Noninvasive Raman spectroscopy in living mice for evaluation of tumor targeting with carbon nanotubes

An optimized noninvasive Raman microscope was used to evaluate tumor targeting and localization of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in mice. Raman images were acquired in two groups of tumor-bearing mice. The control group received plain-SWNTs, whereas the experimental group received tumor targeting RGD-SWNTs intravenously. Raman imaging commenced over the next 72 h and revealed increased accumulation of RGD-SWNTs in tumor ( p < 0.05) as opposed to plain-SWNTs. These results support the development of a new preclinical Raman imager.

Temporal variability of groundwater chemistry in shallow and deep aquifers of Araihazar, Bangladesh

Samples were collected every 2-4 weeks from a set of 37 monitoring wells over a period of 2-3 years in Araihazar, Bangladesh, to evaluate the temporal variability of groundwater composition for As and other constituents. The monitoring wells are grouped in 6 nests and span the 5-91 m depth range. Concentrations of As, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, and S were measured by high-resolution ICPMS with a precision of 5% or better; concentrations of Cl were measured by ion chromatography. In shallow wells <30 m deep, As and P concentrations generally varied by <30%, whereas concentrations of the major ions (Na, K, Mg, Ca and Cl) and the redox-sensitive elements (Fe, Mn, and S) varied over time by up to +/-90%. In wells tapping the deeper aquifers >30 m often below clay layers concentrations of groundwater As were much lower and varied by <10%. The concentrations of major cations also varied by <10% in these deep aquifers. In contrast, the concentration of redox-sensitive constituents Fe, S, and Mn in deep aquifers varied by up to 97% over time. Thus, strong decoupling between variations in As and Fe concentrations is evident in groundwaters from shallow and deep aquifers. Comparison of the time series data with groundwater ages determined by (3)H/(3)He and (14)C dating shows that large seasonal or inter-annual variations in major cation and chloride concentrations are restricted to shallow aquifers and groundwater recharged <5 years ago. There is no corresponding change in As concentrations despite having significant variations of redox sensitive constituents in these very young waters. This is attributed to chemical buffering due to rapid equilibrium between solute and solid As. At two sites where the As content of groundwater in existing shallow wells averages 102 microg/L (range: <5 to 648 microg/L; n=118) and 272 microg/L (range: 10 to 485 microg/L; n=65), respectively, a systematic long-term decline in As concentrations lends support to the notion that flushing may slowly deplete an aquifer of As. Shallow aquifer water with >5 years (3)H/(3)He age show a constant As:P molar ratio of 9.6 over time, suggesting common mechanisms of mobilization.

Flushing history as a hydrogeological control on the regional distribution of arsenic in shallow groundwater of the Bengal Basin

Whereas serious health consequences of widespread consumption of groundwater elevated in As have been documented in several South Asian countries, the mechanisms responsible for As mobilization in reducing aquifers remain poorly understood. We document here a previously unrecognized and consistent relationship between dissolved As concentrations in reducing groundwater and the phosphate-mobilizable As content of aquifer sediment for a set of precisely depth-matched samples from across Bangladesh. The relationship holds across nearly 3 orders of magnitude in As concentrations and suggests that regional as well as local patterns of dissolved As in shallow groundwater are set by the solid phase according to a remarkably constant ratio of approximately 250 microg/L dissolved As per 1 mg/kg P-mobilizable As. We use this relationship in a simple model of groundwater recharge to propose that the distribution of groundwater As in shallow aquifers of the Bengal Basin could primarily reflect the different flushing histories of sand formations deposited in the region over the past several thousand years.

A single-dose daclizumab induction protocol in renal allograft recipients: a Chinese single center experience

