1
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Odena C, Santiago TG, Linares ML, Castellanos-Blanco N, McGuire RT, Chaves-Arquero B, Alonso JM, Diéguez-Vázquez A, Tan E, Alcázar J, Buijnsters P, Cañellas S, Martin R. Late-Stage C( sp2)-C( sp3) Diversification via Nickel Oxidative Addition Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:21264-21270. [PMID: 39052124 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c08404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we describe nickel oxidative addition complexes (Ni-OACs) of drug-like molecules as a platform to rapidly generate lead candidates with enhanced C(sp3) fraction. The potential of Ni-OACs to access new chemical space has been assessed not only in C(sp2)-C(sp3) couplings but also in additional bond formations without recourse to specialized ligands and with improved generality when compared to Ni-catalyzed reactions. The development of an automated diversification process further illustrates the robustness of Ni-OACs, thus offering a new gateway to expedite the design-make-test-analyze (DMTA) cycle in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlota Odena
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avenida Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Tomás G Santiago
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avenida Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | | | - Nahury Castellanos-Blanco
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avenida Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ryan T McGuire
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avenida Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Belén Chaves-Arquero
- Janssen-Cilag, S.A., a Johnson & Johnson Company, C/Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Alonso
- Janssen-Cilag, S.A., a Johnson & Johnson Company, C/Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | | | - Eric Tan
- Janssen Pharmaceutica Nv, A Johnson & Johnson Company, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jesús Alcázar
- Janssen-Cilag, S.A., a Johnson & Johnson Company, C/Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Peter Buijnsters
- Janssen Pharmaceutica Nv, A Johnson & Johnson Company, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Santiago Cañellas
- Janssen-Cilag, S.A., a Johnson & Johnson Company, C/Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Ruben Martin
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avenida Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys, 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Kawasaki T, Tosaki T, Miki S, Takada T, Murakami M, Ishida N. Dehydrogenative Coupling of Alkylamines with Primary Alcohols Forming α-Amino Ketones. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:17566-17572. [PMID: 38885646 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Acceptorless dehydrogenative coupling reactions between C-H bonds offer straightforward and atom-economical methods connecting readily available materials while liberating gaseous hydrogen as the sole byproduct. Despite the growing interest in such transformations, their realization still poses a significant challenge. Here we report a photoinduced dehydrogenative coupling reaction of alkylamines with primary alcohols. C-H bonds adjacent to nitrogen and oxygen are site-selectively cleaved, and a C-C bond is created between the carbon atoms in a cross-selective manner to produce α-amino ketones. Diverse polar functionalities such as esters, amides, and carboxylic acids survived, demonstrating the broad applicability of the present method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tairin Kawasaki
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tosaki
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shousuke Miki
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Takada
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Masahiro Murakami
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Naoki Ishida
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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3
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Cagan D, Bím D, Kazmierczak NP, Hadt RG. Mechanisms of Photoredox Catalysis Featuring Nickel-Bipyridine Complexes. ACS Catal 2024; 14:9055-9076. [PMID: 38868098 PMCID: PMC11165457 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.4c02036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Metallaphotoredox catalysis can unlock useful pathways for transforming organic reactants into desirable products, largely due to the conversion of photon energy into chemical potential to drive redox and bond transformation processes. Despite the importance of these processes for cross-coupling reactions and other transformations, their mechanistic details are only superficially understood. In this review, we have provided a detailed summary of various photoredox mechanisms that have been proposed to date for Ni-bipyridine (bpy) complexes, focusing separately on photosensitized and direct excitation reaction processes. By highlighting multiple bond transformation pathways and key findings, we depict how photoredox reaction mechanisms, which ultimately define substrate scope, are themselves defined by the ground- and excited-state geometric and electronic structures of key Ni-based intermediates. We further identify knowledge gaps to motivate future mechanistic studies and the development of synergistic research approaches spanning the physical, organic, and inorganic chemistry communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- David
A. Cagan
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory
of Chemical Physics, California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Daniel Bím
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The
Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague 6 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Nathanael P. Kazmierczak
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory
of Chemical Physics, California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Ryan G. Hadt
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory
of Chemical Physics, California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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4
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Sutcliffe E, Cagan DA, Hadt RG. Ultrafast Photophysics of Ni(I)-Bipyridine Halide Complexes: Spanning the Marcus Normal and Inverted Regimes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:15506-15514. [PMID: 38776490 PMCID: PMC11157544 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Owing to their light-harvesting properties, nickel-bipyridine (bpy) complexes have found wide use in metallaphotoredox cross-coupling reactions. Key to these transformations are Ni(I)-bpy halide intermediates that absorb a significant fraction of light at relevant cross-coupling reaction irradiation wavelengths. Herein, we report ultrafast transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy on a library of eight Ni(I)-bpy halide complexes, the first such characterization of any Ni(I) species. The TA data reveal the formation and decay of Ni(I)-to-bpy metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) excited states (10-30 ps) whose relaxation dynamics are well described by vibronic Marcus theory, spanning the normal and inverted regions as a result of simple changes to the bpy substituents. While these lifetimes are relatively long for MLCT excited states in first-row transition metal complexes, their duration precludes excited-state bimolecular reactivity in photoredox reactions. We also present a one-step method to generate an isolable, solid-state Ni(I)-bpy halide species, which decouples light-initiated reactivity from dark, thermal cycles in catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ryan G. Hadt
- Division of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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5
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Huang H, Alvarez-Hernandez JL, Hazari N, Mercado BQ, Uehling MR. Effect of 6,6'-Substituents on Bipyridine-Ligated Ni Catalysts for Cross-Electrophile Coupling. ACS Catal 2024; 14:6897-6914. [PMID: 38737398 PMCID: PMC11087080 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.4c00827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
A family of 4,4'-tBu2-2,2'-bipyridine (tBubpy) ligands with substituents in either the 6-position, 4,4'-tBu2-6-Me-bpy (tBubpyMe), or 6 and 6'-positions, 4,4'-tBu2-6,6'-R2-bpy (tBubpyR2; R = Me, iPr, sBu, Ph, or Mes), was synthesized. These ligands were used to prepare Ni complexes in the 0, I, and II oxidation states. We observed that the substituents in the 6 and 6'-positions of the tBubpy ligand impact the properties of the Ni complexes. For example, bulkier substituents in the 6,6'-positions of tBubpy better stabilized (tBubpyR2)NiICl species and resulted in cleaner reduction from (tBubpyR2)NiIICl2. However, bulkier substituents hindered or prevented coordination of tBubpyR2 ligands to Ni0(cod)2. In addition, by using complexes of the type (tBubpyMe)NiCl2 and (tBubpyR2)NiCl2 as precatalysts for different XEC reactions, we demonstrated that the 6 or 6,6' substituents lead to major differences in catalytic performance. Specifically, while (tBubpyMe)NiIICl2 is one of the most active catalysts reported to date for XEC and can facilitate XEC reactions at room temperature, lower turnover frequencies were observed for catalysts containing tBubpyR2 ligands. A detailed study on the catalytic intermediates (tBubpy)Ni(Ar)I and (tBubpyMe2)Ni(Ar)I revealed several factors that likely contributed to the differences in catalytic activity. For example, whereas complexes of the type (tBubpy)Ni(Ar)I are low spin and relatively stable, complexes of the type (tBubpyMe2)Ni(Ar)I are high-spin and less stable. Further, (tBubpyMe2)Ni(Ar)I captures primary and benzylic alkyl radicals more slowly than (tBubpy)Ni(Ar)I, consistent with the lower activity of the former in catalysis. Our findings will assist in the design of tailor-made ligands for Ni-catalyzed transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P. O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
