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Nazábal C, Carmenate T, Cruz S, González S, Silva R, Musacchio A, Delgado M, Chinea G. Mapping of monoclonal antibodies specific to P64k: a common antigen of several isolates of Neisseria meningitidis. Can J Microbiol 2001; 47:158-64. [PMID: 11261496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
P64k is a minor outer membrane protein from Neisseria meningitidis. This protein has been produced at high levels in Escherichia coli. We generated a group of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against recombinant P64k, which recognise four non-overlapping epitopes, as shown using competition assays with biotinylated mAbs. The P64k sequences involved in mAbs binding were mapped with synthetic overlapping peptides derived from the P64k protein, and located in the previously determined three-dimensional structure of the protein. These antibodies were also characterised by whole-cell ELISA and bactericidal tests against N. meningitidis. Only two of the recognised epitopes were exposed on the bacterial surface, and none of the mAbs showed bactericidal activity. The relationship between these results and the structural data on the epitopes bound by the mAbs is discussed.
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Delgado M, Ganea D. Vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide inhibit expression of Fas ligand in activated T lymphocytes by regulating c-Myc, NF-kappa B, NF-AT, and early growth factors 2/3. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:1028-40. [PMID: 11145682 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.2.1028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Activation-induced cell death in T cells, a major mechanism for limiting an ongoing immune response, is initiated by Ag reengagement and mediated through Fas/Fas ligand interactions. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), two multifunctional neuropeptides, modulate innate and adaptive immunity. We reported previously that VIP/PACAP protect T cells from activation-induced cell death through down-regulation of Fas ligand (FasL). In this study, we investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in the protective effect of VIP and PACAP. VIP/PACAP reduce in a dose-dependent manner anti-CD3-induced apoptosis in 2B4.11 T cell hybridomas. The protective effect is mediated through the specific type 2 VIP receptor, and the cAMP/protein kinase A pathway. A functional study demonstrates that VIP/PACAP inhibit activation-induced FasL expression. VIP/PACAP inhibit the expression and/or DNA-binding activity of several transcriptional factors involved in FasL expression, i.e., c-myc, NF-kappaB, NF-ATp, and early growth factors (Egr) 2/3. The inhibition of NF-kappaB binding is due to the stabilization of I-kappaB (inhibitory protein that dissociates from NF-kappaB), through the inhibition of I-kappaB kinase alpha activity. Subsequently, p65 nuclear translocation is significantly reduced. The inhibition in NF-ATp binding results from a calcineurin-independent reduction in NF-ATp nuclear translocation. VIP/PACAP inhibit the expression of Egr2 and 3, but not of Egr1. The effects on the transcriptional factors are mediated through type 2 VIP receptor with cAMP as secondary messenger.
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Delgado M, Ganea D. Vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide inhibit nuclear factor-kappa B-dependent gene activation at multiple levels in the human monocytic cell line THP-1. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:369-80. [PMID: 11029467 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m006923200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptides vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) suppress monocyte/macrophage production of proinflammatory agents. The transcription factor NF-kappa B regulates the transcription of most agents. VIP/PACAP inhibit NF-kappa B transactivation in the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human monocytic cell line THP-1 at multiple levels. First, VIP/PACAP inhibit p65 nuclear translocation and NF-kappa B DNA binding by stabilizing the inhibitor I kappa B alpha. Second, VIP/PACAP induce phosphorylation of the CRE-binding protein (CREB) and its binding to the CREB-binding protein (CBP). This results in a decrease in p65.CBP complexes, which further reduces NF-kappa B transactivation. Third, VIP and PACAP reduce the phosphorylation of the TATA box-binding protein (TBP), resulting in a reduction in TBP binding to both p65 and the TATA box. All these effects are mediated through the specific receptor VPAC1. The cAMP/cAMP-dependent protein kinase pathway mediates the effects on CBP and TBP, whereas a cAMP-independent pathway is the major transducer for the effects on p65 nuclear translocation. Since NF-kappaB represents a focal point for various stimuli and induces the expression of many proinflammatory genes, its targeting by VIP and PACAP positions them as important anti-inflammatory agents. The VIP/PACAP inhibition of NF-kappa B at various levels and through different transduction pathways could offer a significant advantage over other anti-inflammatory agents.
