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Carreño A, Guerrero-Yagüe R, Casal E, Mendoza R, Corchero JL. Tuning plasmid DNA amounts for cost-effective transfections of mammalian cells: when less is more. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:98. [PMID: 38212965 PMCID: PMC10784393 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Transient gene expression (TGE) in mammalian cells is a well-known approach to the fast expression of recombinant proteins. The human cell line HEK (human embryonic kidney) 293F is widely used in this field, due to its adaptability to grow in suspension to high cell densities in serum-free media, amenability to transfection, and production of recombinant proteins in satisfactory quantities for functional and structural analysis. Amounts of plasmid DNA (pDNA) required in transfections for TGE remain high (usually 1 µg pDNA/mL, or even higher), representing a noticeable proportion of the overall cost. Thus, there is an economic need to reduce amounts of coding pDNA in TGE processes. In this work, amounts of both pDNA and transfecting agent used for TGE in HEK 293F cells have been explored in order to reduce them without compromising (or even improving) the productivity of the process in terms of protein yield. In our hands, minimal polyethyleneimine (PEI) cytotoxicity and optimum protein yields were obtained when transfecting at 0.5 µg pDNA/mL (equal to 0.5 µg pDNA/million cells) and a DNA-to-PEI ratio of 1:3, a trend confirmed for several unrelated recombinant proteins. Thus, carefully tuning pDNA and transfecting agent amounts not only reduces the economic costs but also results in higher recombinant protein yields. These results surely have a direct application and interest for the biopharmaceutical industry, always concerned in increasing productivity while decreasing economic costs. KEY POINTS: • Mammalian cells are widely used to produce recombinant proteins in short times. • Tuning DNA and transfecting agent are of great interest to optimize economic costs. • Reducing DNA and transfecting agent amounts result in higher protein yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Carreño
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Rubén Guerrero-Yagüe
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Gene Therapy for Neurometabolic Disorders, Edifici H, Institute of Neurosciences (INc) & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enriqueta Casal
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Alderley Analytical Ltd. Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Rosa Mendoza
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Luis Corchero
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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2
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Della Pelle G, Bozic T, Vukomanović M, Sersa G, Markelc B, Kostevšek N. Efficient siRNA delivery to murine melanoma cells via a novel genipin-based nano-polymer. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:4704-4723. [PMID: 39263399 PMCID: PMC11386170 DOI: 10.1039/d4na00363b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are therapeutic nucleic acids, often delivered via cationic polymers, liposomes, or extracellular vesicles, each method with its limitations. Genipin, a natural crosslinker for primary amines, was explored for siRNA delivery scaffolds. Spermine/genipin-based GxS5 polymers were synthesized, showing slightly positive ζ potential at neutral pH and intrinsic fluorescence. We then tuned their polymerization adding glycine to the reaction batch, from 1 to 10 molar ratio with genipin, therefore conferring them a "zwitterionic" character. GxS5 efficiently internalized into B16F10 murine melanoma cells, and exhibited strong siRNA-complexing ability and they were able to elicit up to 60% of gene knock-down without any toxicity. This highlights GxS5's potential as a safe, replicable, and tunable platform for therapeutic nucleic acid delivery, suggesting broader applications. This innovative approach not only sheds light on the intricate genipin reaction mechanism but also underscores the importance of fine-tuning nanoparticle properties for effective siRNA delivery. GxS5's success in mitigating cytotoxicity while maintaining delivery efficacy signifies a promising step towards safer and more efficient nucleic acid therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Della Pelle
- Department for Nanostructured Materials, Jožef Stefan Institute 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Tim Bozic
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Marija Vukomanović
- Advanced Materials Department, Jožef Stefan Institute 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Gregor Sersa
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana Zdravstvena pot 5 SI-1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Bostjan Markelc
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Nina Kostevšek
- Department for Nanostructured Materials, Jožef Stefan Institute 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
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Xia Q, Jing Q, Lu C, Guo X, Chen X, Tang C, Han J, Wang H, Dong Y, Fang P, Zhang D, Teng X, Ren F. Module-combinatorial design and screening of multifunctional polymers based on polyaspartic acid for DNA delivery. Int J Pharm 2024; 661:124350. [PMID: 38885780 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
