1
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Ma N, Guo W, Liu T, Zhang G. Theoretical mechanism study on the electrochemical benzylation of [60]fullerene derivatives. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:7251-7256. [PMID: 36810899 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp06027b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical methodology is available for the functionalization of fullerenes. However, intricate and ambiguous issues remain to be identified for some electrochemical reactions. In this work, density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the electron delocalization of C60 in fullerobenzofuran (RF5) and the C60-fused lactone (RL6) declines with the electron injection of electrochemistry, and clear active sites can be obtained to react with the electrophilic agent. Furthermore, the selectivity of the addition reaction depends on the Oδ- site, which is inclined to react with the Cδ+ of C60 after electron injection or the Cδ+ of PhCH2+, forming a new C-O bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education; NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals; Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China.
| | - Wenyue Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education; NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals; Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China.
| | - Tongxin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education; NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals; Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China.
| | - Guisheng Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education; NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals; Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China.
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2
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Lo R, Manna D, Lamanec M, Wang W, Bakandritsos A, Dračínský M, Zbořil R, Nachtigallová D, Hobza P. Addition Reaction between Piperidine and C 60 to Form 1,4-Disubstituted C 60 Proceeds through van der Waals and Dative Bond Complexes: Theoretical and Experimental Study. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:10930-10939. [PMID: 34266233 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c01542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A combined computational and experimental study reveals the character of the C60 complexes with piperidine formed under different reaction conditions. The IR and NMR experiments detect the dative bond complex, which according to NMR, is stable in the oxygen-free environment and transforms to the adduct complex in the presence of O2. Computational studies on the character of reaction channels rationalize the experimental observations. They show that the piperidine dimer rather than a single piperidine molecule is required for the complex formation. The calculations reveal significant differences in the dative bond and adduct complexes' character, suggesting a considerable versatility in their electronic properties modulated by the environment. This capability offers new application potential in several fields, such as in energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabindranath Lo
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Námĕstí 542/2, 16000 Prague, Czech Republic.,Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University Olomouc, Křížkovského 511/8, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Debashree Manna
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Námĕstí 542/2, 16000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Maximilián Lamanec
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Námĕstí 542/2, 16000 Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Physical Chemistry, Palacký University Olomouc, tr. 17. listopadu 12, 77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic.,IT4Innovations, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 70800 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Weizhou Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China
| | - Aristides Bakandritsos
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University Olomouc, Křížkovského 511/8, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Nanotechnology Centre, Centre of Energy and Environmental Technologies, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 70800 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dračínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Námĕstí 542/2, 16000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Zbořil
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Námĕstí 542/2, 16000 Prague, Czech Republic.,Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University Olomouc, Křížkovského 511/8, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Nanotechnology Centre, Centre of Energy and Environmental Technologies, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 70800 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Nachtigallová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Námĕstí 542/2, 16000 Prague, Czech Republic.,IT4Innovations, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 70800 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Hobza
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Námĕstí 542/2, 16000 Prague, Czech Republic.,IT4Innovations, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 70800 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
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3
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Korzuch J, Rak M, Balin K, Zubko M, Głowacka O, Dulski M, Musioł R, Madeja Z, Serda M. Towards water-soluble [60]fullerenes for the delivery of siRNA in a prostate cancer model. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10565. [PMID: 34012024 PMCID: PMC8134426 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89943-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper presents two water-soluble fullerene nanomaterials (HexakisaminoC60 and monoglucosamineC60, which is called here JK39) that were developed and synthesized as non-viral siRNA transfection nanosystems. The developed two-step Bingel-Hirsch reaction enables the chemical modification of the fullerene scaffold with the desired bioactive fragments such as D-glucosamine while keeping the crucial positive charged ethylenediamine based malonate. The ESI-MS and 13C-NMR analyses of JK39 confirmed its high Th symmetry, while X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed the presence of nitrogen and oxygen-containing C-O or C-N bonds. The efficiency of both fullerenes as siRNA vehicles was tested in vitro using the prostate cancer cell line DU145 expressing the GFP protein. The HexakisaminoC60 fullerene was an efficient siRNA transfection agent, and decreased the GFP fluorescence signal significantly in the DU145 cells. Surprisingly, the glycofullerene JK39 was inactive in the transfection experiments, probably due to its high zeta potential and the formation of an extremely stable complex with siRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Korzuch
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-006, Katowice, Poland
| | - Monika Rak
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Balin
- Institute of Physics and Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-500, Chorzów, Poland
| | - Maciej Zubko
- Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-500, Chorzów, Poland.,Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, 500-03, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Głowacka
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mateusz Dulski
- Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-500, Chorzów, Poland
| | - Robert Musioł
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-006, Katowice, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Madeja
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maciej Serda
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-006, Katowice, Poland.