| | | | - Nilay Hazari
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P. O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
| | - Brandon Q Mercado
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P. O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
| | - Mycah R Uehling
- Merck & Co., Inc., Discovery Chemistry, HTE and Lead Discovery Capabilities, Rahway, New Jersey, 07065, USA
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6
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Gong Y, Hu J, Qiu C, Gong H. Insights into Recent Nickel-Catalyzed Reductive and Redox C-C Coupling of Electrophiles, C(sp 3)-H Bonds and Alkenes. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:1149-1162. [PMID: 38547518 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusTransition metal-catalyzed reductive cross-coupling of two carbon electrophiles, also known as cross-electrophile coupling (XEC), has transformed the landscape of C-C coupling chemistry. Nickel catalysts, in particular, have demonstrated exceptional performance in facilitating XEC reactions, allowing for diverse elegant transformations by employing various electrophiles to forge C-C bonds. Nevertheless, several crucial challenges remain to be addressed. First, the intrinsic chemoselectivity between two structurally similar electrophiles in Ni-catalyzed C(sp3)-C(sp3) and C(sp2)-C(sp2) cross-coupling has not been well understood; this necessitates an excess of one of the coupling partners to achieve synthetically useful outcomes. Second, the substitution of economically and environmentally benign nonmetal reductants for Zn/Mn can help scale up XEC reactions and avoid trace metals in pharmaceutical products, but research in this direction has progressed slowly. Finally, it is highly warranted to leverage mechanistic insights from Ni-catalyzed XEC to develop innovative thermoredox coupling protocols, specifically designed to tackle challenges associated with difficult substrates such as C(sp3)-H bonds and unactivated alkenes.In this Account, we address the aforementioned issues by reviewing our recent work on the reductive coupling of C-X and C-O electrophiles, the thermoredox strategy for coupling associated with C(sp3)-H bonds and unactivated alkenes, and the use of diboron esters as nonmetal reductants to achieve reductive coupling. We focus on the mechanistic perspectives of the transformations, particularly how the key C-NiIII-C intermediates are generated, in order to explain the chemoselective and regioselective coupling results. The Account consists of four sections. First, we discuss the Zn/Mn-mediated chemoselective C(sp2)-C(sp2) and C(sp3)-C(sp3) bond formations based on the coupling of selected alkyl/aryl, allyl/benzyl, and other electrophiles. Second, we describe the use of diboron esters as versatile reductants to achieve C(sp3)-C(sp3) and C(sp3)-C(sp2) couplings, with an emphasis on the mechanistic consideration for the construction of C(sp3)-C(sp2) bonds. Third, we discuss leveraging C(sp3)-O bonds for effective C(sp3)-C bond formation via in situ halogenation of alcohols as well as the reductive preparation of α-vinylated and -arylated unusual amino esters. In the final section, we illustrate the thermoredox functionalization of challenging C(sp3)-H bonds with aryl and alkyl halides to afford C(sp3)-C bonds by taking advantage of the compatibility of Zn with the oxidant di-tert-butylperoxide (DTBP). Furthermore, we discuss a Ni-catalyzed and SiH/DTBP-mediated hydrodimerization of terminal alkenes to selectively forge head-to-head and methyl branched C(sp3)-C(sp3) bonds. This process, conducted in the presence or absence of catalytic CuBr2, provides a solution to a long-standing challenge: site-selective hydrocoupling of unactivated alkenes to produce challenging C(sp3)-C(sp3) bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Gong
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jie Hu
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Canbin Qiu
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Hegui Gong
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
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7
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Newman-Stonebraker SH, Raab TJ, Doyle AG. Catalyst Deactivation of a Monoligated CyJohnPhos-bound Nickel(0) Complex. Organometallics 2023; 42:3438-3441. [PMID: 39015779 PMCID: PMC11250466 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.3c00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Cross-coupling catalysts are prone to unproductive side reactivity that can limit their practical use in synthetic chemistry. A detailed understanding of these pathways and the conditions that enable them is important for reaction optimization and rational catalyst design. In this work, we report the off-cycle reactivity of a monoligated, CyJohnPhos-bound Ni0 complex following product-forming reductive elimination. In the absence of substrate, free phosphine ligand, or π-accepting additives, dimerization of (CyJohnPhos)Ni0 occurs, followed by C-P bond activation of the ligand to form a phosphido-bridged Ni0/NiII dimer; both the Ni0/Ni0 and Ni0/NiII dimers were structurally characterized. Monomeric (CyJohnPhos)Ni0 must be intercepted by substrate or free ligand to prevent irreversible dimerization and catalyst deactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel H. Newman-Stonebraker
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - T. Judah Raab
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Abigail G. Doyle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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8
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Dawson G, Spielvogel EH, Diao T. Nickel-Catalyzed Radical Mechanisms: Informing Cross-Coupling for Synthesizing Non-Canonical Biomolecules. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:3640-3653. [PMID: 38033206 PMCID: PMC10734253 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Nickel excels at facilitating selective radical chemistry, playing a pivotal role in metalloenzyme catalysis and modern cross-coupling reactions. Radicals, being nonpolar and neutral, exhibit orthogonal reactivity to nucleophilic and basic functional groups commonly present in biomolecules. Harnessing this compatibility, we delve into the application of nickel-catalyzed radical pathways in the synthesis of noncanonical peptides and carbohydrates, critical for chemical biology studies and drug discovery.We previously characterized a sequential reduction mechanism that accounts for chemoselectivity in cross-electrophile coupling reactions. This catalytic cycle begins with nickel(I)-mediated radical generation from alkyl halides, followed by carbon radical capture by nickel(II) complexes, and concludes with reductive elimination. These steps resonate with mechanistic proposals in nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling, photoredox, and electrocatalytic reactions. Herein, we present our insights into each step involving radicals, including initiation, propagation, termination, and the nuances of kinetics, origins of selectivity, and ligand effects.Radical generation from C(sp3) electrophiles via one-electron oxidative addition with low-valent nickel radical intermediates provides the basis for stereoconvergent and cross-electrophile couplings. Our electroanalytical studies elucidate a concerted halogen atom abstraction mechanism, where electron transfer is coupled with halide dissociation. Using this pathway, we have developed a nickel-catalyzed stereoselective radical addition to dehydroalanine, facilitating the synthesis of noncanonical peptides. In this application, chiral ligands modulate the stereochemical outcome through the asymmetric protonation of a nickel-enolate intermediate.The capture of the alkyl radical by nickel(II) expands the scope of cross-coupling, promotes reductive elimination through the formation of high-valent nickel(III) species, and governs chemo- and stereoselectivity. We discovered that nickel(II)-aryl efficiently traps radicals with a barrier ranging from 7 to 9 kcal/mol, followed by fast reductive elimination. In contrast, nickel(II)-alkyl captures radicals to form a nickel(III) species, which was characterized by EPR spectroscopy. However, the subsequent slow reductive elimination resulted in minimal product formation. The observed high diastereoselectivity of radical capture inspired investigations into C-aryl and C-acyl glycosylation reactions. We developed a redox auxiliary that readily couples with natural carbohydrates and produces glycosyl radicals upon photoredox activation. Nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling of the glycosyl radical with bromoarenes and carboxylic acids leads to diverse non-natural glycosides that can facilitate drug discovery.Stoichiometric studies on well-defined d8-nickel complexes have showcased means to promote reductive elimination, including ligand association, oxidation, and oxidative addition.In the final section, we address the influence of auxiliary ligands on the electronic structure and redox activity of organonickel intermediates. Synthesis of a series of low-valent nickel radical complexes and characterization of their electronic structures led us to a postulate that ligand redox activity correlates with coordination geometry. Our data reveal that a change in ligand redox activity can shift the redox potentials of reaction intermediates, potentially altering the mechanism of catalytic reactions. Moreover, coordinating additives and solvents may stabilize nickel radicals during catalysis by adjusting ligand redox activity, which is consistent with known catalytic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory
A. Dawson
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Ethan H. Spielvogel
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Tianning Diao
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
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9
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Bradley RD, McManus BD, Yam JG, Carta V, Bahamonde A. Mechanistic Evidence of a Ni(0/II/III) Cycle for Nickel Photoredox Amide Arylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310753. [PMID: 37684220 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
This work demonstrates the dominance of a Ni(0/II/III) cycle for Ni-photoredox amide arylation, which contrasts with other Ni-photoredox C-heteroatom couplings that operate via Ni(I/III) self-sustained cycles. The kinetic data gathered when using different Ni precatalysts supports an initial Ni(0)-mediated oxidative addition into the aryl bromide. Using NiCl2 as the precatalyst resulted in an observable induction period, which was found to arise from a photochemical activation event to generate Ni(0) and to be prolonged by unproductive comproportionation between the Ni(II) precatalyst and the in situ generated Ni(0) active species. Ligand exchange after oxidative addition yields a Ni(II) aryl amido complex, which was identified as the catalyst resting state for the reaction. Stoichiometric experiments showed that oxidation of this Ni(II) aryl amido intermediate was required to yield functionalized amide products. The kinetic data presented supports a rate-limiting photochemically-mediated Ni(II/III) oxidation to enable C-N reductive elimination. An alternative Ni(I/III) self-sustained manifold was discarded based on EPR and kinetic measurements. The mechanistic insights uncovered herein will inform the community on how subtle changes in Ni-photoredox reaction conditions may impact the reaction pathway, and have enabled us to include aryl chlorides as coupling partners and to reduce the Ni loading by 20-fold without any reactivity loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Bradley
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Rd., Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Brennan D McManus
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Rd., Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jessalyn G Yam
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Rd., Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Veronica Carta
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Rd., Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Ana Bahamonde
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Rd., Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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10
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Day CS, Martin R. Comproportionation and disproportionation in nickel and copper complexes. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:6601-6616. [PMID: 37655600 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00494a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Disproportionation and comproportionation reactions have become increasingly important electron transfer events in organometallic chemistry and catalysis. The renewed interest in these reactions is in part attributed to the improved understanding of first-row metals and their ability to occupy odd and even oxidation states. Disproportionation and comproportionation reactions enable metal complexes to shuttle between various oxidation states, a matter of utmost relevance for controlling the speciation and catalytic turnover. In addition, these reactions have a direct impact in the thermodynamic and kinetic stability of the corresponding metal complexes. This review covers the relevance and impact of these processes in electron transfer reactions and provides valuable information about their non-negligible influence in Ni- and Cu-catalysed transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig S Day
- The Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Ruben Martin
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
- ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys, 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Dawson G, Lin Q, Neary MC, Diao T. Ligand Redox Activity of Organonickel Radical Complexes Governed by the Geometry. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20551-20561. [PMID: 37695362 PMCID: PMC10515493 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions often employ bidentate π-acceptor N-ligands to facilitate radical pathways. This report presents the synthesis and characterization of a series of organonickel radical complexes supported by bidentate N-ligands, including bpy, phen, and pyrox, which are commonly proposed and observed intermediates in catalytic reactions. Through a comparison of relevant analogues, we have established an empirical rule governing the electronic structures of these nickel radical complexes. The N-ligands exhibit redox activity in four-coordinate, square-planar nickel radical complexes, leading to the observation of ligand-centered radicals. In contrast, these ligands do not display redox activity when supporting three-coordinate, trigonal planar nickel radical complexes, which are better described as nickel-centered radicals. This trend holds true irrespective of the nature of the actor ligands. These results provide insights into the beneficial effect of coordinating salt additives and solvents in stabilizing nickel radical intermediates during catalytic reactions by modulating the redox activity of the ligands. Understanding the electronic structures of these active intermediates can contribute to the development and optimization of nickel catalysts for cross-coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory
A. Dawson
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Qiao Lin
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Michelle C. Neary
- Department
of Chemistry, CUNY − Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Tianning Diao
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
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12
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Newman-Stonebraker SH, Raab TJ, Roshandel H, Doyle AG. Synthesis of Nickel(I)-Bromide Complexes via Oxidation and Ligand Displacement: Evaluation of Ligand Effects on Speciation and Reactivity. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:19368-19377. [PMID: 37610310 PMCID: PMC10616978 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Nickel's +1 oxidation state has received much interest due to its varied and often enigmatic behavior in increasingly popular catalytic methods. In part, the lack of understanding about NiI results from common synthetic strategies limiting the breadth of complexes that are accessible for mechanistic study and catalyst design. We report an oxidative approach using tribromide salts that allows for the generation of a well-defined precursor, [NiI(COD)Br]2, as well as several new NiI complexes. Included among them are complexes bearing bulky monophosphines, for which structure-speciation relationships are established and catalytic reactivity in a Suzuki-Miyaura coupling (SMC) is investigated. Notably, these routes also allow for the synthesis of well-defined monomeric t-Bubpy-bound NiI complexes, which has not previously been achieved. These complexes, which react with aryl halides, can enable previously challenging mechanistic investigations and present new opportunities for catalysis and synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel H. Newman-Stonebraker
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - T. Judah Raab
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Hootan Roshandel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Abigail G. Doyle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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13
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Mills LR, Gygi D, Simmons EM, Wisniewski SR, Kim J, Chirik PJ. Mechanistic Investigations of Phenoxyimine-Cobalt(II)-Catalyzed C(sp 2)-C(sp 3) Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:17029-17041. [PMID: 37490763 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of phenoxyimine (FI)-cobalt-catalyzed C(sp2)-C(sp3) Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling was studied using a combination of kinetic measurements and catalytic and stoichiometric experiments. A series of dimeric (FI)cobalt(II) bromide complexes, [(4-CF3PhFI)CoBr]2, [(4-OMePhFI)CoBr]2, and [(2,6-diiPrPhFI)CoBr]2, were isolated and characterized by 1H and 19F NMR spectroscopies, solution and solid-state magnetic susceptibility, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, and diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy (DOSY). One complex, [(4-CF3PhFI)CoBr]2, was explored as a single-component precatalyst for C(sp2)-C(sp3) Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling. Addition of potassium methoxide to [(4-CF3PhFI)CoBr]2 generated the corresponding (FI)cobalt(II) methoxide complex as determined by 1H and 19F NMR and EPR spectroscopies. These spectroscopic signatures were used to identify this compound as the resting state during catalytic C(sp2)-C(sp3) coupling. Variable time normalization analysis (VTNA) of in situ catalytic 19F NMR spectroscopic data was used to establish an experimental rate law that was first-order in a (FI)cobalt(II) precatalyst, zeroth-order in the alkyl halide, and first-order in an activated potassium methoxide-aryl boronate complex. These findings are consistent with turnover-limiting transmetalation that occurs prior to activation of the alkyl bromide electrophile. The involvement of boronate intermediates in transmetalation was corroborated by Hammett studies of electronically differentiated aryl boronic esters. Together, a cobalt(II)/cobalt(III) catalytic cycle was proposed that proceeds through a "boronate"-type mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Reginald Mills
