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Kukull WA, Schellenberg GD, Bowen JD, McCormick WC, Yu CE, Teri L, Thompson JD, O'Meara ES, Larson EB. Apolipoprotein E in Alzheimer's disease risk and case detection: a case-control study. J Clin Epidemiol 1996; 49:1143-8. [PMID: 8826994 DOI: 10.1016/0895-4356(96)00195-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to describe the association between the epsilon 4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE E4) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) and to evaluate APOE E4 genotyping as a test for AD. The study base of this case-control study included about 23,000 persons 60 year of age or greater (a large health maintenance organization); the demographic characteristics of this group are similar to those of the surrounding area. Analysis focused on 234 Caucasian probable AD patients first identified between 1987 and 1993; and 304 cognitively intact controls of similar age, sex, and race who were randomly selected from the same study base. All cases were examined and diagnosed by study physicians using standard protocols. All subjects participate in continuing annual follow-up testing to verify their cognitive status. APOE genotypes were determined from blood samples using standard laboratory methods. Subject characteristics and diagnoses were obtained from interviews, diagnostic examination, or medical record review. Heterozygous E4 individuals had a crude odds ratio of 3.1 (2.1-4.5) for AD compared to those with no E4, while homozygous E4 subjects had an odds ratio of 34.3 (8.0-146.3) for AD. As an indicator of AD, having one E4 allele showed a sensitivity of 0.52 and a specificity of 0.74. Homozygous E4 genotype had a sensitivity of 0.23 and a specificity of 0.99 (when compared to non-E4 genotypes). Cardiovascular disease differed in cases and controls, but did not confound or modify the APOE E4-AI) association. In this study base, the APOE E4 allele was a significant risk factor. However, considering either homozygous or heterozygous E4 genotype as a screen or diagnostic marker for AD would miss many true cases and could misclassify many normals as AD.
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Yoshinari Y, Hammel PC, Martindale JA, Moshopoulou E, Thompson JD, Sarrao JL, Fisk Z. Magnetic Excitations of the Doped-Hole State in Diamagnetic La2Cu0.5Li0.5O4. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1996; 77:2069-2072. [PMID: 10061849 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.77.2069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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178
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Lawrence JM, Kwei GH, Sarrao JL, Fisk Z, Mandrus D, Thompson JD. Structure and disorder in YbInCu4. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1996; 54:6011-6014. [PMID: 9986594 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.54.6011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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179
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Billinge SJ, DiFrancesco RG, Kwei GH, Neumeier JJ, Thompson JD. Direct Observation of Lattice Polaron Formation in the Local Structure of La1-xCaxMnO3. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1996; 77:715-718. [PMID: 10062884 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.77.715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
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180
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Birney E, Thompson JD, Gibson TJ. PairWise and SearchWise: finding the optimal alignment in a simultaneous comparison of a protein profile against all DNA translation frames. Nucleic Acids Res 1996; 24:2730-9. [PMID: 8759004 PMCID: PMC145991 DOI: 10.1093/nar/24.14.2730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA translation frames can be disrupted for several reasons, including: (i) errors in sequence determination; (ii) RNA processing, such as intron removal and guide RNA editing; (iii) less commonly, polymerase frameshifting during transcription or ribosomal frameshifting during translation. Frameshifts frequently confound computational activities involving homologous sequences, such as database searches and inferences on structure, function or phylogeny made from multiple alignments. A dynamic alignment algorithm is reported here which compares a protein profile (a residue scoring matrix for one or more aligned sequences) against the three translation frames of a DNA strand, allowing frameshifting. The algorithm has been incorporated into a new package, WiseTools, for comparison of biological sequences. A protein profile can be compared against either a DNA sequence or a protein sequence. The program PairWise may be used interactively for alignment of any two sequence inputs. SearchWise can perform combinations of searches through DNA or protein databases by a protein profile or DNA sequence. Routine application of the programs has revealed a set of database entries with frameshifts caused by errors in sequence determination.
