Evaluating the healing effects of docosahexaenoic acid in neonates with bilirubin-induced brain injury

BACKGROUND

Neonatal brain injury due to bilirubin toxicity presents critical need for effective healing treatments. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), having neuroprotective properties, offers potential therapeutic benefits in promoting brain repair and recovery.

OBJECTIVES

This study focused on evaluating the healing capabilities of DHA in neonatal brains damaged by bilirubin-induced injury, with particular attention to its role in enhancing brain tissue repair mechanisms.

METHODS

Employing the bilirubin encephalopathy model in neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats and neuronal cell cultures, we investigated the therapeutic impact of DHA.

RESULTS

The study measured improvements in brain tissue integrity, assessed bilirubin levels, analyzed gene and protein expressions pertinent to the brain's recovery process. DHA administration resulted in significant repair in neonatal brains, evidenced by reduction in bilirubin levels and restoration of normal brain tissue architecture.

CONCLUSION

Molecular analysis indicated the distinct modulation of the CTBP1/miR-155-5p/KDM5A pathway, critical for cellular repair processes and marked decrease in markers of cellular damage and stress.

Trapping phenylacetaldehyde by litchi shell polyphenols and their characteristic catechins in chemical model and roast pork patty: Identification of catechins-adducts and toxicity assessment

Inhibitory effects of litchi shell polyphenols (LC) and their characteristic catechins on 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazole [4,5-b] pyridine (PhIP) formation were investigated in chemical model and roast pork patty. Eight catechins-adducts were identified by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and their toxicity were evaluated by Discovery Studio. Results showed inhibition rates of LC on bound-PhIP could reach 10.95 % and 100 % respectively in both chemical model and roast pork patty, and inhibition rates on free-PhIP could reach 76.47 % in roast pork patty. However, LC had no inhibiting effect on free-PhIP, and even promoted it in chemical model. UPLC-Q-TOF-MS indicated that Epicatechin (EC), Epigallocatechin (EGC) and Epigallocatechingallate (EGCG) eliminate PhIP by capturing phenylacetaldehyde to form adducts. LD50 of the formed adducts were lower than the chronic rat oral loael value, indicating that EC, EGC and EGCG would not form more toxic adduct during PhIP reduction. This study provides a new perspective for the application of LC in inhibiting PhIP and a reference for improving the theoretical system of dietary polyphenols in inhibiting heterocyclic aromatic amines.

Green extraction of isoflavones from okara using subcritical water: Kinetics, optimization, and comparison with other water-based sustainable methods

Water has been explored as a green extraction agent for isoflavone extraction from okara. First, subcritical water (subW) was explored using two different okaras: (1) washed and dried (OKW) and (2) non-pretreated (OKC). Genistein family was the most abundant, with very low quantities in the glycitein family. Kinetic data revealed interconversion of malonyl-glycosides to β-glycosides in subW, with increasing degradation rate constants for all isoflavones with temperature. A maximum of 1229 μg isoflavone/g of dried okara was obtained at 120 °C after 30 min for OKC. Microwave (MAE) and ultrasound (UAE) technologies achieved 72.8 % and 75.4 %, of the yield of subW. Productivity at the maximum was of 41.0, 82.5 and 92.8 μg isoflavone/g dry okara min for subW, MAE, UAE. However, higher fraction of the more bioavailable forms β-glycoside + aglycone was obtained by subW.

Advanced stability prediction and mechanism study of goji berry beverage via ultrasound-assisted homogenization utilizing genetic algorithm-based backpropagation neural networks

Traditional cloudy goji berry beverages (CGBs) preparation methods often cause irreversible phase separation during sterilization and require high homogenization pressures. However, combined ultrasound and homogenization (US-HPH) technology achieves stability of CGBs at lower pressures with the combination of 200 W ultrasonic power and 40 MPa homogenizing pressure. US-HPH significantly reduces average particle size by 67.91 % and increases absolute zeta potential by 5.73 % compared to optimal ultrasound conditions. And it reduces particle size by 43.78 % and increases zeta potential by 20.63 % compared to optimal homogenization. Simultaneously, a variety of active components in CGBs, including proteins, polyphenols, and carotenoids, were preserved. Additionally, to comprehensively reveal the effects of US-HPH on CGBs stability, a predictive model based on genetic algorithm (GA) and back-propagation (BP) neural network accurately characterizes were developed, and the results predicts particle size and zeta potential of CGBs, with high accuracy (RMSE = 0.026, MAE < 2).

Insight into the impact of pre-cooking and freezing on the colour stability of pakchoi during thermal processing: A study on chlorophyll and organic acid changes

This study investigated the effects of pre-cooking and freezing on the colour stability, changes of chlorophylls and organic acids during re-cooking and 4-h heating of pakchoi. Pre-cooked and stored pakchoi exhibited yellowish-brown discolouration upon cooking, especially in the stalks, with green values (-a) 42.53 %, 34.50 %, and 49.81 % lower than the unpre-cooked, unstored, or neither counterparts, respectively. Pre-cooking expedited the production of pheophytins and pyropheophytin a, which contribute to poor appearance, during brief cooking. Throughout processing, pre-cooking potentially facilitated leaf chlorophyll a demagnesiation by promoting oxalic, citric, and malic acid dissociation, while enhancing the correlations of stalk fumaric and oxalic acids with pheophytins. Additionally, pre-cooking accelerated stalk pyropheophytin a accumulation, leading to faster discolouration. Storage primarily affected stalk colour during brief cooking by accelerating pheophytin a formation. The findings offer the possibility of improving the colour quality of frozen leafy green vegetable products by focusing on key chlorophyll derivatives.

Temperature-dependent kinetics of unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters: Modeling autoxidation mechanisms

Understanding the oxidative stability of unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) is critical for food preservation and industrial applications. This study extends our first-principles kinetic model (Food Res Int 2023, 173, 113289) by integrating mechanistic insights into the temperature-dependent shift from bimolecular to monomolecular hydroperoxide decomposition. Our approach, based on experimental evidence of a critical temperature and the parameterization of the equilibrium between free and hydrogen-bonded hydroperoxides, was validated against data spanning 7 °C to 200 °C (391 measurements). Without further fitting, the model achieves R2 values between 0.613 and 0.896. On curated datasets, the Concordance Correlation Coefficient exceeds 0.78, the Prediction Interval Coverage Probability is over 50 %, and relative deviation errors below 30 %. Below 80 °C, bimolecular pathways dominate, whereas monomolecular processes prevail at higher temperatures, influencing induction times and oxidation rates. These findings lay the groundwork for predictive models that optimize shelf life by integrating FAME composition and temperature history.

Unravelling key signaling pathways for the therapeutic targeting of non-small cell lung cancer

Lung cancer (LC) remains the foremost cause of cancer-related mortality across the globe. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a type of LC that exhibits significant heterogeneity at histological and molecular levels. Genetic alterations in upstream signaling molecules activate cascades affecting apoptosis, proliferation, and differentiation. Disruption of these signaling pathways leads to the proliferation of cancer-promoting cells, progression of cancer, and resistance to its treatment. Recent insights into the function of signaling pathways and their fundamental mechanisms in the onset of various diseases could pave the way for new therapeutic approaches. Recently, numerous drug molecules have been created that target these cell signaling pathways and could be used alongside other standard therapies to achieve synergistic effects in mitigating the pathophysiology of NSCLC. Additionally, many researchers have identified several predictive biomarkers, and alterations in transcription factors and related pathways are employed to create new therapeutic strategies for NSCLC. Findings suggest using specific inhibitors to target cellular signaling pathways in tumor progression to treat NSCLC. This review investigates the role of signaling pathways in NSCLC development and explores novel therapeutic strategies to enhance clinical treatment options for NSCLC.

