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Caveolin-3: A Causative Process of Chicken Muscular Dystrophy. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091206. [PMID: 32825241 PMCID: PMC7565761 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of chicken muscular dystrophy is the synthesis of aberrant WW domain containing E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase 1 (WWP1) protein made by a missense mutation of WWP1 gene. The β-dystroglycan that confers stability to sarcolemma was identified as a substrate of WWP protein, which induces the next molecular collapse. The aberrant WWP1 increases the ubiquitin ligase-mediated ubiquitination following severe degradation of sarcolemmal and cytoplasmic β-dystroglycan, and an erased β-dystroglycan in dystrophic αW fibers will lead to molecular imperfection of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC). The DGC is a core protein of costamere that is an essential part of force transduction and protects the muscle fibers from contraction-induced damage. Caveolin-3 (Cav-3) and dystrophin bind competitively to the same site of β-dystroglycan, and excessive Cav-3 on sarcolemma will block the interaction of dystrophin with β-dystroglycan, which is another reason for the disruption of the DGC. It is known that fast-twitch glycolytic fibers are more sensitive and vulnerable to contraction-induced small tears than slow-twitch oxidative fibers under a variety of diseased conditions. Accordingly, the fast glycolytic αW fibers must be easy with rapid damage of sarcolemma corruption seen in chicken muscular dystrophy, but the slow oxidative fibers are able to escape from these damages.
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2
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Walker CR, Wilson BW. Regulation of acetylcholinesterase in cultured muscle by chemical agents and electrical stimulation. Neuroscience 2001; 1:191-6. [PMID: 11370230 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(76)90076-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cultures of 11 day old chick embryo pectoral muscle were used to study the effects of direct electrical stimulation and neurochemicals such as acetylcholine, acetyl-beta-methylcholine, tetrodotoxin, and d-tubocurarine on the acetylcholinesterase levels of muscle. The results suggest that excitation-contraction is an important factor in regulation of muscle acetylcholinesterase. Tetrodotoxin, acetylcholine and its analog acetyl-beta-methylcholine increased acetylcholinesterase levels and reduced spontaneous contractions. D-tubocurarine blocked the increase in acetylcholinesterase and the decrease in spontaneous contractions caused by acetyl-beta-methylcholine. Electrical stimulation decreased acetylcholinesterase and increased muscle contractions in normal and in diisopropylfluorophosphate treated cultures. Tetrodotoxin also affected the morphology of the muscle cells, as if it adversely affected normal growth and differentiation. Electrical stimulation did not increase muscle creatine kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Walker
- Department of Avian Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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3
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Streichert LC, Sargent PB. Differential effects of denervation on acetylcholinesterase activity in parasympathetic and sympathetic ganglia of the frog, Rana pipiens. JOURNAL OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1990; 21:938-49. [PMID: 2077105 DOI: 10.1002/neu.480210610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The transsynaptic regulation of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was studied by recording the changes in enzymatic activity following denervation in two types of autonomic ganglia in the frog, Rana pipiens. Opposite effects on AChE were found in the parasympathetic cardiac ganglion and in the sympathetic lumbar ganglion; denervation produced a significant increase in AChE activity in cardiac ganglia but a significant decrease in lumbar ganglia. The relative effects of denervation on intracellular and total AChE were examined by selectively inhibiting extracellular AChE with echothiophate, a poorly lipid-soluble cholinesterase inhibitor. Denervation resulted in a significant increase in intracellular AChE in cholinergic cardiac ganglia but had no effect on intracellular AChE activity in adrenergic lumbar ganglia. Histochemical studies revealed little change in extracellular AChE staining upon denervation in the cardiac ganglion, whereas in the lumbar ganglia there was a loss of AChE-specific reaction product. These results raise the possibility that the transsynaptic control of AChE activity by innervation in the frog is influenced by the transmitter synthetic properties of the postsynaptic ganglion cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Streichert
- Neurosciences Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305
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Nakano S, Akiguchi I, Yasuda Y, Nakamura S, Kameyama M, Kimura J. Acetylcholinesterase histochemistry in the non-endplate region of skeletal muscles and effect of denervation. Muscle Nerve 1990; 13:687-96. [PMID: 2166910 DOI: 10.1002/mus.880130805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We measured acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the non-endplate region of rat muscle, documenting its intrinsic activity within muscle fibers, as well as the extrinsic level in the capillaries and endomysium. When each muscle was considered as a whole, intrinsic AChE activity detected within the fibers was stronger in the fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus than in the slow-twitch soleus. Analysis of individual muscle fibers also showed the same tendency with a higher value in the fast-twitch type II fibers than in the slow-twitch type I fibers. On the average, 73% of the fibers showed intermediate or strong enzymatic activity in the fast-twitch muscle, whereas 56% of the slow-twitch muscle had only low activity. Sectioning or ligation of the sciatic nerve resulted in nearly complete abolition of the enzyme in the non-endplate region of the denervated muscles within 7 days, suggesting that nerve transmission regulates AChE activity not only in the endplate, as is well known, but also outside this region. Human skeletal muscles showed the same pattern of AChE activity in the non-endplate region as seen in rat muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nakano