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179
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Delgado M, Sánchez D, Martín-Bautista MJ, Vila MA. Mining association rules with improved semantics in medical databases. Artif Intell Med 2001; 21:241-5. [PMID: 11154892 DOI: 10.1016/s0933-3657(00)00092-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of new knowledge by mining medical databases is crucial in order to make an effective use of stored data, enhancing patient management tasks. One of the main objectives of data mining methods is to provide a clear and understandable description of patterns held in data. We introduce a new approach to find association rules among quantitative values in relational databases. The semantics of such rules are improved by introducing imprecise terms in both the antecedent and the consequent, as these terms are the most commonly used in human conversation and reasoning. The terms are modeled by means of fuzzy sets defined in the appropriate domains. However, the mining task is performed on the precise data. These "fuzzy association rules" are more informative than rules relating precise values. We also introduce a new measure of accuracy, based on Shortliffe and Buchanan's certainty factors [Shortliffe E, Buchanan B. Math Biosci 1975;23:351-79]. Also, the semantics of the usual measure of usefulness of an association rule, called support are discussed and some new criteria are introduced. Our new measures have been shown to be more understandable and appropriate than ordinary ones. Several experiments on large medical databases show that our new approach can provide useful knowledge with better semantics in this field.
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Nazábal C, Carmenate T, Cruz S, González S, Silva R, Musacchio A, Delgado M, Chinea G. Mapping of monoclonal antibodies specific to P64k: A common antigen of several isolates of <i>Neisseria meningitidis</i>. Can J Microbiol 2001. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-47-2-158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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181
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Gomariz RP, Martinez C, Abad C, Leceta J, Delgado M. Immunology of VIP: a review and therapeutical perspectives. Curr Pharm Des 2001; 7:89-111. [PMID: 11172702 DOI: 10.2174/1381612013398374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a neuropeptide with a broad distribution in the body that exerts very important pleiotropic functions in several systems. The present work reviews the immunology of VIP. Being daring, this neuropeptide could be included in the group of cytokines since it is produced and secreted by different immunocompetent cells in response to various immune signals, plays a broad spectrum of immunological functions, and exerts them, in a paracrine and/or autocrine way, through three different specific receptors. Although VIP has been classically considered as an immunodepressant agent, and its main described role has been as an anti-inflammatory factor, several evidences suggest that a better way to see this peptide is as a modulator of the homeostasis of the immune system. In the last decade, the pharmacology of VIP has spectacularly grown, and VIP itself, as well as more stable VIP-derived agents, have been used or proposed as efficient therapeutical treatments of several disorders, specially inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, such as septic shock, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, Crohn's disease and autoimmune diabetes. A broad field of perspectives is actually open, and further investigations will help us to definitively understand the immunology of this very important peptide.
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182
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Ganea D, Delgado M. Neuropeptides as modulators of macrophage functions. Regulation of cytokine production and antigen presentation by VIP and PACAP. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2001; 49:101-10. [PMID: 11348014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and the structurally related neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP), present in the microenvironment of lymphoid organs, modulate the function of inflammatory cells through specific receptors. VIP and PACAP inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory agents and stimulate the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines in activated macrophages. The effect is mediated through specific receptors and involves shedding of the CD14 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) receptor and the transcriptional regulation of cytokine genes through effects on de novo expression or nuclear translocation of NFkappaB, cAMP-element binding protein (CREB), c-Jun, and interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1). The in vivo administration of VIP/PACAP results in a similar pattern of cytokine modulation which, presumably, mediates the protective effect of VIP/PACAP in a high-endotoxic murine model for septic shock. VIP/PACAP reduce the expression of the costimulatory B7.1/B7.2 molecules and the subsequent stimulatory activity for T helper (Th) cells in stimulated macrophages. In contrast, in unstimulated macrophages, VIP/PACAP induce specific B7.2 expression and promote Th2 cell differentiation. We propose that VIP/PACAP act as endogenous factors that regulate immune homeostasis and that the physiological consequences of VIP/PACAP presence in the immune microenvironment depend on the timing of the neuropeptide release and the activation stage of the neighboring immune cells.