It is crucial to develop non-viral gene vectors that can efficiently and safely transfect plasmid DNA into cells. Low transfection efficiency and high cytotoxicity of cationic polymers hinder their application as gene carriers. Modification of cationic polymers has emerged as an attractive strategy for efficient and safe nucleic acids delivery. In this study, a simple and rapid method is developed to synthesize a series of multifunctional polymers by utilizing biodegradable polyaspartic acid as the backbone and modifying it with three modules. This one-component polymer possesses capabilities for nucleic acid condensation, cellular uptake, and endosomal escape. Polymers containing imidazole, triazole, or pyridine group exhibited promising transfection activity. Substituted with dodecylamine or 2-hexyldecan-1-amine enhance cellular uptake and subsequent transfection. Furthermore, the influence of ionizable amine side chains on gene delivery is investigated. Two optimal polymers, combined with the avian encephalomyelitis virus (AEV) plasmid vaccine, induced robust specific antibody responses and cellular immune responses in mice and chickens. Through module-combination design and screening of polyaspartamide polymers, this study presents a paradigm for the development of gene delivery vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianying Xia
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qiufang Jing
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Chunjie Lu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiaoyan Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xinyu Chen
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Chenglan Tang
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiaxin Han
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hongxun Wang
- Suzhou Womei Biology Co Ltd, Suzhou 215613, China
| | - Yanpeng Dong
- Suzhou Womei Biology Co Ltd, Suzhou 215613, China
| | - Pengfei Fang
- Suzhou Womei Biology Co Ltd, Suzhou 215613, China
| | - Dahe Zhang
- Suzhou Womei Biology Co Ltd, Suzhou 215613, China
| | - Xiaonuo Teng
- Suzhou Womei Biology Co Ltd, Suzhou 215613, China
| | - Fuzheng Ren
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
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4
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Zhai LM, Zhao Y, Xiao RL, Zhang SQ, Tian BH, Li XX, Zhang R, Ma RS, Liang HX. Nuclear-targeted carbon quantum dot mediated CRISPR/Cas9 delivery for fluorescence visualization and efficient editing. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:14645-14660. [PMID: 36165075 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr04281a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear targeted delivery has great potential in improving the efficiency of non-viral carrier mediated genome editing. However, direct and efficient delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 plasmid into the nucleus remains a challenge. In this study, a nuclear targeted gene delivery platform based on fluorescent carbon quantum dots (CQDs) was developed. Polyethylenimine (PEI) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) synergistically passivated the surface of CQDs, providing an excitation-independent green-emitting fluorescent CQDs-PEI-PEG conjugate (CQDs-PP) with an ultra-small size and positive surface charge. Here we show that CQDs-PP could bind CRISPR/Cas9 plasmid to form a nano-complex by electrostatic attraction, which can bypass lysosomes and enter the nucleus by passive diffusion, and thereby improve the transfection efficiency. Also, CQDs-PP could deliver CRISPR/Cas9 plasmid into HeLa cells, resulting in the insertion/deletion mutation of the target EFHD1 gene. More importantly, CQDs-PP exhibited a considerably higher gene editing efficiency as well as comparable or lower cytotoxicity relative to Lipo2000 and PEI-passivated CQDs-PEI (CQDs-P). Thus, the nuclear-targeted CQDs-PP is expected to constitute an efficient CRISPR/Cas9 delivery carrier in vitro with imaging-trackable ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Min Zhai
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong, 030600, China.
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Rui-Lin Xiao
- School of Ecology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Shi-Quan Zhang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong, 030600, China.
| | - Bao-Hua Tian
- School of Ecology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Xin-Xin Li
- School of Ecology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Shanxi Eye Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030002, China
| | - Ri-Sheng Ma
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong, 030600, China.
| | - Hai-Xia Liang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong, 030600, China.
- School of Ecology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
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5
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3D Printed Gene-Activated Sodium Alginate Hydrogel Scaffolds. Gels 2022; 8:gels8070421. [PMID: 35877506 PMCID: PMC9319089 DOI: 10.3390/gels8070421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy is one of the most promising approaches in regenerative medicine to restore damaged tissues of various types. However, the ability to control the dose of bioactive molecules in the injection site can be challenging. The combination of genetic constructs, bioresorbable material, and the 3D printing technique can help to overcome these difficulties and not only serve as a microenvironment for cell infiltration but also provide localized gene release in a more sustainable way to induce effective cell differentiation. Herein, the cell transfection with plasmid DNA directly incorporated into sodium alginate prior to 3D printing was investigated both in vitro and in vivo. The 3D cryoprinting ensures pDNA structure integrity and safety. 3D printed gene-activated scaffolds (GAS) mediated HEK293 transfection in vitro and effective synthesis of model EGFP protein in vivo, thereby allowing the implementation of the developed GAS in future tissue engineering applications.