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Hospital, Japan
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Khaskiye A, Suignard-Khaskiye G, Renaud D. Acetylcholinesterase in chick embryo latissimus dorsii muscles: effects of curarization and electrical stimulation. Differentiation 1989; 41:110-5. [PMID: 2612761 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.1989.tb00738.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the changes in AChE-specific activity and in AChE molecular form distribution were studied in slow-tonic anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) and in fast-twitch posterior latissimus dorsi (PLD) muscles of the chick embryo. From stage 36 (day 11) to stage 42 (day 17) of Hamburger and Hamilton, the AChE-specific activity decreased, while the relative proportion of asymmetric A 12 and A 8 forms increased. Repetitive injection of curare resulted at stage 42 (day 17) in a decrease in AChE-specific activity, in the accumulation of the synaptic AChE and in the expression of AChE asymmetric forms. Electrical stimulation at a relatively high frequency (40 Hz) of curarized ALD and PLD muscles resulted in a normal increase in AChE asymmetric forms, whereas a lower frequency (5 Hz) resulted in a dominance of globular forms. Both patterns of stimulation partly prevented the loss in synaptic AChE accumulations. These results suggest that in chick embryo muscles, muscle activity and its rhythms are involved in the normal evolution of AChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Khaskiye
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie et Physico-Chimie Cellulaires, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Nantes, France
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Khaskiye A, Renaud D. Posthatching changes in levels and molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase in slow and fast muscles of the chicken: effects of denervation and direct electrical stimulation. Differentiation 1988; 39:28-33. [PMID: 3246290 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.1988.tb00077.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and AChE molecular form distribution were studied in slow-tonic anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) and in fast-twitch posterior latissimus dorsi (PLD) muscles of chickens 2-18 days of age. In ALD as well as in PLD muscles, the AChE-specific activity increased transiently from day 2 to day 4; the activity then decreased more rapidly in PLD muscle. During this period asymmetric AChE forms decreased dramatically in ALD muscle and the globular forms increased. In PLD muscle, the most striking change was the decline in A8 form between days 2 and 18 of development. Denervation performed at day 2 delayed the normal decrease in AChE-specific activity in PLD muscle, whereas little change was observed in ALD muscle. Moreover, A forms in these two muscles were virtually absent 8 days after denervation. Direct electrical stimulation depressed the rise in AChE-specific activity in denervated PLD muscle and prevented the loss of the A forms. Furthermore, the different molecular forms varied according to the stimulus pattern. In ALD muscle, electrical stimulation failed to prevent the effect of denervation. This study emphasizes the differential response of denervated slow and fast muscles to electrical stimulation and stresses the importance of the frequency of stimulation in the regulation of AChE molecular forms in PLD muscle during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Khaskiye
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie et Physico-Chimie Cellulaires, Faculté de Sciences, Nantes, France
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Howlett SE, Hoekman TB. Responsiveness of normal and dystrophic avian muscle to acetylcholine, carbamylcholine and d-tubocurarine. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY 1988; 19:697-701. [PMID: 3215481 DOI: 10.1016/0306-3623(88)90131-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
1. The responsiveness of dystrophic avian muscle to acetylcholine may be altered due to reported elevated acetylcholinesterase activity. 2. To test this hypothesis, the responsiveness of normal and dystrophic muscle in vivo to intra-arterial injection of acetylcholine, carbamylcholine and d-tubocurarine was compared. 3. Results showed that dystrophic muscle was less responsive to acetylcholine, more responsive d-tubocurarine and equally responsive to carbamylcholine when compared to normal suggesting enhanced acetylcholine hydrolysis occurs in vivo in dystrophic avian muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Howlett
- Faculty of Medicine, Basic Science Division, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
