176
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Abstract
The classical role of neuropeptides as fast-acting neurohumoral signallers has recently been challenged by the discovery that many neuropeptides are also growth factors stimulating slow-acting mitogenesis. Their mechanisms of action have been studied in cell culture, and their cell-surface receptors have been characterized pharmacologically using agonists and antagonists. We describe the mitogenic effects of bombesin, vasopressin, bradykinin and vasoactive intestinal peptide in murine fibroblasts. We suggest that the receptors for bombesin, vasopressin and bradykinin have more than one binding site, permitting modulation of transmitted signals. As these neuropeptide receptors share the ability to mobilize intracellular Ca2+, their common domain may be essential to G-protein coupling.
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177
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Johansson S, Rydqvist B, Swerup C, Heilbronn E, Arhem P. Action potentials of cultured human oat cells: whole-cell measurements with the patch-clamp technique. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 1989; 135:573-8. [PMID: 2544079 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1989.tb08619.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Oat cells (of the small cell carcinoma of the lung) have been reported to generate calcium action potentials. The calcium channels have further been suggested to play a crucial role in the relation between oat cell carcinoma and the often associated myasthenic syndrome. We have examined cultured human oat cells (U-1690) under voltage-clamp conditions, using the patch-clamp technique. We found, contrary to previous reports, that the action potential was caused by sodium and potassium currents. No calcium current was detected under these conditions, which indicates that calcium channels, if present, are very rare. The findings restrict, but do not rule out, the hypothesis that calcium plays a key role in the carcinoma/myasthenic syndrome relation.
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178
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Davis TP, Burgess HS, Crowell S, Moody TW, Culling-Berglund A, Liu RH. Beta-endorphin and neurotensin stimulate in vitro clonal growth of human SCLC cells. Eur J Pharmacol 1989; 161:283-5. [PMID: 2542049 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(89)90862-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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179
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Tang XF. [Small cell lung cancer with Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome]. ZHONGHUA SHEN JING JING SHEN KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY 1989; 22:17-9, 61. [PMID: 2553355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Four of 69 cases of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) showed evidence of Lambert-Eaton myasthenic Syndrome (LEMS) were studied neurologically and neurophysiologically in four years. The LEMS appearance were preceded that of SCLC in 3 cases for two years at most. Repeated stimulation of ulnar nerve examination showed diminished amplitude of initial response (0.2-0.9 mv); Amplitude of the response at 3 c/s stimulation for 3 sec was diminished 20-63%. (control 3% decreases-13% increases) but that at 20 c/s stimulation for 10 sec increased 200-800% increases. (control: 20% decreases-56% increases). These findings were important for diagnosis of LEMS. The abnormalities of neurotransmission seems to be due to inadequate release of acetyl choline from nerve terminals at abnormal active zone of Ca++ channels.
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180
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Abstract
Advances in the understanding of the biology of lung cancer have progressed rapidly over the last decade. It is clear that considerable heterogeneity exists both in small-cell and non-small-cell lung cancer tumours with common properties being shared by both cell types. To further understand the prognostic and clinical significance of these biological properties it is clear that in future clinical trials of both tumour types these properties should be taken into consideration.
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181
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Jelbart ME, Russell PJ, Russell P, Wass J, Fullerton M, Wills EJ, Raghavan D. Site-specific growth of the prostate xenograft line UCRU-PR-2. Prostate 1989; 14:163-75. [PMID: 2540484 DOI: 10.1002/pros.2990140209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A xenografted small-cell, undifferentiated prostate (SCUCP) cancer line, UCRU-Pr-2, was implanted at different sites within nude mice to examine the effect of local environmental factors on tumor growth and behavior. All tumors that grew were small-cell carcinomas. Fragments implanted within muscle and under the kidney capsule were locally invasive; however, tumors that grew subcutaneously or intraperitoneally showed no invasion. UCRU-Pr-2 did not grow in the spleen or the liver. No induced metastases were observed in the lung after intravenous injection. The sites of implantation did not allow the outgrowth of subpopulations as detected by the parameters used: light and electron microscopy, expression of tumor markers, levels of hormone production, and DNA flow cytometry. Electron microscopy, which showed both glandular and neuroendocrine differentiation within the same cell, does not support a dual-cell origin of SCUCP.