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - David Gygi
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Eric M Simmons
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Steven R Wisniewski
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Junho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Paul J Chirik
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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14
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Chattapadhyay D, Aydogan A, Doktor K, Maity A, Wu JW, Michaudel Q. Harnessing Sulfur(VI) Fluoride Exchange Click Chemistry and Photocatalysis for Deaminative Benzylic Arylation. ACS Catal 2023; 13:7263-7268. [PMID: 37655265 PMCID: PMC10468006 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c01981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
While among the most common functional handles present in organic molecules, amines are a widely underutilized linchpin for C-C bond formation. To facilitate C-N bond cleavage, large activating groups are typically used but result in the generation of stoichiometric amounts of organic waste. Herein, we report an atom-economic activation of benzylic primary amines relying on the Sulfur(VI) Fluoride Exchange (SuFEx) click chemistry and the aza-Ramberg-Bäcklund reaction. This two-step sequence allows the high-yielding generation of 1,2-dialkyldiazenes from primary amines via loss of SO2. Excitation of the diazenes with blue light and an Ir photocatalyst affords radical pairs upon expulsion of N2, which can be coaxed into the formation of C(sp3)-C(sp2) bonds upon diffusion and capture by a Ni catalyst. This arylative strategy relying on a traceless click approach was harnessed in a variety of examples and its mechanism was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Katarzyna Doktor
- Department of Chemistry, Texas
A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Arunava Maity
- Department of Chemistry, Texas
A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Jiun Wei Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Texas
A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Quentin Michaudel
- Department of Chemistry, Texas
A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
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15
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Douthwaite J, Zhao R, Shim E, Mahjour B, Zimmerman PM, Cernak T. Formal Cross-Coupling of Amines and Carboxylic Acids to Form sp 3-sp 2 Carbon-Carbon Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10930-10937. [PMID: 37184831 PMCID: PMC10214451 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Amines and carboxylic acids are abundant synthetic building blocks that are classically united to form an amide bond. To access new pockets of chemical space, we are interested in the development of amine-acid coupling reactions that complement the amide coupling. In particular, the formation of carbon-carbon bonds by formal deamination and decarboxylation would be an impactful addition to the synthesis toolbox. Here, we report a formal cross-coupling of alkyl amines and aryl carboxylic acids to form C(sp3)-C(sp2) bonds following preactivation of the amine-acid building blocks as a pyridinium salt and N-acyl-glutarimide, respectively. Under nickel-catalyzed reductive cross-coupling conditions, a diversity of simple and complex substrates are united in good to excellent yield, and numerous pharmaceuticals are successfully diversified. High-throughput experimentation was leveraged in the development of the reaction and the discovery of performance-enhancing additives such as phthalimide, RuCl3, and GaCl3. Mechanistic investigations suggest phthalimide may play a role in stabilizing productive Ni complexes rather than being involved in oxidative addition of the N-acyl-imide and that RuCl3 supports the decarbonylation event, thereby improving reaction selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James
L. Douthwaite
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Ruheng Zhao
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Eunjae Shim
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Babak Mahjour
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Paul M. Zimmerman
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Tim Cernak
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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16
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Elucidating electron-transfer events in polypyridine nickel complexes for reductive coupling reactions. Nat Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-023-00925-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
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17
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Simons RT, Nandakumar M, Kwon K, Ayer SK, Venneti NM, Roizen JL. Directed Photochemically Mediated Nickel-Catalyzed (Hetero)arylation of Aliphatic C-H Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10.1021/jacs.2c13409. [PMID: 36780585 PMCID: PMC10423309 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Site-selective functionalization of unactivated C(sp3)-H centers is challenging because of the ubiquity and strength of alkyl C-H bonds. Herein, we disclose a position-selective C(sp3)-C(sp2) cross-coupling reaction. This process engages C(sp3)-H bonds and aryl bromides, utilizing catalytic quantities of a photoredox-capable molecule and a nickel precatalyst. Using this technology, selective C-H functionalization arises owing to a 1,6-hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) process that is guided by a pendant alcohol-anchored sulfamate ester. These transformations proceed directly from N-H bonds, in contrast to previous directed, radical-mediated, C-H arylation processes, which have relied on prior oxidation of the reactive nitrogen center in reactions with nucleophilic arenes. Moreover, these conditions promote arylation at secondary centers in good yields with excellent selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Thomas Simons
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, Box 90346, Durham, NC 27708, United States (before June 2021)
| | - Meganathan Nandakumar
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, Box 90346, Durham, NC 27708, United States (before June 2021)
| | - Kitae Kwon
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, Box 90346, Durham, NC 27708, United States (before June 2021)
| | - Suraj K. Ayer
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, Box 90346, Durham, NC 27708, United States (before June 2021)
| | - Naresh M. Venneti
- Wayne State University, Department of Chemistry, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Roizen
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, Box 90346, Durham, NC 27708, United States (before June 2021)
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18
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Kerackian T, Bouyssi D, Pilet G, Médebielle M, Monteiro N, Vantourout JC, Amgoune A. Nickel-Catalyzed Electro-Reductive Cross-Coupling of Aliphatic N-Acyl Imides with Alkyl Halides as a Strategy for Dialkyl Ketone Synthesis: Scope and Mechanistic Investigations. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taline Kerackian
- Université Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS, UMR 5246 du CNRS), 1 rue Victor Grignard, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Didier Bouyssi
- Université Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS, UMR 5246 du CNRS), 1 rue Victor Grignard, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Guillaume Pilet
- Université Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces (LMI, UMR 5615 du CNRS), 6 rue Victor Grignard, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Maurice Médebielle
- Université Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS, UMR 5246 du CNRS), 1 rue Victor Grignard, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nuno Monteiro
- Université Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS, UMR 5246 du CNRS), 1 rue Victor Grignard, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Julien C. Vantourout
- Université Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS, UMR 5246 du CNRS), 1 rue Victor Grignard, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Abderrahmane Amgoune
- Université Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS, UMR 5246 du CNRS), 1 rue Victor Grignard, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 1 rue Descartes, 75231 Paris, France
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19
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Ben-Tal Y, Lloyd-Jones GC. Kinetics of a Ni/Ir-Photocatalyzed Coupling of ArBr with RBr: Intermediacy of ArNi II(L)Br and Rate/Selectivity Factors. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15372-15382. [PMID: 35969479 PMCID: PMC9413222 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The Ni/Ir-photocatalyzed coupling of an aryl bromide
(ArBr) with
an alkyl bromide (RBr) has been analyzed using in situ LED-19F NMR spectroscopy. Four components (light, [ArBr],
[Ni], [Ir]) are found to control the rate of ArBr consumption, but
not the product selectivity, while two components ([(TMS)3SiH], [RBr]) independently control the product selectivity, but not
the rate. A major resting state of nickel has been identified as ArNiII(L)Br, and 13C-isotopic entrainment is used to
show that the complex undergoes Ir-photocatalyzed conversion to products
(Ar-R, Ar-H, Ar-solvent) in competition with the release of ArBr.