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Bastone A, Frontali N, Mallozzi C, Sbraccia M, Settimi L. Cholinesterases in blood plasma and tissues of rats treated with n-hexane or with its neurotoxic metabolite 2,5-hexanedione. Arch Toxicol 1987; 61:138-44. [PMID: 3439886 DOI: 10.1007/bf00661372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Adult male rats were subjected to 4 weeks' respiratory treatment with n-hexane (5000 ppm, 16h/day, 6 days/week); motor conduction velocity was significantly decreased in tail nerves at all weekly intervals and did not approach normal values in the 4 weeks following interruption of treatment. Plasma acetylcholinesterase (AChE) levels were significantly increased at all weekly intervals during treatment (25-40%); 2 weeks after the end of treatment they had returned to baseline. Oral treatment with 2,5-hexanedione (HD) (1% in drinking water) caused a similar increase in plasma levels; this increase was statistically significant also when compared with pair-fed (PF) control rats. A sucrose density gradient analysis showed only one peak of AChE activity at approximately 10 S (as in normal plasma). The levels of butyrylcholinesterase were unaltered in plasma of both n-hexane-and HD-treated rats. Both the fast-contracting EDL and the slow-contracting soleus muscles lost weight in HD-treated rats with respect to free-fed (AL) and PF controls. AChE levels responded differently to HD treatment in the two muscle types: in EDL total extracts, AChE activity increased considerably with respect to AL controls (+ 70%, p less than 0.001), while the levels of the 16 S and 4 S molecular forms were unaltered. The increased levels of AChE found in plasma of rats intoxicated with n-hexane or with its metabolite HD may originate from muscle and correspond to an increased secretion of this molecular form.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bastone
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Matsuda R, Spector D, Micou-Eastwood J, Strohman RC. There is selective accumulation of a growth factor in chicken skeletal muscle. II. Transferrin accumulation in dystrophic fast muscle. Dev Biol 1984; 103:276-84. [PMID: 6373445 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(84)90315-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Transferrin or a transferrin-like protein, with ability to stimulate myogenesis and terminal differentiation in vitro, is found in fast chicken muscle during embryonic development. After hatching, however, transferrin is no longer accumulated or is only weakly accumulated by fast muscles like the pectoralis major and the posterior latissimus dorsi but continues to be accumulated by slow muscles like the anterior latissimus dorsi. In congenic lines of chickens bearing the gene for muscular dystrophy, however, adult fast muscles do not lose the ability to accumulate transferrin. While transferrin is found selectively in adult normal and dystrophic muscle it does not appear to be synthesized by muscle cells. Immunocytochemical localization shows that transferrin is accumulated not so much by muscle fibers as it is by single cells in the muscle interstitial space. The relationship between transferrin presence and growth patterns in adult skeletal muscle is not currently understood but evidence suggests that transferrin stimulation of myogenesis observed in vitro may be mediated in vivo by non-muscle cells dwelling within the muscle interstitial space. These cells may act as transferrin-uptake sources for subsequent satellite cell stimulation.
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Bandman E. Myosin components of the latissimus dorsi and the pectoralis major muscles in the dystrophic chicken. Muscle Nerve 1984; 7:312-26. [PMID: 6727915 DOI: 10.1002/mus.880070410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The myosin composition of the anterior latissimus dorsi, the posterior latissimus dorsi, and the pectoralis major muscles was examined in the inbred White Leghorn dystrophic chicken and its isogenic normal line at different ages during development and maturation. Using the biochemical methods of native gel electrophoresis, one- and two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS PAGE), and peptide mapping, it was found that myosin isozyme changes occurred normally in the anterior latissimus dorsi muscle. However, in the posterior latissimus dorsi muscle, slow myosin components which were not present in the adult normal muscle were present in the adult dystrophic muscle. In addition, the pectoralis major muscle of the dystrophic chicken failed to undergo the neonatal to adult fast myosin isozyme transition. Our data also showed that muscle cell cultures derived from the pectoralis major muscle of dystrophic chickens expressed identical myosin components to cultures derived from normal embryos. However, since these cultures only produced embryonic myosins even after 1 month in culture, it implied that cells in tissue culture were phenotypically normal because present cell culture conditions were insufficient to induce the fetal to adult isozyme changes.
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11
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Rieger F, Goudou D, Tran LH. Increase of junctional and background 16S (tailed, asymmetric) acetylcholinesterase during postnatal maturation of rat and mouse sternocleidomastoid muscle. J Neurochem 1984; 42:601-6. [PMID: 6693890 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1984.tb02725.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is found both in motor end-plate (MEP)-free and MEP-rich regions of rat or mouse muscle. We studied the developmental aspects of the localization of asymmetric 16S AChE in both regions of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, which has a well-defined zone of motor innervation. In the rat, the proportion of 16S AChE to total AChE increases in the MEP-rich region, and becomes significantly higher than in the MEP-free regions between the first and the second weeks after birth. In the mouse, at birth, the MEP-rich region already has a higher relative content in 16S AChE than the MEP-free regions. Total 16S AChE amounts increase during postnatal development, not only in the MEP-rich region but also in the MEP-free regions. Thus, 16S AChE is not eliminated from MEP-free regions during muscle maturation and growth. Two distinct pools of 16S AChE are distinguished in the muscles, both of which increase during postnatal development: junctional and background 16S AChE.
