1
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Álvarez-Bermúdez O, Landfester K, Zhang KAI, Muñoz-Espí R. Proline-Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles as Highly Performing Asymmetric Catalysts. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2400615. [PMID: 39259266 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2024] [Revised: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
Amino acids have a crucial role in the field of asymmetric organocatalysis for the production of chiral compounds with high added value and specific biological activity. In particular, proline offers high activity and stereoselectivity for catalyzing aldol reactions in organic solvents. However, proline-based catalysts often lack water-solubility, accessibility, catalytic performance, or recovery in aqueous media. This work reports the design of proline-functionalized poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) nanoparticles with a magnetic core that offer high availability of chiral units in water and high recyclability. A proline-based copolymerizable surfactant is designed and integrated onto the surface of PMMA nanoparticles through a miniemulsion polymerization process without using additional surfactants. The miniemulsion technique allows the incorporation of magnetite to the system to create a magnetically separable catalyst. The chiral nanocatalyst presents a high diastereoselective catalytic activity for the intermolecular aldol reaction between p-nitrobenzaldehyde and cyclohexanone in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaia Álvarez-Bermúdez
- Institute of Materials Science (ICMUV), University of Valencia, c/ Catedràtic José Beltrán 2, Paterna, 46980, Spain
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kai A I Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Rafael Muñoz-Espí
- Institute of Materials Science (ICMUV), University of Valencia, c/ Catedràtic José Beltrán 2, Paterna, 46980, Spain
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2
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Mallick T, Jana D, Bisai A, De P. Asymmetric Aldol Reactions Catalyzed by Polymeric Self-Assembly with Side-Chain Dipeptide Pendants. ACS Macro Lett 2024; 13:651-657. [PMID: 38722312 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
To explore the role of proline amide moieties in polymer-supported organocatalysts, side-chain l-proline-l-alanine (Pro-Ala) dipeptide-containing block copolymers were synthesized, and their catalytic potential for the aldol reaction was explored. The dipeptide monomer (Boc-Pro-Ala-HEMA) was polymerized to prepare block copolymers in the presence of hydrophilic poly(poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) (PPEGMA) and hydrophobic poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) macro-chain transfer agents. Boc group expulsion from the block copolymers produced double hydrophilic PPEGMA-b-P(Pro-Ala-HEMA) (1b) and amphiphilic PMMA-b-P(Pro-Ala-HEMA) (1c) polymers. The solution behaviors of the polymers were studied by various physical techniques, which showed the formation of self-assembled aggregates of 1c in water and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF)/water solvent mixtures. These polymers are used as organocatalysts during the aldol reaction of cyclohexanone and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde in different solvent polarities, catalyst loadings, temperatures, and reaction times. This work emphasizes superior catalytic activity of 1c at lower catalyst loadings (5%) while maintaining high conversion (95%) and enantioselectivity (94%) across multiple recycling cycles in DMF/water at a 3:1 ratio (v/v).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamanna Mallick
- Polymer Research Centre and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, 741246 West Bengal, India
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, 741246 West Bengal, India
| | - Debgopal Jana
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, 741246 West Bengal, India
| | - Alakesh Bisai
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, 741246 West Bengal, India
| | - Priyadarsi De
- Polymer Research Centre and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, 741246 West Bengal, India
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, 741246 West Bengal, India
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3
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Murre A, Mikli V, Erkman K, Kanger T. Primary amines as heterogeneous catalysts in an enantioselective [2,3]-Wittig rearrangement reaction. iScience 2023; 26:107822. [PMID: 37810234 PMCID: PMC10550720 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of heterogeneous catalysts anchored to different polystyrene-based supports has been prepared and applied in an asymmetric [2,3]-Wittig rearrangement reaction of cyclohexanone derivatives. Among them, primary amino acid-derived (aminomethylated)polystyrene-supported catalysts showed excellent reactivity leading to the formation of rearranged products in good enantioselectivities of both diastereomers. Reusability issues connected to the deactivation of the catalyst were proved to be dependent on the end-capping strategy chosen for the blocking of the unreacted active sites of the resin. This issue of end-capping has not previously been in focus. Using bulkier pivaloyl end-capping moiety, we were able to recycle the catalyst in six consecutive cycles with only marginal deceleration of the reaction. Moreover, the epimerization of the product that occurred while conducting a rearrangement reaction in the presence of a homogeneous catalyst was almost fully eliminated by switching the catalytic system to heterogeneous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Murre
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Valdek Mikli
- Department of Materials and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Kristin Erkman
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Tõnis Kanger
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
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Zhang Y, Yang X, Li L, Hu Y, Wang S. One-step assembly of a MacMillan catalyst-based phenolic-type polymer. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:4465-4472. [PMID: 37191132 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00624g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We report herein a "bottom-up" approach for the one-step assembly of a MacMillan catalyst-based phenolic-type polymer (Mac-CP). The resulting self-supported polymeric organocatalyst possesses homogeneously distributed and highly concentrated catalytic sites. Furthermore, Mac-CP is soluble in CH3CN but insoluble in hexane. This unique property can be used to employ the polymer as an efficient catalyst in homogeneous organocatalysis and heterogeneous recycling. As a result, Mac-CP possesses comparable catalytic activity and enantioselectivity to its homogeneous counterpart in the asymmetric Diels-Alder reaction (95% yield, 93% enantiomeric excess (ee) for endo and 92% ee for exo).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaorong Yang
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, P.R. China
| | - Liqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Yansong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Shutao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
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Killi N, Bartenbach J, Kuckling D. Polymeric Networks Containing Amine Derivatives as Organocatalysts for Knoevenagel Reaction within Continuously Driven Microfluidic Reactors. Gels 2023; 9:gels9030171. [PMID: 36975620 PMCID: PMC10048661 DOI: 10.3390/gels9030171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The Knoevenagel reaction is a classic reaction in organic chemistry for the formation of C-C bonds. In this study, various catalytic monomers for Knoevenagel reactions were synthesized and polymerized via photolithography to form polymeric gel dots with a composition of 90% catalyst, 9% gelling agent and 1% crosslinker. Furthermore, these gel dots were inserted into a microfluidic reactor (MFR) and the conversion of the reaction using gel dots as catalysts in the MFR for 8 h at room temperature was studied. The gel dots containing primary amines showed a better conversion of about 83–90% with aliphatic aldehyde and 86–100% with aromatic aldehyde, compared to the tertiary amines (52–59% with aliphatic aldehyde and 77–93% with aromatic aldehydes) which resembles the reactivity of the amines. Moreover, the addition of polar solvent (water) in the reaction mixture and the swelling properties of the gel dots by altering the polymer backbone showed a significant enhancement in the conversion of the reaction, due to the increased accessibility of the catalytic sites in the polymeric network. These results suggested the primary-amine-based catalysts facilitate better conversion compared to tertiary amines and the reaction solvent had a significant influence on organocatalysis to improve the efficiency of MFR.