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Patra S, Singh M, Wasnik K, Pareek D, Gupta PS, Mukherjee S, Paik P. Polymeric Nanoparticle Based Diagnosis and Nanomedicine for Treatment and Development of Vaccines for Cerebral Malaria: A Review on Recent Advancement. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:7342-7365. [PMID: 35006689 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral malaria occurs due to Plasmodium falciparum infection, which causes 228 million infections and 450,000 deaths worldwide every year. African people are mostly affected with nearly 91% cases, of which 86% are pregnant women and infants. India and Brazil are the other two countries severely suffering from malaria endemicity. Commonly used drugs have severe side effects, and unfortunately no suitable vaccine is available in the market today. In this line, this review is focused on polymeric nanomaterials and nanocapsules that can be used for the development of effective diagnostic strategies, nanomedicines, and vaccines in the management of cerebral malaria. Further, this review will help scientists and medical professionals by updating the status on the development stages of polymeric nanoparticle based diagnostics, nanomedicines, and vaccines and strategies to eradicate cerebral malaria. In addition to this, the predominant focus of this review is antimalarial agents based on polymer nanomedicines that are currently in the preclinical and clinical trial stages, and potential developments are suggested as well. This review further will have an important social and commercial impact worldwide for the development of polymeric nanomedicines and strategies for the treatment of cerebral malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Patra
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-BHU, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Monika Singh
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-BHU, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Kirti Wasnik
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-BHU, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Divya Pareek
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-BHU, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Prem Shankar Gupta
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-BHU, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Sudip Mukherjee
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Pradip Paik
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-BHU, Varanasi 221005, India
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7
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Kumar R, Santa Chalarca CF, Bockman MR, Bruggen CV, Grimme CJ, Dalal RJ, Hanson MG, Hexum JK, Reineke TM. Polymeric Delivery of Therapeutic Nucleic Acids. Chem Rev 2021; 121:11527-11652. [PMID: 33939409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The advent of genome editing has transformed the therapeutic landscape for several debilitating diseases, and the clinical outlook for gene therapeutics has never been more promising. The therapeutic potential of nucleic acids has been limited by a reliance on engineered viral vectors for delivery. Chemically defined polymers can remediate technological, regulatory, and clinical challenges associated with viral modes of gene delivery. Because of their scalability, versatility, and exquisite tunability, polymers are ideal biomaterial platforms for delivering nucleic acid payloads efficiently while minimizing immune response and cellular toxicity. While polymeric gene delivery has progressed significantly in the past four decades, clinical translation of polymeric vehicles faces several formidable challenges. The aim of our Account is to illustrate diverse concepts in designing polymeric vectors towards meeting therapeutic goals of in vivo and ex vivo gene therapy. Here, we highlight several classes of polymers employed in gene delivery and summarize the recent work on understanding the contributions of chemical and architectural design parameters. We touch upon characterization methods used to visualize and understand events transpiring at the interfaces between polymer, nucleic acids, and the physiological environment. We conclude that interdisciplinary approaches and methodologies motivated by fundamental questions are key to designing high-performing polymeric vehicles for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | | | - Matthew R Bockman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Craig Van Bruggen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christian J Grimme
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Rishad J Dalal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Mckenna G Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Joseph K Hexum
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Theresa M Reineke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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8
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Bravo-Anaya LM, Rosselgong J, Fernández-Solís KG, Xiao Y, Vax A, Ibarboure E, Ruban A, Lebleu C, Joucla G, Garbay B, Garanger E, Lecommandoux S. Coupling of RAFT polymerization and chemoselective post-modifications of elastin-like polypeptides for the synthesis of gene delivery hybrid vectors. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01293a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid cationic ELPs for nucleic acids transport and delivery were synthetized through the coupling of RAFT polymerization and biorthogonal chemistry of ELPs, introducing a specific number of positive charges to the ELP backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ye Xiao
- University of Bordeaux
- CNRS
- Bordeaux INP
- Pessac
- France
| | - Amélie Vax
- University of Bordeaux
- CNRS
- Bordeaux INP
- Pessac
- France
| | | | - Anna Ruban
- University of Bordeaux
- CNRS
- Bordeaux INP
- Pessac
- France
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9
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Rodier JT, Tripathi R, Fink MK, Sharma A, Korampally M, Gangopadhyay S, Giuliano EA, Sinha PR, Mohan RR. Linear Polyethylenimine-DNA Nanoconstruct for Corneal Gene Delivery. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2020; 35:23-31. [PMID: 30699061 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2018.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the efficiency and potential toxicity of a linear 22-kDa polyethylenimine (PEI)-DNA nanoconstruct for delivering genes to corneal cells and the effects of PEI nitrogen-to-DNA phosphate (N:P) ratio on gene transfer efficiency in vitro and in vivo. METHODS A gel retardation assay, zeta potential measurement, bright-field microscopy, transfection with green fluorescent protein (GFP), immunofluorescence, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to characterize the physicochemical and biological properties and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay for cytotoxicity of the linear PEI-DNA nanoconstruct using in vitro cultured primary human corneal fibroblast and in vivo mouse models. RESULTS Of the several evaluated N:P ratios, the highest gene transfection efficiency achieved without any notable cytotoxicity was observed at an N:P ratio of 30:1 (N:P 30). In vivo gene transfer studies revealed substantial GFP gene delivery into the corneas of mice 3 days after a single 5-min topical application without any significant adverse ocular effects. Slit-lamp biomicroscope ophthalmic examination of the mouse exposed to the linear PEI-DNA nanoconstruct showed no evidence of hyperemia (redness), corneal edema, ocular inflammation, or epiphora (excessive tearing). CONCLUSIONS The 22-kDa linear PEI-DNA nanoconstruct is an efficient and well-tolerated vector for corneal gene therapy in vitro and in vivo and could be used as a platform for developing novel gene-based nanomedicine approaches for corneal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T Rodier
