Patient education in the management of diabetes mellitus

AIM

A patient education programme in the management of diabetes mellitus (DM) was piloted in a government polyclinic. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the education programme in improving knowledge of DM and skills in self-care in order to achieve long term control of DM.

METHOD

The study was carried out on an intervention group of 183 diabetic patients who completed the education programme and a control group of 95 diabetic patients who attended the clinic during the period of the study. The patients were assessed on their knowledge of diabetes and their practice for good control of the disease (dietary practice, compliance, home monitoring) through a questionnaire. Long term control was assessed by their glycosylated haemoglobin levels. The education programme comprised individual counselling using a diabetes education guide, talks, videoshows and food displays.

RESULTS

The intervention group showed a significant and greater improvement in the knowledge of the disease and self-care and in the dietary practice (taking more unpolished rice/high fibre food, reducing calories intake and cutting down oily/fatty food) when compared to the control group. Compliance with medication and the mean HbA1c levels were also improved in the intervention group.

CONCLUSION

In this study the educational intervention was observed to have improved the diabetic patients' knowledge of the disease and self-care and the long term control of the disease. Patient education is thus an important component in the management of diabetes mellitus.

Hepatic release of interleukin-10 during cardiopulmonary bypass in steroid-pretreated patients

With its antiinflammatory properties, interleukin (IL)-10 may play an important role in limiting complications associated with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). We previously demonstrated that pretreatment with steroids can significantly increase IL-10 production during CPB, but neither the heart nor the lung was found to be its main source. To define whether the liver is the source of IL-10, hepatic venous cannulation was performed in 12 patients undergoing CPB. Each patient received 30 mg/kg of methylprednisolone before operation. Plasma levels of IL-10 were simultaneously measured in peripheral arterial blood and hepatic venous blood before heparin administration, before aortic cross-clamping, and 5, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after aortic declamping. The duration of CPB and aortic cross-clamping was 113 +/- 7 minutes and 75 +/- 6 minutes (mean +/- SEM), respectively. IL-10 levels 30 minutes after declamping were significantly higher in hepatic venous blood than in arterial blood (1187 +/- 573 pg/ml vs 911 +/- 405 pg/ml, p < 0.01 by Wilcoxon's signed-rank test). To determine whether steroids can also induce the release of another antiinflammatory cytokine, IL-4, plasma IL-4 levels were measured simultaneously. IL-4 was detected in the arterial blood of only 4 of the 12 patients, transiently after aortic declamping. IL-4 was not detected in hepatic venous blood. In conclusion, the liver is a major source of IL-10 during CPB. However, steroid-treated patients do not show an increase in IL-4, and the liver is not the source of IL-4 during and after CPB.

Cytokine responses to cardiopulmonary bypass: lessons learned from cardiac transplantation

BACKGROUND

A growing body of evidence relates the release during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8, to the postoperative systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Antiinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10, however, may also play an important role in limiting these complications.

METHODS

The English-language literature was reviewed. Emphasis was placed on cytokine responses during clinical CPB for cardiac operations and, in particular, for heart and heart-lung transplantation.

RESULTS

The recent data indicate that (1) although cytokine release can be triggered by many factors during CPB, ischemia-reperfusion may play the most important role; (2) the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-6, and IL-8 are correlated with the duration of cardiac ischemia and the myocardium is a major source of these three cytokines during CPB; (3) IL-10 levels are correlated with the duration of CPB and the liver is a major source of IL-10 during CPB; and (4) steroid pretreatment is an effective intervention to inhibit the release of proinflammatory cytokines and enhance IL-10 production.

CONCLUSIONS

The improved knowledge of cytokine responses to CPB may help to develop interventions aimed at reducing postoperative morbidity and mortality.

Myocardium is a major source of proinflammatory cytokines in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass

Proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and interleukin-8, and anti unflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-10, may play an important role in patient responses to cardiopulmonary bypass. We sought to define whether the myocardium and the lungs serve as important sources of these cytokines under conditions of cardiopulmonary bypass. Ten patients (age 64 +/- 3 years, mean +/- standard error of the mean) undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting were monitored with an arterial catheter, a coronary sinus catheter, and pulmonary artery catheter. Plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and interleukin-10 were measured simultaneously in peripheral arterial blood, coronary sinus blood, and mixed venous blood before heparin administration, 1 minute before aortic crossclamping, 5 minutes after aortic declamping, and at 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 hours after aortic declamping. The durations of cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic crossclamping were 114 +/- 9 and 64 +/- 5 minutes, respectively. Levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 were significantly higher in coronary sinus blood than in arterial blood after aortic declamping. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 levels were also higher in mixed venous blood than in arterial blood within 1 hour after declamping. There were no significant differences among the three sampling sites with respect to interleukin-8 and interleukin-10 levels. In one patient who had postoperative myocardial infarction, however, interleukin-8 levels were three times as high as in coronary sinus blood than in arterial blood. These data indicate that the myocardium is a major source of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. The lungs may consume rather than release proinflammatory cytokines in the early phase of reperfusion. The source under these conditions of the antünflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 remains to be determined.

Cardiac tamponade due to spontaneous rupture of right coronary artery aneurysm

A case of acute cardiac tamponade caused by spontaneous rupture of a right coronary artery aneurysm is reported. The aneurysm, which was present distally, was ligated during operation. Postoperative angiography suggested the aneurysm was congenital. The patient is doing well 5 months after operation.

[Clinical observation on effect of yiqi huoxue decoction over the left ventricular diastolic dysfunction]

The left ventricular diastolic function, grade of heart function and degree of Heart-Qi Deficiency of 52 aged patients with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) were measured by means of Doppler echocardiography and left ventricular impedance cardiography before and after treatment with Buqi Qiangxin decoction (BQQXD), a recipe of TCM for reinforcing Qi and promoting blood circulation. The data were compared with that of control group (15 cases) treated with verapamil. Results showed that 92.3% of the LVDD patients were associated with Heart-Qi Deficiency and 69.2% were complicated with blood stasis. After treated with BQQXD, the grade of heart function was elevated in 82.6%, the degree of Heart-Qi Deficiency was improved in 89.6% of the patients. The parameters reflecting the left ventricular diastolic function were all improved in different degree (P < 0.05-0.01), but the parameters reflecting left ventricular compliance were changed insignificantly (P > 0.05). It indicated that besides controlling on the etiological factors, the mechanism of BQQXD in treating left ventricular dysfunction might be related with its calcium antagonistic effect.

Human cytokine responses to cardiac transplantation and coronary artery bypass grafting

Cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass triggers an inflammatory response involving proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and interleukin-8. To elucidate the pathophysiology of this cytokine response, we explored the possible differences in cytokine responses between patients undergoing heart transplantation and those undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and interleukin-10 were measured in eight patients undergoing heart transplantation (mean age 44 years) and eight patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (mean age 61 years). Duration of cardiopulmonary bypass and ischemic time were both longer in the heart transplantation group than in the coronary artery bypass grafting group (133 +/- 26 min vs 100 +/- 31 min, p < 0.05, and 130 +/- 47 min vs 58 +/- 21 min, p < 0.005, respectively). Samples were collected before heparin administration, at aortic crossclamping and declamping, and at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 12, and 24 hours after declamping. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels were significantly higher 30 minutes after aortic declamping in the heart transplantation group than in the coronary artery bypass grafting group (68 +/- 30 vs 18 +/- 5 pg/ml, p < 0.05). Interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 levels were also significantly higher 90 minutes after declamping in patients undergoing heart transplantation than in those undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (310 +/- 63 vs 169 +/- 24 pg/ml, p < 0.05, and 73 +/- 17 vs 24 +/- 5 pg/ml, p < 0.01, respectively). Furthermore, interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 values 90 minutes after declamping were significantly correlated with the ischemic time (r = 0.72 and r = 0.82, respectively, both p < 0.05). Interleukin-10 levels in both groups rose to reach a peak value of around 115 pg/ml 1 hour after declamping. Patients undergoing heart transplantation exhibited a second peak of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-8, and interleukin-10 levels 12 hours after declamping, probably related to the administration of rabbit antihuman thymocyte immunoglobulin (Thymoglobuline) 3 hours after declamping. Interleukin-6 levels decreased more significantly 12 and 24 hours after declamping in patients undergoing heart transplantation, probably related to methylprednisolone therapy. In conclusion, cardiopulmonary bypass is associated with the production of both proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines. The production of proinflammatory cytokines in patients undergoing heart transplantation is higher than that in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting, and this increase could be related to the longer duration of ischemia in the former group. The later course of cytokine levels after heart transplantation may be further influenced by immunosuppressive therapy.