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Lawrence JM, Graf T, Hundley MF, Mandrus D, Thompson JD, Lacerda A, Torikachvili MS, Sarrao JL, Fisk Z. Kondo hole behavior in Ce0.97 La0.03Pd3. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1996; 53:12559-12562. [PMID: 9982910 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.53.12559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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182
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Movshovich R, Graf T, Mandrus D, Thompson JD, Smith JL, Fisk Z. Superconductivity in heavy-fermion CeRh2Si2. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1996; 53:8241-8244. [PMID: 9982318 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.53.8241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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183
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Langston AA, Stanford JL, Wicklund KG, Thompson JD, Blazej RG, Ostrander EA. Germ-line BRCA1 mutations in selected men with prostate cancer. Am J Hum Genet 1996; 58:881-5. [PMID: 8644752 PMCID: PMC1914660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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184
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Movshovich R, Lawrence JM, Hundley MF, Neumeier J, Thompson JD, Lacerda A, Fisk Z. Magnetism in CePtPb. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1996; 53:5465-5471. [PMID: 9984154 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.53.5465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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185
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Langston AA, Malone KE, Thompson JD, Daling JR, Ostrander EA. BRCA1 mutations in a population-based sample of young women with breast cancer. N Engl J Med 1996; 334:137-42. [PMID: 8531967 DOI: 10.1056/nejm199601183340301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inherited mutations in the BRCA1 gene are associated with a high risk of breast and ovarian cancer in some families. However, little is known about the contribution of BRCA1 mutations to breast cancer in the general population. We analyzed DNA samples from women enrolled in a population-based study of early-onset breast cancer to assess the spectrum and frequency of germ-line BRCA1 mutations in young women with breast cancer. METHODS We studied 80 women in whom breast cancer was diagnosed before the age of 35, and who were not selected on the basis of family history. Genomic DNA was studied for BRCA1 mutations by analysis involving single-strand conformation polymorphisms and with allele-specific assays. Alterations were defined by DNA sequencing. RESULTS Germ-line BRCA1 mutations were identified in 6 of the 80 women. Four additional rare sequence variants of unknown functional importance were also identified. Two of the mutations and three of the rare sequence variants were found among the 39 women who reported no family history of breast or ovarian cancer. None of the mutations and only one of the rare variants was identified in a reference population of 73 unrelated subjects. CONCLUSIONS Alterations in BRCA1 were identified in approximately 10 percent of this cohort of young women with breast cancer. The risk of harboring a mutation was not limited to women with family histories of breast or ovarian cancer. These results represent a minimal estimate of the frequency of BRCA1 mutations in this population. Comprehensive methods of identifying BRCA1 mutations and understanding their importance will be needed before testing of women in the general population can be undertaken.
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Le LP, Heffner RH, Thompson JD, MacLaughlin DE, Nieuwenhuys GJ, Amato A, Feyerherm R, Gygax FN, Schenck A, Canfield PC, Cho BK. Muon-spin-rotation studies of HoNi2B2C. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1996; 53:R510-R513. [PMID: 9983068 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.53.r510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Abstract
We have tested CLUSTAL W in a wide variety of situations, and it is capable of handling some very difficult protein alignment problems. If the data set consists of enough closely related sequences so that the first alignments are accurate, then CLUSTAL W will usually find an alignment that is very close to ideal. Problems can still occur if the data set includes sequences of greatly different lengths or if some sequences include long regions that are impossible to align with the rest of the data set. Trying to balance the need for long insertions and deletions in some alignments with the need to avoid them in others is still a problem. The default values for our parameters were tested empirically using test cases of sets of globular proteins where some information as to the correct alignment was available. The parameter values may not be very appropriate with nonglobular proteins. We have argued that using one weight matrix and two gap penalties is too simplistic to be of general use in the most difficult cases. We have replaced these parameters with a large number of new parameters designed primarily to help encourage gaps in loop regions. Although these new parameters are largely heuristic in nature, they perform surprisingly well and are simple to implement. The underlying speed of the progressive alignment approach is not adversely affected. The disadvantage is that the parameter space is now huge; the number of possible combinations of parameters is more than can easily be examined by hand. We justify this by asking the user to treat CLUSTAL W as a data exploration tool rather than as a definitive analysis method. It is not sensible to automatically derive multiple alignments and to trust particular algorithms as being capable of always getting the correct answer. One must examine the alignments closely, especially in conjunction with the underlying phylogenetic tree (or estimate of it) and try varying some of