201
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Tang T, Zhang G, Lau CPY, Zheng LZ, Xie XH, Wang XL, Wang XH, He K, Patrick Y, Qin L, Kumta SM. Effect of water-soluble P-chitosan and S-chitosan on human primary osteoblasts and giant cell tumor of bone stromal cells. Biomed Mater 2011; 6:015004. [PMID: 21205994 DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/6/1/015004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Water-soluble phosphorylated chitosan (P-chitosan) and disodium (1 → 4)-2-deoxy-2-sulfoamino-β-D-glucopyranuronan (S-chitosan) are two chemically modified chitosans. In this study, we found that P-chitosan significantly promotes cell proliferation of both human primary osteoblasts (OBs) and the OB like stromal cell component of the giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) cells at the concentration from 125 to 1000 µg ml⁻¹ at all time points of 1, 3, 5 and 7 days after treatment. Further investigation of the osteogenic effect of the P-chitosan suggested that it regulates the levels of osteoclastogenic factors, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand and osteoprotegerin expression. An interesting finding is that S-chitosan at lower concentration (100 µg ml⁻¹) stimulates cell proliferation while a higher dose (1000 µg ml⁻¹) of S-chitosan inhibits it. The inhibitory effect of S-chitosan on human primary GCT stromal cells was greater than that of OBs (p < 0.05). Taken together, our findings elucidated the osteogenic effect of P-chitosan and the varying effects of S-chitosan on the proliferation of human primary OBs and GCT stromal cells and provided us the rationale for the construction of novel bone repair biomaterials with the dual properties of bone induction and bone tumor inhibition.
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202
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Zhang X, Yang P, Cao Y, Qin L, Sato Y. Salicylate induced neural changes in the primary auditory cortex of awake cats. Neuroscience 2011; 172:232-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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203
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Qing Z, Zhihong L, Doug M, Qin L, Zhihui Z, Hongliang Z, Yong W. e0591 Effectiveness of continuous positive airway pressure on blood pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea. Heart 2010. [DOI: 10.1136/hrt.2010.208967.591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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204
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Yuen KWK, Kwok TCY, Qin L, Leung JCS, Chan DCC, Kwok AWL, Woo J, Leung PC. Characteristics of age-related changes in bone compared between male and female reference Chinese populations in Hong Kong: a pQCT study. J Bone Miner Metab 2010; 28:672-81. [PMID: 20393762 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-010-0170-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
There have been few comprehensive studies on the age-related changes in bone mineral density (BMD) and bone structure in Chinese people. Using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT), we assessed volumetric BMD of both trabecular and cortical bone and their geometry at both radius and tibia in 620 Chinese men and 638 women, aged 20–98 years, in Hong Kong. Cortical BMD did not start declining until after the age of 50 years in women and the age of 60 years in men. In contrast, trabecular BMD declined with age starting from adulthood in both sexes, and the rates of decline accelerated after the age of 50 years only in women. The integral and trabecular bone area expanded with age in older men and women, primarily at the tibia. Cortical bone area decreased significantly in older women, particularly at the tibia, while it decreased only slightly with aging in men. The moment of inertia decreased with age at the radius in older men and women. At the tibia, age-related decline accelerated in older women, but not in older men. It was concluded that trabecularization of bone in response to declining BMD and mechanical loading may be maladaptive by reducing cortical bone area, if periosteal apposition cannot keep pace with it.
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205
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Qing Z, Zhihong L, Zhihui Z, Qin L, Hongliang Z, Yong W. e0394 The relationship between obstructive sleep apnea and endothelin-1 plasma levels in patients with coronary heart disease. BRITISH HEART JOURNAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1136/hrt.2010.208967.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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206
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Qing Z, Zhihong L, Zhihui Z, Qin L, Hongliang Z, Yong W. e0600 Impacts of obstructive sleep apnoea on the blood pressure in hypertensive patients under the optimal medication. BRITISH HEART JOURNAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1136/hrt.2010.208967.600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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207
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Lui P, Zhang P, Chan K, Qin L. Biology and augmentation of tendon-bone insertion repair. J Orthop Surg Res 2010; 5:59. [PMID: 20727196 PMCID: PMC2931497 DOI: 10.1186/1749-799x-5-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Surgical reattachment of tendon and bone such as in rotator cuff repair, patellar-patella tendon repair and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction often fails due to the failure of regeneration of the specialized tissue ("enthesis") which connects tendon to bone. Tendon-to-bone healing taking place between inhomogenous tissues is a slow process compared to healing within homogenous tissue, such as tendon to tendon or bone to bone healing. Therefore special attention must be paid to augment tendon to bone insertion (TBI) healing. Apart from surgical fixation, biological and biophysical interventions have been studied aiming at regeneration of TBI healing complex, especially the regeneration of interpositioned fibrocartilage and new bone at the healing junction. This paper described the biology and the factors influencing TBI healing using patella-patellar tendon (PPT) healing and tendon graft to bone tunnel healing in ACL reconstruction as examples. Recent development in the improvement of TBI healing and directions for future studies were also reviewed and discussed.