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183
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Montero JL, Muntané J, Fraga E, Delgado M, Costán G, Serrano M, Padillo J, de la Mata M, Miño G. Orlistat associated subacute hepatic failure. J Hepatol 2001; 34:173. [PMID: 11211898 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(00)00042-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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184
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Blanco A, Delgado M, Pegalajar MC. A real-coded genetic algorithm for training recurrent neural networks. Neural Netw 2001; 14:93-105. [PMID: 11213216 DOI: 10.1016/s0893-6080(00)00081-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of Recurrent Neural Networks is not as extensive as Feedforward Neural Networks. Training algorithms for Recurrent Neural Networks, based on the error gradient, are very unstable in their search for a minimum and require much computational time when the number of neurons is high. The problems surrounding the application of these methods have driven us to develop new training tools. In this paper, we present a Real-Coded Genetic Algorithm that uses the appropriate operators for this encoding type to train Recurrent Neural Networks. We describe the algorithm and we also experimentally compare our Genetic Algorithm with the Real-Time Recurrent Learning algorithm to perform the fuzzy grammatical inference.
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Abstract
FasL/Fas-mediated lysis represents the major cytotoxic mechanism for CD4(+) effectors, with important consequences for immune cell homeostasis. Upon stimulation by specific antigen-presenting cells (APCs), CD4(+) effectors can lyse the cognate APCs (direct targets) and neighboring innocent bystanders. Previously we showed that the neuropeptides VIP and PACAP prevent FasL expression and activation-induced cell death in T cells. In this study we investigated the effects of VIP and PACAP on FasL expression and subsequent direct and bystander lysis by CD4(+) effectors generated in vivo. VIP/PACAP inhibit FasL expression in allogeneic effectors, and reduce Fas-mediated cytotoxicity against specific allotargets and syngeneic bystanders. VIP/PACAP also inhibit FasL expression in antigen-specific CD4(+) effectors, and reduce their cytotoxic activity against both the stimulatory APC, and syngeneic or allogeneic bystanders. Since bystander lysis is involved in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, the identification of regulatory factors that limit this process is highly significant.
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187
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Delgado M, Razola P, Abós MD, García F, Prats E, Banzo J. [Scintigraphy with somatostatin receptors in metastatic insulinoma]. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE MEDICINA NUCLEAR 2000; 19:505-6. [PMID: 11171510 DOI: 10.1016/s0212-6982(00)71922-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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188
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Delgado M, González-Gross M, Cano M, Gutiérrez A, Castillo M. Physical exercise reverses diet-induced increases in LDL-cholesterol and apo B levels in healthy ovo-lactovegetarian subjects. Nutr Res 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0271-5317(00)00276-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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189
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Delgado M, Gomariz RP, Martinez C, Abad C, Leceta J. Anti-inflammatory properties of the type 1 and type 2 vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors: role in lethal endotoxic shock. Eur J Immunol 2000; 30:3236-46. [PMID: 11093139 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200011)30:11<3236::aid-immu3236>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a neuropeptide that can modulate several immune aspects. Previous reports showed that VIP attenuates the deleterious consequences of septic shock by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory agents and stimulating the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines in activated macrophages. In this study, by using selective VIP agonists, we investigated the differential involvement of the VIP receptors in the anti-inflammatory role of VIP. Both the type 1 VIP receptor (VPAC1) agonist, [K(15), R(16), L(27)] VIP 1-7-GRF 8-27, and the type 2 VIP receptor (VPAC2) agonist, Ro25-1553, protected mice from lethal endotoxemia by inhibiting the macrophage-derived pro-inflammatory mediators IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-12 and NO, and by stimulating the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. In addition, both VIP and VPAC1 agonist, but not the VPAC2 agonist, reduced in vitro and in vivo the expression of the co-stimulatory B7. 1/B7.2 molecules, and the subsequent stimulatory activity for T helper cells in stimulated macrophages. The higher effectiveness of the VPAC1 agonist compared with the VPAC2 agonist suggests that VPAC1 is the major mediator of the anti-inflammatory action of VIP. Since VIP and the two agonists appear to affect multiple cytokines and inflammatory factors, they might provide a more efficient therapeutical alternative to the use of specific cytokine antibodies or antagonists.
