176
|
Romani L, Mencacci A, Cenci E, Spaccapelo R, Del Sero G, Nicoletti I, Trinchieri G, Bistoni F, Puccetti P. Neutrophil production of IL-12 and IL-10 in candidiasis and efficacy of IL-12 therapy in neutropenic mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 1997; 158:5349-56. [PMID: 9164955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophil defects predispose to severe fungal infections, yet the immunomodulatory role of these cells is poorly defined. The contribution of neutrophils to the early cytokine balance governing Th1 and Th2 cell development was examined in mice with candidiasis. Neutrophils secreted IL-12 and IL-10, correlating with the respective development of self-limiting (Th1-associated) and progressive (Th2-associated) disease. Exogenous IL-12 was effective in protecting neutropenic hosts susceptible to infection. These results suggest that 1) neutrophils, via their ability to release cytokines, play an active role in determining the qualitative development of the T cell response, and 2) their early role in anticandidal immunity can be replaced by exogenous IL-12.
Collapse
|
177
|
Romani L, Mencacci A, Cenci E, Spaccapelo R, Del Sero G, Nicoletti I, Trinchieri G, Bistoni F, Puccetti P. Neutrophil production of IL-12 and IL-10 in candidiasis and efficacy of IL-12 therapy in neutropenic mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1997. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.158.11.5349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Neutrophil defects predispose to severe fungal infections, yet the immunomodulatory role of these cells is poorly defined. The contribution of neutrophils to the early cytokine balance governing Th1 and Th2 cell development was examined in mice with candidiasis. Neutrophils secreted IL-12 and IL-10, correlating with the respective development of self-limiting (Th1-associated) and progressive (Th2-associated) disease. Exogenous IL-12 was effective in protecting neutropenic hosts susceptible to infection. These results suggest that 1) neutrophils, via their ability to release cytokines, play an active role in determining the qualitative development of the T cell response, and 2) their early role in anticandidal immunity can be replaced by exogenous IL-12.
Collapse
|
178
|
Mencacci A, Cenci E, Boelaert JR, Bucci P, Mosci P, Fè d'Ostiani C, Bistoni F, Romani L. Iron overload alters innate and T helper cell responses to Candida albicans in mice. J Infect Dis 1997; 175:1467-76. [PMID: 9180188 DOI: 10.1086/516481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of iron overload on susceptibility of mice to Candida albicans infection and on the type of T helper (Th) immunity elicited was investigated. Iron overload greatly increased susceptibility to disseminated infection with low-virulence C. albicans cells of exogenous origin. The candidacidal activity and the ability to release nitric oxide and bioactive interleukin (IL)-12 were greatly impaired in neutrophils and macrophages from infected mice. CD4 T cells from spleens of iron-overloaded mice were found to produce high levels of IL-4 and IL-10 and low levels of interferon-gamma. Treatment of iron-overloaded mice with the iron chelator, deferoxamine, resulted in the cure of mice from infection, restored the antifungal effector and immunomodulatory functions of the phagocytic cells, and allowed the occurrence of CD4 Th1 protective antifungal responses. These data indicate that iron overload may negatively affect CD4 Th1 development in mice with candidiasis, a function efficiently restored by therapy with deferoxamine.
Collapse
|
179
|
Mazzolla R, Barluzzi R, Brozzetti A, Boelaert JR, Luna T, Saleppico S, Bistoni F, Blasi E. Enhanced resistance to Cryptococcus neoformans infection induced by chloroquine in a murine model of meningoencephalitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41:802-7. [PMID: 9087493 PMCID: PMC163798 DOI: 10.1128/aac.41.4.802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the pathogenesis of cerebral cryptococcosis is poorly understood, local immune cells, such as microglia and astrocytes, likely play a critical role in containing infection. Chloroquine (CQ) is a weak base that accumulates within acidic vacuoles and increases their pH. Consequently, proteolytic activity of lysosomal enzymes and intracellular iron release/availability are impaired, resulting in decreased availability of nutrients crucial to microorganism survival and growth in the host. We found that CQ enhances BV2 microglial-cell-mediated anticryptococcal activity in vitro. The phenomenon is (i) evident when both unopsonized and opsonized microorganisms are used and (ii) mimicked by NH4Cl, another weak base, and by bafilomycin A1, an inhibitor of vacuolar-type H+-ATPases. In vivo, intracerebral administration of CQ before lethal local challenge with Cryptococcus neoformans results in a significant augmentation of median survival time and a marked reduction of yeast growth in the brain and is associated with the enhancement of local interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) and IL-6 mRNA transcripts. Overall, these results provide the first evidence that CQ enhances anticryptococcal host defenses.