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Kessaratikoon T, Theerathanagorn T, Crespy D, D'Elia V. Organocatalytic Polymers from Affordable and Readily Available Building Blocks for the Cycloaddition of CO 2 to Epoxides. J Org Chem 2023; 88:4894-4924. [PMID: 36692489 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic cycloaddition of CO2 to epoxides to afford cyclic carbonates as useful monomers, intermediates, solvents, and additives is a continuously growing field of investigation as a way to carry out the atom-economic conversion of CO2 to value-added products. Metal-free organocatalytic compounds are attractive systems among various catalysts for such transformations because they are inexpensive, nontoxic, and readily available. Herein, we highlight and discuss key advances in the development of polymer-based organocatalytic materials that match these requirements of affordability and availability by considering their synthetic routes, the monomers, and the supports employed. The discussion is organized according to the number (monofunctional versus bifunctional materials) and type of catalytically active moieties, including both halide-based and halide-free systems. Two general synthetic approaches are identified based on the postsynthetic functionalization of polymeric supports or the copolymerization of monomers bearing catalytically active moieties. After a review of the material syntheses and catalytic activities, the chemical and structural features affecting catalytic performance are discussed. Based on such analysis, some strategies for the future design of affordable and readily available polymer-based organocatalysts with enhanced catalytic activity under mild conditions are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanika Kessaratikoon
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Payupnai, WangChan, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Tharinee Theerathanagorn
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Payupnai, WangChan, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Daniel Crespy
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Payupnai, WangChan, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Valerio D'Elia
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Payupnai, WangChan, Rayong 21210, Thailand
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7
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García-Monzón I, Borges-González J, Martín T. Solid‐Supported Tetrahydropyran‐Based Hybrid Dipeptide Catalysts for Michael Addition of Aldehydes to Nitrostyrenes. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tomás Martín
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología SPAIN
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8
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Wang Z, Yang J, Xiao W, Chen T, Yi C, Xu Z. Engineering of polystyrene-supported artificial catalytic triad constructed by nanoprecipitation for efficient ester hydrolysis in water. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Shajahan R, Sarang R, Saithalavi A. Polymer Supported Proline-Based Organocatalysts in Asymmetric Aldol Reactions: A Review. CURRENT ORGANOCATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/2213337209666220112094231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of proline-based organocatalysts has acquired significant importance in organic synthesis, especially in enantioselective synthesis. Proline and its derivatives are proven to be quite effective chiral organocatalysts for a variety of transformations including the aldol reaction, which is considered as one of the important C-C bond forming reactions in organic synthesis. The use of chiral organocatalysts has several advantages over its metal-mediated analogues. Subsequently, a large number of highly efficient proline-based organocatalysts including polymer-supported chiral analogues have been identified for aldol reaction. The use of polymer-supported organocatalysts exhibited remarkable stability under the reaction conditions and offered the best results particularly in terms of its recyclability and reusability. These potential benefits along with its economic and green chemistry advantages have led to the search for many polymer-supported proline catalysts. In this review, recent developments in exploring various polymer immobilized proline-based chiral organocatalysts for asymmetric aldol reactions are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubina Shajahan
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India-686560
| | - Rithwik Sarang
- Institute for Integrated Programmes and Research in Basic Sciences (IIRBS), Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India-686560
| | - Anas Saithalavi
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India-686560
- Institute for Integrated Programmes and Research in Basic Sciences (IIRBS), Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India-686560
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10
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Wang S, Zhelavskyi O, Lee J, Argüelles AJ, Khomutnyk YY, Mensah E, Guo H, Hourani R, Zimmerman PM, Nagorny P. Studies of Catalyst-Controlled Regioselective Acetalization and Its Application to Single-Pot Synthesis of Differentially Protected Saccharides. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:18592-18604. [PMID: 34705439 PMCID: PMC8585716 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This article describes studies on the regioselective acetal protection of monosaccharide-based diols using chiral phosphoric acids (CPAs) and their immobilized polymeric variants, (R)-Ad-TRIP-PS and (S)-SPINOL-PS, as the catalysts. These catalyst-controlled regioselective acetalizations were found to proceed with high regioselectivities (up to >25:1 rr) on various d-glucose-, d-galactose-, d-mannose-, and l-fucose-derived 1,2-diols and could be carried out in a regiodivergent fashion depending on the choice of chiral catalyst. The polymeric catalysts were conveniently recycled and reused multiple times for gram-scale functionalizations with catalytic loadings as low as 0.1 mol %, and their performance was often found to be superior to the performance of their monomeric variants. These regioselective CPA-catalyzed acetalizations were successfully combined with common hydroxyl group functionalizations as single-pot telescoped procedures to produce 32 regioisomerically pure differentially protected mono- and disaccharide derivatives. To