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190
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Delgado M, Ganea D. Vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide inhibit the MEKK1/MEK4/JNK signaling pathway in LPS-stimulated macrophages. J Neuroimmunol 2000; 110:97-105. [PMID: 11024538 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(00)00359-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and the pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP), two immunomodulatory neuropeptides that affect both innate and acquired immunity, downregulate TNFalpha expression in LPS-stimulated peritoneal macrophages and Raw 264.7 cells. We showed previously that VIP/PACAP change the composition of the CRE-binding complex in the TNFalpha promoter from highc-Jun/(low)CREB, characteristic for LPS-stimulated macrophages, to lowc-Jun/(high)CREB, characteristic for the unstimulated cells. In the present study we examined the effects of VIP/PACAP on the MEKK1/MEK4/JNK transduction pathway, and on the subsequent changes in Jun family members. Our studies indicate that VIP/PACAP inhibit MEKK1 activity, and the subsequent phosphorylation of MEK4, JNK, and c-Jun. Treatment with VIP or PACAP results in a decrease in AP-1 binding, and a marked change in the composition of the AP-1 complexes from c-Jun/c-Fos to JunB/c-Fos. Western blots confirm that VIP stimulates JunB production in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Both the inhibition of the MEKK1/MEK4/JNK pathway, leading to the reduction in phosphorylated c-Jun, and the stimulation of JunB, are mediated through the specific VPAC1 receptor and the cAMP/PKA pathway. The VIP/PACAP interference with the stress-induced SAPK/JNK pathway in stimulated macrophages may represent a significant element in the regulation of the inflammatory response by the endogenous neuropeptides.
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191
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Muntané J, Rodríguez FJ, Segado O, Quintero A, Lozano JM, Siendones E, Pedraza CA, Delgado M, O'Valle F, García R, Montero JL, De La Mata M, Miño G. TNF-alpha dependent production of inducible nitric oxide is involved in PGE(1) protection against acute liver injury. Gut 2000; 47:553-62. [PMID: 10986217 PMCID: PMC1728088 DOI: 10.1136/gut.47.4.553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and nitric oxide modulate damage in several experimental models of liver injury. We have previously shown that protection against D-galactosamine (D-GalN) induced liver injury by prostaglandin E(1) (PGE(1)) was accompanied by an increase in TNF-alpha and nitrite/nitrate in serum. AIMS The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of TNF-alpha and nitric oxide during protection by PGE(1) of liver damage induced by D-GalN. METHODS Liver injury was induced in male Wistar rats by intraperitoneal injection of 1 g/kg of D-GalN. PGE(1) was administered 30 minutes before D-GalN. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was inhibited by methylisothiourea (MT), and TNF-alpha concentration in serum was lowered by administration of anti-TNF-alpha antibodies. Liver injury was evaluated by alanine aminotransferase activity in serum, and histological examination and DNA fragmentation in liver. TNF-alpha and nitrite/nitrate concentrations were determined in serum. Expression of TNF-alpha and iNOS was also assessed in liver sections. RESULTS PGE(1) decreased liver injury and increased TNF-alpha and nitrite/nitrate concentrations in serum of rats treated with D-GalN. PGE(1) protection was related to enhanced expression of TNF-alpha and iNOS in hepatocytes. Administration of anti-TNF-alpha antibodies or MT blocked the protection by PGE(1) of liver injury induced by D-GalN. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that prior administration of PGE(1) to D-GalN treated animals enhanced expression of TNF-alpha and iNOS in hepatocytes, and that this was causally related to protection by PGE(1) against D-GalN induced liver injury.