Surface-modified nintedanib-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for effective targeting of non-small cell lung cancer

Lung cancer remains a significant global health burden as the second most common and fatal malignancy, with treatment complexities heightened by limited knowledge of inhaler techniques and respiratory challenges, particularly in elderly and pediatric patients. Despite the availability of oral chemotherapeutics like Nintedanib, its clinical efficacy is undermined by suboptimal pharmacokinetics, high systemic toxicity, and low bioavailability. To overcome these limitations, we developed folic acid-conjugated Nintedanib-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (FA-NIN-SLNPs), which offer targeted therapy with enhanced delivery and reduced adverse effects, potentially improving patient adherence. Prepared through a refined nanoprecipitation and self-assembly method, FA-NIN-SLNPs exhibited a particle size of 220.5 ± 6.08 nm, a zeta potential of 32.1 ± 3.05 mV, and an entrapment efficiency of 98.3 ± 0.80 %. In vitro release studies indicated accelerated drug release at acidic tumor pH, with FA-NIN-SLNPs showing significantly enhanced apoptosis (86.65 %) in A549 lung cancer cells versus NIN-SLNPs (67.65 %) and free drug (23.53 %). Cellular uptake assays highlighted its targeted capabilities, while histopathological and hemolysis assessments confirmed its safety profile. In vivo pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies further demonstrated superior lung-specific accumulation, positioning this nanoformulation as a promising, safer, and more efficacious approach for targeted lung cancer therapy.

The inhibition potentiality of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose on PhIP, Harman, and Norharman formation of fried beef patties at low NaCl level

The objective of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMCNa) on the formation of heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) in fried beef patties under low salt conditions. The 0.5-1.5 % of CMC-Na was introduced to minced beef at 1 % NaCl level, and the formation of HAAs was found to be significantly inhibited after fried (P < 0.05). The inhibition observed in the treatment containing 1 % NaCl +1.5 % CMC-Na was found to be statistically significant (P < 0.05). Specifically, compared to the control treatment, the contents of Harman, Norharman and PhIP were effectively reduced by 58.9 %, 66.1 %, and 67 %, respectively, in this treatment. CMC-Na inhibited the generation of HAAs through a water retention mechanism under low-salt conditions and formed a tight three-dimensional gel network structure of the minced meat, thus preventing the migration of fixed water to free water. This helped to mitigate the temperature rise on the surface of the beef patty while reducing the rate of pyrolysis of precursors of HAAs. CMC-Na can be utilized as a food additive during the preparation of fried beef patties under low-salt conditions to significantly diminish HAA formation and enhance food safety.

Improvement of flavor and inhibition of accompanying harmful substances in roasted fish by different tea pre-marinades

Flavor compounds and harmful substances are critical factors influencing the quality and safety of roasted fish. This study study investigated the effects of six different tea pre-marinades on the flavor and the formation of harmful compounds in roasted fish. The results indicated that pre-marination with tea significantly improved the flavor of the roasted fish. The volatile compounds in the roasted fish increased notably after the fish was marinated with tea, including aldehydes such as hexanal, ketones such as heptan-2-one, and pyrazines. Additionally, the content of free amino acids was significantly elevated (P < 0.05). Furthermore, pre-marination with green, black, and oolong teas effectively reduces harmful substances, such as acrylamide, heterocyclic amines, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, in roasted fish. This study provides a theoretical foundation for utilizing plant extracts to produce high-quality and safe roasted fish products.

Effect of tomato, tomato-derived products and lycopene on metabolic inflammation: from epidemiological data to molecular mechanisms

The goal of this narrative review is to summarise the current knowledge and limitations related to the anti-inflammatory effects of tomato, tomato-derived products and lycopene in the context of metabolic inflammation associated to cardiometabolic diseases. The potential of tomato and tomato-derived product supplementation is supported by animal and in vitro studies. In addition, intervention studies provide arguments in favour of a limitation of metabolic inflammation. This is also the case for observational studies depicting inverse association between plasma lycopene levels and inflammation. Nevertheless, current data of intervention studies are mixed concerning the anti-inflammatory effect of tomato and tomato-derived products and are not in favour of an anti-inflammatory effect of pure lycopene in humans. From epidemiological to mechanistic studies, this review aims to identify limitations of the current knowledge and gaps that remain to be filled to improve our comprehension in contrasted anti-inflammatory effects of tomato, tomato-derived products and pure lycopene.

Impact of different peeling treatments on the isomerization and micellization of carotenoids and the flavor in tomato pulp

To find a superior peeling method and increase peeled tomato quality, this investigation aims to evaluate the composition, isomerization, micellization, and antioxidant activity of carotenoids and the flavor of tomatoes using novel catalytic infrared, hot-water, hot-lye and manual peeling. Compared to manual peeling, thermal peeling methods significantly improved carotenoid extractability, increased lutein and β-carotene contents, and enhanced their micellization during in vitro digestion. Additionally, these methods reduced micelle viscosity and size. Among the thermal methods, catalytic infrared peeling resulted in tomatoes with a redder color, the highest carotenoid extractability (716.51 μg/g), and superior antioxidant activity. This method also exhibited the highest proportion of all-trans isomers before and after digestion-54.26 % and 15.57 % for all-trans lycopene and 75.46 % and 22.79 % for all-trans β-carotene. Furthermore, catalytic infrared peeling produced the richest flavor compounds, most closely resembling manual peeling. These results suggest that catalytic infrared peeling is optimal for maintaining high tomato quality.

Application of bacterioruberin from Arthrobacter sp. isolated from Xinjiang desert to extend the shelf-life of fruits during postharvest storage

Post-harvest losses and rapid fruit ripening at room temperature are major challenges in preserving fruit quality. This study aimed to reduce such losses by applying a red carotenoid pigment, bacterioruberin extracted from an Arthrobacter sp. The carotenoid was characterized as bacterioruberin and its derivative tetra anhydrous bacterioruberin (λmax 490 nm), and an m/z value of 675 and 742 (M+ 1H)+1. The annotated LIPID MAP demonstrated the presence of over 360 isoprenoids annotated transcripts. The compound exhibited significant antioxidant activity, with an IC50 of 22 μg/mL, iron chelation and antibacterial activities indicating its potential as a natural preservative. When applied to grapes, peaches, and apricots, bacterioruberin (2 %) effectively prevented spoilage for six days at room temperature. Statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA revealed a significant correlation (p = 0.05) between treated and control groups in subjective quality attributes. Computational investigation with phospholipase D and VQ22 motif protein further supported the preservative potential of bacterioruberin.

Establishment of a surfactant-assisted enzymatic modification method for chlorophyll-protein complexes from Auxenochlorella pyrenoidosa to improve chlorophyll stability

Chlorophylls face significant challenges in practical applications due to their low physicochemical stability. This study investigated the stability of chlorophylls within chlorophyll-protein complexes derived from Auxenochlorella pyrenoidosa and developed a novel surfactant-assisted enzymatic modification strategy to enhance chlorophyll stability. Enzymatic hydrolysis with papain in the presence of Tween 80 increased chlorophyll retention to 88.77%, compared to 78.69% without surfactant, with improved stability observed across a wide temperature range (4-80°C), maintaining chlorophyll retention between 69.41% and 85.09%, as well as under acidic conditions. Mass spectrometry identified 26 chlorophylls and their derivatives, while Tween 80 mitigated the conversion of chlorophylls into undesirable brown compounds, such as pheophytins. Peptidomics and molecular docking analysis revealed that hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding interactions between chlorophylls and specific chlorophyll-binding peptides contributed to enhanced stability. This study presents a promising approach for improving chlorophyll stability through native chlorophyll-binding proteins, particularly for applications in protein-based food matrices.

Discovery of novel DPP4 inhibitory peptides from egg yolk by machine learning and molecular docking: In vitro and in vivo validation

DPP4 inhibitors could treat T2DM. Low-cost and accessible egg yolk protein (EYP) has the potential to produce highly bioactive peptides. Therefore, this study was to explore the novel DPP4 inhibitory peptide in EYP. The optimal protease (alcalase and pepsin) was screened using virtual enzymatic digestion. 61 potential peptides were filtered by ultrafiltration, LC-MS/MS, activity prediction and physicochemical property calculations. Then peptides RYHFPEGL, EYF, KFL, YKF and AAQEKIRYW were obtained by machine learning, BIOPEP database and molecular docking. AAQEKIRYW had outstanding hypoglycemia efficacy by in vitro cellular assay and mice plasma assay, with IC50 36.65 μM. Molecular docking and MD revealed that AAQEKIRYW-DPP4 complex was stably bound to S1 and S2' pockets of protein through hydrophilic (hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions) and hydrophobic interactions. It will provide a new insight for high-value utilization of EYP and a reference for the efficient screening and mechanism resolution of highly active peptides.