A range of competing absorption and quenching effects lead to complex
correlations between the Ir and Ni catalyst loadings and the reaction
rate. Differences in the Ir/Ni Beer–Lambert absorption profiles
allow the rate to be increased by the use of a shorter-wavelength
light source without compromising the selectivity. A minimal kinetic
model for the process allows simulation of the reaction and provides
insights for optimization of these processes in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Ben-Tal
- EaStChem, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Guy C Lloyd-Jones
- EaStChem, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
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20
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Song G, Nong DZ, Li JS, Li G, Zhang W, Cao R, Wang C, Xiao J, Xue D. General Method for the Amination of Aryl Halides with Primary and Secondary Alkyl Amines via Nickel Photocatalysis. J Org Chem 2022; 87:10285-10297. [PMID: 35877165 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Buchwald-Hartwig C-N coupling reaction has been ranked as one of the 20 most frequently used reactions in medicinal chemistry. Owing to its much lower cost and higher reactivity toward less reactive aryl chlorides than palladium, the C-N coupling reaction catalyzed by Ni-based catalysts has received a great deal of attention. However, there appear to be no universal, practical Ni catalytic systems so far that could enable the coupling of electron-rich and electron-poor aryl halides with both primary and secondary alkyl amines. In this study, it is reported that a Ni(II)-bipyridine complex catalyzes efficient C-N coupling of aryl chlorides and bromides with various primary and secondary alkyl amines under direct excitation with light. Intramolecular C-N coupling is also demonstrated. The feasibility and applicability of the protocol in organic synthesis is attested by more than 200 examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geyang Song
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Ding-Zhan Nong
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Jing-Sheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Rui Cao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Jianliang Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Dong Xue
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
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21
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Wolzak LA, de Zwart FJ, Oudsen JPH, Bartlett SA, de Bruin B, Reek JN, Tromp M, Korstanje TJ. Exogenous Ligand‐free Nickel‐catalyzed carboxylate O‐arylation Insight into NiI/NiIII cycles. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas A. Wolzak
- University of Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam Van t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences NETHERLANDS
| | - Felix J. de Zwart
- University of Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam Van t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences NETHERLANDS
| | - Jean-Pierre H. Oudsen
- Technical University of Berlin: Technische Universitat Berlin Physical/Biophysical Chemistry GERMANY
| | | | - Bas de Bruin
- University of Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam Van t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences NETHERLANDS
| | - Joost N.H. Reek
- University of Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam Van t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences NETHERLANDS
| | - Moniek Tromp
- Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Faculty of Science and Engineering Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen NETHERLANDS
| | - Ties J. Korstanje
- University of Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam Van t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences NETHERLANDS
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22
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Gong Y, Su L, Zhu Z, Ye Y, Gong H. Nickel-Catalyzed Thermal Redox Functionalization of C(sp 3 )-H Bonds with Carbon Electrophiles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201662. [PMID: 35293093 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
C(sp3 )-H bond coupling with carbon electrophiles remains rarely explored under thermo-driven hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) conditions due to the challenge of integrating oxidation and reduction in a single operation. We report here a Ni-catalyzed arylation and alkylation of C(sp3 )-H bonds with organohalides to forge C(sp3 )-C bonds by merging economical Zn and tBuOOtBu (DTBP) as the external reductant and oxidant. The mild and easy-to-operate protocol enables facile carbofunctionalization of N-/O-α- and cyclohexane C-H bonds, and preparation of a few intermediates of bioactive compounds and drug derivatives. Preliminary mechanistic studies implied addition of an alkyl radical to a NiII salt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Gong
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Lei Su
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Zhaodong Zhu
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yang Ye
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Hegui Gong
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
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23
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Reckziegel A, Battistella B, Schmidt A, Werncke CG. Intricate Road to Linear Anionic Nickel(I) Hexamethyldisilazanide [Ni(N(SiMe 3) 2) 2] . Inorg Chem 2022; 61:7794-7803. [PMID: 35522526 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we present intricate pathways for the synthesis of linear nickel(I) silylamide K{m}[Ni(NR2)2] (NR2 = -N(SiMe3)2). This is achieved first via the reduction of nickel(II) trisamide Li(donor)4[Ni(NR2)3] (Li(thf)x[1]) with KC8 in the presence of 18-crown-6 or crypt.222. In due course, the behavior of Li(donor)4[Ni(NR2)3] as a source of masked two-coordinate nickel(II) hexamethyldisilazanide is explored, leading to the formation of nickel(I) and nickel(II) N-donor adducts, as well as metal-metal-bonded dinickel(I) trisamide K(toluene)[Ni2(NR2)3] (K(toluene)[5]). Finally, a convenient and reliable synthesis of K{m}[Ni(NR2)2] by ligand exchange of phosphines in [Ni(NR2)(PPh3)2] with K{m}(NR2) is presented. This allows for the comprehensive analysis of its electronic properties which reveals a fluxional behavior in solution with tight anion/cation interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Reckziegel
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein Straße 4, D-35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Beatrice Battistella
- Institute of Chemistry, Humboldt-University Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein Straße 4, D-35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - C Gunnar Werncke
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein Straße 4, D-35037 Marburg, Germany
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24
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Xu G, Gao P, Colacot TJ. Tunable Unsymmetrical Ferrocene Ligands Bearing a Bulky Di-1-adamantylphosphino Motif for Many Kinds of C sp2–C sp3 Couplings. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guolin Xu
- Research and Development, Life Science Chemistry, MilliporeSigma, 6000 N. Teutonia Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53209, United States
| | - Peng Gao
- Research and Development, Life Science Chemistry, MilliporeSigma, 6000 N. Teutonia Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53209, United States
| | - Thomas J. Colacot
- Research and Development, Life Science Chemistry, MilliporeSigma, 6000 N. Teutonia Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53209, United States
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25