Collapse
|
180
|
Spaccapelo R, Del Sero G, Mosci P, Bistoni F, Romani L. Early T cell unresponsiveness in mice with candidiasis and reversal by IL-2: effect on T helper cell development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1997. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.158.5.2294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
To investigate the role and effect of IL-2 in the genesis of Th1 and Th2 responses to Candida albicans in vivo, we assessed the levels of IL-2 production and the Ag-specific proliferative response in mice with healing or nonhealing infection and the effects of IL-2 neutralization or administration on the course and outcome of infection and on the type of CD4+ Th immunity elicited. High levels of IL-2 production and Ag-specific proliferation in vitro correlated with disease progression in susceptible mice. In contrast, resolution of infection in resistant mice was accompanied by the induction of Ag-specific hyporesponsiveness and impaired IL-2 production. Progression of infection did not occur in susceptible mice treated with anti-IL-2 or anti-IL-2R mAbs; conversely, disease resolution was prevented in resistant mice treated with IL-2. CD4+ Th1 cell responses were present in BALB/c mice rendered resistant by IL-2 neutralization and CD4+ Th2 responses in mice rendered susceptible by IL-2 treatment. The presence of IL-2 restored Ag-specific responsiveness in vitro and correlated in vivo with the expansion of CD4+ MEL-149(low) cells capable of producing IL-2 and IL-4 both in vitro and in vivo as observed in adult thymectomized mice. These results indicate that production of IL-2 early in infection correlates with the induction of IL-4-producing CD4+ Th2 cells, while a transient loss of T cell responsiveness, such as IL-2 production, appears to be required for CD4+ Th1 occurrence in mice with candidiasis.
Collapse
|
181
|
Romani L, Mencacci A, Cenci E, Del Sero G, Bistoni F, Puccetti P. An immunoregulatory role for neutrophils in CD4+ T helper subset selection in mice with candidiasis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1997. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.158.5.2356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Granulocytes may serve immunoregulatory and effector roles in different limbs of the immune response to infection. Using live vaccine strain or virulent challenge in mucosal or systemic infection of mice with Candida albicans, we examined the effect of mAb-mediated depletion of neutrophils on the course of primary and secondary challenge and on development of CD4+ cell-dependent immunity. We obtained evidence of deleterious effects of neutrophil depletion occurring at the time of infection under all conditions of testing, both in naive and in previously immunized mice. In contrast, neutrophil depletion appeared to benefit the hosts late in the course of an overwhelming systemic infection. In an attempt to correlate neutrophil function with the nature of the T cell response, we tested the ability of neutrophils to produce cytokines associated with functionally distinct CD4+ Th cell responses to Candida. We found that neutrophils were endowed with the capacity to secrete IL-12 and IL-10 in vitro in response to the yeast. Neutrophil ablation early in the course of Th1-associated, self-limiting infection appeared to change the qualitative development of the T cell response, and rendered mice susceptible to infection. In addition to long recognized contributions to acute anti-candidal responses, these data suggest an important role for neutrophils both in initiation and in expression of Candida-specific immunity.
Collapse
|
182
|
Romani L, Mencacci A, Cenci E, Del Sero G, Bistoni F, Puccetti P. An immunoregulatory role for neutrophils in CD4+ T helper subset selection in mice with candidiasis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 1997; 158:2356-62. [PMID: 9036985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Granulocytes may serve immunoregulatory and effector roles in different limbs of the immune response to infection. Using live vaccine strain or virulent challenge in mucosal or systemic infection of mice with Candida albicans, we examined the effect of mAb-mediated depletion of neutrophils on the course of primary and secondary challenge and on development of CD4+ cell-dependent immunity. We obtained evidence of deleterious effects of neutrophil depletion occurring at the time of infection under all conditions of testing, both in naive and in previously immunized mice. In contrast, neutrophil depletion appeared to benefit the hosts late in the course of an overwhelming systemic infection. In an attempt to correlate neutrophil function with the nature of the T cell response, we tested the ability of neutrophils to produce cytokines associated with functionally distinct CD4+ Th cell responses to Candida. We found that neutrophils were endowed with the capacity to secrete IL-12 and IL-10 in vitro in response to the yeast. Neutrophil ablation early in the course of Th1-associated, self-limiting infection appeared to change the qualitative development of the T cell response, and rendered mice susceptible to infection. In addition to long recognized contributions to acute anti-candidal responses, these data suggest an important role for neutrophils both in initiation and in expression of Candida-specific immunity.