further demonstrate the utility of the polymeric catalysts, the same batch of (R)-Ad-TRIP-PS catalyst was recycled and reused to accomplish single-pot gram-scale syntheses of 6 differentially protected d-glucose derivatives. The subsequent exploration of the reaction mechanism using NMR studies of deuterated and nondeuterated substrates revealed that low-temperature acetalizations happen via a syn-addition mechanism and that the reaction regioselectivity exhibits strong dependence on the temperature. The computational studies indicate a complex temperature-dependent interplay of two reaction mechanisms, one involving an anomeric phosphate intermediate and another via concerted asynchronous formation of an acetal, that results in syn-addition products. The computational models also explain the steric factors responsible for the observed C2 selectivities and are consistent with experimentally observed selectivity trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibin Wang
- Chemistry Department, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Oleksii Zhelavskyi
- Chemistry Department, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Jeonghyo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Alonso J. Argüelles
- Synthetic Molecule Design and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, 307 E. Merrill St. Indianapolis, IN 46225
| | | | - Enoch Mensah
- Chemistry Department, Indiana University Southeast, 4201 Grant Line Rd. New Albany, IN 47150
| | - Hao Guo
- Deparment of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015
| | - Rami Hourani
- Chemistry Department, Stanford University, 333 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5080
| | - Paul M. Zimmerman
- Chemistry Department, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Pavel Nagorny
- Chemistry Department, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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11
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Huang X, Zhang W. Recyclable fluorous cinchona organocatalysts for asymmetric synthesis of biologically interesting compounds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:10116-10124. [PMID: 34522921 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03722f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Organocatalysis has unique modes of activation, mild reaction conditions, and good catalyst structural amenability. The integration of green techniques such as catalyst recovery and one-pot reactions makes organocatalysis more efficient and attractive. Presented in this article are the recyclable cinchona alkaloid-catalyzed reactions including fluorination and Michael addition-initiated cascade reactions in asymmetric synthesis of functionalized compounds of biological interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, MA 02125, USA.
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12
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SuFEx-Click Approach for the Synthesis of Soluble Polymer-Bound MacMillan Catalysts for the Asymmetric Diels–Alder Reaction. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11091044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel polymeric MacMillan catalysts were prepared from modified chiral imidazolidin-4-one monomers via sulfur(VI) fluoride exchange chemistry. The resulting polysulfates containing chiral imidazolidin-4-one units could be employed as polymeric organocatalysts for the asymmetric Diels–Alder reaction. With the use of these polysulfate catalysts, sufficient catalytic activity and enantioselectivity were obtained, which were similar to those obtained by monomeric catalysts in a homogeneous catalytic reaction. In addition, the polysulfate catalysts could be recovered and reused five times without a considerable loss of activity and selectivity.
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13
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Marcisz K, Romanski J, Karbarz M. Electroresponsive microgel able to form a monolayer on gold through self-assembly. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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14
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Juaristi E. Recent developments in next generation (S)-proline-derived chiral organocatalysts. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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15
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Brandolese A, Greenhalgh MD, Desrues T, Liu X, Qu S, Bressy C, Smith AD. Horeau amplification in the sequential acylative kinetic resolution of (±)-1,2-diols and (±)-1,3-diols in flow. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:3620-3627. [PMID: 33908571 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00304f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The sequential acylative kinetic resolution (KR) of C2-symmetric (±)-1,2-syn and (±)-1,3-anti-diols using a packed bed microreactor loaded with the polystyrene-supported isothiourea, HyperBTM, is demonstrated in flow. The sequential KRs of C2-symmetric (±)-1,2-syn and (±)-1,3-anti-diols exploits Horeau amplification, with each composed of two successive KR processes, with each substrate class significantly differing in the relative rate constants for each KR process. Optimisation of the continuous flow set-up for both C2-symmetric (±)-1,2-syn and (±)-1,3-anti-diol substrate classes allowed isolation of reaction products in both high enantiopurity and yield. In addition to the successful KR of C2-symmetric (±)-1,2-syn and (±)-1,3-anti-diols, the application of this process to the more conceptually-complex scenario involving the sequential KR of C1-symmetric (±)-1,3-anti-diols was demonstrated, which involves eight independent rate constants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Brandolese
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK. and Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mark D Greenhalgh
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK. and Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Titouan Desrues
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2 Marseille, France.
| | - Xueyang Liu
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2 Marseille, France.
| | - Shen Qu
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK.
| | - Cyril Bressy
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2 Marseille, France.
| | - Andrew D Smith
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK.
