal Letters 2004. [DOI: 10.1023/b:catl.0000034285.05419.7e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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163
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Tewari N, Tiwari VK, Tripathi RP, Chaturvedi V, Srivastava A, Srivastava R, Shukla PK, Chaturvedi AK, Gaikwad A, Sinha S, Srivastava BS. Synthesis of galactopyranosyl amino alcohols as a new class of antitubercular and antifungal agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:329-32. [PMID: 14698152 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The galactopyranosyl amino alcohols (3-16) were synthesised by regioselective oxirane ring opening of compound 2 with variety of amines and screened for antitubercular and antifungal activities. One of the compounds (16) showed potent activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37 Rv in vitro and also displayed activity in MDR TB. The compound (16) was found to be superior to ethambutol clinically used anti TB drug in in vitro screen.
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164
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Kaul PP, Shyam S, Srivastava R, Misra D, Salve PR, Srivastava SP. Lead levels in ambient air and blood of pregnant mothers from the general population of Lucknow (U.P.), India. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2003; 71:1239-1243. [PMID: 14756294 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-003-8825-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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165
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Srivastava R, Srinivas D, Ratnasamy P. Synthesis of Polycarbonate Precursors over Titanosilicate Molecular Sieves. Catal Letters 2003. [DOI: 10.1023/b:catl.0000006329.37210.fd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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166
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Katiyar D, Tiwari VK, Tripathi RP, Srivastava A, Chaturvedi V, Srivastava R, Srivastava BS. Synthesis and antimycobacterial activity of 3,5-disubstituted thiadiazine thiones. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:4369-75. [PMID: 13129574 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(03)00480-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of 3,5-disubstituted thiadiazine thiones (4-24) have been synthesized by reaction of primary amines with carbon disulphide followed by cyclocondensation of the resulting intermediate with formaldehyde and primary amines or amino acids. The compounds were screened for antitubercular activity in vitro against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. Three compounds 4, 12 and 18 showed antimycobacterial activity with MIC 12.5 microg/mL. Compound 4, was tested in vitro against five multidrug resistant (MDR) strains of M. tuberculosis and was found to be active. Compound 4 also exhibited activity in vivo. While all the mice died in the untreated group, the mean survival time (MST) of the compound treated mice was enhanced, 33% mice were surviving in treated group and the load of bacilli in the lung was considerably less in the compound treated group than in the untreated control group.
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167
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Tewari N, Tiwari VK, Mishra RC, Tripathi RP, Srivastava AK, Ahmad R, Srivastava R, Srivastava BS. Synthesis and bioevaluation of glycosyl ureas as alpha-glucosidase inhibitors and their effect on mycobacterium. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:2911-22. [PMID: 12788361 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(03)00214-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glycosyl amino esters (2-13) on reaction with different isocyanates resulted in quantitative conversion to glycosyl ureas (14--32). Few of the selected ureas (15-20, 22-28, 30 and 32) on cyclative amidation with DBU/TBAB/4 A MS gave respective dihydropyrimidinones in fair to good yields (33-47). The compounds were screened for alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity and two (19 and 23) of them showed strong inhibition against rat intestinal alpha-glucosidase. The compounds were also screened against Mycobacterium aurum, however, only one (19) of them exhibited marginal antitubercular activity.
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168
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Vasudevan AR, Ghosh S, Srivastava R, Premawardhana LDKE. Low HbA1c levels in a poorly controlled diabetic. Postgrad Med J 2003; 79:418, 421. [PMID: 12897227 PMCID: PMC1742751 DOI: 10.1136/pmj.79.933.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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169
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Prem Raj P, Srivastava S, Jain SK, Srivastava BS, Srivastava R. Protection by live Mycobacterium habana vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv challenge in mice. Indian J Med Res 2003; 117:139-45. [PMID: 14604301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES In recent years the efficacy of BCG vaccine against tuberculosis has been questioned and there is no alternative vaccine available. Several strategies are being applied to get a satisfactory vaccine. Two approaches are generally considered: the subunit vaccines and the whole cell vaccines. The objective of this investigation was to evaluate an avirulent mycobacteria, Mycobacterium habana, as a whole cell vaccine to protect mice from infection of M. tuberculosis H37Rv. METHODS AKR and immunocompromised SJL/J mice were immunized with live M. habana vaccine. These mice were challenged with M. tuberculosis H37Rv eight weeks later along with unimmunized control mice. Protection by M. habana vaccine was measured through several parameters, which included survival of challenged mice, dissemination of challenge strain and histopathology of lung tissues. RESULTS M. habana vaccinated animals were healthier than the unvaccinated mice after challenge with M. tuberculosis and survived with significant increase in mean survival time. The viable count of challenge strain was at least 100-fold less in vaccinated mice than the control mice. The lung tissues in unvaccinated mice showed marked bronchopneumonia with clusters of acid fast bacilli, whereas vaccinated mice showed small areas of damage and evidence of protection subsequently. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION It may be concluded from the evidence presented here that mice vaccinated with M. habana were protected from challenge with M. tuberculosis in both normal and immunocompromised states.