Collapse
|
183
|
Spaccapelo R, Del Sero G, Mosci P, Bistoni F, Romani L. Early T cell unresponsiveness in mice with candidiasis and reversal by IL-2: effect on T helper cell development. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 1997; 158:2294-302. [PMID: 9036977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the role and effect of IL-2 in the genesis of Th1 and Th2 responses to Candida albicans in vivo, we assessed the levels of IL-2 production and the Ag-specific proliferative response in mice with healing or nonhealing infection and the effects of IL-2 neutralization or administration on the course and outcome of infection and on the type of CD4+ Th immunity elicited. High levels of IL-2 production and Ag-specific proliferation in vitro correlated with disease progression in susceptible mice. In contrast, resolution of infection in resistant mice was accompanied by the induction of Ag-specific hyporesponsiveness and impaired IL-2 production. Progression of infection did not occur in susceptible mice treated with anti-IL-2 or anti-IL-2R mAbs; conversely, disease resolution was prevented in resistant mice treated with IL-2. CD4+ Th1 cell responses were present in BALB/c mice rendered resistant by IL-2 neutralization and CD4+ Th2 responses in mice rendered susceptible by IL-2 treatment. The presence of IL-2 restored Ag-specific responsiveness in vitro and correlated in vivo with the expansion of CD4+ MEL-149(low) cells capable of producing IL-2 and IL-4 both in vitro and in vivo as observed in adult thymectomized mice. These results indicate that production of IL-2 early in infection correlates with the induction of IL-4-producing CD4+ Th2 cells, while a transient loss of T cell responsiveness, such as IL-2 production, appears to be required for CD4+ Th1 occurrence in mice with candidiasis.
Collapse
|
184
|
Cenci E, Perito S, Enssle KH, Mosci P, Latgé JP, Romani L, Bistoni F. Th1 and Th2 cytokines in mice with invasive aspergillosis. Infect Immun 1997; 65:564-70. [PMID: 9009314 PMCID: PMC176097 DOI: 10.1128/iai.65.2.564-570.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
With a murine model of invasive aspergillosis we investigated cytokine production by CD4+ T helper cells and the effects of cytokine administration or neutralization on the course and outcome of infection. Patterns of susceptibility and resistance to infection were obtained with different strains of mice injected with different inocula of Aspergillus fumigatus conidia. Mice surviving the primary infection also resisted a subsequent lethal infection that was associated with production of gamma interferon by CD4+ T splenocytes. Impaired neutrophil antifungal activity, observed in susceptible mice, was concomitant with a predominant production of interleukin-4 (IL-4) by CD4+ splenocytes. In these mice, exogenous administration of IL-12 failed to induce resistance to infection; in contrast, treatment with soluble IL-4 receptor cured more than 70% of the mice from primary infection and resulted in the onset of acquired resistance to a subsequent lethal infection. These findings indicate that in murine invasive aspergillosis, production of IL-4 by CD4+ T cells may be one major factor discriminating susceptibility and resistance to infection.