Physicochemical analysis of beef tallow and its liquid fraction, comparing frying performance with high oleic acid rapeseed oil and rice bran oil

Fractionation allows the separation of components in beef tallow. This study compared the physicochemical characteristics and cholesterol content of beef tallow and its liquid fraction, evaluating their frying performance as potential deep-fat frying oils against plant oils. Results showed effective separation of unsaturated components from beef tallow through fractionation. Beef tallow exhibited superior physicochemical properties during frying, with lower deterioration levels than plant oils. Benzo[a]pyrene content increased in plant oils but remained low in beef tallow and its liquid fraction. The liquid fraction had a significantly shorter oxidative induction time of 0.38 h compared to 5.85 h and 5.24 h for plant oils. This study revealed that alterations were observed in beef tallow and its liquid fraction when used as frying oils, with beef tallow demonstrating stronger antioxidative properties compared to the liquid fraction, which exhibited lower levels of cholesterol and saturated fatty acids.

Isoflavones and Stilbenes With Antifungal Activities From the Seeds of Thermopsis lanceolata R. Br

In order to discover novel fungicides from natural products, the phytochemical investigation of Thermopsis lanceolata seeds was thoroughly conducted. Eight new isoflavone derivatives (1-5 and 8-10), two new stilbenes (6 and 7), as well as 21 known isoflavones (11-31) were obtained from the crude extract of T. lanceolata seeds following a bioassay-guided method. The structures of 1-31 were confirmed via HRESIMS, NMR, IR, UV, and quantum chemistry calculations. The antifungal activities of 1-31 against Phytophthora nicotiana, Colletotrichum orbiculare, Rhizoctonia solani, and Botrytis cinerea were screened according to the mycelial inhibition test. Compound 6 displayed significant antifungal activity against B. cinerea in vitro (EC50: 9.68 μg/mL) and had an 8 5.7% prevention and control effect in vivo (100 μg/mL). Moreover, antifungal mechanism studies revealed that 6 causes the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, increases the level of lipid peroxidation, decreases the activity of MDH, and finally triggers molecular damage and cell death in vitro. Therefore, 6 can be utilized as a lead compound for novel fungicides.

Endophytes of Zingiberaceae: distribution and bioactivity of their bioactive metabolites

The endophytes associated with the Zingiberaceae family have demonstrated remarkable potential in various biological activities through their bioactive compounds that are useful for both medical and agricultural purposes. Additionally, isolated secondary metabolites from symbiotic microbes associated with this family of plants have shown promising results in various biological activities such as antifungal, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial. This review focuses on the bioactive metabolites of Zingiberaceae endophytes with their potential biological activities against different pathogens as well as the production of phytohormones that promote plant growth. Furthermore, bibliometric analysis revealed the current key trends and collaborative works in this field. Additionally, the bibliometric analysis also explored a total of 75 relevant publications from the Scopus database that India is the most contributing country in this field with 38.7% of the total reported research work. The bibliometric approach helps uncover new research gaps by identifying emerging trends, underexplored topics, and collaborative networks, providing insights into areas that require further investigation and development. Notably, Streptomyces spp. have been commonly reported as potent endophytes, generating bioactive substances such as Vanillin and Resacetophenone with strong antibacterial activities. Significant knowledge gaps still exist, and with evolving therapeutic potential, this could offer a wide opportunity for new studies to emerge.

Anti-leukemia activity of the ethyl acetate extract from Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) leaf against FLT3-overexpressing AML cells and its phytochemical characterization

BACKGROUND

Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.), a traditional adaptogenic herb, is known for its bioactive components with potential anti-cancer properties. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) progression is significantly influenced by Feline McDonough Sarcoma (FMS)-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) signaling, while Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1) serves as a key prognostic marker. This study investigates the anti-leukemia activities of active G. pentaphyllum leaf extracts and their components, focusing on the inhibition of FLT3 and WT1 activity.

METHODS

G. pentaphyllum extracts were prepared through maceration, yielding three crude fractional extracts. The cytotoxicity of the extracts was screened against various leukemia cell lines using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The most cytotoxic extract was further fractionated and purified via column chromatography. The anti-proliferative and apoptotic induction activities of the active extract and its fraction were evaluated through cell cycle and apoptosis analyses using flow cytometry. Changes in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) were assessed by spectrofluorometry. To confirm anti-leukemia activity, the expression levels of FLT3, WT1 and apoptotic-related protein were analyzed using Western blotting. The major active compounds within the active fractions were identified and characterized using Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.

RESULTS

The ethyl acetate fractional extract (F-EtOAc) demonstrated the highest cytotoxicity, particularly against FLT3-overexpressing EoL-1 (IC50 = 40.82 ± 0.8 µg/mL) and MV4-11 (IC50 = 35.54 ± 4.1 µg/mL) AML cell lines. Fraction F10 was identified as the most active fraction, significantly inhibited FLT3 and WT1 protein expression and induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, F10 induced dose-dependent apoptosis through disruption of ΔΨm, p53 up-regulation and caspase-3 activation. Further purification of F10 identified dehydrovomifoliol as its major bioactive compound.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggest that the ethyl acetate extract of G. pentaphyllum contains bioactive compounds with anti-leukemia potential, warranting further investigation to evaluate its efficacy against AML.

CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER

Not applicable.

Harnessing food-derived bioactive peptides for iron chelation: an alternative solution to iron deficiency anemia

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a global public health issue. In recent years, food-derived peptide-iron chelates have attracted attention as a potential solution. This review centers on the sources of food-derived peptides for iron chelation, covering marine organisms, terrestrial animals, and plant sources. The formation mechanisms and properties of peptide-iron chelates are discussed. Moreover, the potential applications of these chelates in ameliorating IDA are explored. The review also highlights the challenges and future research directions in the development and utilization of food-derived peptide-iron chelates.

Effect of γ-polyglutamic Acid Produced by Drought Tolerant Bacillus subtilis FSO3 on Soil Moisture Retention

Drought stress poses significant risks to agricultural productivity by reducing soil moisture availability. Bacterial polymers, such as γ-polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA), have effectively enhanced soil moisture retention and promoted agricultural resilience. This study aimed to investigate the effects of drought stress on Bacillus subtilis FSO3, a glutamate-independent γ-polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA) producer, and to evaluate the potential of its γ-PGA-rich fermentation medium for soil moisture retention. The strain produced up to 2.24 g/L γ-PGA without external glutamate supplementation. Under polyethylene glycol-6000 (PEG-6000)-induced water-deficit conditions, B. subtilis FSO3 demonstrated moderate drought tolerance, with a 50% reduction in maximum biomass at 20% PEG-6000. Interestingly, γ-PGA yield increased from 1.6 g/L at 5% PEG-6000 to 2.3 g/L at 20%. The γ-PGA-rich fermentation medium, applied at 100 mg γ-PGA/kg of soil sustained soil moisture levels above 60% for approximately 33% longer than the control. These findings highlight the potential of the γ-PGA-rich fermentation medium produced by B. subtilis FSO3 as a promising and cost-effective solution for enhancing soil water retention under drought conditions.