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182
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Lang B, Nagvekar N, Gill J, Vincent A, Newsom-Davis J. Expression of voltage-gated calcium channels in tumor cell lines of neuroectodermal or other origin. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1988; 540:389-91. [PMID: 2849895 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb27110.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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183
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De Aizpurua HJ, Griesmann GE, Lambert EH, Lennon VA. Voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels in small cell carcinomas are blocked by autoantibodies from patients with Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1988; 540:369-71. [PMID: 2849894 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb27102.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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184
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Makuch RW, Rosenberg PS, Mulshine J. Identifying prognostic factors in binary outcome data: an application using liver function tests and age to predict liver metastases. Stat Med 1988; 7:843-56. [PMID: 2842852 DOI: 10.1002/sim.4780070803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A frequent issue confronting the medical scientist is the detection of important prognostic variables, or covariates, that affect the outcome variable. In this paper we propose specific guidelines for the analysis of binary outcome data based on recent developments in statistical methodology and on less formal graphical techniques. By incorporating these methods into the process of fitting the standard logistic regression model, one can assess covariate selection and model specification more thoroughly and obtain a more balanced view of a model's predictive capabilities. We apply the methods to the evaluation of non-invasive liver function tests and age to predict the presence of liver metastases in patients with small cell lung cancer.
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185
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Abstract
Autonomic symptoms were observed in 6 patients with clinically and electrophysiologically documented Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS). Of the 6 patients, 2 were extensively investigated in the laboratory. In contrast to previous reports which recognized only cholinergic dysautonomia, abnormalities of sympathetic as well as parasympathetic function were evident. Of the 6 patients, 4 had small cell lung cancer (SCLC). In one male patient, chemotherapy for SCLC resulted in an early improvement of autonomic dysfunction and the electrophysiological defect, documenting simultaneous regression of dysautonomia and LEMS. In addition, the patients with SCLC and LEMS had a survival thus far of 3-13 years suggesting that a subgroup of SCLC patients have a better prognosis.
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186
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Schuller HM. Small cell cancer of the lung. The role of unphysiological pulmonary oxygen levels. Biochem Pharmacol 1988; 37:1645-9. [PMID: 2837235 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(88)90422-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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187
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188
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Moody TW, Murphy A, Mahmoud S, Fiskum G. Bombesin-like peptides elevate cytosolic calcium in small cell lung cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1987; 147:189-95. [PMID: 2443131 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(87)80105-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The ability of bombesin-like peptides to elevate intracellular Ca2+ levels in small cell lung cancer cells was investigated using the fluorescent Ca2+ indicator Fura 2. Nanomolar concentrations of bombesin elevated cytosolic Ca2+ levels in the absence or presence of extracellular Ca2+. Potent bombesin receptor agonists, such as gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) or (GRP)14-27 elevated cytosolic Ca2+ levels whereas inactive compounds such as (D-Trp8)bombesin or (GRP)1-16 did not. Furthermore, the bombesin receptor antagonist (D-Arg1, D-Pro2, D-Trp7,9, Leu11) substance P (30 microM) had no effect on the Ca2+ levels by itself but antagonized the increase in Ca2+ caused by 10 nM or 100 nM bombesin. These data suggest that bombesin receptors may regulate the release of Ca2+ from intracellular organelles in small cell lung cancer cells.