This study prospectively compared immunoprophylaxis with a single dose of daclizumab versus no induction in kidney transplant recipients treated with a cyclosporine, mycophenolate mofetil, and prednisone-based immunosuppression regimen seeking to observe the impact of a single-dose regimen for prevention of acute rejection among Chinese renal allograft recipients. A total of 118 renal transplant recipients were randomized into a daclizumab induction therapy group (daclizumab group, n = 58) and a no induction group (control group, n = 60). The daclizumab group received a single-dose (1 mg/kg of ideal body weight by intravenous infusion) 2 hours before the operation. There was no induction therapy in the control group. There was no significant difference in the baseline parameters at randomization between the two groups. The mean time to the first episode of acute rejection was 41.2 +/- 3.2 days for the daclizumab group versus 11.2 +/- 4.6 days for the control group. The number of first biopsy-confirmed acute rejection episodes during the 6-months after transplantation was significantly different in the daclizumab (7,12.1%) versus the control group (14,23.3%; P < .001). At the end of 12 months, patient and graft survivals were 100% in the groups with or without daclizumab. We noted that the incidence of infection, including serious infection was similar, in the daclizumab group to that in the control group, 17.2% and 20.0%, respectively. This study showed that a single-dose of daclizumab effectively prevented acute rejection in Chinese renal allograft recipients.

Control of cyclic AMP concentration in bovine endometrial stromal cells by arachidonic acid

Second messenger signalling through cyclic AMP (cAMP) plays an important role in the response of the endometrium to prostaglandin (PG) E(2) during early pregnancy. Arachidonic acid, which is a by-product of the luteolytic cascade in ruminants, is a potential paracrine signal from the epithelium to the stroma. We investigated the effects of arachidonic acid on the response of the stroma to PGE(2). cAMP was measured in bovine endometrial stromal cells treated with agents known to activate or inhibit adenylyl cyclase, protein kinase C (PKC) or phosphodiesterase (PDE). PGE(2) increased the intracellular cAMP concentration within 10 min, and this effect was attenuated by arachidonic acid and the PKC activator, 4beta-phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). The inhibitory effect of arachidonic acid on PGE(2)-induced cAMP accumulation was prevented by the PKC inhibitor, RO318425, and was absent in cells in which PKC had been downregulated by exposure to PMA for 24 h. The effect of arachidonic acid was also prevented by the PDE inhibitor, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine. Arachidonic acid was shown by immunoblotting to prevent induction of cyclooxygenase-2 by PGE(2), forskolin or dibutyryl cAMP. The results indicate that arachidonic acid activates PDE through a mechanism involving PKC, counteracting a rise in intracellular cAMP in response to PGE(2). The data suggest that arachidonic acid antagonizes PGE(2) signalling through cAMP in the bovine endometrium, possibly acting to ensure a rapid return to oestrus in the case of failure of the maternal recognition of pregnancy.

Intrathecal morphine suppresses immune function in rats with inflammatory-induced pain

Acute and chronic systemic administration of morphine is known to suppress immune function; however, the effect of chronic intrathecal (IT) morphine on immune function in inflammatory-induced pain is still unclear. This study examined the effects on the immune system of IT morphine in rats with formalin-induced pain. Lumbar IT catheters were implanted in rats and saline or 2.5, 5.0 or 10.0 microg/h morphine were administered for 7 days. On the last day, formalin-induced inflammatory pain was induced in rat hind paws and pain intensity was assessed. Rat spleens were then harvested for immune function assay. The IT morphine induced a dose-dependent analgesic effect and lactic acid dehydrogenase release assay showed dose-dependent suppression of natural killer cell activity. Concanavalin-A-induced splenocyte proliferation assay showed IT morphine to suppress T lymphocyte function in a dose-dependent manner. Flow cytometry showed IT morphine significantly to decrease T lymphocyte function and the percentages of T lymphocyte subsets in a dose-dependent manner. Hence, in inflammatory-induced pain IT morphine was found to suppress immune function. Chronic IT morphine should be used cautiously to treat chronic pain in immunocompromised cases.

Influence of negative energy balance on cyclicity and fertility in the high producing dairy cow