the parameters. Outliers (sequences that have no close relatives) should be aligned carefully, as should fragments of sequences. The program will automatically delay the alignment of any sequences that are less than 40% identical to any others until all other sequences are aligned, but this can be set from a menu by the user. It may be useful to build up an alignment of closely related sequences first and to then add in the more distant relatives one at a time or in batches, using the profile alignments and weighting scheme described earlier and perhaps using a variety of parameter settings. We give one example using SH2 domains. SH2 domains are widespread in eukaryotic signalling proteins where they function in the recognition of phosphotyrosine-containing peptides. In the chapter by Bork and Gibson ([11], this volume), Blast and pattern/profile searches were used to extract the set of known SH2 domains and to search for new members. (Profiles used in database searches are conceptually very similar to the profiles used in CLUSTAL W: see the chapters [11] and [13] for profile search methods.) The profile searches detected SH2 domains in the JAK family of protein tyrosine kinases, which were thought not to contain SH2 domains. Although the JAK family SH2 domains are rather divergent, they have the necessary core structural residues as well as the critical positively charged residue that binds phosphotyrosine, leaving no doubt that they are bona fide SH2 domains. The five new JAK family SH2 domains were added sequentially to the existing alignment of 65 SH2 domains using the CLUSTAL W profile alignment option. Figure 6 shows part of the resulting alignment. Despite their divergent sequences, the new SH2 domains have been aligned nearly perfectly with the old set. No insertions were placed in the original SH2 domains. In this example, the profile alignment procedure has produced better results than a one-step full alignment of all 70 SH2 domains, and in considerably less time. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)
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Martins GB, Rao D, Barberis GE, Rettori C, Duro RJ, Sarrao J, Fisk Z, Oseroff S, Thompson JD. Electron spin resonance of Er3+ in YBiPt. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1995; 52:15062-15065. [PMID: 9980851 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.52.15062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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189
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Cornelius AL, Schilling JS, Mandrus D, Thompson JD. Anomalous hydrostatic pressure dependence of the Curie temperature of the Kondo-lattice compound YbNiSn to 38 GPa. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1995; 52:15699-15702. [PMID: 9980935 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.52.r15699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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190
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Shimizu T, MacLaughlin DE, Hammel PC, Thompson JD, Cheong SW. Spin susceptibility and low-lying excitations in the Haldane-gap compound Y2BaNiO5. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1995; 52:R9835-R9838. [PMID: 9980126 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.52.r9835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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191
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Neumeier JJ, Hundley MF, Thompson JD, Heffner RH. Substantial pressure effects on the electrical resistivity and ferromagnetic transition temperature of La1-xCaxMnO3. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1995; 52:R7006-R7009. [PMID: 9979736 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.52.r7006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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192
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Mandrus D, Migliori A, Darling TW, Hundley MF, Peterson EJ, Thompson JD. Electronic transport in lightly doped CoSb3. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1995; 52:4926-4931. [PMID: 9981676 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.52.4926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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193
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Robinson RA, Kohgi M, Osakabe T, Trouw F, Lynn JW, Canfield PC, Thompson JD, Fisk Z, Beyermann WP. Low-energy excitations and the electronic specific heat of YbBiPt. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1995; 75:1194-1197. [PMID: 10060229 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.75.1194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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194
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Graf T, Movshovich R, Thompson JD, Fisk Z, Canfield PC. Properties of YbAgCu4 at high pressures and magnetic fields. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1995; 52:3099-3107. [PMID: 9981424 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.52.3099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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195
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Fisk Z, Sarrao JL, Smith JL, Thompson JD. The physics and chemistry of heavy fermions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:6663-7. [PMID: 11607558 PMCID: PMC41392 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.15.6663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The heavy fermions are a subset of the f-electron intermetallic compounds straddling the magnetic/nonmagnetic boundary. Their low-temperature properties are characterized by an electronic energy scale of order 1-10 K. Among the low-temperature ground states observed in heavy fermion compounds are exotic superconductors and magnets, as well as unusual semiconductors. We review here the current experimental and theoretical understanding of these systems.