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4
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Chen XR, Li YM, Li X, Xuan J, Zhou HP, Tian YP, Li F. An "Umpolung Relay" Strategy: One-Pot, Twice Polarity Inversion Cascade Synthesis of Diversified [60]Fulleroindoles. Org Lett 2021; 23:1302-1308. [PMID: 33522830 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c04290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An "umpolung relay" strategy, which includes an one-pot, twice polarity inversion cascade of C60 via carbanion and carbocation polarity reversed relay pathway, has been developed for the synthesis of a diverse range of novel [60]fulleroindole derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Rui Chen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials and Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials of Anhui Province, Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Meng Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials and Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials of Anhui Province, Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials and Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials of Anhui Province, Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Xuan
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials and Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials of Anhui Province, Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Ping Zhou
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials and Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials of Anhui Province, Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Peng Tian
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials and Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials of Anhui Province, Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials and Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials of Anhui Province, Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, People's Republic of China
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5
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Garrido M, Gualandi L, Di Noja S, Filippini G, Bosi S, Prato M. Synthesis and applications of amino-functionalized carbon nanomaterials. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:12698-12716. [PMID: 33016290 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc05316c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-based nanomaterials (CNMs) have attracted considerable attention in the scientific community both from a scientific and an industrial point of view. Fullerenes, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene and carbon dots (CDs) are the most popular forms and continue to be widely studied. However, the general poor solubility of many of these materials in most common solvents and their strong tendency to aggregate remains a major obstacle in practical applications. To solve these problems, organic chemistry offers formidable help, through the exploitation of tailored approaches, especially when aiming at the integration of nanostructures in biological systems. According to our experience with carbon-based nanostructures, the introduction of amino groups is one of the best trade-offs for the preparation of functionalized nanomaterials. Indeed, amino groups are well-known for enhancing the dispersion, solubilization, and processability of materials, in particular of CNMs. Amino groups are characterized by basicity, nucleophilicity, and formation of hydrogen or halogen bonding. All these features unlock new strategies for the interaction between nanomaterials and other molecules. This integration can occur either through covalent bonds (e.g., via amide coupling) or in a supramolecular fashion. In the present Feature Article, the attention will be focused through selected examples of our approach to the synthetic pathways necessary for the introduction of amino groups in CNMs and the subsequent preparation of highly engineered ad hoc nanostructures for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Garrido
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CENMAT, Center of Excellence for Nanostructured Materials, INSTM UdR, Trieste, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, Trieste 34127, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Gualandi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CENMAT, Center of Excellence for Nanostructured Materials, INSTM UdR, Trieste, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, Trieste 34127, Italy.
| | - Simone Di Noja
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CENMAT, Center of Excellence for Nanostructured Materials, INSTM UdR, Trieste, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, Trieste 34127, Italy.
| | - Giacomo Filippini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CENMAT, Center of Excellence for Nanostructured Materials, INSTM UdR, Trieste, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, Trieste 34127, Italy.
| | - Susanna Bosi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CENMAT, Center of Excellence for Nanostructured Materials, INSTM UdR, Trieste, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, Trieste 34127, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CENMAT, Center of Excellence for Nanostructured Materials, INSTM UdR, Trieste, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, Trieste 34127, Italy. and Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 182, 20014, Donostia San Sebastián, Spain and Basque Fdn Sci, Ikerbasque, Bilbao 48013, Spain
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6
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The Role of Functionalization in the Applications of Carbon Materials: An Overview. C — JOURNAL OF CARBON RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/c5040084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The carbon-based materials (CbMs) refer to a class of substances in which the carbon atoms can assume different hybridization states (sp1, sp2, sp3) leading to different allotropic structures -. In these substances, the carbon atoms can form robust covalent bonds with other carbon atoms or with a vast class of metallic and non-metallic elements, giving rise to an enormous number of compounds from small molecules to long chains to solids. This is one of the reasons why the carbon chemistry is at the basis of the organic chemistry and the biochemistry from which life on earth was born. In this context, the surface chemistry assumes a substantial role dictating the physical and chemical properties of the carbon-based materials. Different functionalities are obtained by bonding carbon atoms with heteroatoms (mainly oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur) determining a certain reactivity of the compound which otherwise is rather weak. This holds for classic materials such as the diamond, the graphite, the carbon black and the porous carbon but functionalization is widely applied also to the carbon nanostructures which came at play mainly in the last two decades. As a matter of fact, nowadays, in addition to fabrication of nano and porous structures, the functionalization of CbMs is at the basis of a number of applications as catalysis, energy conversion, sensing, biomedicine, adsorption etc. This work is dedicated to the modification of the surface chemistry reviewing the different approaches also considering the different macro and nano allotropic forms of carbon.