- 1 Research Divison, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, Missouri
- 2 Mason Eye Institute, School of Medicine & Vision, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Ratnakar Tripathi
- 1 Research Divison, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, Missouri
- 3 One-Health One-Medicine Ophthalmology Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Michael K Fink
- 1 Research Divison, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, Missouri
- 3 One-Health One-Medicine Ophthalmology Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Ajay Sharma
- 1 Research Divison, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, Missouri
- 3 One-Health One-Medicine Ophthalmology Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Madhuri Korampally
- 1 Research Divison, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, Missouri
- 4 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Shubhra Gangopadhyay
- 4 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Elizabeth A Giuliano
- 1 Research Divison, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, Missouri
- 3 One-Health One-Medicine Ophthalmology Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Prashant R Sinha
- 1 Research Divison, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, Missouri
- 3 One-Health One-Medicine Ophthalmology Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Rajiv R Mohan
- 1 Research Divison, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, Missouri
- 2 Mason Eye Institute, School of Medicine & Vision, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- 3 One-Health One-Medicine Ophthalmology Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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Kravicz MH, Balogh DT, Kar M, Wedepohl S, Bentley MVLB, Calderón M. Influence of Alkyl Chains of Modified Polysuccinimide‐Based Polycationic Polymers on Polyplex Formation and Transfection. Macromol Biosci 2019; 19:e1900117. [PMID: 31402631 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201900117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo H. Kravicz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão PretoUniversity of São Paulo Avenida do Café, s/n 14040903 Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität Berlin Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Debora T. Balogh
- São Carlos Institute of PhysicsUniversity of São Paulo CP 369 13560‐970 São Carlos SP Brazil
| | - Mrityunjoy Kar
- Institute of Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität Berlin Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Stefanie Wedepohl
- Institute of Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität Berlin Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Maria Vitoria L. B. Bentley
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão PretoUniversity of São Paulo Avenida do Café, s/n 14040903 Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil
| | - Marcelo Calderón
- Institute of Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität Berlin Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Germany
- IKERBASQUEBasque Foundation for Science 48013 Bilbao Spain
- POLYMAT and Applied Chemistry DepartmentFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3 20018 Donostia‐San Sebastián Spain
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11
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Xing H, Lu M, Yang T, Liu H, Sun Y, Zhao X, Xu H, Yang L, Ding P. Structure-function relationships of nonviral gene vectors: Lessons from antimicrobial polymers. Acta Biomater 2019; 86:15-40. [PMID: 30590184 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, substantial advances have been achieved in the design and synthesis of nonviral gene vectors. However, lack of effective and biocompatible vectors still remains a major challenge that hinders their application in clinical settings. In the past decade, there has been a rapid expansion of cationic antimicrobial polymers, due to their potent, rapid, and broad-spectrum biocidal activity against resistant microbes, and biocompatible features. Given that antimicrobial polymers share common features with nonviral gene vectors in various aspects, such as membrane affinity, functional groups, physicochemical characteristics, and unique macromolecular architectures, these polymers may provide us with inspirations to overcome challenges in the design of novel vectors toward more safe and efficient gene delivery in clinic. Building off these observations, we provide here an overview of the structure-function relationships of polymers for both antimicrobial applications and gene delivery by elaborating some key structural parameters, including functional groups, charge density, hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance, MW, and macromolecular architectures. By borrowing a leaf from antimicrobial agents, great advancement in the development of newer nonviral gene vectors with high transfection efficiency and biocompatibility will be more promising. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The development of gene delivery is still in the preclinical stage for the lack of effective and biocompatible vectors. Given that antimicrobial polymers share common features with gene vectors in various aspects, such as membrane affinity, functional groups, physicochemical characteristics, and unique macromolecular architectures, these polymers may provide us with inspirations to overcome challenges in the design of novel vectors toward more safe and efficient gene delivery in clinic. In this review, we systematically summarized the structure-function relationships of antimicrobial polymers and gene vectors, with which the design of more advanced nonviral gene vectors is anticipated to be further boosted in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Xing
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mei Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tianzhi Yang
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Husson University, Bangor, ME, USA
| | - Hui Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanping Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhao
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hui Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Pingtian Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.