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16
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Amino-modified Merrifield resins as recyclable catalysts for the safe and sustainable preparation of functionalized α-diazo carbonyl compounds. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Lizandara-Pueyo C, Fan X, Ayats C, Pericàs MA. Calcium carbonate as heterogeneous support for recyclable organocatalysts. J Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2020.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Hatano M, Zhao X, Mochizuki T, Maeda K, Motokura K, Ishihara K. Reusable Silica‐Supported Ammonium BINSate Catalysts for Enantio‐ and Diastereoselective Friedel–Crafts‐Type Double Aminoalkylation of
N
‐Alkylpyrroles with Aldimines. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202000603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Hatano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Kobe Pharmaceutical University 4-19-1, Motoyamakitamachi Higashinada, Kobe 658-8558 Japan
| | - Xue Zhao
- Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University Furo-cho Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Takuya Mochizuki
- Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University Furo-cho Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Kyogo Maeda
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8502 Japan
| | - Ken Motokura
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8502 Japan
| | - Kazuaki Ishihara
- Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University Furo-cho Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
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19
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Yolsal U, Horton TA, Wang M, Shaver MP. Polymer-supported Lewis acids and bases: Synthesis and applications. Prog Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2020.101313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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20
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Ochiai H, Nishiyama A, Haraguchi N, Itsuno S. Polymer-Supported Chiral Cis-Disubstituted Pyrrolidine Catalysts and Their Application to Batch and Continuous-Flow Systems. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Ochiai
- Pharma & Supplemental Nutrition Solutions Vehicle, Pharma Business Division, Kaneka Cooperation, 1-8 Miyamae-cho, Takasago-cho, Takasago, Hyogo 676-8688, Japan
| | - Akira Nishiyama
- Pharma & Supplemental Nutrition Solutions Vehicle, Pharma Business Division, Kaneka Cooperation, 1-8 Miyamae-cho, Takasago-cho, Takasago, Hyogo 676-8688, Japan
| | - Naoki Haraguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8580, Japan
| | - Shinichi Itsuno
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8580, Japan
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21
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Yu X, Herberg A, Kuckling D. Micellar Organocatalysis Using Smart Polymer Supports: Influence of Thermoresponsive Self-Assembly on Catalytic Activity. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2265. [PMID: 33019724 PMCID: PMC7600719 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Micellar catalysts with a switchable core are attractive materials in organic synthesis. However, little is known about the role of the shell forming block on the performance of the catalyst. Thermoresponsive block copolymers based on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-vinyl-4,4-dimethylazlactone) attached to different permanently hydrophilic blocks, namely poly(ethylene glycol), poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide), and poly(2,3-dihydroxypropyl acrylate), were successfully synthesized via reversible addition/fragmentation chain transfer radical polymerization (RAFT). Post-polymerization attachment of an amino-functionalized L-prolineamide using the azlactone ring-opening reaction afforded functionalized thermoresponsive block copolymers. Temperature-induced aggregation of the functionalized block copolymers was studied using dynamic light scattering. It was shown that the chemical structure of the permanently hydrophilic block significantly affected the size of the polymer self-assemblies. The functionalized block copolymers were subjected to an aldol reaction between p-nitrobenzaldehyde and cyclohexanone in water. Upon temperature-induced aggregation, an increase in conversion was observed. The enantioselectivity of the polymer-bound organocatalyst improved with an increasing hydrophilic/hydrophobic interface as a result of the different stability of the polymer aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dirk Kuckling
- Department of Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, D-33098 Paderborn, Germany; (X.Y.); (A.H.)
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22
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Nghiem TL, Coban D, Tjaberings S, Gröschel AH. Recent Advances in the Synthesis and Application of Polymer Compartments for Catalysis. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2190. [PMID: 32987965 PMCID: PMC7600123 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Catalysis is one of the most important processes in nature, science, and technology, that enables the energy efficient synthesis of essential organic compounds, pharmaceutically active substances, and molecular energy sources. In nature, catalytic reactions typically occur in aqueous environments involving multiple catalytic sites. To prevent the deactivation of catalysts in water or avoid unwanted cross-reactions, catalysts are often site-isolated in nanopockets or separately stored in compartments. These concepts have inspired the design of a range of synthetic nanoreactors that allow otherwise unfeasible catalytic reactions in aqueous environments. Since the field of nanoreactors is evolving rapidly, we here summarize-from a personal perspective-prominent and recent examples for polymer nanoreactors with emphasis on their synthesis and their ability to catalyze reactions in dispersion. Examples comprise the incorporation of catalytic sites into hydrophobic nanodomains of single chain polymer nanoparticles, molecular polymer nanoparticles, and block copolymer micelles and vesicles. We focus on catalytic reactions mediated by transition metal and organocatalysts, and the separate storage of multiple catalysts for one-pot cascade reactions. Efforts devoted to the field of nanoreactors are relevant for catalytic chemistry and nanotechnology, as well as the synthesis of pharmaceutical and natural compounds. Optimized nanoreactors will aid in the development of more potent catalytic systems for green and fast reaction sequences contributing to sustainable chemistry by reducing waste of solvents, reagents, and energy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - André H. Gröschel
- Physical Chemistry and Centre for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (T.-L.N.); (D.C.); (S.T.)