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192
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Delgado M, Ganea D. Inhibition of IFN-gamma-induced janus kinase-1-STAT1 activation in macrophages by vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:3051-7. [PMID: 10975815 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.6.3051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), two immunomodulatory neuropeptides that affect both innate and acquired immunity, down-regulate IL-12 p40 and inducible NO synthase expression in LPS/IFN-gamma-stimulated macrophages. We showed previously that VIP/PACAP inhibit NF-kappaB nuclear translocation through the stabilization of IkappaB and reduce IFN regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) binding to the regulatory elements found in the IL-12 p40 and inducible NO synthase promoters. In this paper we studied the molecular mechanisms involved in the VIP/PACAP regulation of IRF-1 transactivating activity. Our studies indicate that the inhibition in IRF-1 binding correlates with a reduction in IRF-1 protein and mRNA in IFN-gamma-treated Raw 264.7 macrophages. In agreement with the described Janus kinase (Jak)1/Jak2/STAT1/IRF-1 activation pathway, VIP/PACAP inhibit Jak1/Jak2, STAT1 phosphorylation, and the binding of STAT1 to the GAS sequence motif in the IRF-1 promoter. The effects of VIP/PACAP are mediated through the specific VIP/PACAP receptor-1 and the cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) transduction pathway, but not through the induction of suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 or suppressor of cytokine signaling-3. Because IFN-gamma is a major stimulator of innate immune responses in vivo, the down-regulation of IFN-gamma-induced gene expression by VIP and PACAP could represent a significant element in the regulation of the inflammatory response by endogenous neuropeptides.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Binding, Competitive/immunology
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclic AMP/physiology
- DNA-Binding Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- DNA-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Enzyme Activation/immunology
- Interferon Regulatory Factor-1
- Interferon-gamma/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interferon-gamma/physiology
- Janus Kinase 1
- Janus Kinase 2
- Macrophage Activation/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/enzymology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neuropeptides/physiology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/genetics
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
- Phosphoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Phosphoproteins/biosynthesis
- Phosphoproteins/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/immunology
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Proteins/genetics
- Proteins/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/physiology
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, Type I
- Repressor Proteins
- STAT1 Transcription Factor
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 1 Protein
- Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Protein
- Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins
- Trans-Activators/antagonists & inhibitors
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transcription Factors
- Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/physiology
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193
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Sun W, Tadmori I, Yang L, Delgado M, Ganea D. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) inhibits TGF-beta1 production in murine macrophages. J Neuroimmunol 2000; 107:88-99. [PMID: 10808055 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(00)00245-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and the structurally related neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), produced and/or released in the lymphoid microenvironment act primarily as macrophage- and T cell-deactivating agents. In the present study we investigate the effect of VIP and PACAP on the production of TGF-beta1 in the macrophage cell line Raw 264.7 and in peritoneal macrophages. The two neuropeptides do not affect the baseline TGF-beta1 production by unstimulated macrophages, but reduce dramatically TGF-beta1 production by LPS-stimulated macrophages. The effects are mediated through the specific receptors VPAC1, VPAC2, and PAC1. The effect of VIP is mediated primarily through the cAMP pathway, whereas PACAP activates both the cAMP and the protein kinase C pathway. VIP reduces the TGF-beta1 steady-state mRNA levels in both peritoneal macrophages and Raw 264.7 cells treated with LPS. A similar effect is observed upon the in vivo administration of VIP. This report adds VIP and PACAP to the only other neuropeptide, substance P, known to regulate TGF-beta1 production in immune cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Cyclic AMP/physiology
- Homeostasis
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neuropeptides/pharmacology
- Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide
- RNA, Messenger/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I
- Receptors, Pituitary Hormone/physiology