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12
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Zou Y, Wan L, Blacklock J, Xie L, Carroll S, Oupicky D, Mao G. In Situ AFM Analysis Investigating Disassembly of DNA Nanoparticles and Nanofilms. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1943:199-209. [PMID: 30838618 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9092-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic vector-based gene delivery continues to gain strength as viable alternatives to viral vectors due to safety and other concerns. DNA release dynamics is key to the understanding and control of gene delivery from nanosystems. Here we describe atomic force microscope (AFM) application to the understanding of DNA release dynamics from bioreducible polycation-based nanosystems. The two nanosystems are polyplex nanoparticles and layer-by-layer (LbL) films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zou
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Lei Wan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jenifer Blacklock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Lingxiao Xie
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sean Carroll
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - David Oupicky
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Guangzhao Mao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
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13
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Cabral H, Miyata K, Osada K, Kataoka K. Block Copolymer Micelles in Nanomedicine Applications. Chem Rev 2018; 118:6844-6892. [PMID: 29957926 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 778] [Impact Index Per Article: 129.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric micelles are demonstrating high potential as nanomedicines capable of controlling the distribution and function of loaded bioactive agents in the body, effectively overcoming biological barriers, and various formulations are engaged in intensive preclinical and clinical testing. This Review focuses on polymeric micelles assembled through multimolecular interactions between block copolymers and the loaded drugs, proteins, or nucleic acids as translationable nanomedicines. The aspects involved in the design of successful micellar carriers are described in detail on the basis of the type of polymer/payload interaction, as well as the interplay of micelles with the biological interface, emphasizing on the chemistry and engineering of the block copolymers. By shaping these features, polymeric micelles have been propitious for delivering a wide range of therapeutics through effective sensing of targets in the body and adjustment of their properties in response to particular stimuli, modulating the activity of the loaded drugs at the targeted sites, even at the subcellular level. Finally, the future perspectives and imminent challenges for polymeric micelles as nanomedicines are discussed, anticipating to spur further innovations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kazunori Kataoka
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine , Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion , 3-25-14, Tonomachi , Kawasaki-ku , Kawasaki 210-0821 , Japan.,Policy Alternatives Research Institute , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan
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14
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Zhu D, Yan H, Zhou Z, Tang J, Liu X, Hartmann R, Parak WJ, Feliu N, Shen Y. Detailed investigation on how the protein corona modulates the physicochemical properties and gene delivery of polyethylenimine (PEI) polyplexes. Biomater Sci 2018; 6:1800-1817. [DOI: 10.1039/c8bm00128f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Given the various cationic polymers developed as non-viral gene delivery vectors, polyethylenimine (PEI) has been/is frequently used in in vitro transfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingcheng Zhu
- Center for Bionanoengineering and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- China
- Fachbereich Physik
| | - Huijie Yan
- Center for Bionanoengineering and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- China
- Fachbereich Physik
| | - Zhuxian Zhou
- Center for Bionanoengineering and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- China
| | - Jianbin Tang
- Center for Bionanoengineering and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- China
| | - Xiangrui Liu
- Center for Bionanoengineering and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- China
| | | | - Wolfgang J. Parak
- Fachbereich Physik
- Philipps Universität Marburg
- Germany
- Fachbereich Physik und Chemie and CHyN
- Universität Hamburg
| | - Neus Feliu
- Fachbereich Physik
- Philipps Universität Marburg
- Germany
- Fachbereich Physik und Chemie and CHyN
- Universität Hamburg
| | - Youqing Shen
- Center for Bionanoengineering and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- China
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15
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Sahoo S, Bera S, Maiti S, Dhara D. Temperature- and Composition-Dependent DNA Condensation by Thermosensitive Block Copolymers. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:7946-7958. [PMID: 30023568 PMCID: PMC6045361 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Successful intracellular delivery of genes requires an efficient carrier, as genes by themselves cannot diffuse across cell membranes. Because of the toxicity and immunogenicity of viral vectors, nonviral vectors are gaining tremendous interest in research. In this work, we have investigated the temperature-dependent DNA condensation efficiency of various compositions of a thermosensitive block copolymer viz., poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-b-poly(2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PNIPA-b-PDMAEMA). Three different copolymer compositions of varying molecular weights were successfully synthesized via the RAFT polymerization technique. Steady-state fluorescence and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopies, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential measurements, agarose gel electrophoresis, and atomic force microscopy techniques were utilized to study the interaction of the copolymers with DNA at temperatures above and below the critical aggregation temperature (CAT). All these experiments revealed that, above the CAT, there was formation of highly stable and tight polymer-DNA complexes (polyplexes). The size of polyplexes was dependent on the temperature up to a certain charge ratio, as determined by the DLS results. The results obtained from temperature-dependent fluorescence spectroscopy, CD, and gel electrophoresis indicated that the DNA molecules were shielded more from aqueous exposure above the CAT because of the formation of relatively more compact complexes. The polyplexes also exhibited changes in the particle morphology below and above the CAT, with particles generated above CAT being more spherical in morphology. These results suggested at the possibility of modulating the complex formation by temperature modification. The present biophysical studies would provide new physical insight into the design of novel gene carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dibakar Dhara
- E-mail: , . Phone: +91-3222-282326. Fax: +91-3222-282252 (D.D.)
