Threonine deaminase: a novel activity stain on polyacrylamide gels

With phenazine methosulfate and nitro blue tetrazolium, an activity stain for threonine deaminase has been developed. Because the deamination reaction does not involve any overall oxidation or reduction, it is proposed that one of the intermediates of the reaction, alpha-aminocrotonate or alpha-iminobutyrate, is the reducing agent. Studies with ferricyanide as the artificial electron acceptor indicate that a decarboxylation of the intermediate occurs during the dye reduction.

Fluid Distributions During Immiscible Displacements in Porous Media

Abstract

For a wetting phase displacing a nonwetting phase from a porous medium the distribution of the residual fluid may depend on displacement conditions. Although this subject has been debated in the literature, only a few, experiments have been cited to support the various conclusions. Experimental results presented in this paper show that fluid distributions are dependent on imbibition procedures. Results agree qualitatively with predictions from the pore doublet model. if the rate of water imbibition is restricted, the nonwetting phase is trapped preferentially in the larger pores as expected. But if the rate of water imbibition is unrestricted, trapping occurs somewhat more in the smaller pores. These conclusions were deduced primarily from relative permeability measurements.

Introduction

Relative permeabilities are known to depend on the saturation history of the porous medium. For either continuously increasing or continuously decreasing wetting phase saturations, however, they have normally been assumed to be single-valued functions of saturation. Several investigators have compared relative permeabilities measured by different method and have reported acceptable agreement. Studies of simple models of the displacement process suggest that the distribution of residual fluids can be influenced by the displacement method. If this is so, relative permeabilities also should depend on the method of displacement. These predictions have not been supported by experimental data. The object of this paper is to investigate experimentally some of the predictions of these model studies. The particular question of importance is whether steady-state and unsteady-state methods should be expected to give the same values of relative permeability. Much of the reported data showing agreement between steady-state and unsteady-state methods have been obtained on unconsolidated sand. Johnson, Bossler and Neumann, however, compared steady-state and unsteady-state results for Weiler sandstone and found no significant difference. Levine made a detailed study of pressure and saturation distributions for a laboratory waterflood in a consolidated system but made no attempt to calculate performance from steady-state relative permeability data. Bail and Marsden in a somewhat similar set of experiments did attempt a comparison of observations with predictions but the results were inconclusive. Excluding gravity, two forces affect the distribution of wetting and nonwetting phases during an unsteady-state, immiscible displacement: viscous and capillary forces. If relative permeabilities are indeed the same when measured by steady- or unsteady-state methods, the fluid distributions at the same fluid saturations must be similar for both methods. Furthermore, the implication is that the relation between capillary and viscous forces is the same for both methods insofar as the effect on microscopic fluid distributions is concerned. Unsteady-state displacements are normally run at high rates to maximize the ratio of the viscous to capillary forces. The objective is to reduce the effect of capillary forces on macroscopic fluid distributions. For floods in which the phase which wets the porous medium displaces the nonwetting phase, capillary forces compete with viscous forces in determining fluid distributions. The residual nonwetting phase is discontinuous. Competitive aspects of viscous and capillary forces and the resulting effect on water-oil distribution in porous media have been illustrated in an elementary way using a pore doublet model. This model and predictions from it have been discussed at considerable length by Rose and Witherspoon, Rose and Cleary and by Moore and Slobod. Rose and Witherspoon show that so long as water invades the model at a rate equal to or greater than the free imbibition rate, the water will move through the larger capillary of a doublet first and trap oil in the smaller capillary.

SPEJ

P. 261ˆ