The peripartum period is of critical importance to subsequent health and fertility. Most cows enter a state of negative energy balance (NEB) associated with many metabolic changes which have carry over effects on the resumption and normality of estrous cyclicity and the success of subsequent inseminations. A dataset on 500 lactations explored the relationships between metabolic traits measured before and after calving with fertility. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that longer calving to conception intervals were associated with altered profiles of IGF-I, urea and body condition score. These relationships between metabolic profiles and fertility differed between first lactation cows (which are still growing but produce less milk) and mature animals. Early postpartum the liver undergoes extensive biochemical and morphological modifications to adapt to NEB, the uterus is extensively remodeled and must clear bacterial infections, and the ovary must resume ovulatory cycles. RNA isolated from liver and uterine tissues harvested 2 weeks postpartum from cows in mild (MNEB) and severe (SNEB) energy balance was used to screen the Affymetrix 23K bovine microarray. In liver, SNEB resulted in differential expression of key genes involved in lipid catabolism, gluconeogenesis, and the synthesis and stability of IGF-I. This was accompanied by reduced systemic concentrations of IGF-I which is likely to impact on ovarian function and early embryo development. Within endometrium, cows in SNEB showed histological evidence for higher levels of inflammation and the microarray analysis identified groups of differentially expressed genes involved in tissue remodeling and immune response. This may delay uterine repair after calving, likely contributing to the observed reduction in fertility.

Functional characterization of TIP60 sumoylation in UV-irradiated DNA damage response

The histone acetyltransferase TIP60 regulates the DNA damage response following genotoxic stress by acetylating histone and remodeling chromatin. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the TIP60-dependent response to UV-induced DNA damage remain poorly understood. To systematically analyse proteins that regulate TIP60 activity in response to UV irradiation, we performed a proteomic analysis of proteins selectively bound to TIP60 in response to UV irradiation using mass spectrometry and identified a novel regulatory mechanism by which TIP60 orchestrates transcriptional activation of p53-dependent checkpoint response in UV-irradiated cells. The initial step of this pathway involves UV-induced association of TIP60 with SUMO-conjugation enzymes and site-specific sumoylation of TIP60 at lysines 430 and 451 via Ubc9. This sumoylation initiates the relocation of TIP60 from nucleoplasm to the promyelocytic leukemia body, which is essential for the UV-irradiated DNA damage repair response via a p53-dependent pathway. Significantly, inhibition of TIP60 sumoylation by overexpression of non-sumoylatable mutant abrogates the p53-dependent DNA damage response, demonstrating the importance of TIP60 sumoylation in response to UV irradiation. Our biochemical characterization demonstrated that the sumoylation of TIP60 augments its acetyltransferase activity in vitro and in vivo. Thus, this study shed new light on the function and regulation of TIP60 activity in UV-irradiated DNA damage response.

Differences between primiparous and multiparous dairy cows in the inter-relationships between metabolic traits, milk yield and body condition score in the periparturient period

During the early postpartum period dairy cows mobilize fat and muscle to support lactation. This is associated with alterations in blood metabolite and hormone profiles which in turn influence milk yield and fertility. This study developed models to determine how metabolic traits, milk yield and body condition score were inter-related at different times in the periparturient period and to compare these relationships in primiparous (PP, n=188) and multiparous (MP, n=312) cows. Data from four previous studies which included information on blood metabolic parameters, parity, milk yield, body condition score and diet were collated into a single dataset. Coefficients of polynomial equations were calculated for each trait between -1 week pre-calving and week +7 postpartum using residual maximum likelihood modelling. The completed dataset was used in a multiple correlation model to determine how the best fit curves were related to each other over time. PP cows had higher concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I and lower beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations throughout, higher leptin concentrations pre-partum and both the peak in non-esterified fatty acids and the nadir in urea concentration occurred earlier after calving. These differences were associated with significantly lower milk production. Leptin concentrations fell at calving and were related to body condition score. Insulin was negatively correlated with yield in MP cows only. In MP cows the relationship between insulin-like growth factor-I and yield switched from negative to positive between weeks +4 and +7. Both beta-hydroxybutyrate and urea were positively related to yield in PP cows. In contrast, in MP cows beta-hydroxybutyrate was negatively correlated with yield and urea was strongly related to body condition score but not yield. These results suggest that there are differences in the control of tissue mobilization between PP and MP cows which may promote nutrient partitioning into growth as well as milk during the first lactation.