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12
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Kester M, Privitera CA. Plasmalogenase activity in normal and dystrophic chicken erythrocytes. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1984; 79:51-4. [PMID: 6499411 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(84)90075-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme kinetics for plasmalogenase have been analyzed on a developmental basis and correlated with the presence of ethanolamine plasmalogen (1-alkyl,1'-enyl,2-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphoryl-ethanolamine) in dystrophic chicken erythrocyte membranes. At day 15 ex ovo, both dystrophic (Line 413) and normal (Line 412) chicken erythrocyte enriched microsomal preparations manifest high Km forms of plasmalogenase. However, with time, the Km of this enzyme from normal erythrocyte preparations drops significantly whereas the Km of the enzyme from dystrophic preparations remains high. This observation may account for elevated concentrations of plasmalogen observed in dystrophic chicken tissues.
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Raineri M, Falugi C. Acetylcholinesterase activity in embryonic and larval development ofArtemia salina leach (crustacea phyllopoda). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402270207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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14
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Brimijoin S. Molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase in brain, nerve and muscle: nature, localization and dynamics. Prog Neurobiol 1983; 21:291-322. [PMID: 6198691 DOI: 10.1016/0301-0082(83)90015-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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15
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Cisson CM, Wilson BW. Degenerative changes in skeletal muscle of hens with tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate-induced delayed neurotoxicity: altered acetylcholinesterase molecular forms and increased plasma creatine phosphokinase activity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1982; 64:289-305. [PMID: 7123556 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(82)90224-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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16
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Bacou F, Vigneron P, Massoulié J. Acetylcholinesterase forms in fast and slow rabbit muscle. Nature 1982; 296:661-4. [PMID: 7070511 DOI: 10.1038/296661a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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17
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Brzin M, Sketelj J, Tennyson VM, Kiauta T, Budininkas-Schoenebeck M. Activity, molecular forms, and cytochemistry of cholinesterases in developing rat diaphragm. Muscle Nerve 1981; 4:505-13. [PMID: 7311990 DOI: 10.1002/mus.880040607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) were studied in the diaphragm of early postnatal rats, using radiometric determination of enzyme activities, velocity sedimentation for separation of molecular forms, and electron microscopic cytochemistry to localize enzymes. AChE activity did not change significantly during the first 2 months after birth. The level of 16 S AChE was high at early stages, but decreased to adult levels between days 19 and 32 after birth. In newborn and 8-day-old rats, 16 S and 13 S AChE were present in both endplate and extrajunctional muscle. In newborn muscle, BuChE activity was higher than AChE activity, but decreased 6-fold by day 32. Newborn muscle contained 16 S, 10 S, and 4 S BuChE. The principal form throughout development was 4 S BuChE, but all forms diminished as total BuChE activity decreased with maturation. At early postnatal neuromuscular junctions, end product of both AChE and BuChE was present in the cleft, as well as in Schwann cells. More Schwann cells wee present in early stages than in later stages, and this might account for part of the later decrease of BuChE activity measured biochemically.
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Kuhn DE, Logan DM, Rathbone MP. Altered acetylcholinesterase isozyme patterns in mice with hereditary muscular dystrophy. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1981; 216:213-33. [PMID: 7241063 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402160202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Normal and dystrophic mouse muscles were separated into a predominantly white muscle fraction (gastrocnemius, extensor digitorum longus) and a predominantly red muscle fraction (diaphragm). Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was extracted from each muscle fraction using a Triton X-100/NaCl buffer. Six forms of AChE were separated from each muscle homogenate by velocity sedimentation on linear sucrose gradients. Their apparent sedimentation coefficients in each case were 19.7S, 16.0S, 13.3S, 10.4S, 7.6S, and 3.9S. Gel electrophoresis of crude muscle homogenates under nondenaturing conditions (native gels) and of ech separate isozyme fraction gave one band of AChE activity with a consistent Rf (relative mobility) value. Reelectrophoresis of native gel bands on SDS/acrylamide slab gels revealed a similar monomeric subunit protein from either crude muscle homogenates or isozyme fractions with an apparent molecular weight of approximately 69,000 daltons. Our results indicate that the AChE distribution and activity are severely affected in dystrophic "white" muscles (anaerobic) but much less so in "red" muscles (aerobic). Dystrophic predominantly white muscles weigh less, contain less protein, and have a decreased total AChE activity in comparison with their normal counterparts. Furthermore, the relative proportions of AChE activity in each isozyme fraction is altered between normal white and dystrophic white muscle fractions: i.e., dystrophic white muscle contains a decreased proportion of a low molecular weight form (7.6S) and increased proportions of higher molecular weight forms (16.0S, 19.7S). In contrast, no significant differences occur in AChE activity or distribution between normal and dystrophic predominantly red muscle. The changes in white muscle AChE are toward a pattern common to red muscle. This suggests that the effect of muscular dystrophy and its related stress on mouse white muscle is at least in part a shift from a predominantly anaerobic, fatigable metabolism to an aerobic, fatigue-resistant metabolism.
