151
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Boyer C, Wolf M, Lavergne JM, Larrieu MJ. Thrombin generation and formation of thrombin-antithrombin III complexes in congenital antithrombin III deficiency. Thromb Res 1980; 20:207-18. [PMID: 7209877 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(80)90386-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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152
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Nordenman B, Björk I. Fractionation of heparin by chromatography on immobilized thrombin. Correlation between the anticoagulant activity of the fractions and their content of heparin with high affinity for antithrombin. Thromb Res 1980; 19:711-8. [PMID: 7444870 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(80)90044-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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153
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Thunberg L, Bäckström G, Grundberg H, Riesenfeld J, Lindahl U. The molecular size of the antithrombin-binding sequence in heparin. FEBS Lett 1980; 117:203-6. [PMID: 7409165 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(80)80945-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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154
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Holmer E, Lindahl U, Bäckström G, Thunberg L, Sandberg H, Söderström G, Anderson LO. Anticoagulant activities and effects on platelets of a heparin fragment with high affinity for antithrombin. Thromb Res 1980; 18:861-9. [PMID: 7414566 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(80)90208-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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155
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Long WF, Williamson FB, Kindness G, Edward M. The anticoagulant activity of dermatan sulphates. Thromb Res 1980; 18:493-503. [PMID: 7414544 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(80)90345-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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156
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Longy M, Reiffers J, Delmas M, Bonnet J, Le Bras M, Broustet A, Moretti G. [Plasma cells leukaemia, cryoglobulins and antithrombin (author's transl)]. LA SEMAINE DES HOPITAUX : ORGANE FONDE PAR L'ASSOCIATION D'ENSEIGNEMENT MEDICAL DES HOPITAUX DE PARIS 1980; 56:676-9. [PMID: 6246597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Although primitive plasma cells leukaemia is uncommon, it still stands in a particular place among malignant lymphoplasmocytary syndroms. It borrows from multiple myeloma and acute leukaemia some of its clinical and biological manifestations. Its course is quickly adverse, its treatment ineffective and the average life expectation is three months.
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157
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Ohtsu K, Tamao Y, Kikumoto R, Ikezawa K, Hijikata A, Okamoto S. Effects of a potent thrombin inhibitor, No. 407, on DIC models. THE KOBE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 1980; 26:61-71. [PMID: 7392550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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158
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Björk I, Nordling K. Evidence by chemical modification for the involvement of one or more tryptophanyl residues of bovine antithrombin in the binding of high-affinity heparin. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1979; 102:497-502. [PMID: 527591 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1979.tb04265.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophanyl residues of bovine antithrombin were modified with N-bromosuccinimide at near-neutral pH. The reaction was found to be specific for tryptophan at low levels of modification, i.e. when only up to 1--1.3 mol tryptophan/mol protein were oxidized. Further modification led to extensive side reactions. Modification of an average of about one tryptophanyl residue per protein molecule did not affect antithrombin activity measured in the absence of heparin, but decreased the activity assayed in the presence of heparin to about half the value given by unmodified antithrombin. Addition of an excess of high-affinity heparin to a similarly modified antithrombin sample resulted in much smaller circular dichroism, ultraviolet absorption and fluorescence changes than those observed with the intact protein. Modification experiments in the presence of excess high-affinity heparin gave a definitely lower extent of modification than when heparin was excluded. These studies thus reinforce the conclusion from previous spectroscopic analyses that one or more tryptophanyl residues of antithrombin are involved in the binding of high-affinity heparin, presumably by being located at or close to the heparin binding site.