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7
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Ma Y, Zhang JR, Wang SY, Hu J, Lin J, Song XN. Distinguishing the six stable C 36 fullerene isomers by means of soft X-ray spectroscopies at DFT level. Mol Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2018.1532540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ma
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Rong Zhang
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Yu Wang
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Hu
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Lin
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Neng Song
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
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8
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9
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Abstract
There are several reasons why nanotechnology is currently considered as the leader among the most intensively developing research trends. Nanomatter often exhibits new properties, other than those of the morphology of a continuous solid. Also, new phenomena appear at the nanoscale, which are unknown in the case of microcrystalline objects. For this reason, nanomaterials have already found numerous applications that are described in this review. However, among intensively developed various branches of nanotechnology, nanomedicine and pharmacology stand out particularly, which opens new possibilities for the development of these disciplines, gives great hope for the creation of new drugs in which toxicological properties are reduced to a minimum, reduces the doses of medicines, offers targeted treatment and increases diagnostic possibilities. Nanotechnology is the source of a great revolution in medicine. It gives great hope for better and faster treatment of many diseases and gives hope for a better tomorrow. However, the creation of new "nanodrugs" requires a special understanding of the properties of nanoparticles. This article is a review work which determines and describes the way of creating new nanodrugs from ab initio calculations by docking and molecular dynamic applications up to a new medicinal product, as a proposal for the personalized medicine, in the early future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Szefler
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland,
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10
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Mohajeri M, Behnam B, Sahebkar A. Biomedical applications of carbon nanomaterials: Drug and gene delivery potentials. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:298-319. [PMID: 30078182 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One of the major components in the development of nanomedicines is the choice of the right biomaterial, which notably determines the subsequent biological responses. The popularity of carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) has been on the rise due to their numerous applications in the fields of drug delivery, bioimaging, tissue engineering, and biosensing. Owing to their considerably high surface area, multifunctional surface chemistry, and excellent optical activity, novel functionalized CNMs possess efficient drug-loading capacity, biocompatibility, and lack of immunogenicity. Over the past few decades, several advances have been made on the functionalization of CNMs to minimize their health concerns and enhance their biosafety. Recent evidence has also implied that CNMs can be functionalized with bioactive peptides, proteins, nucleic acids, and drugs to achieve composites with remarkably low toxicity and high pharmaceutical efficiency. This review focuses on the three main classes of CNMs, including fullerenes, graphenes, and carbon nanotubes, and their recent biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mohajeri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Behzad Behnam
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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11
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Minami K, Okamoto K, Harano K, Noiri E, Nakamura E. Hierarchical Assembly of siRNA with Tetraamino Fullerene in Physiological Conditions for Efficient Internalization into Cells and Knockdown. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:19347-19354. [PMID: 29742343 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b01869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Delivery of siRNA is a key technique in alternative gene therapy, where the siRNA cargo must be effectively loaded onto a tailor-designed carrier molecule and smoothly unloaded precisely upon arrival at the target cells or organs. Any toxicity issues also need to be mitigated by suitable choice of the carrier molecule. A water-soluble cationic fullerene, tetra(piperazino)[60]fullerene epoxide (TPFE), was previously shown to be nontoxic and effective for lung-targeted in vivo siRNA delivery by way of agglutination-induced accumulation. We found in this in vitro study that hierarchical reversible assembly of micrometer-sized TPFE-siRNA-serum protein ternary complexes is the key element for effective loading and release, and stabilization of otherwise highly unstable siRNA under the physiological conditions. The amphiphilic TPFE molecule forms a sub-10 nm-sized stable micelle because of strong cohesion between fullerene molecules, and this fullerene aggregate protects siRNA and induces the hierarchical assembly. Unlike popularly used polyamine carriers, TPFE is not toxic at the dose used for the siRNA delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Minami
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan
| | - Koji Okamoto
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, University Hospital , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655 , Japan
| | - Koji Harano
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan
| | - Eisei Noiri
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, University Hospital , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655 , Japan
| | - Eiichi Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan
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12
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Abstract
Although viral vectors comprise the majority of gene delivery vectors, their various safety, production, and other practical concerns have left a research gap to be addressed. The non-viral vector space encompasses a growing variety of physical and chemical methods capable of gene delivery into the nuclei of target cells. Major physical methods described in this chapter are microinjection, electroporation, and ballistic injection, magnetofection, sonoporation, optical transfection, and localized hyperthermia. Major chemical methods described in this chapter are lipofection, polyfection, gold complexation, and carbon-based methods. Combination approaches to improve transfection efficiency or reduce immunological response have shown great promise in expanding the scope of non-viral gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Hong Sum
- University of Waterloo, School of Pharmacy, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | | | - Shirley Wong
- University of Waterloo, School of Pharmacy, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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13
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Jiménez Blanco JL, Benito JM, Ortiz Mellet C, García Fernández JM. Molecular nanoparticle-based gene delivery systems. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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14
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Krasnokutski S, Kuhn M, Kaiser A, Mauracher A, Renzler M, Bohme DK, Scheier P. Building Carbon Bridges on and between Fullerenes in Helium Nanodroplets. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:1440-1445. [PMID: 27043313 PMCID: PMC4845062 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We report the observation of sequential encounters of fullerenes with C atoms in an extremely cold environment. Experiments were performed with helium droplets at 0.37 K doped with C60 molecules and C atoms derived from a novel, pure source of C atoms. Very high-resolution mass spectra revealed the formation of carbenes of the type C60(C:)n with n up to 6. Bridge-type bonding of the C adatoms to form the known dumbbell C60═C═C60 also was observed. Density functional theory calculations were performed that elucidated the carbene character of the C60(C:)n species and their structures. Mass spectra taken in the presence of water impurities and in separate experiments with added H2 also revealed the formation of the adducts C60C(n)(H2O)n and C60C(n)(H2)n probably by H-OH and H-H bond insertion, respectively, and nonreactivity for the dumbell. So C adatoms that form carbenes C60(C:)n can endow pristine C60 with a higher chemical reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge