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Stewart PA, Percy ME, Chang LS, Thompson MW. Creatine kinase isozyme transition in chicks with hereditary muscular dystrophy. Muscle Nerve 1981; 4:165-73. [PMID: 7207507 DOI: 10.1002/mus.880040214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In both normal chicks and chicks with hereditary muscular dystrophy the BB (brain) and MB (hybrid) isozymes were the predominant forms of creatine kinase (CK) activity in embryonic skeletal muscle. As myogenesis progressed, activity due to the MM (muscle) isozyme progressively increased, and by 1 week ex ovo, the MM isozyme accounted for approximately 97% of total muscle activity in both genotypes. During this time, the proportion of the MM isozyme was slightly but significantly lower in dystrophic muscles. After hatching the proportion of the MB isozyme and its total activity decreased in normal muscle, but increased in dystrophic pectoral muscle, and by 5 months ex ovo, the MB isozyme accounted for 10% of total CK activity. Prior to hatching there was no consistent difference in total CK activity between normal and dystrophic tissues, but by 1 week after hatching and thereafter, total CK activity was significantly lower in dystrophic pectoral muscle.
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20
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Jedrzejczyk J, Silman I, Lyles JM, Barnard EA. Molecular forms of the cholinesterases inside and outside muscle endplates. Biosci Rep 1981; 1:45-51. [PMID: 7284574 DOI: 10.1007/bf01115148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Individual endplates were micro-dissected from chicken fast-twitch muscle, and the molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase and of pseudocholinesterase therein, identified by their sedimentation coefficients, were analysed directly. The forms actually present at the endplate, and those that are non-synaptic, were established. This analysis was also extended to muscle of the chicken with inherited muscular dystrophy, showing altered distributions of these forms.
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Nonaka I, Sugita H. Intracytoplasmic vacuoles in alpha W fibers of dystrophic chicken muscle--probable early pathologic event initiates massive fiber necrosis. Acta Neuropathol 1981; 55:173-81. [PMID: 7349576 DOI: 10.1007/bf00691315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
An electron-microscopic study on dystrophic chicken white muscle, posterior latissimus dorsi (PLD), was performed with histochemical identification of three fiber types of beta R (red), alpha R and alpha W (white) fibers to evaluate the pathophysiology in fiber necrosis. As seen in histochemically stained sections, vacuolar formation in the cytoplasm, an outstanding pathologic feature in chicken dystrophy, was recognized in the alpha W fibers by electron microscopy. The vacuole was membrane-bound and thought to originate from coalescence or dilatation of extensively proliferated sarcotubular system. There was evidence of a delay in fiber type transformation from alpha R to alpha W in dystrophic white muscle, while the initial pathologic event of sarcotubular system proliferation might be expressed only after muscle fibers had attained histochemical characteristics of alpha W fibers. Localized myofibrillar degeneration was encountered in the vicinity of the vacuole with focal membrane defect. An influx of extracellular fluid through the vacuolated sarcotubular system into the sarcoplasm may activate certain proteases, such as calcium-dependent protease because the extracellular fluid contains high concentration of calcium ion. The activated protease then degrades structural protein, especially Z-line protein, followed by fiber necrosis with phagocytosis.