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159
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Fish WW, Björk I. Release of a two-chain form of antithrombin from the antithrombin-thrombin complex. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1979; 101:31-8. [PMID: 510312 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1979.tb04212.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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160
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Fish WW, Orre K, Björk I. Routes of thrombin action in the production of proteolytically modified, secondary forms of antithrombin-thrombin complex. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1979; 101:39-44. [PMID: 510313 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1979.tb04213.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The reaction between thrombin and antithrombin results in the formation of an inactive, stable, equimolar complex between the two proteins. However, under most reaction conditions several secondary complex forms, which have lower apparent molecular weights in dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, appear concomitantly with or immediately following the production of the primary form of the complex. Purification of nascent, intact complex and treatment of this complex form with thrombin demonstrated that these subsidiary forms of antithrombin-thrombin complex may arise by proteolysis of the nascent complex by excess thrombin. Dissociation of such proteolytically modified complex preparations by hydroxylamine, and examination of the dissociation products by dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis suggested that degradation occurs primarily in the thrombin part of the complex, and only after prolonged proteolysis in its antithrombin moiety also. Incubation of antithrombin with several autolytically modified thrombin preparations showed that formation of subsidiary complex forms can also occur by an alternative route, i.e. between premodified thrombin forms and the inhibitor. In contrast, complex formation between thrombin and active forms of antithrombin, which have been modified by thrombin before complex formation, is unlikely, since no such active forms of antithrombin could be demonstrated.
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161
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Carr ME, Blatt PM, Roberts HR, Brooker JZ, Hermans J. Detection of an abnormal plasma clot structure by a simple rigidity assay. Thromb Haemost 1979; 42:965-71. [PMID: 505410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We report here on a patient whose abnormal fibrin clot was detected via the measurement of clot rigidity with a simple buoyant inner cylinder elastometer. The patient's clinical coagulation studies were all within normal limits except for prolonged thrombin and reptilase clotting times and high level of fibrin split products. The measured rigidity of the patient's clot was approximately ten times lower than that of a clot formed from normal pooled plasma. Light scattering studies indicated that this modified structure was not caused by a gross change in gel fiber morphology. Antithrombin activity was eliminated as a possible cause of the altered clot structure; this suggests the possibility of a modified fibrinogen. Abnormalities in the reptilase time and fibrinogen levels in two siblings support the hypothesis that the modification is an inherited defect. We suggest that the simple measurement of rigidity can be used rountinely to detect abnormalities in plasma clot structure. The screening for such disorders should be of importance to clinician, patient, and biochemical researcher.
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162
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163
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Hedner U. International committee communications. Report of the subgroup on fibrinolytic inhibitors, subcommittee on fibrinolysis. Thromb Haemost 1979; 41:622-4. [PMID: 37610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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164
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Ganguly P, Gould NL. Thrombin receptors of human platelets: thrombin binding and antithrombin properties of glycoprotein I. Br J Haematol 1979; 42:137-45. [PMID: 465356 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1979.tb03706.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Washed human platelets were solubilized and the proteins were separated by preparative gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. The gel was cut into slices and the effect of the eluted proteins on the clotting of fibrinogen by thrombin was evaluated. The isolate from only one gel slice strongly inhibited the clotting of fibrinogen. The prolongation of the clotting time was dependent on the concentration of the protein and reached a plateau around 5 microgram. Gel electrophoresis of this isolate showed a prominent glycoprotein with an apparent Mr=150 000. Gel filtration studies with [125I]thrombin showed that the protein isolate bound a significant amount of thrombin which could be displaced with unlabelled thrombin. Another preparation from the same gel or purified gamma-globulin did not bind thrombin or prolong the clotting time of fibrinogen. Glycoprotein I was isolated from human platelets by affinity chromatography on lectin-Sepharose columns. The isolated glycoprotein prolonged the clotting of fibrinogen and bound [125I]thrombin which could be displaced by unlabelled thrombin. It is proposed that the high affinity receptor of thrombin on human platelets is glycoprotein I. In addition, the antithrombin activity of intact platelets is due to binding of thrombin to this glycoprotein.