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Cagan DA, Bím D, Silva B, Kazmierczak NP, McNicholas BJ, Hadt RG. Elucidating the Mechanism of Excited-State Bond Homolysis in Nickel-Bipyridine Photoredox Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:6516-6531. [PMID: 35353530 PMCID: PMC9979631 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Ni 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) complexes are commonly employed photoredox catalysts of bond-forming reactions in organic chemistry. However, the mechanisms by which they operate are still under investigation. One potential mode of catalysis is via entry into Ni(I)/Ni(III) cycles, which can be made possible by light-induced, excited-state Ni(II)-C bond homolysis. Here, we report experimental and computational analyses of a library of Ni(II)-bpy aryl halide complexes, Ni(Rbpy)(R'Ph)Cl (R = MeO, t-Bu, H, MeOOC; R' = CH3, H, OMe, F, CF3), to illuminate the mechanism of excited-state bond homolysis. At given excitation wavelengths, photochemical homolysis rate constants span 2 orders of magnitude across these structures and correlate linearly with Hammett parameters of both bpy and aryl ligands, reflecting structural control over key metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) and ligand-to-metal charge-transfer (LMCT) excited-state potential energy surfaces (PESs). Temperature- and wavelength-dependent investigations reveal moderate excited-state barriers (ΔH‡ ∼ 4 kcal mol-1) and a minimum energy excitation threshold (∼55 kcal mol-1, 525 nm), respectively. Correlations to electronic structure calculations further support a mechanism in which repulsive triplet excited-state PESs featuring a critical aryl-to-Ni LMCT lead to bond rupture. Structural control over excited-state PESs provides a rational approach to utilize photonic energy and leverage excited-state bond homolysis processes in synthetic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Cagan
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Daniel Bím
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Breno Silva
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Suffolk University, Boston, Massachusetts 02108, United States
| | - Nathanael P. Kazmierczak
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Brendon J. McNicholas
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Ryan G. Hadt
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States,Corresponding Author:
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26
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Gong Y, Su L, Zhu Z, Ye Y, Gong H. Nickel‐Catalyzed Thermal Redox Functionalization of C(sp
3
)−H Bonds with Carbon Electrophiles**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Gong
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis College of Sciences Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Lei Su
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis College of Sciences Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Zhaodong Zhu
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis College of Sciences Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Yang Ye
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis College of Sciences Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Hegui Gong
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis College of Sciences Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 China
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27
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Ting SI, Williams WL, Doyle AG. Oxidative Addition of Aryl Halides to a Ni(I)-Bipyridine Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:5575-5582. [PMID: 35298885 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The oxidative addition of aryl halides to bipyridine- or phenanthroline-ligated nickel(I) is a commonly proposed step in nickel catalysis. However, there is a scarcity of complexes of this type that both are well-defined and undergo oxidative addition with aryl halides, hampering organometallic studies of this process. We report the synthesis of a well-defined Ni(I) complex, [(CO2Etbpy)NiICl]4 (1). Its solution-phase speciation is characterized by a significant population of monomer and a redox equilibrium that can be perturbed by π-acceptors and σ-donors. 1 reacts readily with aryl bromides, and mechanistic studies are consistent with a pathway proceeding through an initial Ni(I) → Ni(III) oxidative addition to form a Ni(III) aryl species. Such a process was demonstrated stoichiometrically for the first time, affording a structurally characterized Ni(III) aryl complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen I Ting
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Wendy L Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Abigail G Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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28
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Deciphering the mechanism of the Ni-photocatalyzed C‒O cross-coupling reaction using a tridentate pyridinophane ligand. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1313. [PMID: 35288558 PMCID: PMC8921334 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28948-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoredox nickel catalysis has emerged as a powerful strategy for cross-coupling reactions. Although the involvement of paramagnetic Ni(I)/Ni(III) species as active intermediates in the catalytic cycle has been proposed, a thorough spectroscopic investigation of these species is lacking. Herein, we report the tridentate pyridinophane ligands RN3 that allow for detailed mechanistic studies of the photocatalytic C–O coupling reaction. The derived (RN3)Ni complexes are active catalysts under mild conditions and without an additional photocatalyst. We also provide direct evidence for the key steps involving paramagnetic Ni species in the proposed catalytic cycle: the oxidative addition of an aryl halide to a Ni(I) species, the ligand exchange/transmetalation at a Ni(III) center, and the C–O reductive elimination from a Ni(III) species. Overall, the present work suggests the RN3 ligands are a practical platform for mechanistic studies of Ni-catalyzed reactions and for the development of new catalytic applications. Mechanistic knowledge of photocatalytic nickel reactions is lacking, particularly with regards to the identities and oxidation states of key intermediates. Here the authors report a class of tridentate ligands that enables in-depth study of a representative cross-coupling reaction, wherein evidence for multiple intermediates in a Ni(I/III) cycle is presented.
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29
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He R, Bai Y, Han G, Zhao Z, Pang X, Pan X, Liu X, Shu X. Reductive Alkylation of Alkenyl Acetates with Alkyl Bromides by Nickel Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rong‐De He
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC) College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University 222 South Tianshui Road Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Yunfei Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC) College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University 222 South Tianshui Road Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Guan‐Yu Han
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC) College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University 222 South Tianshui Road Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Zhen‐Zhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC) College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University 222 South Tianshui Road Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Xiaobo Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC) College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University 222 South Tianshui Road Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Xiaobo Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC) College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University 222 South Tianshui Road Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Xue‐Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC) College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University 222 South Tianshui Road Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Xing‐Zhong Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC) College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University 222 South Tianshui Road Lanzhou 730000 China
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30
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Luo QC, Ge N, Zhai YQ, Wang T, Sun L, Sun Q, Li F, Ouyang Z, Wang Z, Zheng YZ. A C,S Bonded Quasi-Two-Coordinate Chromium(II) Complex Showing Field-induced Slow Magnetic Relaxation Behaviour. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:9218-9222. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01131j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A C,S bonded quasi-two-coordinate Cr(II) complex, Cr(SAr*)2 (HSAr* = HSC6H3-2,6(C6H2-2,4,6-Pri3)2), has been successfully synthesized. Magnetic, high-frequency / field electron paramagnetic resonance (HF-EPR) experiments and ab initio calculation studies show that...