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23
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Henderson NS, Tweedle CD, Kabara JJ. Cholinesterase in muscle of dystrophic hamsters (Bio-40.54). Neurochem Res 1980; 5:1221-30. [PMID: 7219660 DOI: 10.1007/bf00964958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Isozyme patterns of cholinesterase (ChE) from heart, tongue, and skeletal muscle of normal and dystrophic hamsters are presented. Two principal bands, bands 1 and 2, were evaluated. Band 1 migrates faster towards the anode than does band 2. While bands 1 and 2 stain for AChE and were found in control muscles, only band 2 was stained by a pseudocholinesterase (BuChE) and was decreased in samples from dystrophic hamsters. The decrease in BuChE was most pronounced in dystrophic heart muscle. The low level of BuChE measured for dystrophic animal tissue was similar to isozyme patterns found in embryonic tissue and in denervated muscle. BuChE obtained by acrylamide gel electrophoresis along with 16S AchE appears to be a useful biochemical marker of nerve-muscle interactions.
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Abstract
Inherited muscular dystrophy of the chicken is an abnormality affecting the normal development and function of fast-twitch skeletal muscles. Several different strains of dystrophic chickens have been developed by selection for high lipid content in the pectoralis muscle and early onset of the disorder or by outcrossing the original New Hampshire stock into an inbred White Leghorn breed. The purpose of this study was to determine whether fast-twitch dystrophic muscles differ in expressed properties within the same bird and to examine the differences in gene expression between dystrophic New Hampshire and White Leghorn breeds. The biochemical and physiological properties examined were lactate dehydrogenase and acetylcholinesterase activities, total lipid content, muscle fiber diameter and electromyographic insertion activity. Results showed that fiber diameter and lipid levels were different in muscles within individual birds of two dystrophic lines and that the dystrophic gene causes rapid fiber atrophy and high lipid content in the White Leghorn breed. In addition, differences in lactate dehydrogenase activity and electromyographic patterns were found between two dystrophic lines. The results suggest that the expressed properties differ within each muscle of the dystrophic bird and that the expression of the dystrophic genes is dependent upon the nature of the genetic background of the breed.
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Ionasescu V, Ionasescu R, White D, Feld R, Cancilla P, Kaeding L, Kraus L, Stern L. Altered protein synthesis and creatine kinase in breast muscle cell cultures from dystrophic chick embryos. J Neurol Sci 1980; 46:157-68. [PMID: 7381511 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(80)90074-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The total protein synthesis (TPS), myosin synthesis (MS) and creatine kinase (CK) levels in muscle cell cultures obtained from 400 normal (strain 454) and 400 dystrophic chick embryos (strain 455) were investigated. The cultures were obtained from breast muscles of 12 day chick embryos by dissociation in 0.25% trypsin, preplating and plating of 5 x 10(5) floating cells on gelatin coated dishes in Minimal Essential Medium, 10% horse serum and 2% chick embryo extract. After 6 days, when electron-microscopic studies demonstrated good muscle differentiation, cell cultures were labeled with [3H]leucine. TPS and MS, respectively, showed 85% and 65% increases in breast muscle cell cultures from dystrophic chick embryos. The half-life times for total protein and myosin from dystrophics were 19 and 32 hr, respectively as compared with 36 and 48 hr from controls. Noncollagen protein content (NCP) showed 27% decrease in postfusion stage (12 days) of cell cultures from dystrophics. The CK level showed 30% lower values in the cells from dystrophics but 50% higher values in their culture medium. The addition of leupeptin plus pepstatin (50 microgram/ml) to these cultures resotred NCP content, total protein and myosin turnover to normal values and significantly increased TPS and MS. The addition of diphenylhydantoin (DPH) (20 microgram/ml) to cell cultures from dystrophics did not change the NCP content nor the turnover for total protein and myosin but significantly increased TPS, MS and CK while medium CK significantly decreased. The addition of leupeptin plus pepstatin or DPH to muscle cell cultures from normal chick embryos also significantly stimulated TPS and MS.