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23
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Berg P, Obst F, Simon D, Richter A, Appelhans D, Kuckling D. Novel Application of Polymer Networks Carrying Tertiary Amines as a Catalyst Inside Microflow Reactors Used for
Knoevenagel
Reactions. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Berg
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Paderborn University Warburger Str. 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
| | - Franziska Obst
- Leibniz Institute for Polymer Research Dresden Hohe Str. 6 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - David Simon
- Leibniz Institute for Polymer Research Dresden Hohe Str. 6 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Andreas Richter
- Institute of Semiconductors and Microsystems Technische Universität Dresden Helmholtzstr. 10 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Dietmar Appelhans
- Leibniz Institute for Polymer Research Dresden Hohe Str. 6 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Dirk Kuckling
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Paderborn University Warburger Str. 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
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24
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Qu S, Smith SM, Laina‐Martín V, Neyyappadath RM, Greenhalgh MD, Smith AD. Isothiourea-Catalyzed Acylative Kinetic Resolution of Tertiary α-Hydroxy Esters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:16572-16578. [PMID: 32491267 PMCID: PMC7540711 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202004354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A highly enantioselective isothiourea-catalyzed acylative kinetic resolution (KR) of acyclic tertiary alcohols has been developed. Selectivity factors of up to 200 were achieved for the KR of tertiary alcohols bearing an adjacent ester substituent, with both reaction conversion and enantioselectivity found to be sensitive to the steric and electronic environment at the stereogenic tertiary carbinol centre. For more sterically congested alcohols, the use of a recently-developed isoselenourea catalyst was optimal, with equivalent enantioselectivity but higher conversion achieved in comparison to the isothiourea HyperBTM. Diastereomeric acylation transition state models are proposed to rationalize the origins of enantiodiscrimination in this process. This KR procedure was also translated to a continuous-flow process using a polymer-supported variant of the catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Qu
- EaStChemSchool of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsNorth HaughSt AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUK
| | - Samuel M. Smith
- EaStChemSchool of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsNorth HaughSt AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUK
| | - Víctor Laina‐Martín
- EaStChemSchool of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsNorth HaughSt AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUK
| | | | - Mark D. Greenhalgh
- EaStChemSchool of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsNorth HaughSt AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUK
| | - Andrew D. Smith
- EaStChemSchool of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsNorth HaughSt AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUK
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25
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Bartáček J, Váňa J, Drabina P, Svoboda J, Kocúrik M, Sedlák M. Recoverable polystyrene-supported palladium catalyst for construction of all-carbon quaternary stereocenters via asymmetric 1,4-addition of arylboronic acids to cyclic enones. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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26
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Qu S, Smith SM, Laina‐Martín V, Neyyappadath RM, Greenhalgh MD, Smith AD. Isothiourea‐Catalyzed Acylative Kinetic Resolution of Tertiary α‐Hydroxy Esters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202004354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shen Qu
- EaStChemSchool of ChemistryUniversity of St Andrews North Haugh St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Samuel M. Smith
- EaStChemSchool of ChemistryUniversity of St Andrews North Haugh St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Víctor Laina‐Martín
- EaStChemSchool of ChemistryUniversity of St Andrews North Haugh St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | | | - Mark D. Greenhalgh
- EaStChemSchool of ChemistryUniversity of St Andrews North Haugh St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Andrew D. Smith
- EaStChemSchool of ChemistryUniversity of St Andrews North Haugh St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
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27
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Krištofíková D, Modrocká V, Mečiarová M, Šebesta R. Green Asymmetric Organocatalysis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:2828-2858. [PMID: 32141177 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric organocatalysis is becoming one of the main tools for the synthesis of chiral compounds that are needed as medicines, crop protection agents, and other bioactive molecules. It can be effectively combined with various green chemistry methodologies. Intensification techniques, such as ball milling, flow, high pressure, or light, bring not only higher yields, faster reactions, and easier product isolation, but also new reactivities. More sustainable reaction media, such as ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, green solvent alternatives, and water, also considerably enhance the sustainability profile of many organocatalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Krištofíková
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Viktória Modrocká
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Mária Mečiarová
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Radovan Šebesta
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
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28
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Aguilera DA, Tanchoux N, Fochi M, Bernardi L. Blue Chemistry. Marine Polysaccharide Biopolymers in Asymmetric Catalysis: Challenges and Opportunities. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Antonio Aguilera
- Institut Charles Gerhardt; CNRS-ENSCM-UM; 8, Rue Ecole Normale 34296 Montpellier France
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari” & INSTM RU Bologna; Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; V. Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Nathalie Tanchoux
- Institut Charles Gerhardt; CNRS-ENSCM-UM; 8, Rue Ecole Normale 34296 Montpellier France
| | - Mariafrancesca Fochi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari” & INSTM RU Bologna; Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; V. Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Luca Bernardi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari” & INSTM RU Bologna; Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; V. Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
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29
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A Resin-Bound Peptoid as a Recyclable Heterogeneous Catalyst for Oxidation Reactions. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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30
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Watanabe M, Sakai T, Oka M, Makinose Y, Miyazaki H, Iida H. Non‐Covalently Immobilized Chiral Imidazolidinone on Sulfated‐Chitin: Reusable Heterogeneous Organocatalysts for Asymmetric Diels‐Alder Reaction. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201901036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mirai Watanabe