Steroid administration in heart and heart-lung transplantation: is the timing adequate?

BACKGROUND

The release of cytokines after cardiopulmonary bypass may play an important role in postoperative morbidity. The release of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8, is even greater in patients undergoing heart transplantation (HTx) than coronary artery grafting. We tested the hypothesis that in HTx patients the earlier administration of steroids, before rather than after cardiopulmonary bypass as usual, can reduce the inflammatory response.

METHODS

In 20 consecutive patients who underwent HTx or heart-lung transplantation (HLTx), plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-6, IL-8, and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 were measured before heparin administration, at aortic cross-clamping and declamping, and 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 12, and 24 hours after aortic declamping. In 10 patients (group I, 6 HTx and 4 HLTx), 500 mg of methylprednisolone was first given as usual at 1.5 hours after aortic declamping (at the end of cardiopulmonary bypass). In the next 10 patients (group II, 6 HTx and 4 HLTx), the first doses of methylprednisolone were given 1 hour before operation. In both groups, 125 mg of methylprednisolone were given every 8 hours thereafter during the first postoperative day.

RESULTS

The ischemic time and cardiopulmonary bypass time were similar in the two groups (166 +/- 16 minutes versus 157 +/- 13 minutes, and 192 +/- 21 minutes versus 186 +/- 20 minutes, respectively, mean +/- standard error of the mean). At 30 minutes after aortic declamping and throughout the next 4 hours, tumor necrosis factor alpha levels were significantly lower in group II than in group I (all p < 0.03). Interleukin-8 values 1 hour after declamping were also lower in group II than in group I (49 +/- 15 pg/mL versus 130 +/- 38 pg/mL, p < 0.02). Interleukin-10 levels were significantly higher in group II than in group I from 30 minutes after declamping through 2 hours after (all p < 0.03). Interleukin-6 levels were similar in the two groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Earlier steroid administration in the immunosuppressive protocol for HTx or HLTx may be preferable to reduce the inflammatory response to cardiopulmonary bypass, as reflected by a lower production of tumor necrosis factor alpha and IL-8, and a greater release of IL-10.

[Chemical constituents of Stellera chamaejasme L]

Twelve compounds were isolated from the roots of Stellera chamaejasma. Five of them were elucidated by spectroscopic and chemical methods as 3', 14-dimethyl-4', 11-dimethoxy-5, 7-dihydroxybenzoflavanone (10), daphnetin (1), umbelliferone (2), daucosterol (5) and beta-sitosterol (3). Compound 10 is new. Compounds 1, 2, 5, 10 were isolated for the first time from S. chamaejasme.

[Guinea pigs infected by bacterial dust aerosol of Bacillus tuberculosis]

There still is controversy over whether Bacillus tuberculosis could be spread by dust. For the purpose to illustrate the possible contagious route, guinea pigs were exposed to bacterial dust aerosol which was generated by mixing Bacillus tuberculosis H37Rv with dried dust. The percentage of the size of particles, diameter < 4 microns, was 5.1%. The density of bacteria in the dust aerosol was 386.7 cfu/L and the mass medium diameter (MMD) was 1.9 microns. On the 70 days after exposure, in the 3 minutes exposed group, positive reaction to OT test (1:20) was 2/7, culture of Bacillus tuberculosis was positive from lungs and spleen was 1/7, in the 18 minutes exposed group, 5/8 were positive for OT test, the positive culture found from lungs was 2/8 and from spleen 1/8. These results showed that Bacillus tuberculosis could be spread by bacterial aerosol.

[Epidemiological investigation of Campylobacter Jejuni infection in children]

Epidemiological studies on campylobacter jejuni infection in children were carried out in Chengdu during December 1987 to October 1989. Detection rate of campylobacter in 1,092 children with diarrhea was 11.36%, with the highest in children aged 1-2 and the lowest in babies within six months. Campylobacter jejuni could be detected in young children with acute diarrhea all the year round, with a higher detection rate in the spring and summer and lower in the autumn and winter. Campylobacter jejuni could be detected in 5.09% of healthy children, with a significant difference between kindergartens due to their living conditions. Use of spectrum of drug-resistance and plasmid analysis in children of nurseries and kindergartens to study campylobacter infection suggested campylobacter jejuni infection in children could be caused by a lot of distant-associated strains with genetic homogeneity.