Collapse
|
185
|
Tissi L, von Hunolstein C, Parisi L, Bistoni F, Orefici G. Group B Streptococci. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-1825-3_193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
186
|
Pitzurra L, Vecchiarelli A, Peducci R, Cardinali A, Bistoni F. Identification of a 105 kilodaltonCryptococcus neoformansmannoprotein involved in human cell-mediated immune response. Med Mycol 1997. [DOI: 10.1080/02681219780001321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
|
187
|
Mencacci A, Spaccapelo R, Del Sero G, Enssle KH, Cassone A, Bistoni F, Romani L. CD4+ T-helper-cell responses in mice with low-level Candida albicans infection. Infect Immun 1996; 64:4907-14. [PMID: 8945525 PMCID: PMC174467 DOI: 10.1128/iai.64.12.4907-4914.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance and susceptibility to Candida albicans infection have been shown to be dependent upon the activation of CD4+ T helper (Th) type 1 or Th2 cells, respectively. To study the type, kinetics, and cytokine dependency of CD4+ Th-cell responses in low-level C. albicans infection, susceptible mice were infected with sublethal doses of C. albicans and assessed for parameters of CD4+ Th-dependent immunity. Interleukin (IL)-12 and gamma interferon were always produced early in infection regardless of the pathogen load. In contrast, production of IL-4, and hence Th2-cell reactivity, was strictly dose dependent, being induced at the higher dose of the fungus. Production of IL-12 correlated with a successful control of infection in mice exposed to the lower doses of C. albicans but not with the development of acquired immunity. An antigenic stimulus appeared to be required for IL-12 to induce a protective anticandidal response. Cytokine depletion in vivo revealed that neutralization of IL-4 was protective early but not late in infection, suggesting a different role for IL-4 in the induction versus maintenance of an ongoing anticandidal Th response. Late in infection, an exacerbative effect was also observed upon IL-12 neutralization. These results indicate that the fungal burden and timing of cytokine appearance greatly influence CD4+ Th induction and effector functions in mice with candidiasis.
Collapse
|
188
|
Mencacci A, Cenci E, Spaccapelo R, Tonnetti L, del Sero G, d'Ostiani CF, Bistoni F, Romani L. Neutrophils producing interleukin-10 antagonize the effect of interleukin-12 in mice with candidiasis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1996; 795:394-6. [PMID: 8958965 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb52703.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
189
|
Romani L, Mencacci A, Cenci E, Puccetti P, Bistoni F. Neutrophils and the adaptive immune response to Candida albicans. RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 1996; 147:512-8. [PMID: 9127882 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-2494(97)85216-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
190
|
Retini C, Vecchiarelli A, Monari C, Tascini C, Bistoni F, Kozel TR. Capsular polysaccharide of Cryptococcus neoformans induces proinflammatory cytokine release by human neutrophils. Infect Immun 1996; 64:2897-903. [PMID: 8757810 PMCID: PMC174164 DOI: 10.1128/iai.64.8.2897-2903.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes from normal subjects produced proinflammatory cytokines in response to stimulation with Cryptococcus neoformans yeast cells. The cytokines released after stimulation of neutrophils included interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor alpha. The magnitude of the cytokine response was related to the yeast capsule size. Cells of a large-capsule isolate stimulated release of greater amounts of cytokine than did a thinly encapsulated isolate, which, in turn, stimulated release of greater amounts of cytokine than an acapsular isolate. Cytokine release was also stimulated by supernatant fluids from cryptococcal cells that were preincubated with 10% human serum, suggesting the generation of a soluble mediator. The major capsular polysaccharide, glucuronoxylomannan, stimulated release of tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-8 in a dose-dependent fashion. These results differ from previous studies of cytokine secretion by human monocytes in several important respects, including the importance of encapsulation in stimulation of cytokine secretion and the ability of purified glucuronoxylomannan to induce cytokine secretion.
Collapse
|
191
|
Vecchiarelli A, Retini C, Monari C, Tascini C, Bistoni F, Kozel TR. Purified capsular polysaccharide of Cryptococcus neoformans induces interleukin-10 secretion by human monocytes. Infect Immun 1996; 64:2846-9. [PMID: 8698522 PMCID: PMC174153 DOI: 10.1128/iai.64.7.2846-2849.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrated that purified capsular polysaccharide of Cryptococcus neoformans is a potent inducer of interleukin-10 (IL-10) secretion by human monocytes. Endogenous IL-10 was involved in regulating tumor necrosis factor alpha and IL-1beta secretion by human monocytes in response to encapsulated C. neoformans strains. Our results suggest a new immunosuppressive effect exerted by glucuronoxylomannan through the induction of IL-10, a potent downregulator of proinflammatory cytokines.