A. Krasnokutski
- Laboratory
Astrophysics Group of the Max Planck Institute
for Astronomy at the Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Kuhn
- Institut
für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexander Kaiser
- Institut
für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Mauracher
- Institut
für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Renzler
- Institut
für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Diethard K. Bohme
- Department
of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto M3J 1P3, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Scheier
- Institut
für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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15
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Carini M, Da Ros T, Prato M, Mateo-Alonso A. Shuttling as a Strategy to Control the Regiochemistry of Bis-Additions on Fullerene Derivatives. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:1823-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201501174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Carini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University di Trieste; Piazzale Europa 1 34127 Trieste Italy
- POLYMAT; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU; Avenida de Tolosa 72 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
| | - Tatiana Da Ros
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University di Trieste; Piazzale Europa 1 34127 Trieste Italy
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University di Trieste; Piazzale Europa 1 34127 Trieste Italy
- Carbon Nanobiotechnology Laboratory; CIC biomaGUNE; Paseo de Miramón 182 20009 Donostia-San Sebastian Spain
- Ikerbasque; Basque Foundation for Science; 48011 Bilbao Spain
| | - Aurelio Mateo-Alonso
- POLYMAT; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU; Avenida de Tolosa 72 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
- Ikerbasque; Basque Foundation for Science; 48011 Bilbao Spain
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16
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Ornelas C. Brief Timelapse on Dendrimer Chemistry: Advances, Limitations, and Expectations. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201500393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Catia Ornelas
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Campinas - Unicamp; Campinas SP 13083-970 Brazil
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17
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Barrán-Berdón AL, Yélamos B, García-Río L, Domènech Ò, Aicart E, Junquera E. Polycationic Macrocyclic Scaffolds as Potential Non-Viral Vectors of DNA: A Multidisciplinary Study. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:14404-14414. [PMID: 26067709 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b03231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The potential of lipoplexes constituted by the DNA pEGFP-C3 (encoding green fluorescent protein), polycationic calixarene-based macrocyclic vector (CxCL) with a lipidic matrix (herein named TMAC4), and zwitterionic lipid 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) as nontoxic DNA vectors has been analyzed from both biophysical and biochemical perspectives. For that purpose, several experimental methods, such as zeta potential (PALS methodology), agarose gel electrophoresis, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), transmission electronic cryo-microscopy (cryo-TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), fluorescence microscopy, and cytotoxicity assays have been used. The electrochemical study shows that TMAC4 has 100% of its nominal charge available, whereas pDNA presents an effective negative charge that is only 10% that of its nominal one. PALS studies indicate the presence of three populations of nanoaggregates in TMAC4/DOPE lipid mixtures, with sizes of approximately 100, 17, and 6 nm, compatible with liposomes, oblate micelles, and spherical micelles, respectively, the first two also being detected by cryo-TEM. However, in the presence of pDNA, this mixture is organized in Lα multilamellar structures at all compositions. In fact, cryo-TEM micrographs show two types of multilamellar aggregation patterns: cluster-type at low and moderate CxCL molar fractions in the TMAC4/DOPE lipid mixture (α = 0.2 and 0.5), and fingerprint-type (FP), which are only present at low CxCL molar fraction (α = 0.2). This structural scenario has also been observed in SAXS diffractograms, including the coexistence of two different phases when DOPE dominates in the mixture. AFM experiments at α = 0.2 provide evidence that pDNA makes the lipid bilayer more deformable, thus promoting a potential enhancement in the capability of penetrating the cells. In fact, the best transfection perfomances of these TMAC4/DOPE-pDNA lipoplexes have been obtained at low CxCL molar fractions (α = 0.2) and a moderate-to-high effective charge ratio (ρeff = 20). Presumably, the coexistence of two lamellar phases is responsible for the better TE performance at low α.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luis García-Río
- ⊥Departamento de Química Física, Centro de Investigación en Química Biológica y Materiales Moleculares, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Òscar Domènech
- §Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Clima L, Peptanariu D, Pinteala M, Salic A, Barboiu M. DyNAvectors: dynamic constitutional vectors for adaptive DNA transfection. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:17529-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc06715d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A dynamic constitutional strategy presented here, combining easy synthesis and rapid screening, enables the selection of highly effective Dynamic Constitutional Frameworks (DCFs) for DNA transfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Clima
- Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy – 41A
- Iasi
- Romania
| | - Dragos Peptanariu
- Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy – 41A
- Iasi
- Romania
| | - Mariana Pinteala
- Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy – 41A
- Iasi
- Romania
| | - Adrian Salic
- Department of Cell Biology
- Harvard Medical School
- Boston
- USA
| | - Mihail Barboiu
- Adaptative Supramolecular Nanosystems Group
- Institut Européen des Membranes
- ENSCM/UMII/UMR-CNRS 5635
- 34095 Montpellier, Cedex 5
- France
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19
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Uritu CM, Varganici CD, Ursu L, Coroaba A, Nicolescu A, Dascalu AI, Peptanariu D, Stan D, Constantinescu CA, Simion V, Calin M, Maier SS, Pinteala M, Barboiu M. Hybrid fullerene conjugates as vectors for DNA cell-delivery. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:2433-2446. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb02040e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
C60-PEI and C60-PEG-PEI as efficient binders of dsDNA, with good transfection up to 25%, high cytocompatibility and cell proliferation up to 200%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M. Uritu
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy
- Iasi
- Romania
| | | | - Laura Ursu
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy
- Iasi
- Romania
| | - Adina Coroaba
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy
- Iasi
- Romania
| | - Alina Nicolescu
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy
- Iasi
- Romania
| | - Andrei I. Dascalu
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy
- Iasi
- Romania
| | - Dragos Peptanariu
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy
- Iasi
- Romania
| | - Daniela Stan