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189
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Sørensen PG, Groth S. [Improvement of pulmonary function during intensive combined chemotherapy of small cell carcinoma of the lung]. Ugeskr Laeger 1987; 149:1951-4. [PMID: 2829403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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190
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Terasaki T, Shimosato Y, Nakajima T, Tsumuraya M, Ichinose H, Nagatsu T, Kato K. Reversible squamous cell characteristics induced by vitamin A deficiency in a small cell lung cancer cell line. Cancer Res 1987; 47:3533-7. [PMID: 2438038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A cultured small cell lung cancer cell line (Lu-134-B-S) established from a xenotransplanted tumor in a nude mouse, which had originated from a primary focus of small cell lung cancer, showed morphological changes when the medium was changed from RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum to RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% delipidized fetal calf serum. That is, it consisted of "classic" small cells in the former medium, but after eight passages in the latter medium many cells became squamous cells, possessing abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and intercellular bridges. Immunohistochemically, they reacted to antikeratin and antiinvolucrin antibodies. Electron microscopically, well developed desmosomes and associated tonofibrils were noted, and electrophoretically, the amount of medium (Mr 57,000 and 59,000) and large-sized (Mr 67,000) keratins were found to increase with the change of the medium. These changes reversed to the original small cell morphology within 4 weeks after addition of vitamin A (retinoic acid) to the medium. These findings suggested that deficiency of vitamin A caused the change of the cell from small to squamous cell and vice versa.
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191
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Twijnstra A, Boon PJ, Lormans AC, ten Velde GP. Neurotoxicity of prophylactic cranial irradiation in patients with small cell carcinoma of the lung. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CANCER & CLINICAL ONCOLOGY 1987; 23:983-6. [PMID: 2822428 DOI: 10.1016/0277-5379(87)90345-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This study is concerned with effects of prophylactic cranial irradiation on neurological and mental functioning of patients with small cell cancer of the lung. Results are reported of a pilot study in two parts. In a prospective clinical-neurological study, 14 patients with small cell cancer of the lung were evaluated with standard neurological and bedside mental status examinations, before and after irradiation. Their performance was compared with evaluation results of seven small cell cancer of the lung patients who received no irradiation. Dysfunctions were exclusively found in the irradiated patients, which are interpreted as a contributional effect of prophylactic cranial irradiation. Results are reported of further neuropsychological investigation in a sample of five prophylactic cranial irradiation patients. The presence of a rather specific pattern of neuropsychic deficits was confirmed. Areas of malfunctioning were described with some clinical and research implications.
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192
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Sørensen PG, Hansen F, Groth S, Bork E, Hansen SW. Regional lung function in long-term survivors after chemotherapy for small cell lung cancer. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY DISEASES 1987; 70:44-8. [PMID: 3028855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the regional lung function in patients with small cell lung cancer with long-term survival, we measured the regional lung function in 17 patients. We studied the patients with 81m-krypton ventilation scans and 99m-technetium perfusion scans, as well as measurements of static lung volumes (VC, RV, TLC), flow volume indices (FEV1, FVC, MEF50), and carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (DLCO). We found both the ventilation and the perfusion of the affected lung to be slightly but significantly lower (P less than 0.05), while no obvious ventilation or perfusion defects could be identified at the former tumor site. The static volumes of the lungs, the FVC and the FEV1 were within predicted normal values, while a significant decrease was seen in the PEF, MEF50, and DLCO. It is concluded that patients with small cell lung cancer who obtain complete remission with normalization of the chest X-ray and long-term survival after 18 months of intensive chemotherapy also have a nearly normal lung function.
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193
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Abstract
Small cell undifferentiated carcinoma represents a subtype of lung cancer that possesses biologic and clinical characteristics that make it significantly distinct from other forms. A major impact on the natural history of this disease has been accomplished during the past 15 years, including the potential for cure by non-surgical treatment modalities. Further progress in the management of this disorder has been impaired by a number of factors that appear to be inherent to the biology of the tumor and its clinical features. Analysis of initial clinical trials and more detailed examination of this tumor in vitro have permitted the elucidation of many barriers to curative outcome presently being evaluated at the laboratory and clinical levels. These include clear biologic and morphologic heterogeneity; problems with chemotherapy responsiveness including drug resistance; the potential for combining chemotherapy and radiation modalities; the re-examination of the role of surgical intervention in selected patients; and the need to deal with central nervous system dissemination of tumor cells. Further advances in this disease will be dependent on the successful integration of laboratory and clinical disciplines.