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu Matsue 690-8504 Japan
| | - Takuya Sakai
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu Matsue 690-8504 Japan
| | - Marina Oka
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu Matsue 690-8504 Japan
| | - Yuki Makinose
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu Matsue 690-8504 Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Miyazaki
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu Matsue 690-8504 Japan
| | - Hiroki Iida
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu Matsue 690-8504 Japan
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31
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32
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Reusable shuttles for exchangeable functional cargos: Reversibly assembled, magnetically powered organocatalysts for asymmetric aldol reactions. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.130592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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33
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de la Torre AF, Scatena GS, Valdés O, Rivera DG, Paixão MW. Ugi reaction-derived prolyl peptide catalysts grafted on the renewable polymer polyfurfuryl alcohol for applications in heterogeneous enamine catalysis. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:1210-1216. [PMID: 31293668 PMCID: PMC6604708 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The multicomponent synthesis of prolyl pseudo-peptide catalysts using the Ugi reaction with furfurylamines or isocyanides is described. The incorporation of such a polymerizable furan handle enabled the subsequent polymerization of the peptide catalyst with furfuryl alcohol, thus rendering polyfurfuryl alcohol-supported catalysts for applications in heterogeneous enamine catalysis. The utilization of the polymer-supported catalysts in both batch and continuous-flow organocatalytic procedures proved moderate catalytic efficacy and enantioselectivity, but excellent diastereoselectivity in the asymmetric Michael addition of n-butanal to β-nitrostyrene that was used as a model reaction. This work supports the potential of multicomponent reactions towards the assembly of catalysts and their simultaneous functionalization for immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander F de la Torre
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Edmundo Larenas 234-interior-Casilla 160-C-Concepción, Chile
| | - Gabriel S Scatena
- Márcio W. Paixão, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Oscar Valdés
- Vicerrectoria de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Daniel G Rivera
- Center for Natural Products Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Havana, Zapata y G, 10400, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Márcio W Paixão
- Márcio W. Paixão, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 97105-900, Brazil
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34
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Abstract
Introduction:The popularity of chitosan is increasing among the researchers due to its environment friendly nature, high activity and easy approachability. Chitosan based catalysts are not only the most active and selective in catalytic reaction, but their “green” accessibility also makes them promising in organic catalysis. Chitosan is commonly extracted from chitin by alkaline deacetylation and it is the second abundant biopolymer in nature after cellulose. Chitosan based catalysts are advantageous by means of non-metallic activation as it involves small organic molecules. The robustness, nontoxicity, the lack of metal leaching possibility, inertness towards moisture and oxygen, easy handling and storage are the main advantages of organocatalysts. Traditional drawbacks associated with the metal-based heterogeneous catalysts, like longer reaction times during any synthesis, metal-leaching after every reaction and structural instability of the catalyst for prolonged recycling experiments are also very negligible for chitosan based catalysts. Besides, these catalysts can contribute more in catalysis due to their reusability and these special features increase their demand as the functionalized and profitable catalysts.Objective:The thorough description about the preparation of organocatalysts from chitosan and their uniqueness and novel activities in various famous reactions includes as the main aim of this review. Reusable and recycle nature of chitosan based organocatalysts gain the advantages over traditional and conventional catalyst which is further discussed over here.Methods and Discussions:In this article only those reactions are discussed where chitosan has been used both as support in heterogeneous catalysts or used as a catalyst itself without any co-catalyst for some reactions. Owing to its high biodegradability, nontoxicity, and antimicrobial properties, chitosan is widely-used as a green and sustainable polymeric catalyst in vast number of the reactions. Most of the preparations of catalyst have been achieved by exploring the complexation properties of chitosan with metal ions in heterogeneous molecular catalysis. Organocatalysis with chitosan is primarily discussed for carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions, carbon dioxide fixation through cyclo- addition reaction, condensation reaction and fine chemical synthesis reactions. Furthermore, its application as an enantioselective catalyst is also considered here for the chiral, helical organization of the chitosan skeleton. Moreover, another advantage of this polymeric catalyst is its easy recovery and reusability for several times under solvent-free conditions which is also explored in the current article.Conclusion:Important organocatalyzed reactions with either native chitosan or functionalized chitosan as catalysts have attracted great attention in the recent past. Also, chitosan has been widely used as a very promising support for the immobilization of catalytic metals for many reactions. In this review, various reactions have been discussed which show the potentiality of chitosan as catalyst or catalyst support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipika Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah-711103, India
| | - Jhuma Ganguly
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah-711103, India
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35
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Sakai T, Watanabe M, Ohkado R, Arakawa Y, Imada Y, Iida H. Flavinium and Alkali-Metal Assembly on Sulfated Chitin: A Heterogeneous Supramolecular Catalyst for H 2 O 2 -Mediated Oxidation. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:1640-1645. [PMID: 30803158 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201900485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous multiple-catalyst assemblies were developed in which the flavinium cation and Na or Li cations were easily immobilized on a chitin-derived anionic polymeric scaffold through noncovalent ionic interactions. The supramolecular flavinium catalysts were successfully employed in the environmentally friendly heterogeneous Baeyer-Villiger oxidation and sulfoxidation by H2 O2 . Owing to the cooperative catalytic effect of flavinium, alkali metal, and sulfated chitin, the supramolecular flavinium assembly showed higher catalytic activity for the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of cyclic ketones than the corresponding homogeneous flavinium catalyst. Because the ionic assembly was stable under the reaction conditions, the catalyst could be readily recovered by simple filtration and reused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Sakai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan
| | - Mirai Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan
| | - Ryoma Ohkado
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Arakawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokushima University, Minamijosanjima, Tokushima, 770-8506, Japan