- “Nicolae Simionescu” Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology
- Bucharest
- Romania
| | | | - Viorel Simion
- “Nicolae Simionescu” Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology
- Bucharest
- Romania
| | - Manuela Calin
- “Nicolae Simionescu” Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology
- Bucharest
- Romania
| | - Stelian S. Maier
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy
- Iasi
- Romania
- “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi
- Iasi
| | - Mariana Pinteala
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy
- Iasi
- Romania
| | - Mihail Barboiu
- Institut Européen des Membranes
- Adaptive Supramolecular Nanosystems Group – ENSCM-UMII-CNRS UMR-5635
- F-34095 Montpellier
- France
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20
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Jennepalli S, Hammer KA, Riley TV, Pyne SG, Keller PA. Synthesis of Mono and Bis[60]fullerene-Based Dicationic Peptoids. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201403046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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21
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Nierengarten I, Nierengarten JF. The impact of copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition in fullerene chemistry. CHEM REC 2014; 15:31-51. [PMID: 25392909 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201402081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Click reactions largely cross the borders of organic synthetic chemistry and are now at the forefront of many interdisciplinary studies at the interfaces between chemistry, physics, and biology. As part of this research, our group is involved in a program on the development of clickable fullerene building blocks and their application in the preparation of a large variety of new advanced materials and bioactive compounds. Importantly, the introduction of the click chemistry concept in fullerene chemistry allowed us to produce compounds that would barely be accessible by using the classical tools of fullerene chemistry. This is particularly the case for the conjugation of fullerenes with other carbon nanoforms, such as carbon nanohorns and graphene. It is also the case for most of the sophisticated molecular ensembles constructed from clickable fullerene hexa-adduct building blocks. In this paper, we have summarized our ongoing progress in this particular field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Nierengarten
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux Moléculaires, Université de Strasbourg et CNRS (UMR 7509), Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), 25 rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
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22
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Kılınç E. Fullerene C60functionalized γ-Fe2O3magnetic nanoparticle: Synthesis, characterization, and biomedical applications. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 44:298-304. [DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2014.948182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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23
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Minami K, Okamoto K, Doi K, Harano K, Noiri E, Nakamura E. siRNA delivery targeting to the lung via agglutination-induced accumulation and clearance of cationic tetraamino fullerene. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4916. [PMID: 24814863 PMCID: PMC4017229 DOI: 10.1038/srep04916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficient treatment of lung diseases requires lung-selective delivery of agents to the lung. However, lung-selective delivery is difficult because the accumulation of micrometer-sized carriers in the lung often induces inflammation and embolization-related toxicity. Here we demonstrate a lung-selective delivery system of small interfering RNA (siRNA) by controlling the size of carrier vehicle in blood vessels. The carrier is made of tetra(piperazino)fullerene epoxide (TPFE), a water-soluble cationic tetraamino fullerene. TPFE and siRNA form sub-micrometer-sized complexes in buffered solution and these complexes agglutinate further with plasma proteins in the bloodstream to form micrometer-sized particles. The agglutinate rapidly clogs the lung capillaries, releases the siRNA into lung cells to silence expression of target genes, and is then cleared rapidly from the lung after siRNA delivery. We applied our delivery system to an animal model of sepsis, indicating the potential of TPFE-based siRNA delivery for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Minami
- 1] Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan [2]
| | - Koji Okamoto
- Department of Hemodialysis and Apheresis, University Hospital, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kent Doi
- Department of Hemodialysis and Apheresis, University Hospital, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Koji Harano
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Eisei Noiri
- Department of Hemodialysis and Apheresis, University Hospital, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Eiichi Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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24
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Nierengarten I, Nierengarten JF. Fullerene sugar balls: a new class of biologically active fullerene derivatives. Chem Asian J 2014; 9:1436-44. [PMID: 24678063 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201400133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Among the large variety of bioactive C60 derivatives, fullerene derivatives substituted with sugar residues, that is, glycofullerenes, are of particular interest. The sugar residues are not only solubilizing groups; their intrinsic biological properties also provide additional appealing features to the conjugates. The most recent advances in the synthesis and the biological applications of glycofullerenes are summarized in the present review article with special emphasis on globular glycofullerenes, that is, fullerene sugar balls, constructed on a hexa-substituted fullerene scaffold. The high local concentration of carbohydrates around the C60 core in fullerene sugar balls is perfectly suited to the binding of lectins through the "glycoside cluster effect", and these compounds are potential anti-adhesive agents against bacterial infection. Moreover, mannosylated fullerene sugar balls have shown antiviral activity in an Ebola pseudotyped infection model. Finally, when substituted with peripheral iminosugars, dramatic multivalent effects have been observed for glycosidase inhibition. These unexpected observations have been rationalized by the interplay of interactions involving the catalytic site of the enzyme and non-glycone binding sites with lectin-like abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Nierengarten
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux Moléculaires, Université de Strasbourg et CNRS (UMR 7509), Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2 (France)
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25
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Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Systems in Cancer Medicine: Emphasis on RNAi-Containing Nanoliposomes. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2013; 6:1361-80. [PMID: 24287462 PMCID: PMC3854016 DOI: 10.3390/ph6111361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanomedicine is a growing research field dealing with the creation and manipulation of materials at a nanometer scale for the better treatment, diagnosis and imaging of diseases. In cancer medicine, the use of nanoparticles as drug delivery systems has advanced the bioavailability, in vivo stability, intestinal absorption, solubility, sustained and targeted delivery, and therapeutic effectiveness of several anticancer agents. The expansion of novel nanoparticles for drug delivery is an exciting and challenging research filed, in particular for the delivery of emerging cancer therapies, including small interference RNA (siRNA) and microRNA (miRNAs)-based molecules. In this review, we focus on the currently available drug delivery systems for anticancer agents. In addition, we will discuss the promising use of nanoparticles for novel cancer treatment strategies.