Multiple Correlation Analyses of Metabolic and Endocrine Profiles with Fertility in Primiparous and Multiparous Cows

Results from 4 studies were combined (representing a total of 500 lactations) to investigate the relationships between metabolic parameters and fertility in dairy cows. Information was collected on blood metabolic traits and body condition score at 1 to 2 wk prepartum and at 2, 4, and 7 wk postpartum. Fertility traits were days to commencement of luteal activity, days to first service, days to conception, and failure to conceive. Primiparous and multiparous cows were considered separately. Initial linear regression analyses were used to determine relationships among fertility, metabolic, and endocrine traits at each time point. All metabolic and endocrine traits significantly related to fertility were included in stepwise multiple regression analyses alone (model 1), including peak milk yield and interval to commencement of luteal activity (model 2), and with the further addition of dietary group (model 3). In multiparous cows, extended calving to conception intervals were associated prepartum with greater concentrations of leptin and lesser concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids and urea, and postpartum with reduced insulin-like growth factor-I at 2 wk, greater urea at 7 wk, and greater peak milk yield. In primiparous cows, extended calving to conception intervals were associated with more body condition and more urea prepartum, elevated urea postpartum, and more body condition loss by 7 wk. In conclusion, some metabolic measurements were associated with poorer fertility outcomes. Relationships between fertility and metabolic and endocrine traits varied both according to the lactation number of the cow and with the time relative to calving.

Patterns of lateral pelvic lymph node metastases and micrometastases for patients with lower rectal cancer

AIMS

We aimed at investigating the patterns of lymph node metastases and micrometastases in regions of lateral pelvic area, examining circumferential margin involvement and clarifying their prognostic significance.

METHODS

Large tissue slice and tissue array were adopted in the study of 67 patients with AJCC stages I-III lower rectal cancer who underwent total mesorectal excision with systematic lateral pelvic dissection. The outcomes were followed.

RESULTS

Altogether, 726 lateral lymph nodes were examined, with 32 and 38 were involved by tumor metastases and micrometastases, respectively. Fifty-eight (82.9%) of the involved lymph nodes were smaller than 5mm. Status of lateral nodes was related to that of mesorectal ones. Middle rectal root (45.5%), internal iliac (31.8%) and obturator (22.7%) regions were more likely to be involved by metastases. Patients with lateral metastases, similar to the group with micrometastases, suffered more recurrence and poorer survival when compared with the ones without metastases. The occurrence of circumferential margin involvement suggested poor prognosis and was related to lateral node status.

CONCLUSIONS

In lateral pelvic area, the majority of lymph nodes harboring tumor were small and could easily be neglected by conventional examination. Incidence of lateral metastases differed among regions, thus more attention should be given to the clearance of the highly occurred areas. More extensive range of dissection and/or adjuvant therapy was recommended for patients with lateral node metastases, micrometastases and circumferential margin involvement, since they predisposed poor prognosis.

Treatment of early mixed cellular and humoral renal allograft rejection with tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil

This prospective study investigated the efficiency of the tacrolimus (Tac) combined with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) alone without immunoadsorption (IA) or plasmapheresis (PPH) as treatment for early (within 2 weeks) acute humoral rejection (AHR) in non-sensitized renal allograft recipients. Of 160 patients enrolled in this prospective study, 11 patients had histologically and clinically confirmed early steroid-resistant acute rejection with an antibody response and received Tac-MMF therapy. No other aggressive rescue methods such as IA, PPH were used, according to the study design. Patients (n=11) were followed for 13.8+/-3.5 months; nine were females. The complement-dependent cytotoxicity crossmatch was negative before transplantation in all patients and only positive for panel-reactive antibody in one patient. Most of the rejection episodes were mixed with cellular rejection (four patients met Banff IIA criteria, five patients met Banff IIB, one patient met Banff IB, and one patient met Banff borderline). After 16.19+/-6.16 days of treatment, all rejection episodes were successfully reversed and all graft functions were stable, with a mean serum creatinine level of 1.12+/-0.32 mg/dl during follow-up. No patient suffered from severe infectious complications (except one case of urinary infection). Our investigation suggests that Tac combined with MMF alone is adequate to reverse early mixed cellular and humoral C4d-positive rejection in non-sensitized renal allograft recipients.

Targeting low-arsenic groundwater with mobile-phone technology in Araihazar, Bangladesh

The Bangladesh Arsenic Mitigation and Water Supply Program (BAMWSP) has compiled field-kit measurements of the arsenic content of groundwater for nearly five million wells. By comparing the spatial distribution of arsenic inferred from these field-kit measurements with geo-referenced laboratory data in a portion of Araihazar upazila, it is shown here that the BAMWSP data could be used for targeting safe aquifers for the installation of community wells in many villages of Bangladesh. Recent experiences with mobile-phone technology to access and update the BAMWSP data in the field are also described. It is shown that the technology, without guaranteeing success, could optimize interventions by guiding the choice of the drilling method that is likely to reach a safe aquifer and identifying those villages where exploratory drilling is needed.