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26
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Bonner PH. Differentiation of chick embryo myoblasts is transiently sensitive to functional denervation. Dev Biol 1980; 76:79-86. [PMID: 7380100 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(80)90363-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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27
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Kikuchi T, Doerr L, Ashmore CR. A possible mechanism of phenotypic expression of normal and dystrophic genomes on succinic dehydrogenase activity and fiber size within a single myofiber of muscle transplants. J Neurol Sci 1980; 45:273-86. [PMID: 7365504 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(80)90171-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Muscle transplantation was used to evaluate the ability of normal and dystrophic chickens to support regeneration of both normal and dystrophic muscle fragments. Pectoralis muscles were grafted into the site of the biceps muscle of host chickens. Identification of dystrophic characteristics of intact and regenerating muscle fibers was made by cytochemical analysis of mitochondrial succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) and by fiber size. In the biceps muscle of dystrophic chicks at 40 days ex ovo, the mean size of muscle fibers with low activity of SDH and fibers with high SDH activity was 29.0 +/- 5.9 micrometers and 42.0 +/- 10.4 micrometers, respectively. The mean size of normal muscle fibers was notably smaller than in dystrophic muscle and was 17.8 + 3.1 micrometers. The hypertrophy of fibers coupled with elevation of SDH activity tended to increase with age. Transplants were examined at 56 days postoperatively. The results of cross-transplantation between normal and dystrophic genotypes were similar to unoperated muscles in the correlation between SDH activity and fiber size. Donor muscles determined the type of myofibers regenerated in transplants regardless of whether the host was normal or dystrophic. In addition, combined transplantation was attempted to produce a single hybrid myofiber in which normal and dystrophic pectoralis muscle were mixed in equal volume. The mixtures were then allowed to regenerate in host chicks. A number of mosaic myofibers appeared in transplants and had regional differences in SDH activity along their length. It was concluded that: (1) The characteristics of high SDH activity and fiber hypertrophy are an expression of dystrophic nuclei, (2) combined transplantation of both normal and dystrophic muscle fragments can produce mosaic myofibers in SDH reaction; and (3) the local control of SDH activity and fiber size within nuclear territories in mosaic myofibers seems likely to be due to phenotypic expression of either normal or dystrophic genomes.
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Bajgar J, Parízek J, Procházková O. Development of acetylcholinesterase multiple molecular forms in chicken muscles. J Neurochem 1979; 33:993-8. [PMID: 501362 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1979.tb05235.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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29
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Lyles JM, Silman I, Barnard EA. Developmental changes in levels and forms of cholinesterases in muscles of normal and dystrophic chickens. J Neurochem 1979; 33:727-38. [PMID: 479887 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1979.tb05218.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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30
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Nawrot PS, Howell WE, Wenger BS. Biochemical and electrophoretic studies of cholinesterases in the muscular dysgenesis (mdg) mutant mouse. TERATOLOGY 1979; 20:7-16. [PMID: 515964 DOI: 10.1002/tera.1420200105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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31
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Silman I, di Giamberardino L, Lyles L, Couraud JY, Barnard EA. Parallel regulation of acetylcholinesterase and pseudocholinesterase in normal, denervated and dystrophic chicken skeletal muscle. Nature 1979; 280:160-2. [PMID: 552605 DOI: 10.1038/280160a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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32
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Linkhart TA, Hauschka SD. Clonal analysis of vertebrate myogenesis. VI. Acetylcholinesterase and acetylcholine receptor in myogenic and nonmyogenic clones from chick embryo leg cells. Dev Biol 1979; 69:529-48. [PMID: 437353 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(79)90310-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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33
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Ranish NA, Kiauta T, Dettbarn WD. Axotomy induced changes in cholinergic enzymes in rat nerve and muscles. J Neurochem 1979; 32:1157-64. [PMID: 430077 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1979.tb11042.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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34
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Wilson BW, Randall WR, Patterson GT, Entrikin RK. MAJOR PHYSIOLOGIC AND HISTOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF INHERITED DYSTROPHY OF THE CHICKEN. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1979. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1979.tb37346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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35
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Wilson BW, Randall WR, Patterson GT, Entrikin RK. Major physiologic and histochemical characteristics of inherited dystrophy of the chicken. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1979; 317:224-46. [PMID: 382954 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1979.tb56531.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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36
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Weinstock IM, Jones KB, Behrendt JR. Development of normal and dystrophic chick muscle in tissue culture. Production and release of creatine kinase and acetylcholinesterase. J Neurol Sci 1978; 39:71-83. [PMID: 731275 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(78)90189-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Creatine kinase (CK) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were followed during the course of development of embryonic muscle in tissue culture for periods of up to 8 weeks. Control muscle cultures released CK and AChE into the medium for the first 2-3 weeks, after which time measurable enzyme release ended. In dystrophic muscle cultures release of CK and AChE continued over most of the 8-week culture period. Cumulative measurable activity of CK was significantly greater than that of controls by the 3rd week and thereafter and cumulative AChE release was greater than that of controls by the 5th week and averaged about twice that of controls by the end of the culture period. Total cell CK activity of the dystrophic muscle cultures was greater than control values but results of cellulose acetate electrophoretic analysis of CK isozyme composition indicated that control muscle cultures attained higher percentage levels of MM isozyme type and lower levels of MB isozyme. Breast muscle extracts from adult dystrophic chickens had an approximately 10--13% content of MB isozyme while in similar extracts of control chicken muscle only the MM isozyme was detectable and total activity was greater than in dystrophics. Bound AChE activity of dystrophic muscle was significantly greater than control levels subsequent to the 2nd week in culture. Soluble AChE activity of dystrophic muscle was somewhat greater than comparable control activity in 2 of 3 tissue culture series at approximately the same period. In 7--10 week-old dystrophic chickens, both soluble and bound AChE activities of dystrophic breast muscle extracts were markedly increased over control values.
