Autosomal dominant optic atrophy with unilateral facial palsy: a new hereditary condition?

A mother and daughter are reported with bilateral optic atrophy with onset in infancy and unilateral facial palsy. This appears to be a novel autosomal dominant disorder.

Ophthalmic findings in GAPO syndrome

BACKGROUND

The main manifestations of GAPO syndrome are growth retardation (G), alopecia (A), pseudoanodontia (P), and optic atrophy (O).

CASES

This syndrome has been described in 21 patients from 16 different families. Four cases are from Turkey and have been presented by Sayli and Gül. The purpose of our study is to document the cases from Turkey and discuss the ophthalmological and neuro-ophthalmolgical findings of these and other reported GAPO cases.

OBSERVATIONS

All patients in the literature and our 4 cases have severe growth retardation with delayed bone age in infancy, characteristic facial appearance (high and bossed forehead, midface hypoplasia), alopecia or severe hypotrichosis, and pseudoanodontia. Optic atrophy was present in 1 of our cases and in 5 previous cases. Glaucoma was present in 5 cases, including 2 of ours. Buphthalmia and keratopathy secondary to glaucoma were also observed. White eyelashes, seen only in our cases, may be a sign of "early senility."

CONCLUSIONS

Optic atrophy is not a constant finding in GAPO syndrome. Glaucoma may accompany the ocular findings. This syndrome has been attributed to either ectodermal dysplasia or the accumulation of extracellular connective tissue matrix, due to an enzyme deficiency involved in its metabolism. Current studies show that an elastin defect and secondary changes in collagen may be important in the pathogenesis of the disease.

Pendular nystagmus in patients with peroxisomal assembly disorder

BACKGROUND

Pendular nystagmus commonly occurs in congenital and acquired disorders of myelin.

OBJECTIVE

To characterize the nystagmus in 3 siblings with an infantile form of an autosomal recessive peroxisomal assembly disorder causing leukodystrophy.

DESIGN

We examined visual function and measured eye movements using infrared oculography. We noted changes in eye speed and frequency before and after the administration of gabapentin to 1 patient.

RESULTS

All 3 siblings showed optic atrophy and pendular nystagmus that was predominantly horizontal, at a frequency of 3 to 6 Hz, with phase shifts of 45 degrees to 80 degrees between the oscillations of each eye. Gabapentin administered to 1 child caused a modest improvement of vision and the reduction of the velocity and frequency of oscillations in the eye with worse nystagmus.

CONCLUSION

The pendular nystagmus in these patients was due to their leukodystrophy and may have a similar pathogenesis to the oscillations seen in other disorders affecting central myelin.

A gene for X-linked optic atrophy is closely linked to the Xp11.4-Xp11.2 region of the X chromosome

The aim of this study was to identify the chromosomal location of the disease-causing gene in a family apparently segregating X-linked optic atrophy. A large family of 45 individuals with a four-generation history of X-linked optic atrophy was reexamined in a full ophthalmic as well as electrophysiological examination. A DNA linkage analysis of the family was undertaken in order to identify the chromosomal location of the disease-causing gene. Linkage analysis was performed with 26 markers that spanned the entire X chromosome. The affected males showed very early onset and slow progression of the disease. Ophthalmic study of the female carriers did not reveal any abnormalities. Close linkage without recombination was found at the MAOB locus (maximum LOD score [Zmax] 4.19). The Zmax - 1 support interval was found at a recombination fraction of .076 distal and .018 proximal to MAOB. Multipoint linkage analysis placed the optic atrophy-causing gene in the Xp11.4-p11.21 interval between markers DXS993 and DXS991, whereas any other localization along the X chromosome could be excluded.

On the many faces of Leber hereditary optic neuropathy

Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a maternally inherited disorder, associated with mutations in the mitochondrial DNA, which is notorious for its aspecific presentations. Two pedigrees are described with cases that are atypical for LHON with respect to sex, age of onset, interval between the eyes becoming affected, course of the disease, concomitant disorders, additional test results, final visual acuity, and/or results of mtDNA analysis. Moreover, the pedigrees themselves did not suggest maternal inheritance. We analysed the diagnostic and clinical genetic difficulties related to the atypical aspects of these pedigrees. We conclude that mtDNA analysis is justified in every case of optic nerve atrophy with no clear cause. Identification of one of the three LHON specifically associated mtDNA mutations is essential to confirm the diagnosis.