Impact of irrigating rice paddies with groundwater containing arsenic in Bangladesh

Soil and soil-water As profiles were obtained from 4 rice paddies in Bangladesh during the wet growing season (May-November), when surface water with little arsenic is used for irrigation, or during the dry season (January-May), when groundwater elevated in arsenic is used instead. In the upper 5 cm of paddy soil, accumulation of 13+/-12 mg/kg acid-leachable As (n=11) was observed in soil from 3 sites irrigated with groundwater containing 80-180 microg/L As, whereas only 3+/-2 mg/kg acid-leachable As (n=8) was measured at a control site. Dissolved As concentrations averaged 370+/-340 microg/L (n=7) in the upper 5 cm of the soil at the 3 sites irrigated with groundwater containing 80-180 microg/L As, contrasting with soil water As concentrations of only 18+/-7 microg/L (n=4) over the same depth interval at the control site. Despite the accumulation of As in soil and in soil water attributable to irrigation with groundwater containing elevated As levels, there is no evidence of a proportional transfer to rice grains collected from the same sites. Digestion and analysis of individual grains of boro winter rice from the 2 sites irrigated with groundwater containing 150 and 180 microg/L As yielded concentrations of 0.28+/-0.13 mg/kg (n=12) and 0.44+/-0.25 mg/kg (n=12), respectively. The As content of winter rice from the control site was not significantly different though less variable (0.30+/-0.07; n=12). The observations suggest that exposure of the Bangladesh population to As contained in rice is less of an immediate concern than the continued use of groundwater containing elevated As levels for drinking or cooking, or other potential consequences of As accumulation in soil and soil-water.

The risk of breast cancer recurrence in the sentinel lymph node era

10600

Background: Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB), the preferred method of axillary staging in early breast cancer, is more sensitive and accurate compared to axillary node dissection. However, this data has not been incorporated into current prognostic models estimating the risk of breast cancer recurrence. We hypothesize that prognostic models based on data in the pre-SLN era underestimate survival and exaggerate benefits resulting from adjuvant therapy. In order to evaluate this hypothesis, we examined the disease free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in an IRB approved, prospective, multicenter study of SLNB. Methods: From 1996–2005, 564 patients who had invasive disease in whom a SLN was found were examined from two experienced sites . Data was analyzed with regards to SLN status, tumor size, grade, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), age, estrogen receptor (ER) status and use of chemotherapy with respect to DFS and OS. Results: Median age was 57 years, tumor size was 1.5 (range 0.08–10.5) cm and follow-up was 46.2 (range 1–104.5) months. The SLN was positive in 31.2% of patients. The Kaplan-Meier (K-M) 5 year estimate of OS was 94.5(±1)% and DFS 88(±2)%. Tumor grade and size, LVI, ER- and +SLN significantly correlated with poorer DFS and OS by univariate analysis. By multivariate analysis, however, SLN status was the only statistically significant predictor for DFS (p = 0.004; HR = 3.4; CI = 1.5 - 8.0) and OS (p = 0.0051; HR = 7.3; CI = 1.8–29.4). SLN negative patients showed K-M 5 year DFS and OS estimates of 94(±)% and 97.4(±1)% respectively. There was no significant difference in DFS for SLN- patients treated with or without chemotherapy (p = 0.3). Conclusions: SLN status was the only significant predictor of DFS and OS. In node negative patients, we observed a higher DFS and OS than current statistical models based on historical data would have predicted. In this new era of SLNB, the magnitude of benefit from adjuvant therapy in sentinel node negative patients should be re-evaluated.