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165
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Beeler D, Rosenberg R, Jordan R. Fractionation of low molecular weight heparin species and their interaction with antithrombin. J Biol Chem 1979; 254:2902-13. [PMID: 429327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Preparations of low molecular weight porcine heparin with an average specific anticoagulant activity of 94 units/mg were fractionated into "active" and "relatively inactive" forms of the mucopolysaccharide of approximately 6000 daltons each. The active fraction was further subdivided into various species with descending but significant affinities for the protease inhibitor as well as decreasing but substantial anticoagulatn potencies. "Highly active" heparin (approximately 8% of the low molecular weight pool) possesses a specific anticoagulant activity of 350 +/- 10 units/mg. The relatively inactive fraction (67% of the low molecular weight pool) exhibits a specific anticoagulant activity of 4 +/- 1 units/mg. The binding of highly active heparin to antithrombin is accurately described by a single-site binding model with a KHep-ATDISS of approximately 1 X 10(-7) M. Variations in this binding parameter secondary to changes in environmental variables indicate that charge-charge interactions as well as an increase in entropy are critical to the formation of the highly active heparin-antithrombin complex. The interaction of relatively inactive heparin with the protease inhibitor is characterized by an apparent KHep-ATDISS of 1 X 10(-4) M. In large measure, this is due to small amounts of residual active mucopolysaccharide (0.5%). The ability of the highly active heparin to accelerate the thrombin-antithrombin interaction was also examined. We were able to demonstrate that the mucopolysaccharide acts as a catalyst in this process and is able to initiate multiple rounds of enzyme-inhibitor complex formation. The rate of enzyme neutralization is increased to a maximum of 2300-fold as the concentration of heparin is raised until the inhibitor is saturated with mucopolysaccharide. Further increases in heparin concentration result in a reduction in the speed of enzyme neutralization. This appears to be due to the formation of thrombin-heparin complexes. A mathematical model is given which provides a relationship between the initial velocity of enzyme neutralization and reactant concentrations.
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166
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Baugh RF, Hougie C. The chemistry of blood coagulation. CLINICS IN HAEMATOLOGY 1979; 8:3-30. [PMID: 367664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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167
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Fish WW, Orre K, Björk I. The production of an inactive form of antithrombin through limited proteolysis by thrombin. FEBS Lett 1979; 98:103-6. [PMID: 428524 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(79)80162-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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168
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Chang T, Feinman RD, Landis BH, Fenton JW. Antithrombin reactions with alpha- and gamma-thrombins. Biochemistry 1979; 18:113-9. [PMID: 420768 DOI: 10.1021/bi00568a018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human alpha-thrombin with high clotting activity and its proteolyzed derivative gamma-thrombin with virtually no clotting activity reacted in an essentially identical manner with antithrombin. The two enzyme forms bound proflavin with similar constants and showed identical behavior with small substrates. No significant differences were found for the antithrombin reactions (measured by proflavin displacement or active site titration) with respect to kinetics, extent of reaction, or effect of added heparin. The enzyme--antithrombin complexes could not be dissociated with sodium dodecyl sulfate (NaDodSO4) but the NaDodSO4-denatured complexes were dissociated by hydroxylamine treatment. The gamma-thrombin-antithrombin complex has an approximate molecular weight of 75 000 by disc gel electrophoresis as compared with 100 000 for the alpha-complex, consistent with the polypeptide structures of the two proteins. The gamma-thrombin--antithrombin complex did not inhibit clotting catalyzed by alpha-thrombin. In addition, fibrinogen did not affect the reaction of gamma-thrombin with antithrombin or antithrombin--heparin. Thus, the antithrombin and antithrombin--heparin reactions do not involve the fibrinogen recognition sites which are destroyed by proteolytic conversion of alpha-thrombin to the noncoagulant gamma form.