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170
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Deb DK, Dahiya P, Srivastava KK, Srivastava R, Srivastava BS. Selective identification of new therapeutic targets of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by IVIAT approach. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2003; 82:175-82. [PMID: 12464489 DOI: 10.1054/tube.2002.0337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The in vivo induced antigen technology (IVIAT)(1) has been used for the identification of open reading frames (ORFs) which could be possible therapeutic targets. A recombinant lambdagt11:: Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv expression library was screened with pooled TB patient sera preabsorbed with in vitro grown M. tuberculosis H37Rv. Preabsorption of pooled TB patient sera allowed identification of antigens specifically expressed or upregulated during infection and growth in vivo. Six ORFs were identified, of which four (rv0287, rv2402, rv3878 and rv1045) were of hypothetical functions. Rv0287 is a probable regulatory protein. Rv3878 is present uniquely in M. tuberculosis H37Rv and is a part of RDI deletion region of M. bovis BCG, which includes esat 6 region. This could be exploited as a tool for diagnosis. Two ORFs were assigned function solely on the basis of homology, dnaQ (rv3711c) and lpdA (rv3303c). dnaQ codes for the epsilon subunit of DNA polymerase III, which is responsible for the proofreading activity of the complex. lpdA codes for dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase, which is a part of many multienzyme complexes such as pyruvate dehydrogenase, keto-acid dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. These two enzymes appear to be potential targets for drug development.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Blotting, Western
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- DNA, Bacterial/immunology
- DNA, Recombinant/genetics
- DNA, Recombinant/immunology
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/immunology
- Genomic Library
- Humans
- Mycobacteriophages/genetics
- Mycobacteriophages/immunology
- Mycobacterium bovis/genetics
- Mycobacterium bovis/immunology
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/immunology
- Open Reading Frames/genetics
- Open Reading Frames/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/drug therapy
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/immunology
- beta-Galactosidase/genetics
- beta-Galactosidase/immunology
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171
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Kaul PP, Srivastava R, Srivastava SP, Kamboj M, Chand S. Relationships of maternal blood lead and disorders of pregnancy to neonatal birthweight. VETERINARY AND HUMAN TOXICOLOGY 2002; 44:321-3. [PMID: 12458631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Transient complications of pregnancy (anemia, toxemia, proteinuria, arterial hypertension and hyperemesis) were studied in pregnant women from the general population reporting to local hospitals. Comparison of blood lead levels (PbB) was made between women with normal pregnancies and those with complications. Significantly higher PbB were found in women with pregnancy complications as compared to those with normal pregnancies. Increments in the PbB levels were accompanied by statistically significant decrements in neonate birthweights. Complications of pregnancy may be induced by higher PbB and may also compound the adverse effects of decrements of neonate birthweights
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172
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Srivastava R, You L, Summers J, Yin J. Stochastic vs. deterministic modeling of intracellular viral kinetics. J Theor Biol 2002; 218:309-21. [PMID: 12381432 DOI: 10.1006/jtbi.2002.3078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Within its host cell, a complex coupling of transcription, translation, genome replication, assembly, and virus release processes determines the growth rate of a virus. Mathematical models that account for these processes can provide insights into the understanding as to how the overall growth cycle depends on its constituent reactions. Deterministic models based on ordinary differential equations can capture essential relationships among virus constituents. However, an infection may be initiated by a single virus particle that delivers its genome, a single molecule of DNA or RNA, to its host cell. Under such conditions, a stochastic model that allows for inherent fluctuations in the levels of viral constituents may yield qualitatively different behavior. To compare modeling approaches, we developed a simple model of the intracellular kinetics of a generic virus, which could be implemented deterministically or stochastically. The model accounted for reactions that synthesized and depleted viral nucleic acids and structural proteins. Linear stability analysis of the deterministic model showed the existence of two nodes, one stable and one unstable. Individual stochastic simulation runs could access and remain at the unstable node. In addition, deterministic and averaged stochastic simulations yielded different transient kinetics and different steady-state levels of viral components, particularly for low multiplicities of infection (MOI), where few virus particles initiate the infection. Furthermore, a bimodal population distribution of viral components was observed for low MOI stochastic simulations. The existence of a low-level infected subpopulation of cells, which could act as a viral reservoir, suggested a potential mechanism of viral persistence.