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37
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Entrikin RK, Patterson GT, Weidoff PM, Wilson BW. Righting ability and skeletal muscle properties of phenytoin-treated dystrophic chickens. Exp Neurol 1978; 61:650-63. [PMID: 710572 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(78)90030-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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38
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39
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Sketelj J, McNamee MG, Wilson BW. Effect of denervation on the molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase in normal and dystrophic chicken muscles. Exp Neurol 1978; 60:624-9. [PMID: 680062 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(78)90016-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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40
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Abstract
Skeletal muscles lose acetylcholinesterase in culture as a result of denervation. A protein fraction isolated from peripheral nerves maintained the level of acetylcholinesterase in cultures of aneural embryonic muscle or denervated adult chicken muscle. These results indicate that trophic regulation of muscle acetylcholinesterase might be mediated by a protein produced by nerves.
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41
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Abstract
The activities of choline acetyltransferase (CAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were assayed in various tissues of dystrophic (dy/dy) and normal mice of Bar Harbor strain 129. The brain weights of these dystrophic mice were not significantly different from those of normal mice, but the average body weight of these dystrophic mice was only 66.8% of that of the controls. The activity of CAT (expressed as unit activity per mg of protein) was very similar in the brains of both groups of animals, but the CAT activity (per mg of protein) in the hindlimb muscles of the dystrophic mice was significantly higher than that of the controls. The patterns of AChE activity, as separated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, were distinctly different in extracts of dystrophic and normal muscle. Compared with controls, decreased activity of the 15-S and 10-S forms of AChE, with increased activity of a 4.3-S formed of AChE, was observed in dystrophic muscle.
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42
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Friedel SC, Johnson DD. Neurotrophic influences on acetylcholinesterases isozymes in cultured skeletal muscle. Exp Neurol 1977; 57:257-63. [PMID: 891691 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(77)90061-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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43
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Weidoff PM, Wilson BW. Influence of muscle activity in trophic regulation of acetylcholinesterase activity in dystrophic chickens. Exp Neurol 1977; 57:1-12. [PMID: 891683 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(77)90040-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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44
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Cosmos E, Perey DY, Butler J, Allard EP. Thymic-Muscle Interaction: A Non-Neural Influence on Metabolic Differentiation of Anaerobic Muscle of Normal and Dystrophic Genotype. Differentiation 1977. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.1977.tb01527.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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45
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46
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Henderson NS. Acetylcholinesterase isozymes in developing mouse tissues. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1977; 199:41-50. [PMID: 839187 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1401990106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Several isozymes of acetylcholinesterase are separated by 10% acrylamide gel electrophoresis of mouse blood, brain, heart, muscle and tongue tissues. Two isozymes migrating near the origin are described which show changes in relative activity during development. The faster of the two bands is proportionately higher in concentration in embryonic tissues and is highly specific for the acetylthiocholine iodide substrate. This isozyme corresponds to the erythrocyte membrane AChE in electrophortic mobility and substrate specificity. The slower of the two bands is predominant in adult tissues and exhibits considerable cross reaction with the butyrylthiocholine iodide substrate. During embryonic and postnatal developmental stages there is a gradual shift from the faster migrating isozyme toward a predominance of the slower migrating isozyme.
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47
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Hoekman TB. Isometric contractile properties of the posterior latissimus dorsi muscle in normal and genetically dystrophic chickens. Exp Neurol 1976; 53:729-43. [PMID: 1001396 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(76)90151-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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48
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De Iraldi AP, De Lores Arnaiz GR. Neural regulation of acetylcholinesterase in the superior cervical ganglia and the pineal gland of the rat. Brain Res 1976; 113:435-40. [PMID: 953749 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(76)90957-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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49
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McLaughlin J, Bosmann HB. Molecular species of acetylcholinesterase in denervated rat skeletal muscle. Exp Neurol 1976; 52:263-71. [PMID: 947766 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(76)90170-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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50
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Patterson GT, Wilson BW. Distribution of acetylcholinesterase activity in normal, dystrophic, and denervated muscles of the chicken. Exp Neurol 1976; 52:250-62. [PMID: 947765 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(76)90169-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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