Transforming beef quality through healthy breeding: a strategy to reduce carcinogenic compounds and enhance human health: a review

The presence of carcinogenic substances in beef poses a significant risk to public health, with far-reaching implications for consumer safety and the meat production industry. Despite advancements in food safety measures, traditional breeding methods have proven inadequate in addressing these risks, revealing a substantial gap in knowledge. This review aims to fill this gap by evaluating the potential of healthy breeding techniques to significantly reduce the levels of carcinogenic compounds in beef. We focus on elucidating the molecular pathways that contribute to the formation of key carcinogens, such as heterocyclic amines (HCAs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), while exploring the transformative capabilities of advanced genomic technologies. These technologies include genomic selection, CRISPR/Cas9, base editing, prime editing, and artificial intelligence-driven predictive models. Additionally, we examine multi-omics approaches to gain new insights into the genetic and environmental factors influencing carcinogen formation. Our findings suggest that healthy breeding strategies could markedly enhance meat quality, thereby offering a unique opportunity to improve public health outcomes. The integration of these innovative technologies into breeding programs not only provides a pathway to safer beef production but also fosters sustainable livestock management practices. The improvement of these strategies, along with careful consideration of ethical and regulatory challenges, will be crucial for their effective implementation and broader impact.

Chestnut Nonstarch Polysaccharides Enhance Intestinal Barrier Integrity and Modulate Gut Microbiota to Ameliorate DSS-Induced Colitis in Mice

This study investigated the biological activity of chestnut nonstarch polysaccharide (CNP) after removing starch. CNP was isolated from chestnut, with its monosaccharide composition identified as rhamnose, mannose, fructose, glucuronic acid, ribose, and galacturonic acid. Animal experiments showed that CNP can significantly alleviate the inflammatory response induced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in a murine model of ulcerative colitis (UC). CNP alleviates colitis in mice by boosting antioxidant enzymes, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines, increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines, strengthening the intestinal barrier via tight junction proteins, and suppressing inflammation through the PI3K/NF-κB pathway. Results from 16S rDNA sequencing demonstrated that CNP intake significantly improved the richness and composition of the gut microbial community. These findings suggest that CNP exerts a protective effect against DSS-induced colitis by enhancing intestinal barrier integrity, mitigating oxidative stress, regulating cytokine levels, and restoring gut microbial balance. The results of this study highlight the important application value of CNP in the development of functional foods.

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering sensor based on MWCNTs@ZnO/Ag to detect the enrofloxacin in pork

The threats of antibiotic residues to human health and the environment have become more and more severe due to the overuse of antibiotics in agriculture. Here, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were used to prepare MWCNTs@ZnO/Ag substrate by a simple two-step electrochemical deposition process to detect the enrofloxacin (ENR) residues in pork. The coral-like MWCNTs with a large surface area could promote ENR adsorption and provide more sites for growing the ZnO/Ag nanostructures. Moreover, ZnO/Ag nanostructures could not only facilitate the electron transfer to increase Raman intensity but also improve the stability of MWCNTs@ZnO/Ag substrate. Thus, the MWCNTs@ZnO/Ag substrate could easily recognize ENR molecules at a low concentration of 5 × 10-10 M due to the stronger charge transfer effect between the substrates and analytes. In addition, the limit of detection of ENR residues in pork samples by using MWCNTs@ZnO/Ag substrate was up to 5.87 nM. The SERS sensor of the MWCNTs@ZnO/Ag substrate has a high sensitivity and long-term stability for the detection of antibiotic residues in food, which could be applied in fields of food safety.

Cardamom essential oil-loaded zinc oxide nanoparticles: A sustainable antimicrobial strategy against multidrug-resistant foodborne pathogens

The globalization of the food trade has escalated challenges in ensuring food safety due to foodborne pathogens, including multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains, which pose significant public health risks and economic burdens. Innovative antimicrobial strategies are urgently required. In this study, cardamom essential oil-loaded zinc oxide nanoparticles (CEO-ZnO-NPs) were synthesized and evaluated for their antimicrobial potential and mechanisms of action against MDR Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Dynamic light scattering and the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrograph confirmed a spherical nanocomposite with an average size of 141.4 nm with good dispersion and stability over 180 days. Antimicrobial activity assessed via the agar well diffusion method showed dose-dependent inhibition, with zones of 25.75 ± 0.90 mm for E. coli and 31.05 ± 0.46 mm for S. aureus at 400 μg/mL. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were 25 μg/mL (E. coli) and 12.5 μg/mL (S. aureus), while minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were 50 μg/mL and 25 μg/mL, respectively. Kill-time analysis revealed a marked reduction in bacterial viability after 120 min of exposure. Mechanistic studies using scanning electron microscopy showed structural damage, including disrupted membranes and cell shrinkage. Also, protein levels significantly decreased, with DNA and ATP levels reduced by 74.51 % and 91.15 % in E. coli and 79.40 % and 90.81 % in S. aureus. Enzymatic activities, including ATPase and alkaline phosphatase, were inhibited by up to 84.63 %. In addition, the low cytotoxicity of CEO-ZnO-NPs against Vero cells supporting their potential biosafety for food safety applications. These findings demonstrate that CEO-ZnO-NPs disrupt bacterial processes such as protein synthesis, membrane integrity, and enzymatic activity, offering a promising approach that aligns with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDGs 2, 3, and 12, while promoting circular economy principles by reducing reliance on synthetic preservatives to address antimicrobial resistance in foodborne pathogens.

Tuning the pore structure and hydrophobicity to unravel the adsorption mechanism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons onto carbon materials

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widely distributed in water, soil, and air, posing significant risks to human health. Yet little is known about whether the large molecular size of PAHs could hinder the understanding of their adsorption dynamics and the universality of the adsorption mechanism remains unclear. Low-cost adsorbents with different pore structures and hydrophobic properties were prepared, and the adsorption process and feasible adsorption sites of PAHs were investigated. The results showed that the more developed pore structure promoted the diffusion of PAHs. Adsorbents with high affinity for PAHs obtained better performance due to the π-π interaction and the sieving of groove areas formed by folds, and the equilibrium adsorption capacity was 99.9 and 98.9 mg/g for NAP, 9.42 and 9.53 mg/g for PHE, 0.929 and 0.887 mg/g for PYR. Meanwhile, the pseudo second-order kinetic model and Freundlich isotherm model could fit the actual adsorption process. Moreover, XlogP3 or EHOMO emerged as good descriptors in QSAR. Hydrogen bond basicity and hexadecane-air partition coefficient of organic pollutants play a dominant role in the adsorption stage. This study lays a theoretical foundation for screening adsorbents and provides novel support to explore the adsorption mechanism of PAHs.

Diacylglycerol from camellia oil improves hyperuricemia by inhibiting xanthine oxidase and modulating gut microbiota

Camellia oil exhibits multiple beneficial effects on cardiovascular, glucose, and lipid metabolism. However, the impact of camellia oil and diacylglycerol (DAG), which is one of the active compounds of camellia oil, is uncertain in terms of hyperuricemia (HUA). It was found that the physicochemical characterization of camellia oil and DAG shows a rich content of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), particularly oleic acid and linoleic acid, thereby supporting their potential in treating HUA. In hyperuricemic mice, camellia oil and DAG dose-dependently reduced urine and serum uric acid (UA), serum creatinine, and xanthine oxidase (XOD) activity. High doses of camellia oil and DAG treatment dramatically reduced pro-inflammatory mediators in hyperuricemic mice's renal tissue, showing a dose-dependent reduction in hepatic XOD activity and inflammation. HUA may be treated by modulating gut flora with camellia oil and DAG. The alteration of Lactobacillus and Helicobacter abundance play key roles. PICRUSt2 functional prediction showed that phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan metabolic pathways may be mediated by camellia oil and DAG in HUA mice.