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196
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Hughes BF, Sponseller PD, Thompson JD. Pediatric femur fractures: effects of spica cast treatment on family and community. J Pediatr Orthop 1995; 15:457-60. [PMID: 7560034 DOI: 10.1097/01241398-199507000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-three consecutive children with isolated closed femur fractures treated with early spica casts were studied to determine the impact of this treatment on family, school, and other support systems. Mobility was identified by families as the major problem. In families with two working parents, a mean of 3 weeks time off work was needed. None of the children was accepted into school in cast. Home tutoring for a mean of 8 weeks was used, with 48 tutor-hours per child. Despite this, none of the children fell permanently behind their class, and only two temporarily. No child required physical therapy beyond instruction in walking, and 12 had no physical therapy at all. Mean time to independent walking was 5 days and to running, 25 days; skills returned faster in younger children. All aspects of spica treatment were easier for preschool children. This study highlights some of the adaptations necessary with this treatment method and aids in advance planning.
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197
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Henderson DP, Thompson JD. Implementation of the recommendations of the Institute of Medicine report, Emergency medical services for children: registered nurses. Pediatrics 1995; 96:194-9. [PMID: 7596738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Registered nurses are the single largest group of health care providers in the United States. Their role in emergency medical services for children and approaches to implementation of the Institute of Medicine recommendations as they relate to nursing care are discussed.
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Speck CE, Kukull WA, Brenner DE, Bowen JD, McCormick WC, Teri L, Pfanschmidt ML, Thompson JD, Larson EB. History of depression as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. Epidemiology 1995; 6:366-9. [PMID: 7548342 DOI: 10.1097/00001648-199507000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Research regarding the possible association between Alzheimer's disease and a history of depression has been inconclusive. Using a case-control design, we assessed the strength of the association between reported history of depression and onset of Alzheimer's disease. We enrolled probable Alzheimer's disease cases (N = 294), who were ascertained and diagnosed by our Alzheimer's Disease Patient Registry, and randomly selected nondemented controls (N = 300) of similar age and gender from the same base population. The mean age (for cases) was 78.5 years. Informants provided data regarding history of depression. "Treated depression" was defined as depression for which a physician/psychologist consultation, medication, or hospitalization had occurred. Restricting treated depression to exclude primary loss or grief reactions, we found a modest association with Alzheimer's disease [odds ratio (OR) = 1.8; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.9-3.5] after adjusting for gender, age, education, and type of informant. When these data were stratified by depression onset year, we observed an odds ratio of 2.0 (95% CI = 0.9-4.6) for depression occurring more than 10 years before the onset of dementia symptoms, and an OR of 0.9 (95% CI = 0.2-3.0) for depression onset within 10 years of the onset of dementia symptoms. Thus, depressive episodes occurring well before dementia symptom onset appear to increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease.
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199
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Thompson JD, Ayers DF, Malmstrom TA, McKenzie TL, Ganousis L, Chowrira BM, Couture L, Stinchcomb DT. Improved accumulation and activity of ribozymes expressed from a tRNA-based RNA polymerase III promoter. Nucleic Acids Res 1995; 23:2259-68. [PMID: 7610054 PMCID: PMC307016 DOI: 10.1093/nar/23.12.2259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA polymerase III (pol III) transcripts are abundant in all cells. Therefore, pol III promoters may be ideal for expressing high levels of exogenous RNAs, such as antisense RNAs, decoy RNAs and ribozymes, in many different cell types. We have improved accumulation of recombinant RNAs expressed from a human meti tRNA-derived pol III promoter > 100-fold by modifying the 3' terminus of the transcripts to hybridize to the 5' terminus. This terminal duplex includes the 8 nt leader sequence present in the primary wild-type meti tRNA transcript that is normally removed during processing to the mature tRNA. Expression of an anti-HIV ribozyme was analyzed in cells stably transduced with retroviral vectors encoding pol III transcription units containing this modification. High accumulation of recombinant pol III ribozyme transcripts was observed in all cell lines tested. Due to the enhanced transcript accumulation, ribozyme cleavage activity was readily detectable in total RNA extracted from stably transduced human T cell lines. One pol III transcription unit, termed 'TRZ', was optimized further for ribozyme cleavage activity. The improved pol III transcription units reported here may be useful for expressing a variety of functional and therapeutic RNAs.
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Graf T, Lawrence JM, Hundley MF, Thompson JD, Lacerda A, Haanappel E, Torikachvili MS, Fisk Z, Canfield PC. Resistivity, magnetization, and specific heat of YbAgCu4 in high magnetic fields. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1995; 51:15053-15061. [PMID: 9978459 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.51.15053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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