No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Identification of discrete chromosomal deletion by binary recursive partitioning of microarray differential expression data

DNA copy number abnormalities (CNA) are characteristic of tumours, and are also found in association with congenital anomalies and mental retardation. The ultimate impact of copy number abnormalities is manifested by the altered expression of the encoded genes. We previously developed a statistical method for the detection of simple chromosomal amplification using microarray expression data. In this study, we significantly advanced those analytical techniques to allow detection of localised chromosomal deletions based on differential gene expression data. Using three cell lines with known chromosomal deletions as model system, mRNA expression in those cells was compared with that observed in diploid cell lines of matched tissue origin. Results show that genes from deleted chromosomal regions are substantially over-represented (p<0.000001 by chi2) among genes identified as underexpressed in deletion cell lines relative to normal matching cells. Using a likelihood based statistical model, we were able to identify the breakpoint of the chromosomal deletion and match with the karyotype data in each cell line. In one such cell line, our analyses refined a previously identified 10p chromosomal deletion region. The deletion region was mapped to between 10p14 and 10p12, which was further confirmed by subtelomeric fluorescence in situ hybridisation. These data show that microarray differential expression data can be used to detect and map the boundaries of submicroscopic chromosomal deletions.

Limited temporal variability of arsenic concentrations in 20 wells monitored for 3 years in Araihazar, Bangladesh

Millions of people in Bangladesh have probably switched their water consumption to wells that meet the local standard for As in drinking water of 50 microg/L as a result of blanket field testing throughout the country. It is therefore important to know if As concentrations in those wells could change over time. To address this issue, we report here precise groundwater As analyses for time-series samples collected from a suite of 20 tube wells containing < or =50 microg/L As and ranging from 8 to 142 m in depth. For 17 out of 20 wells, the standard deviation of groundwater As concentrations was <10 microg/L over the 3-year monitoring period (n = 24-44 per well). Six of the 17 wells are community wells, each of which serves the needs of several hundred people in particularly affected villages. Of the three wells showing larger fluctuations in chemical composition including As, two are very shallow (8 and 10 m). Variations in As concentrations for one of these wells (50 +/- 32 microg/L, n = 36), as well as another shallow well showing smaller variations (48 +/- 5 microg/L, n = 36), appear to be coupled to seasonal precipitation and recharge linked to the monsoon. The other shallow well showing larger variations in composition indicates a worrisome and steady increase in As concentrations from 50 to 70 microg/L (n = 36) over 3 years. The time series of As (30 +/- 11 microg/L, n = 24) and other constituents in one deep community well (59 m) show large fluctuations that suggest entrainment of shallow groundwater through a broken PVC pipe. Even though the majority of wells that were initially safe remained so for 3 years, our results indicate that tube wells should be tested periodically.

Potential for improving bioavailable zinc in wheat grain (Triticum species) through plant breeding

A "whole-body" radioassay procedure was used to assess retention and absorption by rats of Zn in mature kernels of whole grain wheat harvested from 28 genotypes (Triticum spp.) grown in nutrient solution supplied with 2 microM ZnSO4 radiolabeled with 65Zn. Grain-Zn concentration differed among genotypes and ranged from 33 to 149 microg g(-1) of dry weight (DW); similarly, grain-Fe concentration varied approximately 4-fold, from 80 to 368 microg g(-1) of DW. Concentrations of Zn and Fe in the grain were positively correlated. Therefore, selecting genotypes high in grain-Zn also tends to increase grain-Fe concentration. Concentrations of myo-inositolhexaphosphate (phytate) in the wheat grain varied from 8.6 to 26.1 micromol g(-1) of DW. Grain intrinsically labeled with 65Zn was incorporated into test meals fed to Zn-depleted rats. All rats readily ate the test meals, so that Zn intake varied directly with grain-Zn concentration. As determined by the percentage of 65Zn absorbed from the test meal, the bioavailability to rats of Zn in the wheat genotypes ranged from about 60 to 82%. The amount of bioavailable Zn (micrograms) in the grain was positively correlated to the amount of Zn accumulated in the grain. There was a significant negative correlation between grain-phytate levels and percentage of Zn absorbed from the wheat grain, but the effect was not large. These results demonstrate that concentrations of Zn in whole-wheat grain, as well as amounts of bioavailable Zn in the grain, can be increased significantly by using traditional plant-breeding programs to select genotypes with high grain-Zn levels. Increasing the amount of Zn in wheat grain through plant-breeding contrivances may contribute significantly to improving the Zn status of individuals dependent on whole grain wheat as a staple food.