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16
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Lehner R, Liu K, Wang X, Wolf M, Hunziker P. A comparison of plasmid DNA delivery efficiency and cytotoxicity of two cationic diblock polyoxazoline copolymers. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:175602. [PMID: 28291013 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa66a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cationic polymers as non-viral gene delivery carriers are widely used because of their strong condensing properties and long-term safety, but acute cytotoxicity is a persistent challenge. In this study, two types of polyplexes were prepared by co-formulating plasmid DNA and two cationic diblock copolymers PABOXA5-b-PMOXA33-PA (primary amine) and PABOXA5-b-PMOXA33-TA (tertiary amine) to check their transfection efficacies in HeLa cells and HEK293T cells, respectively. The plasmid DNA/PABOXA5-b-PMOXA33-PA polyplex showed higher transfection efficacy compared to the plasmid DNA/PABOXA5-b-PMOXA33-TA polyplex under an N/P ratio of 40. Both polymers exhibited low toxicity, attributed to the shielding effect of a hydrophilic, noncharged block. Mechanistic insight into differential transfection efficiencies of the polymers were gained by visualization and comparison of the condensates via transmission electron and atomic force microscopy. The results provide information suited for further structure optimization of polymers that are aimed for targeted gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Lehner
- Nanomedicine Research Lab CLINAM, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 20, Basel, CH-4056, Switzerland
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17
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Raup A, Stahlschmidt U, Jérôme V, Synatschke CV, Müller AHE, Freitag R. Influence of Polyplex Formation on the Performance of Star-Shaped Polycationic Transfection Agents for Mammalian Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:polym8060224. [PMID: 30979314 PMCID: PMC6432395 DOI: 10.3390/polym8060224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic modification (“transfection”) of mammalian cells using non-viral, synthetic agents such as polycations, is still a challenge. Polyplex formation between the DNA and the polycation is a decisive step in such experiments. Star-shaped polycations have been proposed as superior transfection agents, yet have never before been compared side-by-side, e.g., in view of structural effects. Herein four star-shaped polycationic structures, all based on (2-dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) building blocks, were investigated for their potential to deliver DNA to adherent (CHO, L929, HEK-293) and non-adherent (Jurkat, primary human T lymphocytes) mammalian cells. The investigated vectors included three structures where the PDMAEMA arms (different arm length and grafting densities) had been grown from a center silsesquioxane or silica-coated γ-Fe2O3-core and one micellar structure self-assembled from poly(1,2-butadiene)-block PDMAEMA polymers. All nano-stars combined high transfection potential with excellent biocompatibility. The micelles slightly outperformed the covalently linked agents. For method development and optimization, the absolute amount of polycation added to the cells was more important than the N/P-ratio (ratio between polycation nitrogen and DNA phosphate), provided a lower limit was passed and enough polycation was present to overcompensate the negative charge of the plasmid DNA. Finally, the matrix (NaCl vs. HEPES-buffered glucose solution), but also the concentrations adjusted during polyplex formation, affected the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Raup
- Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | | | - Valérie Jérôme
- Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Christopher V Synatschke
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, 60611 IL, USA.
| | - Axel H E Müller
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes-Gutenberg-University, 55099 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Ruth Freitag
- Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
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18
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Venkiteswaran S, Thomas T, Thomas TJ. Selectivity of polyethyleneimines on DNA nanoparticle preparation and gene transport. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sripriya Venkiteswaran
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Institute of New Jersey; Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School; 125 Paterson Street New Brunswick NJ 08901 USA
| | - Thresia Thomas
- Department of Environmental and Community Medicine; Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School; 170 Frelinghusen Road Piscataway NJ 08854 USA
| | - Thekkumkattil J. Thomas
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Institute of New Jersey; Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School; 125 Paterson Street New Brunswick NJ 08901 USA
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19
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Interactions of dendritic glycopolymer with erythrocytes, red blood cell ghosts and membrane enzymes. Int J Pharm 2015; 496:475-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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20
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Duman FD, Hocaoglu I, Ozturk DG, Gozuacik D, Kiraz A, Yagci Acar H. Highly luminescent and cytocompatible cationic Ag2S NIR-emitting quantum dots for optical imaging and gene transfection. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:11352-11362. [PMID: 26068022 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr00189g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of non-toxic theranostic nanoparticles capable of delivering a therapeutic cargo and providing a means for diagnosis is one of the most challenging tasks in nano-biotechnology. Gene therapy is a very important mode of therapy and polyethyleneimine (PEI) is one of the most successful vehicles for gene transfection, yet poses significant toxicity. Optical imaging utilizing quantum dots is one of the newer but fast growing diagnostic modalities, which requires non-toxic, highly luminescent materials, preferentially active in the near infrared region. Ag2S NIRQDs fit to this profile perfectly. Here, we demonstrate the aqueous synthesis of cationic Ag2S NIRQDs with a mixed coating of 2-mercaptopropionic acid (2MPA) and PEI (branched, 25 kDa), which are highly luminescent in the NIR-I window (λem = 810-840 nm) as new theranostic nanoparticles. Synergistic stabilization of the QD surface via the simultaneous use of a small molecule and a polymeric material provided the highest quantum yield, 150% (with respect to LDS 798 at pH 7.4), reported in the literature for Ag2S. These cationic particles show a dramatic improvement in cytocompatibility even without PEGylation, a strong optical signal easily detected by confocal laser microscopy and effective conjugation and transfection of the green fluorescence protein plasmid (pGFP) to HeLa and MCF-7 cell lines (40% efficiency). Overall, these Ag2S NIRQDs show great potential as new theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Demir Duman
- Koc University, Graduate School of Materials Science and Engineering, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sarıyer, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey.