A sulfated exopolysaccharide from Bacillus altitudinis MTCC13046 accelerates cutaneous wound healing via dermal fibroblast migration: Insights into an in vivo wound re-epithelialization

Bacterial exopolysaccharides with (1 → 3) linked β-glucans and β-galactans have been identified as potent candidates for wound healing. In this study, a sulfated exopolysaccharide (BAP-2), characterized by its major repeating units as [→3)-β-GlcAp-(1 → 3)-(2,6-di-O-SO3)-β-Galp-(1→], was isolated from seaweed-associated Bacillus altitudinis MTCC13046. Whole-genome analysis of B. altitudinis MTCC13046 revealed the presence of biosynthetic gene clusters coding for saccharin. BAP-2 demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity by downregulating the expressions of inflammatory cytokines, such as interferon (IFN)-γ (1.77-fold), interleukins (IL-2/1β/6/12), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (~87 %) along with nitric oxide (~45 %), while upregulating transforming growth factor-β (3.88-fold) in comparison with lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage and human monocytic THP-1 cells. BAP-2 exhibited biocompatibility with dermal fibroblasts, promoting cell adhesion and proliferation by upregulating Ki-67 (fibroblast proliferation marker) (12.66-fold), epidermal growth factor (5.6-fold), and epithelial-cadherin expressions level (~6-fold), after 48 h. Cell cycle progression and cellular interaction studies showed that administration of BAP-2 promotes conversion of human dermal fibroblast cells into the S phase, highlighting its effect on cell proliferation. In vivo experiments demonstrated approximately 98 % wound closure in BAP-2 administered experimental rats along with re-epithelialization of injured tissue. The pharmaceutical characteristics of the (1 → 3)-linked sulfated exopolysaccharide (BAP-2) suggests it could be an effective candidate for the treatment of cutaneous wound.

Araticum (Annona crassiflora Mart.) by-products suppress cell proliferation and induce apoptosis particularly in androgen-dependent prostate cancer cell lines

Prostate cancer is the second most diagnosed type of cancer in men. The araticum (Annona crassiflora Mart.) is a fruit found in natural areas of the Brazilian cerrado, and its by-products contain a variety of compounds that have already demonstrated positive effects on cancer. To this end, we evaluated the in vitro antioxidant capacity of the extract of the peel and seed of the A. crassiflora. In addition, we investigated its antiproliferative effects and the possible mechanisms involved in inducing apoptosis in androgen-dependent and androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. The extract of A. crassiflora peel showed a high content of total phenolic compounds, reaching 222.44 mg GAE/g fdw, while the seed recorded a considerably lower value of 26.49 mg GAE/g fdw. These results indicate that the peel has a higher antioxidant capacity compared to the seed, probably due to its high content of phenolic compounds. Both extracts reduced the viability of prostate cancer cells, with the seed proving more effective. The IC50 of the seed extract was significantly lower in the PC-3 cells, presenting an IC50 of 33.24 μg/mL, 30.70 μg/mL and 24.86 μg/mL, for 24, 48 and 72 h respectively, compared to that of the peel. The peel extract showed IC50 of 277 μg/mL, 225 μg/mL and 67.30 μg/mL for the same periods. In 22Rv1 cells, the IC50 of the seed extract showed lower values, presenting IC50 of 12.64 μg/mL, 6.07 μg/mL and 5.12 μg/mL for 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. However, the peel extract showed IC50 of 77.36 μg/mL, 42.92 μg/mL and 48.16 μg/mL for 24, 48 and 72 h. Both extracts showed a more pronounced effect on LNCaP cells. At 24 h, the IC50 of the seed extract was lower (IC50 of 22.87 μg/mL) than that of the peel extract (IC50 of 47.51 μg/mL) for LNCaP cells. However, after 48 h of treatment, the peel extract showed a decrease in IC50 of 17.64 μg/mL and the seed extract 21.13 μg/mL. However, after 72 h the seed extract was more effective in reducing cell viability with an IC50 of 6.51 μg/mL in contrast the peel showed IC50 of 11.50 μg/mL. The seed extract had a significant effect on apoptosis induction in LNCaP, increasing the protein levels of Bax, procaspase-3, caspase-9 and caspase-8, while reducing Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL expression. The seed extract also decreased the androgen receptor and PCNA levels in 22Rv1 and LNCaP cells, suggesting a possible antiproliferative mechanism mediated by the modulation of these proteins.

Post-Column Guanosine Addition as a Screening Tool in the Search for Effective G-Quadruplex Binders-A Case Study of Achyrocline satureioides Phenolic Compounds

Polyphenols make a numerous and diverse group of plant secondary metabolites exhibiting remarkable anticancer activities, often attributed to their G-quadruplex binding properties. Therefore, there is a need to develop a high-throughput screening assay which would permit the evaluation of polyphenols' binding properties toward G-quadruplex. As deoxyguanosine and guanosine are essential and key building blocks of G-quadruplexes, the stabilities of their adducts with polyphenols may reflect the stabilities of polyphenols-G-quadruplex adducts. In this study, deoxyguanosine/guanosine post-column addition experiments have been performed during HPLC-MS analysis of Achyrocline satureioides extract. The stabilities of the deoxyguanosine/guanosine adducts with 3-O-methylquercetin-7-O-glucoside, 4'-hydroxydehydrokawain-4'-O-glucoside, and 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid-compounds identified in the Achyrocline satureioides extract-have been tested by using collision-induced dissociation 'in-source'. The obtained results show that the identified compounds form more stable adducts with deoxyguanosine and guanosine than the standards used for comparison, namely isoquercitrin and rutin. The performed molecular docking provided some insight into the structure of the adducts and revealed that multiple interactions are of key importance for their stabilities.

Polysaccharide edible film-the new star in food preservation: A review

Polysaccharide edible film (PEF) plays an important role in protecting food from physical extrusion, chemical hazards and microbial invasion. In recent years, on the basis of ensuring food safety, consumers have put forward higher requirements for maintaining sensory characteristics and nutritional value of food in the process of storage and circulation. As a natural component with convenient preparation and rich sources, polysaccharides have antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and other biological activities. The edible preservative film based on polysaccharide has the advantages of environmental protection, safety and no residue. Considering the health of consumers and the sustainable development of the environment, the environment-friendly, safe and effective PEF has become an important material in the field of food preservation and a creative solution to the problem of food preservation. Based on this, review focuses on the application of PEF in the preservation of different kinds of food, and briefly expounds the mechanism of PEF in the preservation of food, the production methods and different types of PEF. At the same time, it summarizes the existing problems and future development prospects and directions of PEF. After years of in-depth research and application, PEF technology has shown an important role and application potential in the field of food preservation. This paper hopes to provide reference value for the further application of PEF in the field of food preservation.

Pathways of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5-b] pyridine (PhIP) inhibited by basic amino acids in the glucose/ creatinine/ phenylalanine model system

This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory pathways of basic amino acids (Histidine, Lysine, and Arginine) on the formation of PhIP in the glucose/creatinine/phenylalanine model system. The inhibitory effects were found to depend on both the chemical structure and concentration of the basic amino acids, with Lysine showing the strongest inhibitory effect. Due to the lower reaction barrier of basic amino acids, their potential inhibitory mechanism is proposed to involve competition with phenylalanine for glucose. Additionally, basic amino acids demonstrated a significant ability to scavenge the intermediate (phenylacetaldehyde), resulting in a 94.16 %-96.33 % reduction. Furthermore, a significant increase in pH was observed when basic amino acids, particularly Lysine and Arginine, were added to the model system (P < 0.05). The increased pH of the model system significantly reduced the formation of PhIP and the conversion of phenylacetaldehyde to PhIP (P < 0.05).

Intricate relationship among major heat-induced harmful by-products and modulating role of lipid and protein oxidation in seafood: A comprehensive review

Seafood is an important constituent of our diet and well-known for its high-quality proteins and lipids (especially polyunsaturated fatty acids). While thermal processing imparts unique flavors to seafood, it also generates heat-induced harmful by-products (HHBs), such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs), and advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), which pose a serious threat to human health in the long run. This manuscript provides an overview of the formation mechanisms of PAHs, HAAs, and AGEs, and their occurrence in seafood. The main body of it deals with their potential crosstalk and the modulatory role of lipid and protein oxidation in their formation. Additionally, major strategies for the control of HHBs as well as their impact on the nutritional and sensory quality of seafood in the last two decades are also reviewed. Finally, challenges associated with the control of multiple HHBs in seafood and future outlooks are discussed. Literature data support that different types of HHBs are formed from different and yet subtly interconnected pathways, such as the Maillard reaction, pyrolysis, and lipid and protein oxidation. In particular, certain precursors (e.g., reactive amino acids) and intermediates (e.g., reactive carbonyls) are key intersections. However, only limited literature has been available thus far on the simultaneous control of multiple HHBs. Given their potential health hazards, more comprehensive studies with the aid of advanced analytical techniques and software will be needed to unravel their intricate relationships, which would facilitate the establishment of strategies to achieve simultaneous control of multiple HHBs.