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31
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Humphrey ELBJ, Kennedy AR, Sproules S, Nelson DJ. Evaluating a Dispersion of Sodium in Sodium Chloride for the Synthesis of Low‐Valent Nickel Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202101006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan R. Kennedy
- University of Strathclyde Pure and Applied Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | - David James Nelson
- University of Strathclyde Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry 295 Cathedral Street G1 1XL Glasgow UNITED KINGDOM
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32
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He RD, Bai Y, Han GY, Zhao ZZ, Pang X, Pan X, Liu XY, Shu XZ. Reductive Alkylation of Alkenyl Acetates with Alkyl Bromides by Nickel Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202114556. [PMID: 34862693 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic alkylation of stable alkenyl C-O electrophiles is synthetically appealing, but studies to date have typically focused on the reactions with alkyl Grignard reagents. We report herein a cross-electrophile reaction of alkenyl acetates with alkyl bromides. This work has enabled a new method for the synthesis of aliphatic alkenes from alkenyl acetates to be established that can be used to add more structural complexity and molecular diversity with enhanced functionality tolerance. The method allows for a gram-scale reaction and modification of biologically active molecules, and it affords access to useful building blocks. Preliminary mechanistic studies reveal that the NiI species plays an essential role for the success of the coupling of these two reactivity-mismatched electrophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-De He
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yunfei Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Guan-Yu Han
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiaobo Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiaobo Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xue-Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xing-Zhong Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Bismuto
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Patrick Finkelstein
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Patrick Müller
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Bill Morandi
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
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34
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Ju L, Lin Q, LiBretto NJ, Wagner CL, Hu CT, Miller JT, Diao T. Reactivity of (bi-Oxazoline)organonickel Complexes and Revision of a Catalytic Mechanism. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:14458-14463. [PMID: 34463481 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bi-Oxazoline (biOx) has emerged as an effective ligand framework for promoting nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling, cross-electrophile coupling, and photoredox-nickel dual catalytic reactions. This report fills the knowledge gap of the organometallic reactivity of (biOx)Ni complexes, including catalyst reduction, oxidative electrophile activation, radical capture, and reductive elimination. The biOx ligand displays no redox activity in (biOx)Ni(I) complexes, in contrast to other chelating imine and oxazoline ligands. The lack of ligand redox activity results in more negative reduction potentials of (biOx)Ni(II) complexes and accounts for the inability of zinc and manganese to reduce (biOx)Ni(II) species. On the basis of these results, we revise the formerly proposed "sequential reduction" mechanism of a (biOx)Ni-catalyzed cross-electrophile coupling reaction by excluding catalyst reduction steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luchuan Ju
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Qiao Lin
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Nicole J LiBretto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Clifton L Wagner
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Chunhua Tony Hu
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Jeffrey T Miller
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Tianning Diao
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
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35
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Lin Q, Fu Y, Liu P, Diao T. Monovalent Nickel-Mediated Radical Formation: A Concerted Halogen-Atom Dissociation Pathway Determined by Electroanalytical Studies. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:14196-14206. [PMID: 34432468 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The recent success of nickel catalysts in stereoconvergent cross-coupling and cross-electrophile coupling reactions partly stems from the ability of monovalent nickel species to activate C(sp3) electrophiles and generate radical intermediates. This electroanalytical study of the commonly applied (bpy)Ni catalyst elucidates the mechanism of this critical step. Data rule out outer-sphere electron transfer and two-electron oxidative addition pathways. The linear free energy relationship between rates and the bond-dissociation free energies, the electronic and steric effects of the nickel complexes and the electrophiles, and DFT calculations support a variant of the halogen-atom abstraction pathway, the inner-sphere electron transfer concerted with halogen-atom dissociation. This mechanism accounts for the observed reactivity of different electrophiles in cross-coupling reactions and provides a mechanistic rationale for the chemoselectivity obtained in cross-electrophile coupling over homocoupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Lin
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Yue Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Tianning Diao
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
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36
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Till NA, Oh S, MacMillan DWC, Bird MJ. The Application of Pulse Radiolysis to the Study of Ni(I) Intermediates in Ni-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:9332-9337. [PMID: 34128676 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Here we report the use of pulse radiolysis and spectroelectrochemistry to generate low-valent nickel intermediates relevant to synthetically important Ni-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions and interrogate their reactivities toward comproportionation and oxidative addition processes. Pulse radiolysis provided a direct means to generate singly reduced [(dtbbpy)NiBr], enabling the identification of a rapid Ni(0)/Ni(II) comproportionation process taking place under synthetically relevant electrolysis conditions. This approach also permitted the direct measurement of Ni(I) oxidative addition rates with electronically differentiated aryl iodide electrophiles (kOA = 1.3 × 104-2.4 × 105 M-1 s-1), an elementary organometallic step often proposed in nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. Together, these results hold implications for a number of Ni-catalyzed cross-coupling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Till
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Seokjoon Oh
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - David W C MacMillan
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Matthew J Bird
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
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37
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Zhao G, Yao W, Kevlishvili I, Mauro JN, Liu P, Ngai MY. Nickel-Catalyzed Radical Migratory Coupling Enables C-2 Arylation of Carbohydrates. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:8590-8596. [PMID: 34086440 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Nickel catalysis offers exciting opportunities to address unmet challenges in organic synthesis. Herein we report the first nickel-catalyzed radical migratory cross-coupling reaction for the direct preparation of 2-aryl-2-deoxyglycosides from readily available 1-bromosugars and arylboronic acids. The reaction features a broad substrate scope and tolerates a wide range of functional groups and complex molecular architectures. Preliminary experimental and computational studies suggest a concerted 1,2-acyloxy rearrangement via a cyclic five-membered-ring transition state followed by nickel-catalyzed carbon-carbon bond formation. The novel reactivity provides an efficient route to valuable C-2-arylated carbohydrate mimics and building blocks, allows for new strategic bond disconnections, and expands the reactivity profile of nickel catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoyuan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Wang Yao
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Ilia Kevlishvili
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Jaclyn N Mauro
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States.,Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Ming-Yu Ngai
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States.,Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
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38
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Mou Z, Wang J, Zhang X, Niu D. Stereoselective Preparation of
C
‐Aryl Glycosides
via
Visible‐Light‐Induced Nickel‐Catalyzed Reductive Cross‐Coupling of Glycosyl Chlorides and Aryl Bromides. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ze‐Dong Mou
- Department of Emergency State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center West China Hospital
- School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 People's Republic of China
| | - Jia‐Xi Wang
- Department of Emergency State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center West China Hospital
- School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Department of Emergency State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center West China Hospital
- School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 People's Republic of China
| | - Dawen Niu
- Department of Emergency State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center West China Hospital
- School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 People's Republic of China
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39
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Operando Neutron Scattering: Following Reactions in Real Time Using Neutrons. Top Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-021-01436-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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40
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Wagner CL, Herrera G, Lin Q, Hu CT, Diao T. Redox Activity of Pyridine-Oxazoline Ligands in the Stabilization of Low-Valent Organonickel Radical Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:5295-5300. [PMID: 33792294 PMCID: PMC8851433 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Low-valent organonickel radical complexes are common intermediates in cross-coupling reactions and metalloenzyme-mediated processes. The electronic structures of N-ligand supported nickel complexes appear to vary depending on the actor ligands and the coordination number. The reduction products of a series of divalent (pyrox)Ni complexes establish the redox activity of pyrox in stabilizing electron-rich Ni(II)-alkyl and -aryl complexes by adopting a ligand-centered radical configuration. The reduced pyrox imparts an enhanced trans-influence. In contrast, such redox activity was not observed in a (pyrox)Ni(I)-bromide species. The excellent capability of pyrox in stabilizing electron-rich Ni species resonates with its proclivity in promoting the reductive activation of C(sp3) electrophiles in cross-coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifton L Wagner
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Gabriel Herrera
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Qiao Lin
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Chunhua T Hu
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Tianning Diao
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
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41
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Ho CC, Olding A, Fuller RO, Canty AJ, Lucas NT, Bissember AC. Suzuki–Miyaura Csp 2–Csp 2 Cross-Couplings Employing Nickel(II) Pincer Precatalysts: Mechanistic Investigations. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Curtis C. Ho
- School of Natural Sciences − Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Angus Olding
- School of Natural Sciences − Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Rebecca O. Fuller
- School of Natural Sciences − Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Allan J. Canty
- School of Natural Sciences − Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Nigel T. Lucas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago 9054, New Zealand
| | - Alex C. Bissember
- School of Natural Sciences − Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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42
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Lyu X, Zhang J, Kim D, Seo S, Chang S. Merging NiH Catalysis and Inner-Sphere Metal-Nitrenoid Transfer for Hydroamidation of Alkynes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:5867-5877. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c01138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Lyu
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Dongwook Kim
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Sangwon Seo
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Sukbok Chang
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
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43
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Sun D, Ma G, Zhao X, Lei C, Gong H. Nickel-catalyzed asymmetric reductive arylation of α-chlorosulfones with aryl halides. Chem Sci 2021; 12:5253-5258. [PMID: 34168777 PMCID: PMC8179603 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00283j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We report an asymmetric Ni-catalyzed reductive cross-coupling of aryl/heteroaryl halides with racemic α-chlorosulfones to afford enantioenriched sulfones. The reaction tolerates a variety of functional groups under mild reaction conditions, which complements the current methods. The utility of this work was demonstrated by facile late-stage functionalization of commercial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deli Sun
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, College of Sciences, Shanghai University 99 Shang-Da Road Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Guobin Ma
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, College of Sciences, Shanghai University 99 Shang-Da Road Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Xinluo Zhao
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, College of Sciences, Shanghai University 99 Shang-Da Road Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Chuanhu Lei
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, College of Sciences, Shanghai University 99 Shang-Da Road Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Hegui Gong
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, College of Sciences, Shanghai University 99 Shang-Da Road Shanghai 200444 China
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44
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Deciphering the dichotomy exerted by Zn(ii) in the catalytic sp2 C–O bond functionalization of aryl esters at the molecular level. Nat Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-020-00560-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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45
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Gualandi A, Anselmi M, Calogero F, Potenti S, Bassan E, Ceroni P, Cozzi PG. Metallaphotoredox catalysis with organic dyes. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:3527-3550. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00196e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Here…comes the fun…Combination of metals and organic photocatalysts allows the practical invention of new methodologies!