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21
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Zhang L, Bellis SL, Fan Y, Wu Y. Using inositol as a biocompatible ligand for efficient transgene expression. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:2871-84. [PMID: 25926732 PMCID: PMC4403686 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s77002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Transgene transfection techniques using cationic polymers such as polyethylenimines (PEIs) and PEI derivatives as gene vectors have shown efficacy, although they also have shortcomings. PEIs have decent DNA-binding capability and good cell internalization performance, but they cannot deliver gene payloads very efficiently to cell nuclei. In this study, three hyperbranched polyglycerol-polyethylenimine (PG6-PEI) polymers conjugated with myo-inositol (INO) molecules were developed. The three resulting PG6-PEI-INO polymers have an increased number of INO ligands per molecule. PG6-PEI-INO 1 had only 14 carboxymethyl INO (CMINO) units per molecule. PG6-PEI-INO 2 had approximately 130 CMINO units per molecule. PG6-PEI-INO 3 had as high as 415 CMINO units approximately. Mixing PG6-PEI-INO polymers with DNA produced compact nanocomposites. We then performed localization studies using fluorescent microscopy. As the number of conjugated inositol ligands increased in PG6-PEI-INO polymers, there was a corresponding increase in accumulation of the polymers within 293T cell nuclei. Transfection performed with spherical 293T cells yielded 82% of EGFP-positive cells when using PG6-PEI-INO 3 as the vehicle. Studies further revealed that extracellular adenosine triphosphate (eATP) can inhibit the transgene efficiency of PG6-PEI-INO polymers, as compared with PEI and PG6-PEI that were not conjugated with inositol. Our work unveiled the possibility of using inositol as an effective ligand for transgene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Susan L Bellis
- Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Yiwen Fan
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunkun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
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22
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Martin TM, Wysocki BJ, Wysocki TA, Pannier AK. Identifying Intracellular pDNA Losses From a Model of Nonviral Gene Delivery. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2015; 14:455-464. [PMID: 25622323 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2015.2392777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Nonviral gene delivery systems are a type of nanocommunication system that transmit plasmid packets (i.e., pDNA packets) that are programmed at the nanoscale to biological systems at the microscopic cellular level. This engineered nanocommunication system suffers large pDNA losses during transmission of the genetically encoded information, preventing its use in biotechnological and medical applications. The pDNA losses largely remain uncharacterized, and the ramifications of reducing pDNA loss from newly designed gene delivery systems remain difficult to predict. Here, the pDNA losses during primary and secondary transmission chains were identified utilizing a MATLAB model employing queuing theory simulating delivery of pEGFPLuc transgene to HeLa cells carried by Lipofectamine 2000 nonviral DNA carrier. Minimizing pDNA loss during endosomal escape of the primary transmission process results in increased number of pDNA in the nucleus with increased transfection, but with increased probability of cell death. The number of pDNA copies in the nucleus and the amount of time the pDNAs are in the nucleus directly correlates to improved transfection efficiency. During secondary transmission, pDNAs are degraded during distribution to daughter cells. Reducing pDNA losses improves transfection, but a balance in quantity of nuclear pDNA, mitosis, and toxicity must be considered in order to achieve therapeutically relevant transfection levels.