Iraqi-Jewish kindreds with optic atrophy plus (3-methylglutaconic aciduria type 3) demonstrate linkage disequilibrium with the CTG repeat in the 3' untranslated region of the myotonic dystrophy protein kinase gene

Iraqi-Jewish optic atrophy plus is an autosomal recessive condition characterized by infantile optic atrophy, an early onset movement disorder, and 3-methylglutaconic aciduria. Other features include spastic paraplegia, mild ataxia, mild cognitive deficiency and dysarthria. This disorder was identified in inbred Iraqi-Jewish kindreds in which relationships between most of the affected individuals were unknown. In this study we identify linkage to chromosome 19q13.2-q13.3 by using a DNA pooling strategy to perform a genome wide screen followed by a high density search for shared segments among affected individuals in candidate regions identified in the initial genome wide screen. A significantly high positive lod score of 6.14 at zero recombination was obtained for the CTG repeat in the 3' untranslated region of the myotonic dystrophy protein kinase gene. The existence of multiple recombinant individuals indicates the disease interval can be further narrowed with additional markers. Linkage disequilibrium was seen in six polymorphic markers across a 1 Mb interval. This region is well characterized and contains several candidate genes.

Autosomal recessive inheritance of hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy with optic atrophy

Three siblings are reported with childhood onset hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) and adult onset optic atrophy. Electrophysiological studies showed an axonal neuropathy and dysfunction of the retinal ganglion cells or optic nerve. The presumed mode of inheritance is autosomal recessive. This is the second family in which autosomal recessive inheritance of HMSN and optic atrophy (HMSN type VI) has been described, and the first in which electrophysiological studies have been reported.

[Alström syndrome--a rare disease of diabetic association]

BACKGROUND

Alström's disease is a rare hereditary multiple-system illness, whereas a second-messenger defect can be assumed.

CASE REPORT

We describe a case-the first in Germany of 15 known cases in the world literature-, who suffers from all clinical features, such as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, retinitis pigmentosa, pancochlear damage of the ears, hypogonadism, obesity and chronic nephropathy, with the exception of acanthosis nigricans.

CONCLUSION

Because of the multiplicity of affected organs the diagnosis of Alström's disease is difficult.

The ocular phenotype of the Bardet-Biedl syndrome. Comparison to non-syndromic retinitis pigmentosa

PURPOSE

To investigate 20 patients affected with Bardet-Biedl (BB) syndrome and compare them to an age-matched group of 70 non-syndromic patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP) to identify hallmarks peculiar to the BB phenotype.

METHODS

Patients were examined clinically and with functional tests (color vision, kinetic perimetry, electroretinography, ocular motility tests). Fundus findings were numerically graded for statistical purposes.

RESULTS

Recurrent ocular features in BB patients were early and severe reduction of visual acuity, constantly altered color vision, high incidence of strabismus and nystagmus, mild-to-severe atrophic changes of the optic disc, and frequently absent or minimal pigmentary retinal changes. Visual acuity was more closely correlated to optic disc than to macular conditions. These findings were remarkably different from non-syndromic RP.

CONCLUSIONS

This investigation further suggests that retinopathy in BB syndrome has features distinctive from those in non-syndromic RP. The early occurrence of optic disc atrophy in the BB syndrome, even in those patients with healthy maculas, suggests that optic atrophy could often be primary in nature and might play a major role in decreasing central vision in BB patients. Variability of some findings is in line with the documented heterogeneity of the BB syndrome.

DeSanctis-Cacchione syndrome

We report a case of DeSanctis-Cacchione Syndrome presenting with unusual features like early onset of cutaneous lesions and optic atrophy.

[PEHO syndrome (progressive encephalopathy, edema, hypsarrhythmia. optic atrophy)]

The authors report the case of a now 2-year-old boy with PEHO syndrome. The syndrome is rare and it has not been published yet in Hungary. The syndrome was named after the first letters of its main characteristic signs: progressive encephalopathy, edema, hypsarrhythmia and optic atrophy. The aetiology of the syndrome is still unknown. Autosomal recessive inheritance is likely. The prognosis is poor. Intractable infantile spasms and the arrest of the psychomotoric and mental development can be expected.

Genetic refinement of dominant optic atrophy (OPA1) locus to within a 2 cM interval of chromosome 3q

Autosomal dominant optic atrophy (OPA, MIM 165500) is an eye disease characterised by variable optic atrophy and reduction in visual acuity. It has an insidious onset in the first decade of life and is clinically highly heterogeneous. It is associated with a centrocecal scotoma of varying size and density and an acquired blue-yellow dyschromatopsia. Recent studies of three large Danish pedigrees have mapped a gene for dominant optic atrophy (OPA1) to a 10 cM region on chromosome 3q, between markers D3S1314 and D3S1265 (3q28-qter). Genetic linkage analysis in five British pedigrees confirms mapping to chromosome 3q28-qter. Haplotype analysis of a seven generation pedigree positions the disease causing gene between loci D3S3590 and D3S1305, corresponding to a genetic distance of 2 cM. This represents a significant linkage refinement and should facilitate positional cloning of the disease gene.

Progressive encephalopathy with edema, hypsarrhythmia, and optic atrophy (PEHO syndrome)

Progressive encephalopathy with edema, hypsarrhythmia, and optic atrophy syndrome is a recently described rare disorder of infantile regression, intractable seizures, and cerebellar atrophy that occurs almost exclusively in the Finnish population. We report the first North American child with this condition.