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169
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170
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Poggi A, Kornblihtt L, Delaini F, Colombo T, Mussoni L, Reyers I, Donati MB. Delayed hypercoagulability after a single dose of adriamycin to normal rats. Thromb Res 1979; 16:639-50. [PMID: 524314 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(79)90208-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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171
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Laurent TC, Tengblad A, Thunberg L, Höök M, Lindahl U. The molecular-weight-dependence of the anti-coagulant activity of heparin. Biochem J 1978; 175:691-701. [PMID: 743219 PMCID: PMC1186120 DOI: 10.1042/bj1750691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
It is proposed that the anti-coagulant activity of heparin is related to the probability of finding, in a random distribution of different disaccharides, a dodecasaccharide with the sequence required for binding to antithrombin. It is shown that this probability is a function of the degree of polymerization of heparin. The hypothesis has been been tested with a series of narrow-molecular-weight-range fractions ranging from 5,600 to 36,000. The fractions having mol.wts. below 18,000 (comprising 85% of the original preparation) followed the predicted probability relationship as expressed by the proportion of molecules capable of binding to antithrombin. The probability that any randomly chosen dodecasaccharide sequence in heparin should bind to antithrombin was calculated to 0.022. The fraction with mol.wt. 36,000 contained proteoglycan link-region fragments, which may explain the deviation of the high-molecular-weight fractions from the hypothetical relationship. The relationship between anti-coagulant activity and molecular weight cannot be explained solely on the basis of availability of binding sites for antithrombin. The activity of high-affinity heparin (i.e. molecules containing high-affinity binding sites for antithrombin), determined either by a whole-blood clotting procedure or by thrombin inactivation in the presence of antithrombin, thus remained dependent on molecular weight. Possible explanations of this finding are discussed. One explanation could be a requirement for binding of thrombin to the heparin chain adjacent to antithrombin.
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172
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Raper CG, Love H. Heparin-neutralizing activity, total progressive antithrombin and ethanol gel test in acute chest pain. Thromb Haemost 1978; 40:418-22. [PMID: 734638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
92 patients admitted to a cardiac monitoring unit with chest pain were investigated. The mean heparin-neutralizing activity of the 34 patients with severe myocardial infarction was found to be significantly different from the mean of 70 normal controls. However, there was considerable overlap between individual observations and the normal range. Only 5 of the 34 patients with severe myocardial infarction had antithrombin levels outside the normal range. In patients with a severe myocardial infarct tested on the 2nd and 3rd day after infarction there was s significant increase in the number of positive ethanol gel tests compared with the other patients studied.
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173
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Nordenman B, Danielsson A, Björk I. The binding of low-affinity and high-affinity heparin to antithrombin. Fluorescence studies. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1978; 90:1-6. [PMID: 710412 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1978.tb12567.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between antithrombin and two forms of heparin, differing in their affinity for the matrix-linked protein, has been studied by fluorescence. The binding of the high-affinity heparin fraction to antithrombin leads to activation of the inhibitor, allowing it to react more rapidly with a number of serine proteases of the coagulation cascade. The interaction with the low-affinity heparin fraction, however, has considerably less influence on this inhibition rate. The binding of either fraction to antithrombin was found to result in an increase of the tryptophan fluorescence of the protein. This increase was much larger for high-affinity heparin than for low-affinity heparin, suggesting a different mode of binding of the two fractions to the protein. The fluorescence enhancement caused by high-affinity heparin is consistent with a conformational change of antithrombin related to its activation. Only the fluorescence enhancement observed on the binding of high-affinity heparin was of a sufficient magnitude to allow quantitative studies. These showed high-affinity heparin to bind to antithrombin with a stoichiometry of about one and with a binding constant at physiological ionic strength of about 8 X 10(7) M-1. At higher ionic strengths, however, the affinity decreased markedly.
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174
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Danielsson A, Björk I. The binding of low-affinity and high-affinity heparin to antithrombin. Competition for the same binding site on the protein. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1978; 90:7-12. [PMID: 710423 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1978.tb12568.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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175
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Nordenman B, Björk I. Binding of low-affinity and high-affinity heparin to antithrombin. Ultraviolet difference spectroscopy and circular dichroism studies. Biochemistry 1978; 17:3339-44. [PMID: 687588 DOI: 10.1021/bi00609a026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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