Cellular Senescence Contributes to the Dysfunction of Tight Junctions in Submandibular Glands of Aging Mice

The current mechanism by which aging reduces salivary secretion is unknown. This study investigates the mechanism of aging-related submandibular (SMG) dysfunction and evaluates the therapeutic potential of dental pulp stem cell-derived exosomes (DPSC-exos). We found that the stimulated salivary flow rate was significantly reduced in naturally aging and D-galactose-induced aging mice (D-gal mice) compared to control mice. Acinar atrophy and periductal fibrosis in SMGs and parotid glands (PGs) were observed in naturally aging and D-gal mice, whereas sublingual glands (SLGs) had no notable alterations. We observed the accumulation of senescent cells in the SMGs, along with a decrease in claudin-3 (Cldn-3) expression and alterations in the distribution of Cldn1 and Cldn3. Additionally, after D-gal-induced senescence of SMG-C6 cells, there was a decrease in paracellular pathway permeability, reduced expression of Cldn3 and occludin, and changes in the distribution of Cldn1, 3, 4, and 7. Furthermore, injecting DPSC-exos into the SMGs of D-gal mice improved stimulated salivary flow rate, reduced acinar atrophy, and decreased SA-β-gal activity. Our study identified that increased senescence of SMGs in aging mice can cause a decrease in salivary secretion by disrupting the expression and distribution of tight junction molecules, and injection of DPSC-exos ameliorates SMG secretory dysfunction. These findings may provide new clues to novel therapeutic targets for aging-related dysfunction of SMGs.

Plant polysaccharides and antioxidant benefits for exercise performance and gut health: from molecular pathways to clinic

In the last three decades, our understanding of how exercise induces oxidative stress has significantly advanced. Plant polysaccharides, such as dietary fibers and resistant starches, have been shown to enhance exercise performance by improving energy metabolism, reducing fatigue, increasing strength and stamina, mitigating oxidative stress post-exercise, facilitating muscle recovery, and aiding in detoxification. Moreover, antioxidants found in plant-based foods play a crucial role in protecting the body against oxidative stress induced by intense physical activity. By scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative damage, antioxidants can improve exercise endurance, enhance recovery, and support immune function. Furthermore, the interaction between plant polysaccharides and antioxidants in the gut microbiota can lead to synergistic effects on overall health and performance. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current research on plant polysaccharides and antioxidants in relation to exercise performance and gut health.

A sesbania gum/γ-polyglutamic acid photo-crosslinking composite hydrogel loaded with multi-component traditional Chinese medicine extract synergizes microenvironment amelioration in infected diabetic wound healing

The intricate physiological microenvironment of the diabetic wound characterized by overexpressed reactive oxygen species (ROS), persistent inflammation, angiogenetic dysfunction, and bacterial infection impeded the healing process. Herein, a photo-crosslinking composite hydrogel was fabricated based on the methacrylate modification of sesbania gum (SG) and γ-polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA), which could trigger free radical polymerization to form interpenetrating polymer network under 365 nm UV. Meanwhile, the micronized traditional Chinese medicine Huoxue Tongluo extract (HXTL) was encapsulated into the hydrogel to prepare the wound dressing (H-SGPGA). The 1H NMR and FT-IR successfully confirmed the synthesis of the methacrylate SG (SGMA) and γ-PGA (γ-PGAMA). Then, the enhanced mechanical properties, ROS scavenging (DPPH: 88.2 % ± 0.9 %; ABTS+: 90.5 % ± 0.4 %) and the antibacterial capacity (97.04 % ± 0.58 % against S. aureus) of H-SGPGA was investigated and confirmed in vitro. Finally, in the S. aureus infected diabetic wound model, the in vivo result demonstrated that the H-SGPGA significantly accelerated the diabetic wound repair process (8.31 % ± 5.54 % wound area on day 12) by promoting epidermis regeneration (79.13 % ± 5.99 %), collagen deposition (71.4 % ± 9.1 %), and angiogenesis (294.1 % ± 29.6 % of control group). Therefore, the composite H-SGPGA provided a potential treatment as the hydrogel dressing for the diabetic wound.

Modulatory effects of in ovo delivery of galactooligosaccharide and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum on antioxidant capacity, gene expression, and selected plasma metabolite parameters of broiler chickens

A stable gut microbiota promotes a healthy gut and enhances immune function, antioxidant status, and metabolic activities in chickens. The present research work aimed to investigate the modulatory impacts of in ovo delivery of prebiotic and probiotic on oxidative stress, the intestinal transcriptome, and various plasma metabolites in chickens. Fertilized Ross 308 eggs were administered in ovo either with galactooligosaccharide (GOS) (3.5 mg/egg or Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (LP) 1 × 106/egg on the 12th day of egg incubation. Three hundred viable Ross 308 broiler hatching eggs in total were randomly assigned to four groups, namely, the negative control not injected group, the group receiving physiological saline injections as the positive control, GOS, and LP. The analysis of genes associated with immune functions, antioxidants, barrier functions, and free fatty acid receptors were determined via qPCR. The analysis of the selected plasma blood metabolites was performed automatically with Pentra C 400. The antioxidant capacity of the chickens' liver, breast muscle, and spleen was enhanced by the in ovo injection of GOS and LP. The immune-related gene expression levels were upregulated after in ovo stimulation with either GOS or LP which improved the gut health of broiler chickens. In addition, several genes related to gut barrier functions were upregulated, thus ensuring epithelial integrity. As for blood plasma metabolites, no adverse effects were observed. In summary, we report that in ovo stimulation with either GOS or LP stimulates the immune system and improves the antioxidant status and gut health of chickens with no negative impact on plasma blood metabolite indices.

Total flavonoid content revised: An overview of past, present, and future determinations in phytochemical analysis

Flavonoids represent an important research topic in the analytical chemistry of secondary plant metabolites. During habitual laboratory determinations, preliminary quantitative analysis is often associated with in vitro colorimetric assessment. Total flavonoid content (TFC) is used as screening method with high relevance in the chemical analysis of plants and derived products, being typically applied before HPLC-MS phytochemical profiling. Its importance stems from affordability, simplicity, rapidity, and low cost. The AlCl3 assay, with or without NaNO2 addition, is the most used method in the present, although less frequently used methods (using 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, dimethylamino-cinnamaldehyde, or diethylene glycol) show potential for complementary and specific determinations. Given the prevalence of research papers focusing on a single method for "total flavonoid" determination, we identified the need for an objective and critical comparison of existing methodologies. Moreover, a special notice is dedicated to the past and the future of in vitro TFC determinations, in the context of recent advances in flavonoid research. The focal point of this review is to serve as a basis for laboratory protocol reorganization regarding TFC determination, as a powerful tool before mass spectrometry, as well as to present a potential complementary analysis protocol applicable to biological samples. Among the methods found in the literature, SBC was the only assay providing accurate determinations of TFC.