Collapse
|
192
|
Saleppico S, Mazzolla R, Boelaert JR, Puliti M, Barluzzi R, Bistoni F, Blasi E. Iron regulates microglial cell-mediated secretory and effector functions. Cell Immunol 1996; 170:251-9. [PMID: 8660825 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.1996.0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Iron homeostasis and macrophage physiology are tightly intertwined. In the present study, we evaluated the influence of iron loading on the constitutive and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) plus lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced functional and secretory properties of microglial cells, using the in vitro established murine cell line BV-2. We demonstrate that iron augments the basal and IFN-gamma plus LPS-enhanced anti-Candida albicans activity exerted by BV-2 cells and that the phenomenon occurs with no enhancement of phagocytic activity. Furthermore, when the secretory properties of IFN-gamma plus LPS-treated BV-2 cells were assessed, we found that tumor necrosis factor remains unchanged while nitric oxide production is significantly reduced in iron-loaded cells. The addition of the iron chelator deferiprone (L1) reverts the effects of iron on BV-2 functional and secretory properties. These data suggest that iron differently affects secretory and effector functions of BV-2 microglial cells, thus implying that iron interferes with murine microglial cell physiology.
Collapse
|
193
|
Tascini C, Baldelli F, Monari C, Retini C, Pietrella D, Francisci D, Bistoni F, Vecchiarelli A. Inhibition of fungicidal activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes from HIV-infected patients by interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10. AIDS 1996; 10:477-83. [PMID: 8724038 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-199605000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of human recombinant interleukin (hrIL)-4 or hrIL-10 on the functional status of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) from normal subjects and HIV-infected patients. DESIGN In an in vitro system we studied the effect of hrIL-4 or hrIL-10 on phagocytosis, fungicidal activity and superoxide anion production by PMNL. METHODS PMNL were treated in vitro with hrIL-4 or hrIL-10 or their combination for 6 h and then candidacidal activity was evaluated in a colony-forming unit inhibition assay. Superoxide anion generation by PMNL was measured in the presence or absence of preopsonized zymosan or Candida albicans. RESULTS Treatment in vitro with hrIL-4 or hrIL-10 of PMNL for 6 h was able to impair candidacidal activity of neutrophils in both normal or HIV-infected patients. The inhibitory effect was time- and dose-dependent and was more evident in PMNL from HIV-infected subjects, and reflected in these latter cells a decrease of superoxide anion generation. The impairment of candidacidal activity in PMNL from HIV-infected patients was accompanied by survival of the yeasts shown by budding formation into phagosomic organelles of cytokine-treated PMNL. CONCLUSIONS Our data highlight new biological effects of IL-4 and IL-10 evidenced by suppressed effector function of neutrophils; this phenomenon is emphasized in HIV-infected patients suggesting a role for these cytokines in mediating increased susceptibility to microbial infection during AIDS progression.
Collapse
|
194
|
Pitzurra L, Rossetto O, Chimienti AR, Blasi E, Bistoni F. Tetanus toxin-sensitive VAMP-related proteins are present in murine macrophages. Cell Immunol 1996; 169:113-6. [PMID: 8612283 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.1996.0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The light chain of tetanus neurotoxin (TeTx) is a zinc endopeptidase specific for VAMP/synaptobrevin (VAMP), a 120-amino-acid integral protein previously described in the small synaptic vesicles of neuronal cells. TeTx has been shown to be active also on nonneuronal cells. By SDS-PAGE and quantitative immunoblotting on proteins derived from murine macrophages (Mphi) exposed to TeTx, we have shown that: (1) VAMP-related proteins are also present in Mphi and (2) such proteins are sensitive to TeTx proteolytic cleavage. The demonstration that TeTx acts on VAMP-related proteins also in Mphi offers a new and useful tool for molecular studies on Mphi exocytosis.
