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Carpenter S, Karpati G. Duchenne muscular dystrophy: plasma membrane loss initiates muscle cell necrosis unless it is repaired. Brain 1979; 102:147-61. [PMID: 427527 DOI: 10.1093/brain/102.1.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Study of biopsies from 30 boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy suggests that necrosis of muscle cells is initiated by loss of plasma membrane, followed, after a short interval, by Z disc lysis and mitochondrial changes to constitute the picture of fully developed necrosis. Empty basal lamina tubes containing collagen indicated that regeneration may fail to occur. The tubes form a basis for collagen deposition. Evidence suggests that small patches of membrane loss can be repaired, though a slice of superficial cytoplasm is lost, and a piece of detached basal lamina results. The markedly hypercontracted fibres seen did not show features of necrosis.
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177
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Carpenter S, Karpati G, Rothman S, Watters G, Andermann F. Pathological involvement of primary sensory neurons in Werdnig-Hoffmann disease. Acta Neuropathol 1978; 42:91-7. [PMID: 654890 DOI: 10.1007/bf00690973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Seven patients with the typical clinical picture and muscle biopsy findings of classical Werdnig-Hoffmann disease showed Wallerian degeneration in their biopsied sural nerves. In dorsal root ganglia of one patient there were residual nodules and several chromatolytic neurons. By electron microscopy the changes of chromatolysis were confirmed and found to be consistent with an axonal reaction. Involvement of the primary sensory neuron is probably a regular pathologic feature of Werdnig-Hoffmann disease. The type of abnormality suggests in initial failure of the axon distal to the nerve roots.
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178
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Danon JM, Karpati G, Carpenter S. Subacute skeletal myopathy induced by 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate in rats and guinea pigs. Muscle Nerve 1978; 1:89-102. [PMID: 750919 DOI: 10.1002/mus.880010202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Rats and guinea pigs were injected with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4-D) in amounts sufficient to keep them myotonic for over 12 hr daily. The biceps brachii muscles were studied by histochemistry, epoxy resin histology, and electron microscopy after one to five days. Changes observed include proliferation of the longitudinal component of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, production of new myofilaments on the periphery of cells and in nuclei, activation of satellite cells, accumulation of lipid droplets, myofibrillar damage with Z-disc streaming, necrosis, and regeneration. The action mehanisms of 2,4-D are not well understood. Some of the phenomena observed could be classified as proliferative and may be analogous to the auxin action of 2,4-D in plants. The production of intranuclear filaments is probably related to the diffusion of newly formed cytoplasmic proteins into nuclei.
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179
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Carpenter S, Karpati G, Heller I, Eisen A. Inclusion body myositis: a distinct variety of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy. Neurology 1978; 28:8-17. [PMID: 201886 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.28.1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We report six cases of inclusion body myositis (IBM), a distinct but infrequently recognized inflammatory disease of skeletal muscle. Clinically, IBM differs from dermatomyositis and polymyositis. It lacks features of collagen-vascular disease, has a relatively benign and protracted course, frequently involves distal muscles, is found mainly in males, and does not improve with corticosteroid treatment. Electronmicroscopic demonstration of abnormal filaments in muscle cells is necessary for definite diagnosis, but IBM may be suspected by the finding on cryostat sections of numerous hematoxylinophilic granules in "lined" vacuoles in muscle cells. These correspond to whorls of cytomembranes. Although in dermatomyositis the capillary network is partly destroyed, in IBM it is usually augmented. A viral etiology of IBM has been suggested but remains unproven.
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180
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Carpenter S, Karpati G, Andermann F, Jacob JC, Andermann E. The ultrastructural characteristics of the abnormal cytosomes in Batten-Kufs' disease. Brain 1977; 100 Pt 1:137-56. [PMID: 193610 DOI: 10.1093/brain/100.1.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with Batten-Kufs' disease may be divided into three groups by electronmicroscopy of their storage deposits. In the first group, those characterized by curvilinear profiles, there is a strong correlation with a particular clinical syndrome, the late infantile form of the disease. In the second group, characterized by finger-print profiles, there is great diversity as to age and type of presentation. This is paralleled by diversity in the deposits. To the third group belongs the infantile form of the disease, as well as rare patients with later onset. Pathological diagnosis can be reliably, conveniently and consistently made from biopsy of skin by electronmicroscopy, and usually from biopsy of skeletal muscle as well.