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26
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Yang HT, Ren WL, Ruan XJ, Tian ZY, Liang XC, Han C, Sun XQ, Miao CB. Reaction of [60]fullerene with α-alkoxyl/acyloxyl/phenolyl ketoxime: unusual C–C and C–O bond cleavage. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.12.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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27
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Magoulas GE, Garnelis T, Athanassopoulos CM, Papaioannou D, Mattheolabakis G, Avgoustakis K, Hadjipavlou-Litina D. Synthesis and antioxidative/anti-inflammatory activity of novel fullerene–polyamine conjugates. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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28
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Nedumpully Govindan P, Monticelli L, Salonen E. Mechanism of Taq DNA Polymerase Inhibition by Fullerene Derivatives: Insight from Computer Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:10676-83. [DOI: 10.1021/jp3046577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Monticelli
- INSERM, UMR-S665, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S 665,
Paris, France
- Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine (INTS), Paris, France
| | - Emppu Salonen
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 11100, FI-00076 AALTO, Finland
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29
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Liu J, Tabata Y. Photodynamic Antitumor Activity of Fullerene Modified with Poly(ethylene glycol) with Different Molecular Weights and Terminal Structures. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 22:297-312. [DOI: 10.1163/092050609x12609582066446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- a Department of Biomaterials, Field of Tissue Engineering, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Tabata
- b Department of Biomaterials, Field of Tissue Engineering, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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31
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Maroto E, Filippone S, Martín-Domenech A, Suárez M, Martín N, Martínez-Alvarez R. Effect of substituents and protonation on the mechanism of 1,3-dipolar retro-cycloaddition reaction of pyrrolidino[60]- and [70]fullerenes. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2011; 46:1016-1029. [PMID: 22012668 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The mass spectra of new substituted pyrrolidino[60]- and [70]fullerenes have been obtained using electrospray ionization conditions in the positive and negative mode of detection with two different mass spectrometers, a quadrupole ion trap and a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance. Radical anions M(●-) and deprotonated molecules [M-H](-) are formed under negative electrospray ionization mass spectrometry conditions, and the collision-induced dissociations of both ionic species have been studied. Either negative odd-electron ions or negative even-electron ions undergo a retro-cycloaddition process forming the corresponding fullerene product ions C(60)(●-) and C(70)(●-). The generation of fullerene radical anions from deprotonated molecules is a new exception of the "even-electron rule." In contrast, the protonated molecules [M + H](+) obtained from the positive mode of detection do not undergo this cycloreversion reaction, and the MS(n) experiment reveals a variety of eliminations of neutral molecules involving different hydrogen shifts and multiple bond cleavages that lead eventually to substituted methanofullerene fragment ions. The observed fragmentations can be correlated with the electronic character of the substituents attached to the heterocyclic moiety. The results obtained from the thermal reactions of these compounds, carried out under different pH conditions, correlate well with those obtained in gas phase. The different behaviors between protonated and unprotonated molecules and ions can be explained assuming that the retro-cycloaddition reaction takes place only when the nitrogen atom of the pyrrolidine ring (the basic center of the molecule) is unprotonated both in gas and condensed phase. The protonation of the NH group inhibits the cycloreversion process, and therefore different fragmentations take place. The detailed mechanisms of the formation and evolution of the intermediate fragments are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Maroto
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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32
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Chung DJ, Seong MK, Choi SH. Radiolytic synthesis of OH group functionalized fullerene structures and their biosensor application. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.34225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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33
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Nakamura E, Isobe H. In vitro and in vivo gene delivery with tailor-designed aminofullerenes. CHEM REC 2010; 10:260-70. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201000021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Jin KS, Shin SR, Ahn B, Jin S, Rho Y, Kim H, Kim SJ, Ree M. Effect of C(60) fullerene on the duplex formation of i-motif DNA with complementary DNA in solution. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:4783-8. [PMID: 20218585 DOI: 10.1021/jp9122453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The structural effects of fullerene on i-motif DNA were investigated by characterizing the structures of fullerene-free and fullerene-bound i-motif DNA, in the presence of cDNA and in solutions of varying pH, using circular dichroism and synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering. To facilitate a direct structural comparison between the i-motif and duplex structures in response to pH stimulus, we developed atomic scale structural models for the duplex and i-motif DNA structures, and for the C(60)/i-motif DNA hybrid associated with the cDNA strand, assuming that the DNA strands are present in an ideal right-handed helical conformation. We found that fullerene shifted the pH-induced conformational transition between the i-motif and the duplex structure, possibly due to the hydrophobic interactions between the terminal fullerenes and between the terminal fullerenes and an internal TAA loop in the DNA strand. The hybrid structure showed a dramatic reduction in cyclic hysteresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong Sik Jin
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National Research Lab for Polymer Synthesis and Physics, Center for Electro-Photo Behaviors in Advanced Molecular Systems, Division of Advanced Materials Science, Polymer Research Institute, and BK School of Molecular Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
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Ortiz Mellet C, Benito J, García Fernández J. Preorganized, Macromolecular, Gene-Delivery Systems. Chemistry 2010; 16:6728-42. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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37
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Matsuoka KI, Akiyama T, Yamada S. Selective formation and structural properties of rhombic dodecahedral [70]fullerene microparticles formed by reaction with aliphatic diamines. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:4274-4280. [PMID: 19904956 DOI: 10.1021/la903355e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We have accomplished the selective formation of rhombic dodecahedral microparticles on the submicrometer to micrometer scale by the reaction of [70]fullerene (C(70)) with primary aliphatic diamines. The morphology of the resultant microparticles was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, and other spectroscopic methods, demonstrating that the resultant particles held a rhombic dodecahedral shape having a simple cubic lattice structure and that primary aliphatic amines were mostly trapped inside the particles through electronic interaction between C(70) and amines. Furthermore, we have discovered interesting structural characteristics in which the incorporated amines could be removed from the C(70) microparticles or exchanged with other primary aliphatic diamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichi Matsuoka
- Department of Materials Physics and Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Abstract
Application of nanotechnology to medical biology has brought remarkable success. Water-soluble fullerenes are molecules with great potential for biological use because they can endow unique characteristics of amphipathic property and form a self-assembled structure by chemical modification. Effective gene delivery in vitro with tetra(piperazino)fullerene epoxide (TPFE) and its superiority to Lipofectin have been described in a previous report. For this study, we evaluated the efficacy of in vivo gene delivery by TPFE. Delivery of enhanced green fluorescent protein gene (EGFP) by TPFE on pregnant female ICR mice showed distinct organ selectivity compared with Lipofectin; moreover, higher gene expression by TPFE was found in liver and spleen, but not in the lung. No acute toxicity of TPFE was found for the liver and kidney, although Lipofectin significantly increased liver enzymes and blood urea nitrogen. In fetal tissues, neither TPFE nor Lipofectin induced EGFP gene expression. Delivery of insulin 2 gene to female C57/BL6 mice increased plasma insulin levels and reduced blood glucose concentrations, indicating the potential of TPFE-based gene delivery for clinical application. In conclusion, this study demonstrated effective gene delivery in vivo for the first time using a water-soluble fullerene.