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/physiology
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, Type I
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/biosynthesis
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/pharmacology
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194
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Delgado M, Ganea D. Vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide inhibit T cell-mediated cytotoxicity by inhibiting Fas ligand expression. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:114-23. [PMID: 10861043 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.1.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We reported recently that the neuropeptides vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) protect CD4+ T cells against Ag-induced apoptosis by down-regulating the expression of Fas ligand (FasL). Because the cytotoxic activity of CD8+ CTLs is mediated through two mechanisms, which involve the perforin/granzyme and the FasL/Fas pathways, in this study we investigated the effects of VIP/PACAP on the generation and activity of allogeneic CTLs, of CD8+ T1 and T2 effector cells and of alloreactive peritoneal exudate cytotoxic T cells (PEL) generated in vivo. VIP/PACAP did not affect perforin/granzyme-mediated cytotoxicity, perforin gene expression, or granzyme B enzymatic activity, but drastically inhibited FasL/Fas-mediated cytotoxicity against allogeneic or syngeneic Fas-bearing targets. VIP/PACAP inhibit CTL generation, but not the activity of competent CTLs. The inhibition is associated with a profound down-regulation of FasL expression, and these effects are mediated through both VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors. VIP/PACAP inhibit the FasL/Fas-mediated cytotoxicity of T1 effectors and do not affect T2 cytotoxicity, which is entirely perforin/granzyme mediated. Similar effects were observed in vivo. Both the FasL/Fas-mediated cytotoxicity and FasL expression of cytotoxic allogeneic PELs generated in vivo in the presence of VIP or PACAP were significantly reduced. We conclude that, similar to their effect on CD4+ T cells, the two structurally related neuropeptides inhibit FasL expression in CD8+ cytotoxic T cells and the subsequent lysis of Fas-bearing target cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Ascitic Fluid/immunology
- Cell Line
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Fas Ligand Protein
- Female
- Growth Inhibitors/physiology
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Leukemia L1210
- Ligands
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Neuropeptides/physiology
- Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/physiology
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, Type I
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/metabolism
- Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/physiology
- fas Receptor/metabolism
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195
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Blanco A, Delgado M, Pegalajar MC. Extracting rules from a (fuzzy/crisp) recurrent neural network using a self-organizing map. INT J INTELL SYST 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-111x(200007)15:7<595::aid-int2>3.0.co;2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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196
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Delgado M, Sancho T, Andreu M, Ortega N, García J. [Cavitating pneumonia in a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2000; 18:289-90. [PMID: 11075487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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197
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Castro J, Delgado M, Mantas C. SEPARATE: a machine learning method based on semi-global partitions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000; 11:710-20. [DOI: 10.1109/72.846742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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198
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Plawner L, Clegg N, Kinsman S, Delgado M. Prolonged survival and childhood-onset epilepsy in alobar holoprosencephaly. Childs Nerv Syst 2000; 16:195. [PMID: 10855513 DOI: 10.1007/s003810050494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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199
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Pozo D, Delgado M, Martinez C, Guerrero JM, Leceta J, Gomariz RP, Calvo JR. Authors' corrections. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 2000; 21:191. [PMID: 10740241 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5699(00)01624-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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200
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Delgado M, Munoz-Elias EJ, Martinez C, Gomariz RP, Ganea D. VIP and PACAP38 modulate cytokine and nitric oxide production in peritoneal macrophages and macrophage cell lines. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2000; 897:401-14. [PMID: 10676466 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb07909.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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