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181
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Karpati G, Carpenter S, Eisen A, Aubé M, DiMauro S. The adult form of acid maltase (alpha-1,4-glucosidase) deficiency. Ann Neurol 1977; 1:276-80. [PMID: 889315 DOI: 10.1002/ana.410010314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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182
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Karpati G, Carpenter S, Wolfe LS, Andermann F. Juvenile dystonic lipidosis: an unusual form of neurovisceral storage disease. Neurology 1977; 27:32-42. [PMID: 189251 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.27.1.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An unusual neurovisceral lipid storage disorder in two unrelated juvenile patients manifested itself by dystonia and involuntary movements, with facial grimacing, dysarthria, gait difficulty, and impaired manual dexterity. Supranuclear paresis of vertical gaze and splenomegaly were present. Absent were seizures, major intellectual deterioration, spasticity, or blindness. Histiocytes showed lysosomal storage of various phospholipids, cholesterol, neutral lipids, and autofluorescent material. Appendiceal neurons showed only an increse of phospholipids by histochemistry. Neuronal deposits differed ultrastructurally from these in histiocytes. Leukocyte sphingomyelinase activity was normal. The nosology of this disease and its relationship to so-called juvenile types of Niemann-Pick disease is discussed. The primary metabolic defect in these patients remains unknown.
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183
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184
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Yufe R, Karpati G, Carpenter S. Cardiac myxoma: a diagnostic challenge for the neurologist. Neurology 1976; 26:1060-5. [PMID: 988513 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.26.11.1060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Three patients with left atrial myxoma presented with prominent neurologic symptoms and signs (cerebrovascular disease and/or syncope) within the past year. Two patients died because antemortem diagnosis was late or missed. One patient was successfully treated. Cardiac myxoma produces protean clinical manifestations that do not always include cardiac signs and symptoms. Neurologists may be called on for diagnostic consultation in patients who will prove to have cardiac myxoma. Unexplained transient ischemic attacks, cerebral infarction, or syncope (with possible features of seizure activity) are common neurologic manifestations of this disease. Additionally, systemic symptoms, signs, and laboratory data suggestive of collagen vascular disease or vasculitis are also often present. Echocardiography is a dependable noninvasive procedure for a confirmation of diagnosis in suspected cases.
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185
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Abstract
The childhood type fo dermatomyositis, which occurs in children and young adults, shows a specific constellation of pathologic changes in muscle. Capillary necrosis leads to capillary loss, generally starting on the periphery of muscle fascicles. Electron microscopy discloses undulating tubules in endothelial cells, lymphocytes, pericytes, and pseudosatellite cells. The muscle fiber damage is coextensive with capillary damage and probably results from progressive ischemia. The muscle cells, before atrophying, show mitochondrial elongation, Z disk streaming, focal myofibrillary loss, and occassionally selective thick filament loss. Muscle cell necrosis is rare and limited to infarctlike lesions. Inflammatory infiltrates, if present, occur only in connective tissue septa. The cause of the capillary damage has not been determined.
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187
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Melmed C, Karpati G, Carpenter S. Experimental mitochondrial myopathy produced by in vivo uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. J Neurol Sci 1975; 26:305-18. [PMID: 1185235 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(75)90204-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Two uncouplers of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation [2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) and carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCH)] were infused intra-arterially into a branch of the lower abdominal aorta of anesthetized rats over a 60-180 min period. An acute, severe, hypermetabolic state with systemic lactic acidosis and stiffness of the lower extremeities developed. In the plantaris muscles, by histochemistry, numerous "ragged red" fibers were present after the infusion. The "ragged red" areas presumably represented an absolute increase in mitochondrial mass in affected muscle fibers. By electron microscopy, linear inclusions were present in the intracristal space of many mitochondria. Simultaneous infusion of DNP and chloramphenicol, an inhibitor of mitochondrial protein synthesis, prevented the formation of ragged red fibers but not the intracristal inclusions. Infusion of relatively large amounts of oleic acid produced histochemical and electron-microscopic changes similar to those caused by the uncouplers. A possible pathogenesis of these reversible mitochondrial changes was discussed and their potential relevance to morphologic abnormalities of skeletal muscle mitochondria in human diseases was reviewed.
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188
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Eisen A, Karpati G, Carpenter S. The motor unit profile in two experimental chronic myopathies. Neurology 1975; 25:807-12. [PMID: 1172203 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.25.9.807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The motor unit profile of the rat soleus muscle has been studied in two types of experimentally induced chronic myopathy. Tetrabenazine administered for 6 weeks resulted in a moderate myopathy characterized by necrosis, regeneration, and hypertrophy of muscle fibers. This model was associated with a normal motor unit count. The twitch tension of the muscle remained normal, presumably because of hypertrophy of some of the soleus muscle fibers; however, tetanic tension was reduced. The twitch time to peak became very prolonged. Another myopathy, characterized only by regenerating muscle fibers, was produced 6 weeks after abdominal aortic ligation. In this model, the soleus motor unit count was also normal. Twitch and tetanic tensions were reduced, and the contraction time was prolonged. The findings are discussed in relation to the motor unit profile reported in human neuromuscular diseases.