Collapse
|
195
|
Romani L, Mencacci A, Cenci E, Spaccapelo R, Toniatti C, Puccetti P, Bistoni F, Poli V. Impaired neutrophil response and CD4+ T helper cell 1 development in interleukin 6-deficient mice infected with Candida albicans. J Exp Med 1996; 183:1345-55. [PMID: 8666893 PMCID: PMC2192497 DOI: 10.1084/jem.183.4.1345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To define the role of interleukin (IL)6 in Candida albicans infection, IL-6 deficient mice were assessed for susceptibility to systemic or gastrointestinal infection, as well as for parameters of elicited T helper cell (Th) immunity. IL-6-deficient mice were more susceptible than wild-type mice to either type of infection caused by virulent C. albicans. In response to systemic challenge with a live vaccine strain of yeast, IL-6-deficient mice failed to mount Th1-associated protective immunity, but the resulting Th2-biased response could be redirected to the Th1 phenotype by IL-10 neutralization. Severe impairment of the macrophage and neutrophil response to infection was observed in IL-6-deficient mice, but administration of IL-6 would increase both neutrophil response and resistance to infection. IL-6 seems to oppose the Th2-promoting role of IL-10 in candidiasis, its early regulatory activity involving effects on neutrophil function.
Collapse
|
196
|
Mazzolla R, Barluzzi R, Puliti M, Saleppico S, Mosci P, Bistoni F, Blasi E. Biomolecular events involved in the establishment of brain anticandidal resistance. J Neuroimmunol 1996; 64:9-17. [PMID: 8598394 DOI: 10.1016/0165-5728(95)00142-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Using a murine model, we have demonstrated the establishment of cerebral resistance to local lethal challenge with Candida albicans strain CA-6, by previous intracerebral (i.c.) infection with the low-virulent strain PCA-2. Here we show that i.c. infection with PCA-2 is effective in drastically reducing brain colonization following secondary infection with CA-6. As assessed by colony forming unit assay and histopathological analysis, microbial counts are impaired, granuloma formation and hyphal growth are also reduced in brains of PCA-2- and CA-6-infected mice with respect to CA-6-challenged mice. Furthermore, using PCR studies, we found that, while PCA-2 (i.e. healing infection) induces transient cytokine gene expression in the mouse brain, CA-6 lethal challenge results in long-lasting (until mouse death) high levels of all cytokine gene transcripts assessed. Finally brains from mice that will resist CA-6 challenge, because of previous infection with PCA-2, also exhibit a transient induction of all cytokine genes. Only IL-1 beta remains highly expressed at all time- points tested. Overall, these results provide evidence that healing and non-healing C. albicans i.c. infections differ in the immune reaction(s) locally evoked, at least in terms of cytokine gene expression, strongly suggesting cytokine involvement in the establishment of brain anticandidal resistance.
Collapse
|
197
|
Pasticci MB, Baldelli F, Bistoni F, Piersimoni C, Sbaraglia G, Stagni G, Pauluzzi S. Acute cervical lymphadenopathy. Emerg Infect Dis 1996; 2:241. [PMID: 8903240 PMCID: PMC2626801 DOI: 10.3201/eid0203.960316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
|
198
|
Romano L, Puccetti P, Bistoni F. Biological Role of Th Cell Subsets in Candidiasis (Part 1 of 2). CHEMICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND ALLERGY 1996. [DOI: 10.1159/000319482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
199
|
Monari C, Vecchiarelli A, Pietrella D, Perito S, Tascini C, Retini C, Bistoni F. Anti-infectious state induced by chronic experimental infection with Enterococcus faecium. J Chemother 1995; 7 Suppl 4:93-5. [PMID: 8904120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
200
|
Puliti M, Radzioch D, Mazzolla R, Barluzzi R, Bistoni F, Blasi E. Influence of the Bcg locus on macrophage response to the dimorphic fungus Candida albicans. Infect Immun 1995; 63:4170-3. [PMID: 7558336 PMCID: PMC173587 DOI: 10.1128/iai.63.10.4170-4173.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The Bcg/Ity/Lsh gene (candidate Nramp) controls natural resistance to several parasites, such as Mycobacterium bovis, Leishmania donovani, and Salmonella typhimurium. Using two macrophage (M phi) cell lines (B10R and B10S) derived from mouse strains congenic at Bcg, we found that M phi s from resistant mice (B10R M phi s) act more effectively against the two morphogenetic forms of the dimorphic fungus Candida albicans compared with M phi s from susceptible mice (B10S M phi s). Moreover, when assessed for tumor necrosis factor secretion in response to the hyphal form of C. albicans, B10R M phi s are significantly more effective at expressing this secretory function than are B10S M phi s, closely resembling the trend of response to lipopolysaccharide. Overall, these results provide insight into the influence of the Bcg locus on the M phi response to C. albicans.
Collapse
|