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208
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Qin L, Zhang J. SU-GG-T-162: Using Tumor Motion Trajectory as a Constraint for 4D-IMRT Treatment Planning. Med Phys 2010. [DOI: 10.1118/1.3468552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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209
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Zhang J, Lin J, Qin L, Ritenour E. SU-GG-I-134: Performance Evaluation of a Cone Beam O-Arm Imaging System. Med Phys 2010. [DOI: 10.1118/1.3468168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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210
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Lu H, Hu J, Xu D, Li K, Qin L, Chan K, Li G. T-18 Healing and Remodeling of Connective Tissues under Biophysical Stimulation in a Rabbit Patella–Patella Tendon Junction Model. J Biomech 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9290(10)70148-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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211
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Natowitz JB, Röpke G, Typel S, Blaschke D, Bonasera A, Hagel K, Klähn T, Kowalski S, Qin L, Shlomo S, Wada R, Wolter HH. Symmetry energy of dilute warm nuclear matter. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 104:202501. [PMID: 20867023 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.202501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The symmetry energy of nuclear matter is a fundamental ingredient in the investigation of exotic nuclei, heavy-ion collisions, and astrophysical phenomena. New data from heavy-ion collisions can be used to extract the free symmetry energy and the internal symmetry energy at subsaturation densities and temperatures below 10 MeV. Conventional theoretical calculations of the symmetry energy based on mean-field approaches fail to give the correct low-temperature, low-density limit that is governed by correlations, in particular, by the appearance of bound states. A recently developed quantum-statistical approach that takes the formation of clusters into account predicts symmetry energies that are in very good agreement with the experimental data. A consistent description of the symmetry energy is given that joins the correct low-density limit with quasiparticle approaches valid near the saturation density.
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212
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Maker AV, Ito H, Mo Q, Qin L, DeMatteo RP, Blumgart LH, Fong Y, Maithel SK, Jarnagin WR, D'Angelica MI. Use of T-cell proliferation to predict survival and recurrence in patients with resected colorectal liver metastases. J Clin Oncol 2010. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.28.15_suppl.10571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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213
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Qin L, D'Alessandro-Gabazza CN, Aoki S, Gil-Bernabe P, Yano Y, Takagi T, Boveda-Ruiz D, Ramirez Marmol AY, San Martin Montenegro VT, Toda M, Miyake Y, Taguchi O, Takei Y, Morser J, Gabazza EC. Pulmonary hypertension is ameliorated in mice deficient in thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor. J Thromb Haemost 2010; 8:808-16. [PMID: 20088932 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.03751.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fibrinolytic system has been implicated in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension (PH). Thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) inhibits fibrinolysis and therefore its absence would be expected to increase fibrinolysis and ameliorate PH. OBJECTIVE The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of TAFI deficiency on pulmonary hypertension in the mouse. METHODS AND RESULTS PH was induced in C57/Bl6 wild-type (WT) or TAFI-deficient (KO) mice by weekly subcutaneous treatment with 600 mg kg(-1) monocrotaline (MCT) for 8 weeks. PH was inferred from right heart hypertrophy measured using the ratio of right ventricle-to-left ventricle-plus-septum weight [RV/(LV+S)]. Pulmonary vascular remodeling was analyzed by morphometry. TAFI-deficient MCT-treated and wild-type MCT-treated mice suffered similar weight loss. TAFI-deficient MCT-treated mice had reduced levels of total protein and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in bronchial alveolar lavage compared with wild-type MCT-treated mice. The ratio of RV to (LV+S) weight was significantly higher in WT/MCT than in KO/MCT mice. The pulmonary artery wall area and vascular stenosis were both greater in MCT-treated WT mice compared with MCT-treated TAFI-deficient mice. CONCLUSIONS TAFI-deficient MCT-treated mice had less pulmonary hypertension, vascular remodeling and reduced levels of cytokines compared with MCT-treated WT animals, possibly as a result of reduced coagulation activation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/immunology
- Capillary Permeability
- Carboxypeptidase B2/deficiency
- Carboxypeptidase B2/genetics
- Chemokine CCL2/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Fibrinolysis/genetics
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/blood
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/chemically induced
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/genetics
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/immunology
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/pathology