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189
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Eisen A, Karpati G, Carpenter S. Reserpine induced alteration of physiological properties and histochemical fiber types in rat skeletal muscle. Exp Neurol 1975; 46:554-65. [PMID: 1112292 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(75)90126-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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190
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Karpati G, Carpenter S, Engel AG, Watters G, Allen J, Rothman S, Klassen G, Mamer OA. The syndrome of systemic carnitine deficiency. Clinical, morphologic, biochemical, and pathophysiologic features. Neurology 1975; 25:16-24. [PMID: 234182 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.25.1.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An 11-year old boy had had recurrent episodes of hepatic and cerebral dysfunction and underdeveloped musculature. Overt weakness developed at age 10. Lipid excess, especially in type I fibers, was found in muscle. Hypertrophied smooth endoplasmic reticulum and excessive microbodies were present in liver. Marked carnitine deficiency was shown in skeletal muscle, plasma, and liver. Ketogenesis was impaired on a high fat diet, but omega oxidation of fatty acids was enhanced. There was excessive glucose uptake and essentially no oxidation of labeled long-chain fatty acids by perfused forearm muscles in vivo. Oral replacement therapy restored plasma carnitine levels to normal, but not liver or muscle carnitine levels, and was accompanied by clinical improvement.
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191
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Karpati G, Eisen AA, Carpenter S. Letter to the editor: Subtypes of the histochemical type I muscle fibers. J Histochem Cytochem 1975; 23:89-91. [PMID: 46875 DOI: 10.1177/23.1.46875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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192
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Karpati G, Carpenter S, Eisen AA, Wolfe LS, Feindel W. Multiple peripheral nerve entrapments. An unusual phenotypical variant of the Hunter syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis II) in a family. ARCHIVES OF NEUROLOGY 1974; 31:418-22. [PMID: 4280298 DOI: 10.1001/archneur.1974.00490420084010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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193
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Carpenter S, Karpati G, Andermann F, Gold R. Giant axonal neuropathy. A clinically and morphologically distinct neurological disease. ARCHIVES OF NEUROLOGY 1974; 31:312-6. [PMID: 4153361 DOI: 10.1001/archneur.1974.00490410060005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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194
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195
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Eisen A, Karpati G, Carpenter S, Danon J. The motor unit profile of the rat soleus in experimental myopathy and reinnervation. Neurology 1974; 24:878-84. [PMID: 4369328 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.24.9.878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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196
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Carpenter S, Karpati G, Andermann F, Jacob JC, Andermann E. Lafora's disease: peroxisomal storage in skeletal muscle. Neurology 1974; 24:531-8. [PMID: 4220225 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.24.6.531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A 17-year-old patient had myoclonic epilepsy caused by Lafora's disease. Biopsy showed polysaccharide accumulations within membrane-bound spaces in skeletal muscle cells. Some of the accumulations were morphologically similar to Lafora bodies as they have been seen in the brain. The histochemical reactions of these membrane-bound spaces suggested that they were peroxisomes. Polysaccharide accumulations also were demonstrated in hepatic cells, where they probably were located in the endoplasmic reticulum. Lafora's disease can be diagnosed by histochemical and electron microscopic study of skeletal muscle.
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197
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Eisen AA, Carpenter S, Karpati G, Bellavance A. The effect of muscle hyper- and hypoactivity upon fibre diameters of intact and regenerating nerves. J Neurol Sci 1973; 20:457-69. [PMID: 4772398 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(73)90176-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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198
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Karpati G, Carpenter S, Watters GV, Eisen AA, Andermann F. Infantile myotonic dystrophy. Histochemical and electron microscopic features in skeletal muscle. Neurology 1973; 23:1066-77. [PMID: 4795420 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.23.10.1066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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199
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Karpati G, Carpenter S, Larbrisseau A, Lafontaine R. The Kearns-Shy syndrome. A multisystem disease with mitochondrial abnormality demonstrated in skeletal muscle and skin. J Neurol Sci 1973; 19:133-51. [PMID: 4712930 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(73)90158-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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200
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Carpenter S, Karpati G, Wolfe LS, Andermann F. A type of juvenile cerebromacular degeneration characterized by granular osmiophilic deposits. J Neurol Sci 1973; 18:67-87. [PMID: 4120484 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(73)90021-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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