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Ngale KN, Desgranges C, Delhommelle J. Nucleation and growth of C60 nanoparticles from the supersaturated vapor and from the undercooled liquid: A molecular simulation study. J Chem Phys 2009; 131:244515. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3283901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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40
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Design and synthesis of bile acid-based amino sterols as antimicrobial agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:5411-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.07.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Revised: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 07/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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41
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Chen SY, Cheng RL, Tseng CK, Lin YS, Lai LH, Venkatachalam RK, Chen YC, Cheng CH, Chuang SC. Fullerene Derivatives Incorporating Phosphoramidous Ylide and Phosphoramidate: Synthesis and Property. J Org Chem 2009; 74:4866-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jo8026017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yuan Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC 30010, and Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC 30013
| | - Rai-Long Cheng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC 30010, and Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC 30013
| | - Cheng-Kuo Tseng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC 30010, and Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC 30013
| | - Ya-Shiuan Lin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC 30010, and Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC 30013
| | - Li-Hsiang Lai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC 30010, and Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC 30013
| | - Rajesh Kumar Venkatachalam
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC 30010, and Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC 30013
| | - Yu-Chie Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC 30010, and Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC 30013
| | - Chien-Hong Cheng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC 30010, and Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC 30013
| | - Shih-Ching Chuang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC 30010, and Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC 30013
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42
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Hiorns RC, Iratçabal P, Bégué D, Khoukh A, De Bettignies R, Leroy J, Firon M, Sentein C, Martinez H, Preud'homme H, Dagron-Lartigau C. Alternatively linking fullerene and conjugated polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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43
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Matsuo Y, Nakamura E. Selective Multiaddition of Organocopper Reagents to Fullerenes. Chem Rev 2008; 108:3016-28. [DOI: 10.1021/cr0684218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Matsuo
- Nakamura Functional Carbon Cluster Project, ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Eiichi Nakamura
- Nakamura Functional Carbon Cluster Project, ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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44
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Sitharaman B, Zakharian TY, Saraf A, Misra P, Ashcroft J, Pan S, Pham QP, Mikos AG, Wilson LJ, Engler DA. Water-soluble fullerene (C60) derivatives as nonviral gene-delivery vectors. Mol Pharm 2008; 5:567-78. [PMID: 18505267 PMCID: PMC2652357 DOI: 10.1021/mp700106w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new class of water-soluble C60 transfecting agents has been prepared using Hirsch-Bingel chemistry and assessed for their ability to act as gene-delivery vectors in vitro. In an effort to elucidate the relationship between the hydrophobicity of the fullerene core, the hydrophilicity of the water-solubilizing groups, and the overall charge state of the C60 vectors in gene delivery and expression, several different C60 derivatives were synthesized to yield either positively charged, negatively charged, or neutral chemical functionalities under physiological conditions. These fullerene derivatives were then tested for their ability to transfect cells grown in culture with DNA carrying the green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene. Statistically significant expression of GFP was observed for all forms of the C60 derivatives when used as DNA vectors and compared to the ability of naked DNA alone to transfect cells. However, efficient in vitro transfection was only achieved with the two positively charged C60 derivatives, namely, an octa-amino derivatized C60 and a dodeca-amino derivatized C60 vector. All C60 vectors showed an increase in toxicity in a dose-dependent manner. Increased levels of cellular toxicity were observed for positively charged C60 vectors relative to the negatively charged and neutral vectors. Structural analyses using dynamic light scattering and optical microscopy offered further insights into possible correlations between the various derivatized C60 compounds, the C60 vector/DNA complexes, their physical attributes (aggregation, charge) and their transfection efficiencies. Recently, similar Gd@C60-based compounds have demonstrated potential as advanced contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Thus, the successful demonstration of intracellular DNA uptake, intracellular transport, and gene expression from DNA using C60 vectors suggests the possibility of developing analogous Gd@C60-based vectors to serve simultaneously as both therapeutic and diagnostic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Sitharaman
- Department of Chemistry, Richard E. Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251-1892, USA
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45