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gualandi
- ALMA MATER STUDIORUM Università di Bologna
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Michele Anselmi
- ALMA MATER STUDIORUM Università di Bologna
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Francesco Calogero
- ALMA MATER STUDIORUM Università di Bologna
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Simone Potenti
- ALMA MATER STUDIORUM Università di Bologna
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
- Laboratorio SMART
| | - Elena Bassan
- ALMA MATER STUDIORUM Università di Bologna
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Paola Ceroni
- ALMA MATER STUDIORUM Università di Bologna
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Pier Giorgio Cozzi
- ALMA MATER STUDIORUM Università di Bologna
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
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46
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Xue W, Jia X, Wang X, Tao X, Yin Z, Gong H. Nickel-catalyzed formation of quaternary carbon centers using tertiary alkyl electrophiles. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4162-4184. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01107j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive summary of recent advances in nickel-catalyzed reactions employing tertiary alkyl electrophiles for the construction of quaternary carbon centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichao Xue
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- China
| | - Xiao Jia
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- China
| | - Xianghua Tao
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- China
| | - Zhigang Yin
- School of Materials & Chemical Engineering
- Zhengzhou University of Light Industry
- Zhengzhou 450002
- China
| | - Hegui Gong
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- China
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47
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Greaves ME, Johnson Humphrey ELB, Nelson DJ. Reactions of nickel(0) with organochlorides, organobromides, and organoiodides: mechanisms and structure/reactivity relationships. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy00374g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of nickel(0) complexes with phosphine, bipyridine-type, and N-heterocyclic carbene ligands with aryl, vinyl, and alkyl halides is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Greaves
- WestCHEM Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry
- University of Strathclyde
- Glasgow
- UK
- Chemical Development
| | | | - David J. Nelson
- WestCHEM Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry
- University of Strathclyde
- Glasgow
- UK
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48
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Dong M, Jia Y, Zhou W, Gao J, Lv X, Luo F, Zhang Y, Liu S. A photoredox/nickel dual-catalytic strategy for benzylic C–H alkoxylation. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01421h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Reported herein is a photoredox/nickel dual-catalyzed benzylic C–H alkoxylation and the protocol features broad substrate scope and excellent functional group compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Dong
- College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, 118 Jiahang Road, Jiaxing 314001, P. R. China
| | - Yuqi Jia
- College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, 118 Jiahang Road, Jiaxing 314001, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhou
- College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, 118 Jiahang Road, Jiaxing 314001, P. R. China
| | - Jinlai Gao
- College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, 118 Jiahang Road, Jiaxing 314001, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Lv
- College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, 118 Jiahang Road, Jiaxing 314001, P. R. China
| | - Fan Luo
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yongqiang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Shihui Liu
- College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, 118 Jiahang Road, Jiaxing 314001, P. R. China
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49
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Hirscher NA, Arnett CH, Oyala PH, Agapie T. Characterization of Cr-Hydrocarbyl Species via Pulse EPR in the Study of Ethylene Tetramerization Catalysis. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathanael A. Hirscher
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Charles H. Arnett
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Paul H. Oyala
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Theodor Agapie
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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50
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Charboneau DJ, Barth EL, Hazari N, Uehling MR, Zultanski SL. A Widely Applicable Dual Catalytic System for Cross-Electrophile Coupling Enabled by Mechanistic Studies. ACS Catal 2020; 10:12642-12656. [PMID: 33628617 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A dual catalytic system for cross-electrophile coupling reactions between aryl halides and alkyl halides that features a Ni catalyst, a Co cocatalyst, and a mild homogeneous reductant is described. Mechanistic studies indicate that the Ni catalyst activates the aryl halide, while the Co cocatalyst activates the alkyl halide. This allows the system to be rationally optimized for a variety of substrate classes by simply modifying the loadings of the Ni and Co catalysts based on the reaction product profile. For example, the coupling of aryl bromides and aryl iodides with alkyl bromides, alkyl iodides, and benzyl chlorides is demonstrated using the same Ni and Co catalysts under similar reaction conditions but with different optimal catalyst loadings in each case. Our system is tolerant of numerous functional groups and is capable of coupling heteroaryl halides, di-ortho-substituted aryl halides, pharmaceutically relevant druglike aryl halides, and a diverse range of alkyl halides. Additionally, the dual catalytic platform facilitates a series of selective one-pot three-component cross-electrophile coupling reactions of bromo(iodo)arenes with two distinct alkyl halides. This demonstrates the unique level of control that the platform provides and enables the rapid generation of molecular complexity. The system can be readily utilized for a wide range of applications as all reaction components are commercially available, the reaction is scalable, and toxic amide-based solvents are not required. It is anticipated that this strategy, as well as the underlying mechanistic framework, will be generalizable to other cross-electrophile coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Charboneau
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P. O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Emily L. Barth
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P. O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Nilay Hazari
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P. O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Mycah R. Uehling
- Merck & Co., Inc., Discovery Chemistry, HTE and Lead Discovery Capabilities, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Susan L. Zultanski
- Merck & Co., Inc., Department of Process Research and Development, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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