Single and joint associations of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: A nested case-control study

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous organic pollutants frequently detected in women of childbearing age. Prenatal PAH exposure has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, their impact on hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) remains unclear. To address this gap, we analyzed urinary levels of 10 PAH metabolites in 516 pregnant women from the Zunyi Birth Cohort using high-performance gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Multivariate logistic regression assessed associations between individual PAH metabolites and HDP, while Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) was used to evaluate joint and individual effects of PAH mixtures. Weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression and quantile g-computation (QGC) models were applied to estimate the combined exposure effects on HDP risk. Among the 10 PAH metabolites, 2-OH-FLU had the highest detection rate (86.82 %), while 4-OH-PHE had the lowest (58.91 %). Individual exposure analysis revealed significant associations between HDP risk and 1-OH-NAP (odds ratio [OR]: 1.268; 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 1.083-1.484) and 4-OH-PHE (OR: 1.666; 95 % CI: 1.212-2.290) concentrations. The BKMR model indicated a positive overall association between PAH mixtures and HDP, with 1-OH-NAP and 4-OH-PHE showing the strongest upward trends. In WQS regression, these two metabolites contributed the most significant positive weights to HDP risk. Similarly, the QGC model revealed a significant association (OR: 1.375; 95 % CI: 1.019-1.855) between a quartile increase in PAH mixtures and elevated HDP risk. Our findings indicate that prenatal PAH exposure is associated with increased HDP risk. Further studies are needed to confirm these associations and elucidate underlying biological mechanisms.

Effects of storage time and temperature on the chemical and sensory properties of aseptic milk

Our objective was to determine the effects of storage temperature and storage time on the chemical, physical, and sensory properties of ultra-high-temperature-direct steam injection aseptic milk. Milk was collected on 2 different processing dates (2 replicates) at a commercial aseptic milk processing facility immediately as containers came off the processing line. Milk was heat treated by direct steam injection (142°C for 3 s) with a flash vacuum cooling step following the holding tube and packaged aseptically in 946-mL aseptic packages. Packages were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatment groups (storage temperature of 4°C or 21°C). Half of the packages of 1% aseptic milk were cooled immediately off the processing line in ice and held at 4°C, and the other half were cooled to 21°C and held at 21°C for 12 mo. An unopened package of 1% aseptic milk that had been stored at 4°C or 21°C was opened and analyzed each month (for 12 mo) by chemical and descriptive sensory analyses. Chemical analyses included volatile compounds, viscosity, furosine, and dissolved oxygen. At 2 wk, 6 mo, and 12 mo, milk samples stored at each temperature were evaluated by consumers along with commercial 1% HTST milk. By descriptive sensory analysis, sulfur-eggy flavor decreased faster and caramelized flavor increased faster in aseptic milk stored at 21°C than in that stored at 4°C. Similarly, relative abundance of sulfur volatiles was lower initially in milk stored at 21°C than in that cooled and stored at 4°C. Furosine concentration was higher in milk stored at 21°C than in milk stored at 4°C. There were differences in consumer liking between the aseptic milk samples stored at the 2 storage temperatures, but they did not translate to an advantage in flavor liking for aseptic milk. Consumers indicated higher liking scores for fresh, refrigerated HTST milk than aseptic milk stored at either temperature at all 3 storage time points. Fluid milk processors need to focus on developing technology to increase the sensory liking scores of aseptic milk to maintain and increase fluid milk consumption as consumer lifestyles increase the demand for shelf-stable beverages.

Inhibition effect and mechanism of hydrocolloids on the formation of heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) in meat products: A review

Hydrocolloids are another potential exogenous additive and shows efficient effect in minimizing the formation of toxic by-products during high-temperature processing attribute to their unique structure and high solubility. Therefore, this review provided for the first time comprehensive summary and proposed new insights into the inhibitory effect and mechanism of hydrocolloids on HAAs formation in meat products. Effects of the combined use of hydrocolloids and polyphenols on the HAAs formation inhibitory effects were discussed and highlighted as well. Hydrocolloids, used alone or with polyphenols, can effectively inhibit HAAs formation. Among some common hydrocolloids, carrageenan and chitosan have significant inhibition effect on HAAs formation. Their water retention properties, free radical scavenging ability, and inhibition of Maillard reaction were elucidated as the in-depth mechanism for inhibiting the HAAs formation. This review can provide theoretical reference for hydrocolloids effectively controlling HAAs formation in thermal-processed food, and reducing their harm to human health.

Exogenous melatonin enhancing the accumulation of flavonoids and carotenoids in wolfberry fruit at cold storage

The deterioration of fruit quality during refrigeration is a typical symptom of the storage and transportation of Lycium barbarum L. (wolfberry) fruit after harvest. This study aimed to explore the impact of melatonin (MT) treatment on the fruit quality of wolfberry stored at 4°C, using combined transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses. In this study, about 15% of the flavonoid metabolites differed significantly after MT treatment in yellow-fleshed wolfberry, especially for flavanols, flavanones, and flavonols. MT treatment enhanced esterified carotenoid content in red-fleshed wolfberry postharvest. Comparative transcriptomic analysis revealed that MT-induced upregulation of LbaF3'H, LbaHQT and LbaCHS1 might contribute to the increased flavonoids in yellow-flesh wolfberry, and that MT-induced upregulation of LbaPSY, LbaCRTISO and LbaCYCB are responsible for the increased carotenoids in red-flesh wolfberry. Coexpression network analysis showed that several transcription factors such as LbaGATA are involved in MT-mediated regulation of flavonoids and carotenoids. Dual luciferase assay evidenced that LbaGATA and LbaRKD5 depress the expression of LbaPSY. Overall, this study underscores MT's role in maintaining wolfberry postharvest quality during storage, providing a solid foundation of food application.

L-cysteine modulates the Maillard reaction: Impacts on PhIP and pyrazine formation

L-Cysteine (L-Cys) serves as both an inhibitor of the carcinogen 1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) and an enhancer of food flavor, supporting efforts to improve food safety and quality. Using a glucose/phenylalanine/creatinine model system, this study assessed the effects of varying L-Cys concentrations on PhIP inhibition and pyrazine flavor enhancement through UPLC-MS/MS and GC-MS analyses. The optimal PhIP reduction (82.8 %-83.1 %) was achieved with 20 mg and 100 mg of L-Cys, whereas the pyrazine enhancement peaked with 200 mg and 100 mg of L-Cys (50.54 %-99.16 % and 37.83 %-98.82 %, respectively). A partial least squares regression (PLS) model demonstrated strong predictive accuracy (R2c and R2p > 0.73), providing a robust framework for regulating PhIP and pyrazine levels. This study offers a theoretical basis for advancing food safety and flavor quality, contributing to the development of safer and more enjoyable food products while addressing health and sustainability considerations.

Simultaneous Determination of 32 Polyphenolic Compounds in Berries via HPLC-MS/MS

An HPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of 32 polyphenolic compounds in berries was established. For method validation, the berry samples were extracted with 80% ethanol, purified on an HLB column, and separated on a C18 column via gradient elution with an acetonitrile-water mobile phase system before mass spectrometry detection with electrospray ionization in negative mode and multiple reaction monitoring. The results revealed that the 32 polyphenolic compounds had a good linear relationship in the concentration range of 1-500 μg/L, with R2 > 0.99, limits of detection, limits of quantitation, and recoveries of 0.2-0.6 μg/kg, 0.3-1.0 μg/kg, and 82.8-104.8%, respectively, and RSDs < 5.8%. The contents of polyphenolic compounds in the berries were determined, with 23 polyphenolic compounds in sea buckthorn, 18 in mulberry, 17 in black wolfberry, and 12 in red wolfberry. Eight polyphenolic compounds were found in all 4 kinds of berries, including 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, erucic acid, rutin, hypericin, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, and daffinoside. Additionally, six polyphenolic compounds, catechin, syringic acid, isorhamnetin-3-O-galactoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside, cinnamic acid, and isorhamnetin, were detected only in sea buckthorn.

Metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses provide insights into the role of MiMYB114 and MiMYC2 in the MeJA-induced regulatory network for mango pericarp coloration

The color of mango fruit peel is a critical factor influencing consumer preference and market value. MeJA can enhance mango pericarp coloration, but its effects on different pigments accumulation and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, exogenous treatment of 4 mmol/L MeJA enhances the red and yellow pigments in the pericarp of mango cultivar 'Guifei'. Metabolomic analysis revealed that MeJA significantly increases anthocyanin and carotenoid accumulation while accelerating chlorophyll degradation. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that MeJA promotes the expression of genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis (e.g., MiPAL, MiC4H, MiF3H, and MiUFGT), chlorophyll degradation (MiSGRs, MiPPHs, MiPAO, and MiRCCRs), and carotenoid biosynthesis (MiPSY, MiLCYB, MiBCH, and MiZEP). Furthermore, the transcription factors (MYBs, AP2-ERFs, bHLHs, WRKYs, and TIFYs) were induced by MeJA. Of these, transient expression assays suggested that MiMYB114 mediates anthocyanin accumulation by enhancing the expression of MiF3H and MiUFGT, and the bHLH transcription factor MiMYC2 regulates chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid biosynthesis by promoting the expression of MiSGR, MiRCCR, MiPSY, and MiBCH. Our results provide new insights into the regulatory roles of MeJA treatment in mango pericarp coloration.

The Early Methionine Supplementation of Ewe Lambs (F0) Modifies Meat Quality Traits of the Progeny (F1, Male Fattening Lambs)

Adequate management of replacement ewe lambs (F0) in dairy sheep farms during postnatal life may modify the germline cells, thus promoting transmission of intergenerational effects to the offspring (F1). To test this hypothesis, 18 newborn male lambs (F1), either born from methionine-supplemented ewe lambs (F0 ewe lambs being fed ad libitum with a milk replacer supplemented with 1 g methionine/kg DM) or not supplemented (F0 ewe lambs being fed ad libitum with the same milk replacer with no methionine added), were included in the present study. All the male F1 lambs were managed exactly in the same way along the whole lifespan in order to bring out the differences caused by methionine supplementation of F0 dams. Our data show that the methionine supplementation of dams (F0) during the suckling period did not promote significant (p > 0.05) changes on feed intake, growth rate, or feed efficiency of F1 male lambs during the fattening period. Moreover, the meat chemical composition (proximal, fatty acid profile, and volatile compounds) was similar for both groups (p > 0.05), but the meat of F1-MET lambs presented higher redness and hardness (p < 0.05) when compared to F1-CTRL lambs. The biochemical profile also highlighted significant (p < 0.05) differences in the serum creatinine and calcium content that may be at least partially related to the meat quality traits observed. Overall, all these results suggest that methionine supplementation of lambs (F0) during early postnatal life causes permanent changes in the offspring. This has positive effects, such as achieving a more attractive color of lamb meat (F1) for consumers, and negative effects, such as reduced meat tenderness.

Breeding triple-advantage cottonseed with higher yield, enhanced nutrition, and reduced toxicity by redirecting terpenoid metabolism to astaxanthin

Cottonseed is a valuable source of edible oil and protein, but its utilization is limited by high gossypol content. In this study, we engineered cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) to biosynthesize astaxanthin through both single-gene (CrBKT) and multi-gene (CrBKT, ZmPSY1, PaCrtI, HpCrtZ) expression strategies. Transgenic cotton plants exhibited significant astaxanthin accumulation across multiple tissues, with distinct red pigmentation observed in leaves, stems, reproductive organs, and cottonseeds. While single CrBKT expression was sufficient to redirect metabolic flux toward astaxanthin biosynthesis, multi-gene transformation did not necessarily lead to higher astaxanthin levels, suggesting that BKT is the key determinant of astaxanthin accumulation in cotton. Additionally, BKT-overexpressing plants produced larger cottonseeds, with increased seed weight and size, indicating a possible link between carotenoid metabolism and seed development. Importantly, gossypol content was significantly reduced in transgenic cottonseeds, likely due to the redistribution of terpene metabolism. The qRT-PCR analyses confirmed that the expression of key gossypol biosynthetic genes was downregulated, supporting a metabolic trade-off between astaxanthin and gossypol biosynthesis. These results demonstrate that cotton can serve as a biofactory for astaxanthin production, providing a scalable and cost-effective alternative to traditional sources. Furthermore, the dual benefits of enhanced nutrition and reduced toxicity significantly expand the potential applications of cottonseed in human food, animal feed, and functional ingredient markets.

Natural product-based nanotechnological formulations for colorectal cancer treatment

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common malignancies affecting the gastrointestinal tract. A silent onset often marks it and carries a poor prognosis. Studies have shown that natural products can suppress the growth of colorectal cancer and exert therapeutic effects at the molecular level. However, unfavorable physicochemical properties frequently hinder their clinical application, such as low solubility, limited bioavailability, short half-life, and rapid systemic clearance. As scientific and technological progress continues, increasing attention has been directed toward nanotechnology-based approaches. Techniques involving nanoparticles, liposomes, and micelles are being explored to improve drug delivery. These advancements provide a promising foundation for overcoming the limitations associated with natural products. This review systematically examines the application of nano-formulations for natural ingredients to offer meaningful insights into their. potential use in treating colorectal cancer.

Scutellaria barbata ameliorates acute respiratory distress syndrome by inhibiting neutrophil-mediated inflammatory responses

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The traditional medicinal herb Scutellaria barbata D. Don (commonly known as Ban Zhi Lian) is renowned for its heat-clearing and detoxifying properties and has been used to treat inflammatory conditions and various cancers. While lung inflammation is an indication for S. barbata, its effects on acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remain unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Dysregulated neutrophilic inflammation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of ARDS. In this study, we aimed to investigate the novel application of S. barbata in treating neutrophilic inflammation and ARDS. We evaluated the therapeutic potential of the ethanol extract of S. barbata (SB-EtOH) in mitigating neutrophil-driven inflammatory responses.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The chromatographic fingerprint of SB-EtOH was analyzed, and its ethnopharmacological mechanisms were examined for their effects on inflammatory responses in human neutrophils. The therapeutic potential of SB-EtOH was further assessed using a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ARDS.

RESULTS

SB-EtOH significantly inhibited respiratory burst, degranulation, and chemotactic responses in activated human neutrophils without cytotoxic effects. Additionally, SB-EtOH attenuated phosphorylation of key inflammatory signaling molecules, Akt and p38, while reducing calcium mobilization in activated human neutrophils. In the LPS-induced ARDS mouse model, SB-EtOH reduced pulmonary neutrophil infiltration, lung tissue damage, and oxidative stress accumulation.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggest that S. barbata is a promising therapeutic candidate for ARDS and other neutrophil-predominant inflammatory diseases by mitigating neutrophilic inflammation.

Roasting temperature and fat type influence cholesterol oxidation products, fatty acid composition, physicochemical properties and sensory attributes of beef sausages

The impact of fat type (FT) and roasting temperature (RT) on oxysterols, physicochemical properties and sensory attributes of beef sausages were investigated. Beef sausages were formulated with either 20% Beef tallow (BT), Palm olein (PO) or Soybean oil (SO), and oven-cooked at either 180oC for 30 min or 240oC for 15 min. The BT, PO, and SO sausages had the highest (P<0.05) levels of saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), respectively. Roasting at 240°C increased PUFA, MUFA, and total cholesterol levels, and reduced SFA moisture, and fat levels (P<0.05). The FT × RT interaction was significant for oxysterols, instrumental color and cook loss. The SO-180 sausages had higher levels of 7-ketocholesterol, 5,6β-epoxy cholesterol, cholesta-3,5-dien-7-one, and total oxysterols, but these levels decreased significantly at 240°C. The BT sausages exhibited lower overall cholesterol oxidation, though 22R-hydroxycholesterol was elevated at 180°C, while the PO sausages showed intermediate oxysterol oxidation, with 7α-hydroxycholesterol increasing at 240°C (P<0.05). The SO sausages had higher TBARS compared to other sausages (P<0.05). The BT sausages had greater lightness and lower cook loss at 240°C, while redness increased in both BT and SO sausages at 240oC (P<0.05). The BT sausages had higher hardness and chewiness. The PO sausages had better taste scores than the BT sausages, with similar results to SO sausages, and both PO and SO sausages had higher appearance and overall acceptance scores than the BT sausages. Fat type and roasting temperature synergistically affect oxysterol levels and quality attributes of beef sausages, highlighting the importance of selecting suitable fats and roasting conditions to ensure safety, nutritional value, and sensory quality.