| | - Yasushi Imada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokushima University, Minamijosanjima, Tokushima, 770-8506, Japan
| | - Hiroki Iida
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan
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36
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Aguilera DA, Spinozzi Di Sante L, Pettignano A, Riccioli R, Roeske J, Albergati L, Corti V, Fochi M, Bernardi L, Quignard F, Tanchoux N. Adsorption of a Chiral Amine on Alginate Gel Beads and Evaluation of its Efficiency as Heterogeneous Enantioselective Catalyst. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Antonio Aguilera
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari” & INSTM RU Bologna; Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna; V. Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
- Institut Charles Gerhardt; CNRS-ENSCM-UM; 8, Rue Ecole Normale 34296 Montpellier France
| | - Lisa Spinozzi Di Sante
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari” & INSTM RU Bologna; Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna; V. Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Asja Pettignano
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari” & INSTM RU Bologna; Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna; V. Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
- Institut Charles Gerhardt; CNRS-ENSCM-UM; 8, Rue Ecole Normale 34296 Montpellier France
| | - Riccardo Riccioli
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari” & INSTM RU Bologna; Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna; V. Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Joël Roeske
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari” & INSTM RU Bologna; Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna; V. Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
- Haute Ecole d'Ingénierie et d'Architecture; Bd. de Pérolles 80 1705 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Luce Albergati
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari” & INSTM RU Bologna; Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna; V. Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
- Haute Ecole d'Ingénierie et d'Architecture; Bd. de Pérolles 80 1705 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Vasco Corti
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari” & INSTM RU Bologna; Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna; V. Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Mariafrancesca Fochi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari” & INSTM RU Bologna; Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna; V. Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Luca Bernardi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari” & INSTM RU Bologna; Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna; V. Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Françoise Quignard
- Institut Charles Gerhardt; CNRS-ENSCM-UM; 8, Rue Ecole Normale 34296 Montpellier France
| | - Nathalie Tanchoux
- Institut Charles Gerhardt; CNRS-ENSCM-UM; 8, Rue Ecole Normale 34296 Montpellier France
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37
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Bartáček J, Drabina P, Váňa J, Sedlák M. Recoverable polystyrene-supported catalysts for Sharpless allylic alcohols epoxidations. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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38
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Yang B, Sun M, Qian X, Gao H, Ding X, Zhang Q. Preparation of a novel magnetically recoverable copper complex catalyst and its application in the Henry reaction. CAN J CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.23216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Public Security Management Technology in Universities of Shandong; Shandong Management University; Jinan 250357 China
| | - Meiyu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Public Security Management Technology in Universities of Shandong; Shandong Management University; Jinan 250357 China
| | - Xiangli Qian
- Key Laboratory of Public Security Management Technology in Universities of Shandong; Shandong Management University; Jinan 250357 China
| | - Hongfen Gao
- Key Laboratory of Public Security Management Technology in Universities of Shandong; Shandong Management University; Jinan 250357 China
| | - Xia Ding
- Key Laboratory of Public Security Management Technology in Universities of Shandong; Shandong Management University; Jinan 250357 China
| | - Qikun Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals; Shandong Normal University; Jinan 250014 China
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39
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Lan Y, Yang C, Zhang Y, An W, Xue H, Ding S, Zhou P, Wang W. Pyrrolidine-based chiral porous polymers for heterogeneous organocatalysis in water. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00326f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The “bottom-up” reticulation of chiral pyrrolidine into POPs for heterogeneous organocatalysis in pure water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubao Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Chunxia Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Wankai An
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Huadong Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Sanyuan Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Panpan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- China
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40
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Andrés JM, Maestro A, Valle M, Valencia I, Pedrosa R. Diastereo- and Enantioselective Syntheses of Trisubstituted Benzopyrans by Cascade Reactions Catalyzed by Monomeric and Polymeric Recoverable Bifunctional Thioureas and Squaramides. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:16591-16600. [PMID: 31458291 PMCID: PMC6644291 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
4-Vinylphenyl-substituted squaramides have been tested as organocatalysts for the diastereo- and enantioselective synthesis of trisubstituted benzopyrans via an oxa-Michael intramolecular nitro-Michael cascade reaction. Both the enantio- and diastereoselection were good to moderate, depending on the nature of the chiral scaffold in the catalyst. The diastereoselection is better for the most active catalyst because the final products epimerize at C-3 along the time. Supported squaramide sq-9 prepared by copolymerization of sq-4 with styrene and divinylbenzene is also effective in promoting the cascade reaction, and it is recoverable and reusable for five cycles maintaining the activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M. Andrés
- Instituto CINQUIMA and Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Paseo de Belén 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Alicia Maestro
- Instituto CINQUIMA and Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Paseo de Belén 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - María Valle
- Instituto CINQUIMA and Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Paseo de Belén 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Isabel Valencia
- Instituto CINQUIMA and Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Paseo de Belén 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Rafael Pedrosa
- Instituto CINQUIMA and Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Paseo de Belén 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
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41
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Franconetti A, de Gonzalo G. Recent Developments on Supported Hydrogen-bond Organocatalysts. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201801459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Franconetti