A female with monosomy 18 mosaicism: a previously undescribed chromosome abnormality

We report on a patient with monosomy 18 mosaicism, a previously undescribed chromosome abnormality. The phenotype is reminiscent of chromosome 18 ring mosaicism. The reason that the patient survived may be attributed to low level mosaicism for the monosomy.

Deficiency of complex II of the mitochondrial respiratory chain in late-onset optic atrophy and ataxia

Defects of the mitochondrial respiratory chain are increasingly being recognized as an important cause of neurological disease in humans. In many of these patients, the biochemical defect results from an abnormality of the mitochondrial genome. Respiratory chain defects involving complex II, which is entirely encoded by the nuclear genome, are comparatively rare. We report the clinical and biochemical findings in 2 elderly sisters who presented with late-onset neurodegenerative disease. In both patients, a partial deficiency of complex II (approximately 50% of control values) was shown to be present in mitochondria from muscle and platelets. The enzyme defect was not expressed in cultured skin fibroblasts or immortalized lymphocytes. There was an overexpression of the 70-kd flavoprotein subunit in muscle mitochondria from both patients, although we showed that this subunit is present in normal amounts in mitochondrial membranes. Our studies highlight the diversity of the clinical presentation of respiratory chain disease and that complex II deficiency should enter the differential diagnosis of certain patients with late-onset neurodegenerative disease.

Autosomal dominant optic atrophy with asymptomatic peripheral neuropathy

The association between hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) and optic atrophy has been termed HMSN type VI. The autosomal dominant inheritance of this syndrome is reported. Three generations were affected with optic atrophy, which differed in some respects from classic dominant optic atrophy, and an asymptomatic, mainly sensory, neuropathy.

Progressive encephalopathy with edema, hypsarrhythmia, and optic atrophy (PEHO syndrome) in two Japanese siblings

We report on two Japanese siblings (one female and one male) with PEHO syndrome (progressive encephalopathy with edema, hypsarrhythmia, and optic atrophy). They showed profound generalized hypotonia early in infancy and developed infantile spasms with hypsarrhythmia within the first year of life. Abnormal eye movement and visual failure with optic atrophy were also observed early in infancy. Psychomotor development was arrested and serial neuroradiological studies showed slight progressive brain atrophy, dominantly of the brainstem. This is the first case report of PEHO syndrome, other than those dealing with the Finnish population.

[Visual functions of dominantly inherited juvenile optic atrophy]

Visual functions including color vision and spectral sensitivity were investigated in 18 of 36 patients and in 2 persons with normal visual acuity in 8 families with dominantly inherited juvenile optic atrophy. Seven of the 8 families had at least one member who showed mainly acquired blue-yellow color vision deficiency. However, only 4 patients showed typical blue-yellow color vision deficiency, which suggested nonspecific characteristics of color vision deficiency in optic neural diseases. One family showed mainly acquired red-green color vision deficiency. Spectral sensitivity functions measured in 5 patients of 3 families showed sensitivity loss in the middle and long wavelength range as well as markedly decreased sensitivity in the short wavelength range. Decrease in spectral sensitivity in the short wavelength range or minimal blue-yellow color vision defect in a subject's brothers with normal visual acuity is interesting, but further study is needed because blue sensitivity decreases easily in various conditions.

GAPO syndrome: a new case

The fifteenth known case of GAPO syndrome is presented: a probable autosomal-recessive condition of growth retardation, alopecia, pseudoanodontia (failure of tooth eruption), and optic atrophy. This article contains the clinical report of a 9-year-old girl and a short review of the hitherto-known cases. The syndrome could be attributed to either ectodermal dysplasia or perhaps an accumulation of extracellular connective tissue matrix.

[Optic glioma in 3 patients with Recklinghausen disease]

BACKGROUND

Patients with neurofibromatosis demonstrate a very variable clinical picture with signs that are largely age dependent. Rarely a glioma is the first presenting sign of the disease.

PATIENTS

Three patients with gliomas of the optic nerve and chiasm with neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) were followed for 10-20 years. Clinical course and therapy are discussed.

CONCLUSION

The correct diagnosis of exophthalmos, papilledema or optic atrophy in childhood is facilitated by family history and examination of an adult member of the family, who is likely to have already developed café-au-lait spots, neurofibromas of the skin, axillary freckles and Lisch nodules as clinical signs of neurofibromatosis.

Pitt-Rogers-Danks syndrome: further delineation

The Pitt-Rogers-Danks syndrome is an entity characterized by proportionate short stature and low weight of prenatal onset, moderate to severe mental retardation, seizures, and typical facial changes including microcephaly, telecanthus, upward or downward slanting palpebral fissures, prominent eyes, ocular abnormalities, hypoplastic maxilla, short philtrum, and large mouth. This is the seventh reported case, and the first one in which the patient also presents with optic atrophy. Autosomal recessive inheritance has been proposed until now, however, the increased paternal age seen in this case is suggestive of a possible autosomal dominant de novo mutation.