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194
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Nucciotti R, Rosato R, Santangelo R, Barbieri F, Caruso G. [Eaton-Lambert syndrome. Clinical and electrophysiologic study of a case: effects of temperature on neuromuscular transmission]. ACTA NEUROLOGICA 1986; 8:281-9. [PMID: 3017061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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195
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Abstract
Small cell lung cancer is a common, usually fatal neoplasm. Although palliative therapy is available for the majority of patients, only a very small minority enjoy long-term survival. Ironically, this neoplasm is nearly entirely preventable and a successful antismoking program is desperately needed. Our efforts to understand the basic biology of this tumor should continue, and, hopefully, will eventually translate into improvements in therapy. In addition to following the leads provided by basic research, a concerted clinical research effort needs to continue to build upon the advances already achieved.
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196
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Carney DN, Gazdar AF, Nau M, Minna JD. Biological heterogeneity of small cell lung cancer. Semin Oncol 1985; 12:289-303. [PMID: 2996148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years considerable advances have been made in the characterization of the biologic properties of small cell lung cancer. The recognition that this histologic type of lung cancer, in contrast to the other major types of lung cancer, is highly sensitive to both chemotherapy and radiation therapy lead to significant improvements in the overall survival of patients with this disease. However, in spite of the initial major advances in therapy, overall results and survival have remained unchanged over the past 5 years. The majority of patients, although they will demonstrate an initial response to cytotoxic therapy, will ultimately die of their disease due to the development of drug resistance. Whether this development of drug resistance within a tumor cell represents the emergence of resistant clones of cells present at diagnosis, or a change within the cells exposed to cytotoxic therapy that renders them resistant to further therapy remains to be determined. The development of laboratory techniques that facilitate the culture and establishment of SCLC cell lines has greatly improved our understanding of the biology of SCLC, in addition to providing useful models for studies of mechanisms of drug resistance and metabolism. The ease of establishment of SCLC cell lines in defined medium suggests that these cells secrete "autocrine growth factors" essential for their growth in vitro. The characterization of these factors may provide an alternative means for treating this tumor in vivo. Moreover, by developing specific culture media for other types of lung cancer, similar advances in our knowledge of these tumors will occur. Although the growth of SCLC cells in a clonogenic assay may be of value in chemotherapy selection, the established cell lines provide a model for studying mechanisms of drug and radiation sensitivity; and drug metabolism. The recognition that SCLC cell lines have elevated levels of L-dopa decarboxylase has lead to the development of specific agents that may alter the growth of these cells through inhibition of polyamine synthesis. Such specifically designed therapy may become important in the future therapy of these patients. The establishment of cell lines has clearly indicated the considerable heterogeneity that exists in SCLC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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197
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Rogers AG. Analgesic consultation. PRN FORUM 1985; 4:2, 3. [PMID: 2996042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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198
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Sørensen PG, Groth S, Hansen SW, Hansen F, Dirksen H. Patterns of perfusion and ventilation of the lungs in patients with small cell lung cancer before and after combination chemotherapy. CLINICAL PHYSIOLOGY (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 1985; 5 Suppl 3:99-103. [PMID: 2986902 DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-097x.1985.tb00610.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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199
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Mamdani MB, Walsh RL, Rubino FA, Brannegan RT, Hwang MH. Autonomic dysfunction and Eaton Lambert syndrome. JOURNAL OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 1985; 12:315-20. [PMID: 2987337 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1838(85)90046-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Autonomic dysfunction associated with Eaton Lambert syndrome in a patient with oat cell carcinoma of the lung is reported. Widespread postganglionic adrenergic and cholinergic defects suggested the presence of autonomic neuropathy. Clinical remission accompanied tumor regression after combined chemotherapy and radiation.
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200
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Aisner J, Chatham M. Pulmonary function to measure response in small cell lung cancer. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CANCER & CLINICAL ONCOLOGY 1985; 21:409-11. [PMID: 2988966 DOI: 10.1016/0277-5379(85)90028-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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