- Departamento de Química; Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Cerdanyola del Vallés 01893 Spain
| | - Gonzalo de Gonzalo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica; Universidad de Sevilla; c/ Profesor García González 2 41012 Sevilla Spain
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42
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Levchenko V, Sundsli B, Øien-Ødegaard S, Tilset M, Hansen FK, Bonge-Hansen T. Bottom-Up Synthesis of Acrylic and Styrylic RhII
Carboxylate Polymer Beads: Solid-Supported Analogs of Rh2
(OAc)4. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Levchenko
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oslo; P.O. Box 1033, Blindern NO-0315 Oslo Norway
| | - Bård Sundsli
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oslo; P.O. Box 1033, Blindern NO-0315 Oslo Norway
| | - Sigurd Øien-Ødegaard
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oslo; P.O. Box 1033, Blindern NO-0315 Oslo Norway
| | - Mats Tilset
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oslo; P.O. Box 1033, Blindern NO-0315 Oslo Norway
| | - Finn K. Hansen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oslo; P.O. Box 1033, Blindern NO-0315 Oslo Norway
| | - Tore Bonge-Hansen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oslo; P.O. Box 1033, Blindern NO-0315 Oslo Norway
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43
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Polydimethylsiloxane sponge supported DMAP on polymer brushes: Highly efficient recyclable base catalyst and ligand in water. J Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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44
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Marcisz K, Kaniewska K, Mackiewicz M, Nowinska A, Romanski J, Stojek Z, Karbarz M. Electroactive, Mediating and Thermosensitive Microgel Useful for Covalent Entrapment of Enzymes and Formation of Sensing Layer in Biosensors. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Marcisz
- Faculty of ChemistryBiological and Chemical Research CenterUniversity of Warsaw 101 Żwirki i Wigury Av., PL 02-089 Warsaw Poland
| | - Klaudia Kaniewska
- Faculty of ChemistryBiological and Chemical Research CenterUniversity of Warsaw 101 Żwirki i Wigury Av., PL 02-089 Warsaw Poland
| | - Marcin Mackiewicz
- Faculty of ChemistryBiological and Chemical Research CenterUniversity of Warsaw 101 Żwirki i Wigury Av., PL 02-089 Warsaw Poland
| | - Anna Nowinska
- Faculty of ChemistryBiological and Chemical Research CenterUniversity of Warsaw 101 Żwirki i Wigury Av., PL 02-089 Warsaw Poland
| | - Jan Romanski
- Faculty of ChemistryBiological and Chemical Research CenterUniversity of Warsaw 101 Żwirki i Wigury Av., PL 02-089 Warsaw Poland
| | - Zbigniew Stojek
- Faculty of ChemistryBiological and Chemical Research CenterUniversity of Warsaw 101 Żwirki i Wigury Av., PL 02-089 Warsaw Poland
| | - Marcin Karbarz
- Faculty of ChemistryBiological and Chemical Research CenterUniversity of Warsaw 101 Żwirki i Wigury Av., PL 02-089 Warsaw Poland
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45
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Cyanation of aryl bromides with K4[Fe(CN)6] using polydopamine supported Pd nanoparticle catalysis: formation of magnetite during the reaction. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-018-1478-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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46
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Rodríguez‐Escrich C, Pericàs MA. Catalytic Enantioselective Flow Processes with Solid‐Supported Chiral Catalysts. CHEM REC 2018; 19:1872-1890. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201800097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carles Rodríguez‐Escrich
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) Avinguda Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Miquel A. Pericàs
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) Avinguda Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
- Departament de Química OrgànicaUniversitat de Barcelona 08080 Barcelona Spain
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47
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Lai J, Sayalero S, Ferrali A, Osorio-Planes L, Bravo F, Rodríguez-Escrich C, Pericàs MA. Immobilization of cis
-4-Hydroxydiphenylprolinol Silyl Ethers onto Polystyrene. Application in the Catalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of 5-Hydroxyisoxazolidines in Batch and Flow. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201800572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junshan Lai
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans, 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica; c/Marcel⋅lí Domingo, 1 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Sonia Sayalero
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans, 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Alessandro Ferrali
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans, 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Laura Osorio-Planes
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans, 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Fernando Bravo
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans, 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Carles Rodríguez-Escrich
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans, 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Miquel A. Pericàs
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans, 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica; Universitat de Barcelona (UB); 08028 Barcelona Spain
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48
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Clot-Almenara L, Rodríguez-Escrich C, Pericàs MA. Desymmetrisation of meso-diones promoted by a highly recyclable polymer-supported chiral phosphoric acid catalyst. RSC Adv 2018; 8:6910-6914. [PMID: 35540356 PMCID: PMC9078317 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra13471a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A polystyrene-supported BINOL-derived chiral phosphoric acid has been applied to the desymmetrisation of meso-diones to produce enantioenriched cyclohexenones. The catalytic resin has proven highly active and robust, giving rise to Hajos-Parrish or Wieland-Miescher type products in good yields and enantioselectivities, while allowing for extended recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Clot-Almenara
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Carles Rodríguez-Escrich
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Miquel A Pericàs
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona 08080 Barcelona Spain
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49
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Solid supported Hayashi–Jørgensen catalyst as an efficient and recyclable organocatalyst for asymmetric Michael addition reactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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50
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Haraguchi N, Nguyen TL, Itsuno S. Polyesters Containing Chiral Imidazolidinone Salts in Polymer Main Chain: Heterogeneous Organocatalysts for the Asymmetric Diels-Alder Reaction. ChemCatChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201700723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Haraguchi
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences; Graduate School of Engineering; Toyohashi University of Technology; Toyohashi Aichi 441-8580 Japan
| | - Thanh Liem Nguyen
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences; Graduate School of Engineering; Toyohashi University of Technology; Toyohashi Aichi 441-8580 Japan
| | - Shinichi Itsuno
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences; Graduate School of Engineering; Toyohashi University of Technology; Toyohashi Aichi 441-8580 Japan
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