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173
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Dua SK, Kotrappa P, Srivastava R, Ebadian MA, Stieff LR. Measurement of alpha particle energy using windowless electret ion chambers. HEALTH PHYSICS 2002; 83:549-552. [PMID: 12240732 DOI: 10.1097/00004032-200210000-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Electret ion chambers are inexpensive, lightweight, robust, commercially available, passive, charge-integrating devices for accurate measurement of different ionizing radiations. In an earlier work a chamber of dimensions larger than the range of alpha particles having aluminized Mylar windows of different thickness was used for measurement of alpha radiation. Correlation between electret mid-point voltage, alpha particle energy, and response was developed and it was shown that this chamber could be used for estimating the effective energy of an unknown alpha source. In the present study, the electret ion chamber is used in the windowless mode so that the alpha particles dissipate their entire energy inside the volume, and the alpha particle energy is determined from the first principles. This requires that alpha disintegration rate be accurately known or measured by an alternate method. The measured energies were within 1 to 4% of the true values for different sources (230Th, 237Np, 239Pu, 241Am, and 224Cm). This method finds application in quantitative determination of alpha energy absorbed in thin membrane and, hence, the absorbed dose.
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174
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Tripathi RP, Tripathi R, Tiwari VK, Bala L, Sinha S, Srivastava A, Srivastava R, Srivastava BS. Synthesis of glycosylated beta-amino acids as new class of antitubercular agents. Eur J Med Chem 2002; 37:773-81. [PMID: 12350294 DOI: 10.1016/s0223-5234(02)01398-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of glycosylated beta-amino acids was prepared and evaluated against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. avium, M. fortuitum and M. smegmatis. The compounds were designed to mimic the enzyme D-alanine racemase and glycosyl transferase involved in the biosynthesis of essential cell wall peptidoglycan and arabinogalactan. Though most of the compounds exhibited little activity, however, one showed significant activity against all the strains in cell culture and activity was confirmed by BACTEC method.
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175
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Srivastava R, Lal SK. A liquid synchronized-growth culture assay for the identification of true positive and negative yeast three-hybrid transformants. Lett Appl Microbiol 2002; 34:300-3. [PMID: 11940164 DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-765x.2002.01085.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To develop a simple and easy-to-use assay for detection of truely positive transformants from a yeast three-hybrid assay. METHODS AND RESULTS The yeast three-hybrid system is a new powerful system for studying RNA-protein interactions in vivo. There are, however, many reports from investigators about the difficulty in distinguishing a positive from a negative result due to the hard-to-detect differences between truely positive transformants and the negative ones. A liquid synchronous-growth culture approach has been described for all positive and negative transformants and their growth densities have been compared to each other at fixed intervals of incubation times. We have designed a simple yet effective procedure to assay for positive and negative RNA-protein interactions based on liquid culture analysis of synchronously growing yeast cells. Results obtained from this new procedure clearly show differences in positive and negative transformants after a 24-h incubation of synchronously growing transformants in liquid culture. CONCLUSIONS The procedure mentioned in this report shows clearly the differences between positive and negative results from a three-hybrid system. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The method proposed here is a clear advantage over existing methods based on measuring growth on restrictive growth medium plates by the naked eye. This method will have substantial usage with investigators using the yeast three-hybrid studies for RNA-protein interactions.
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