[Percutaneous intra-aortic balloon pumping in cardiogenic shock]

Eleven patients with cardiogenic shock underwent percutaneous intra-aortic balloon pumping (PIABP). Six (55%) survived and 5 (45%) died. Seven patients were referred to the hospital after acute myocardial infarction and 4 of them survived after the therapy in conjunction with thrombolysis or percutaneous transluminal coronary. In another four patients receiving postcardiotomy, half survived without complication. We believe that PIABP can make early revascularization safe by combating reperfusion injury.

Factors associated with sexually transmitted diseases among prostitutes in Singapore

From June to December 1990, 806 prostitutes registered with the STD programme in Singapore for regular screening for sexually transmitted diseases (STD) were investigated for factors associated with STD incidence in the preceding year. The majority were foreigners (92.7% Malaysians and 3.1% Thais). Anal sex (0.4%) and intravenous drug use (0.9%) were rare. The overall STD incidence rate was 47.7 per 100. None was human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive. The crude and age-adjusted risk of STD was found to increase significantly with client load. An inverse relationship between condom use and STD risk was also observed. Mean condom use among clients was reported as 56.1% for spontaneous use and estimated as 75.4% following negotiation for condom use by prostitutes. Although the prostitutes negotiated for condom use with majority of the clients (85.5%) who did not use condoms spontaneously, they were successful with only about half of them (54.4%). Health education should be targeted at clients on the protective effects of condom use and at the prostitutes on skills in negotiating condom use.

Intra-articular osteoid osteoma

Osteoid osteomas located within the capsule of a joint are uncommon and present challenging diagnostic difficulties. Twelve patients with an intra-articular osteoid osteoma were studied retrospectively to determine the spectrum of clinical and radiological findings. The features differ significantly from the well known classical hallmarks of the extra-articular lesion. The symptoms are non-specific with pain similar to other common joint disorders and the response to salicylate less precise. On plain radiography intra-articular lesions are difficult to identify, lacking the florid periosteal new bone and intense perifocal sclerotic reaction. A detectable focal lesion is commonly absent with considerable delay between the onset of symptoms and radiological detection of the tumour nidus. Bone scintigraphy and computed tomography (CT) are essential for an accurate and early diagnosis. These imaging techniques reveal abnormalities in bone and cartilage growth, new bone formation and sclerosis distant from the tumour on either side of the joint, and disruption of the articular surface. Radiological follow up after surgery shows that these changes can be reversible, especially when the diagnosis is made early.

The acute haemodynamic effects of nicardipine in patients with chronic left ventricular failure

Nicardipine is a new slow channel calcium blocker. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris. Nine patients with mild to moderate left ventricular failure were given intravenous infusions of nicardipine and the haemodynamic effects measured. In patients receiving 20 mg of nicardipine, mean cardiac index rose to a peak 1.81 X min-1 X m-2 (64%) above the preinfusion level, stroke volume index rose by 12 ml X m-2 (35%) and heart rate rose by 16 beats X min-1 (20%). There was a significant fall in systemic vascular resistance of 50% manifested by a reduction of 22 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure (18%) and 18 mm Hg in diastolic blood pressure (22%). Pulmonary vascular resistance fell by 45%. Mean pulmonary artery pressure and capillary wedge pressure did not change significantly. This study suggests that concomitant mild to moderate left ventricular failure is not a contra-indication to nicardipine therapy in patients with angina.

Amylase excretion after exercise

Increase in amylase excretion in the urine in response to 8 days of aerobic running is delayed until after the athletes have rested for 24-48 h. In contrast, the amylase creatinine ratio is increased immediately after intense short-term exercise. The mechanism for these differences is unknown, but the timing of the amylase excretion pattern after long- and short-term exercise is similar to the urinary amylase after continuous and single bolus intravenous glucagon.

Analytical modeling for the optical properties of the skin with in vitro and in vivo applications

Analytical modeling that interrelates the optical properties of multilayered structures is applied to the skin. The mathematical approach is based on relations of diffuse reflectance and transmittance of a multilayered system and the diffuse reflectance and transmittance of each component layer. The formula can also be derived from the Kubelka-Munk theory of radiation transfer. Using both collimated and diffuse incident irradiance, the applicability of the model to human epidermis over the UV and visible region has been verified. The model has been applied to calculate to absorption and scattering coefficients of human epidermis in vitro, and to estimate the epidermal transmittance under simulated in vivo condition.