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/prevention & control
- Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/blood
- Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/prevention & control
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Lung/blood supply
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Monocrotaline
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/metabolism
- Pulmonary Artery/metabolism
- Pulmonary Artery/pathology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- Weight Loss
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214
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Helene B, Charlotte A, Qin L, Belaid B, Corinne V, Liliane B, Marie M, Jean-Jacques R. 105 Effects of a specifically-designed intensive care information system length of stay and mortality. BMJ Qual Saf 2010. [DOI: 10.1136/qshc.2010.041624.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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215
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Siu PYY, Qin L. Phy15 Regular Health Qi-gong Yi Jin Jing (HQGYJJ) Is Effective in Female Community Dwellers With Chronic Non-Specific Low Back Pain (CLBP): A Randomized Controlled Trial. Hong Kong J Occup Ther 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1861(10)70021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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216
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Stacey A, Norris P, Dibben O, Qin L, Cohen M, Gay C, Denny T, Borrow P. OA011-04. Striking elevations in systemic and mucosal cytokine and chemokine levels in acute HIV-1 infection. Retrovirology 2009. [PMCID: PMC2767530 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-s3-o10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
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217
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Qin L, Stacey A, Norris P, Wang P, Borrow P, Self SG. P10-14. Dynamic profiling and correlation analysis of plasma viral load and cytokine and chemokine profiles in acute HIV-1 infection. Retrovirology 2009. [PMCID: PMC2767632 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-s3-p145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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218
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Robinson HL, Amara RR, Lai L, Xu Y, De Rosa S, Defawe O, Sato A, Tomaras GD, Qin L, Moss B, Wyatt LS, Hay C, Goepfert P. P19-58 LB. Comparison of the immunogenicity in humans and rhesus macaques of vaccines consisting of DNA priming and MVA boosting and MVA priming and boosting. Retrovirology 2009. [PMCID: PMC2767940 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-s3-p422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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219
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Yang P, Xiao W, Qin L, Zhao L, He L, Ito M. A pilot study on changes of macrophage colony stimulating factor and transforming growth factor 1 in male patients with ankylosing spondylitis taking thalidomide. Ann Rheum Dis 2009; 69:781-2. [DOI: 10.1136/ard.2009.114397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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220
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Tracy J, Qin L. SU-FF-T-614: A Clinical Study of the Accuracy of Maximum Intensity Projection for Lung Tumor Volume. Med Phys 2009. [DOI: 10.1118/1.3182112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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221
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Meng RD, Qin L, Shelton CC, Li Y, Maki RG, Brill ER, Singer S, Schwartz GK. Association of Notch signaling pathway expression in liposarcomas with outcome, and targeting with gamma-secretase inhibitors. J Clin Oncol 2009. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.10526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
10526 Background: The Notch pathway directs normal fat cell development, but its aberrant activation may promote the development of sarcomas. The expression of the Notch pathway in liposarcoma (LPS), however, is unknown. We examined Notch signaling components in LPS's and suppressed Notch activation with drug targeting in LPS cell lines. Methods: RNA was isolated from 18 normal fat and 140 LPS tissue samples from five LPS subtypes: well-differentiated (33%), de-differentiated DD (25%), myxoid (12%), round cell (6%), and pleomorphic (13%), and were hybridized to Affymetrix U133A arrays. Microarray data were normalized with the RMA method. Correlation analysis identified genes expressed between sample classes, using Empirical Bayes t-test, and genes associated with survival, using Cox regression. The Notch pathway in two LPS lines, DDLS and LS141, was suppressed with a novel gamma-secretase inhibitor (GSI) or with siRNA to Notch receptors. Viability was assessed by colony formation, apoptosis by DAPI staining, and Notch expression by immunoblotting. Results: Expression of Notch-3 and its targets, Hes-1, Hey-1, and survivin, was increased in LPS subtypes, compared to fat tissue (p<0.001). Inhibition of Notch signaling with GSI's or siRNA to Notch-1 suppressed the viability of both DD LPS lines (p<0.05), inducing a G1/S arrest followed by apoptosis. Transfection of siRNA to each Notch receptor, especially Notch-3, also suppressed the viability of DD LPS's (p<0.05). Expression of Notch-3 (p=0.027, HR=2.64), Notch-4 (p=0.026, HR=2.70), the ligand JAG-2 (p=0.049, HR=2.32), and Hey-1 (p=0.001, HR=4.25) was associated with reduced distant recurrence free survival in patients with DD LPS's. Expression of the negative Notch regulator Fbxw7 was associated with improved overall survival in patients with LPS (p=0.008, HR=-1.42). Conclusions: Elements of the Notch pathway (receptors, ligands, targets, and modifiers) are overexpressed in LPS's compared to normal fat tissue and associate with outcome. Suppression of Notch signaling decreased DD LPS cell line viability and induced apoptosis. Notch inhibition may represent a new therapeutic strategy for patients with LPS's and deserves further validation in a clinical trial. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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222
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Pan Y, Su Q, Cheng H, Chen R, Huang X, Qin L, Mi Z, Zhang F. A strain of Acinetobacter baumannii colonising a central venous catheter and carrying four β-lactamase genes. J Hosp Infect 2009; 72:87-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2009.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2009] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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223
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Zhang J, Shen TH, Qin L, Jones GA. The time-dependent structural and magnetic properties of CoPt nanowire arrays by AC electrodeposition. JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 9:1428-1432. [PMID: 19441539 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2009.c171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
High areal density CoPt alloy nanowire arrays have been fabricated in anodic aluminum oxide templates by AC electrodeposition. We demonstrate that the AC electrodeposition time in this technique is a very important parameter for the microstructure and magnetic properties of the nanowire arrays. It is found that the mean length of the nanowire arrays, for given electrodeposition conditions, may reach a maximum value at a certain electrodeposition time. As nanowire arrays reach their maximum length, magnetic switching jump in hysteresis loops is observed and it becomes more remarkable with further increasing the deposition time. The corresponding origins of these properties are discussed.
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224
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Lu MH, Zheng YP, Huang QH, Ling C, Wang Q, Bridal L, Qin L, Mak A. Noncontact evaluation of articular cartilage degeneration using a novel ultrasound water jet indentation system. Ann Biomed Eng 2008; 37:164-75. [PMID: 19011965 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-008-9602-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2006] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported a noncontact ultrasound water jet indentation system for measuring and mapping tissue mechanical properties. The key idea was to utilize a water jet as an indenter as well as the coupling medium for high-frequency ultrasound. In this paper, the system was employed to assess articular cartilage degeneration, using stiffness ratio as an indicator of the mechanical properties of samples. Both the mechanical and acoustical properties of intact and degenerated bovine patellar articular cartilage (n = 8) were obtained in situ. It was found that the stiffness ratio was reduced by 44 +/- 17% after the articular cartilage was treated by 0.25% trypsin at 37 degrees C for 4 h while no significant difference in thickness was observed between the intact and degenerated samples. A significant decrease of 36 +/- 20% in the peak-to-peak amplitude of ultrasound echoes reflected from the cartilage surface was also found for the cartilage samples treated by trypsin. The results also showed that the stiffness obtained with the new method highly correlated with that measured using a standard mechanical testing protocol. A good reproducibility of the measurements was demonstrated. The present results showed that the ultrasound water jet indentation system may provide a potential tool for the non-destructive evaluation of articular cartilage degeneration by simultaneously obtaining mechanical properties, acoustical properties, and thickness data.
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225
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Bonasera A, Chen Z, Wada R, Hagel K, Natowitz J, Sahu P, Qin L, Kowalski S, Keutgen T, Materna T, Nakagawa T. Quantum nature of a nuclear phase transition. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 101:122702. [PMID: 18851368 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.122702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
At finite temperatures and low densities, nuclei may undergo a phase change similar to a classical liquid-gas phase transition. Temperature is the control parameter while density and pressure are the conjugate variables. In the nucleus the difference between the proton and neutron concentrations acts as an additional order parameter, for which the symmetry potential is the conjugate variable. We present experimental results which reveal the N/Z dependence of the phase transition and discuss possible implications of these observations in terms of the Landau free energy description of critical phenomena.
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