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Zimmerli U, Koumoutsakos P. Simulations of electrophoretic RNA transport through transmembrane carbon nanotubes. Biophys J 2008; 94:2546-57. [PMID: 18178663 PMCID: PMC2267118 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.106.102467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2006] [Accepted: 11/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of interactions between carbon nanotubes and cellular components, such as membranes and biomolecules, is fundamental for the rational design of nanodevices interfacing with biological systems. In this work, we use molecular dynamics simulations to study the electrophoretic transport of RNA through carbon nanotubes embedded in membranes. Decorated and naked carbon nanotubes are inserted into a dodecane membrane and a dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine lipid bilayer, and the system is subjected to electrostatic potential differences. The transport properties of this artificial pore are determined by the structural modifications of the membrane in the vicinity of the nanotube openings and they are quantified by the nonuniform electrostatic potential maps at the entrance and inside the nanotube. The pore is used to transport electrophoretically a short RNA segment and we find that the speed of translocation exhibits an exponential dependence on the applied potential differences. The RNA is transported while undergoing a repeated stacking and unstacking process, affected by steric interactions with the membrane headgroups and by hydrophobic interaction with the walls of the nanotube. The RNA is structurally reorganized inside the nanotube, with its backbone solvated by water molecules near the axis of the tube and its bases aligned with the nanotube walls. Upon exiting the pore, the RNA interacts with the membrane headgroups and remains attached to the dodecane membrane while it is expelled into the solvent in the case of the lipid bilayer. The results of the simulations detail processes of molecular transport into cellular compartments through manufactured nanopores and they are discussed in the context of applications in biotechnology and nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs Zimmerli
- Computational Science and Engineering Laboratory, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
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46
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Delgado JL, Oswald F, Cardinali F, Langa F, Martín N. On the Thermal Stability of [60]Fullerene Cycloadducts: Retro-Cycloaddition Reaction of 2-Pyrazolino[4,5:1,2][60]fullerenes. J Org Chem 2008; 73:3184-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jo702741n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Luis Delgado
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Nanociencia, Nanotecnología y Materiales Moleculares (INAMOL), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain, and IMDEA-Nanociencia, Facultad de Ciencias, Módulo C-IX, 3a planta, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Frédéric Oswald
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Nanociencia, Nanotecnología y Materiales Moleculares (INAMOL), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain, and IMDEA-Nanociencia, Facultad de Ciencias, Módulo C-IX, 3a planta, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - François Cardinali
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Nanociencia, Nanotecnología y Materiales Moleculares (INAMOL), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain, and IMDEA-Nanociencia, Facultad de Ciencias, Módulo C-IX, 3a planta, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Langa
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Nanociencia, Nanotecnología y Materiales Moleculares (INAMOL), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain, and IMDEA-Nanociencia, Facultad de Ciencias, Módulo C-IX, 3a planta, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nazario Martín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Nanociencia, Nanotecnología y Materiales Moleculares (INAMOL), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain, and IMDEA-Nanociencia, Facultad de Ciencias, Módulo C-IX, 3a planta, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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47
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Matsuo Y, Zhang Y, Nakamura E. Addition of Tetrahydrofuran to [60]Fullerene through C−H Bond Activation Induced by Arylzinc Reagents. Org Lett 2008; 10:1251-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ol800143b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Matsuo
- Nakamura Functional Carbon Cluster Project, ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ying Zhang
- Nakamura Functional Carbon Cluster Project, ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Eiichi Nakamura
- Nakamura Functional Carbon Cluster Project, ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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48
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Ragusa A, García I, Penadés S. Nanoparticles as nonviral gene delivery vectors. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2008; 6:319-30. [PMID: 18217625 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2007.908996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy, as therapeutic treatment to genetic or acquired diseases, is attracting much interest in the research community, leading to noteworthy developments over the past two decades. Although this field is still dominated by viral vectors, nonviral vectors have recently received an ever increasing attention in order to overcome the safety problems of their viral counterpart. This review presents the biological aspects involved in the gene delivery process and explores the recent developments and achievements of nonviral gene carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ragusa
- Laboratory of Glyconanotechnology, IIQ-CSIC, Americo Vespucio 49, 41092 Seville, Spain.
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49
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Twenty Years of Promises: Fullerene in Medicinal Chemistry. MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGICAL POTENTIAL OF FULLERENES AND CARBON NANOTUBES 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-6845-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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50
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Iyer KS, Raston CL, Saunders M. Hierarchical aqueous self-assembly of C60 nano-whiskers and C60-silver nano-hybrids under continuous flow. LAB ON A CHIP 2007; 7:1121-4. [PMID: 17713609 DOI: 10.1039/b707037c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitous starch-iodine complex can be used to organize hydrophobic fullerene C(60) in water into nano-whiskers shrouded by the biopolymer, and are approximately 5-8 nm in cross section, and 250-350 nm in length, as a hierarchical self assembly process. The preformed starch-iodine complex reacts with solid pristine C(60) affording nano-whiskers with iodine surrounding the fullerene array, the iodine then being removed on treatment with ascorbic acid. The hydrophobic surface of the nano-whiskers of C(60) can be coated with silver metal in a controlled way using 'soft energy' spinning disc processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Swaminathan Iyer
- Centre for Strategic Nano-fabrication, School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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