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23
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Wang M, Liu T, Han L, Gao W, Yang S, Zhang N. Functionalized O-carboxymethyl-chitosan/polyethylenimine based novel dual pH-responsive nanocarriers for controlled co-delivery of DOX and genes. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py00013k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Dual pH-sensitive CDPD sequentially dissociates the outermost layer, CPN, and shows pH-triggered programmable release of DOX and genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfang Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Shandong University
- Ji'nan 250012
- China
| | - Tingxian Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Shandong University
- Ji'nan 250012
- China
| | - Leiqiang Han
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Shandong University
- Ji'nan 250012
- China
| | - Wenwen Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Shandong University
- Ji'nan 250012
- China
| | - Shaomei Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Shandong University
- Ji'nan 250012
- China
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Shandong University
- Ji'nan 250012
- China
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24
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Abstract
Polyethylenimines (PEIs) have proven to be highly efficient and versatile agents for nucleic acid delivery in vitro and in vivo. Despite the low biodegradability of these polymers, they have been used in several clinical trials and the results suggest that the nucleic acid/PEI complexes have a good safety profile. The high transfection efficiency of PEIs probably relies on the fact that these polymers possess a stock of amines that can undergo protonation during the acidification of endosomes. This buffering capacity likely enhances endosomal escape of the polyplexes through the "proton sponge" effect. PEIs have also attracted great interest because the presence of many amino groups allow for easy chemical modifications or conjugation of targeting moieties and hydrophilic polymers. In the present chapter, we summarize and discuss the mechanism of PEI-mediated transfection, as well as the recent developments in PEI-mediated DNA, antisense oligonucleotide, and siRNA delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Neuberg
- Laboratoire "Vecteurs: Synthèse et Applications Thérapeutiques", UMR7199 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
| | - Antoine Kichler
- Laboratoire "Vecteurs: Synthèse et Applications Thérapeutiques", UMR7199 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
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25
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Zou Y, Wan L, Blacklock J, Oupicky D, Mao G. In situ AFM analysis investigating disassembly of DNA nanoparticles and nano-films. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 948:183-193. [PMID: 23070771 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-140-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic vector-based gene delivery systems continue to gain strength as viable alternatives to viral vectors due to safety and other concerns. DNA release dynamics is key to the understanding and control of gene delivery from nano-systems. Here we describe atomic force microscope application to the understanding of DNA release dynamics from bioreducible polycation-based nano-systems. The two nano-systems are polyplex nanoparticles and layer-by-layer films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zou
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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26
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Yue Y, Wu C. Progress and perspectives in developing polymeric vectors for in vitro gene delivery. Biomater Sci 2013; 1:152-170. [DOI: 10.1039/c2bm00030j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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27
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Yu ZQ, Yan JJ, You YZ, Zhou QH. Bioreducible and acid-labile poly(amido amine)s for efficient gene delivery. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:5819-32. [PMID: 23209367 PMCID: PMC3511192 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s37334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular processes, including endosomal escape and intracellular release, are efficiency-determining steps in achieving successful gene delivery. It has been found that the presence of acid-labile units in polymers can facilitate endosomal escape and that the presence of reducible units in polymers can lead to intracellular release. In this study, poly(amido amine)s with both bioreducible and acid-labile properties were synthesized to improve gene delivery compared with single-responsive carriers. Transfection and cytotoxicity were evaluated in three cell lines. The complexes of DNA with dual-responsive polymers showed higher gene transfection efficiency than single-responsive polymers and polyethylenimine. At the same time, these polymers were tens of times less cytotoxic than polyethylenimine. Therefore, a polymer that is both reducible and acid-labile is a promising material for efficient and biocompatible gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qiang Yu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
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28
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Perevyazko IY, Bauer M, Pavlov GM, Hoeppener S, Schubert S, Fischer D, Schubert US. Polyelectrolyte complexes of DNA and linear PEI: formation, composition and properties. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:16167-16176. [PMID: 23083317 DOI: 10.1021/la303094b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the complexation between linear 13.4 kDa poly(ethylene imine) (LPEI) and plasmid DNA was investigated. Analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) was used for size and molar mass determination. Additionally, the morphology was studied by scanning force microscopy. The polyplex formation was investigated in a wide range of PEI nitrogen to DNA phosphate ratios (N/P). At N/P ratios below 1, the PEI/DNA complex formation is characterized by an incomplete DNA condensation and the formation of the primary DNA/PEI complexes. The merging of the initially formed polyplexes occurs at N/P ~2, resulting in the formation of polyplexes with much larger size and high aggregation rate. Stable and uniform polyplexes were formed at N/P > 10, with average sizes of the polyplexes of about 170 ± 65 nm. The content of uncomplexed PEI chains in the polyplex dispersion was estimated at four different N/P ratios, 6.2, 11.6, 28.6, and 57.8, by combining preparative centrifugation with a copper complex assay and by sedimentation velocity analysis as an alternative method. It is demonstrated that virtually all added PEI binds to the DNA at N/P < 2.5; further addition of PEI results in the appearance of a large amount of free PEI in solution. Nevertheless, PEI is able to bind in the whole range of N/P ratios tested. According to the data collected by sedimentation velocity analysis and scanning force microscopy, the single PEI/DNA complexes are composed on average of 8 to 32 single condensed DNA plasmids and 70 ± 25 PEI molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Y Perevyazko
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
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29
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Sabín J, Vázquez-Vázquez C, Prieto G, Bordi F, Sarmiento F. Double charge inversion in polyethylenimine-decorated liposomes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:10534-10542. [PMID: 22712613 DOI: 10.1021/la3019259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The study of the interaction of a cationic polymer as PEI with phospholipids membranes is of special relevance for gene therapy because the PEI is a potential nonviral vector to transfer DNA in living cells. We used light scattering, zeta potential, and electron transmission microscopy to characterize the interaction between DMPG and DOPC liposomes with PEI as a function of the charge molar ratio, pH, temperature, initial size of the liposomes, and headgroup of the lipids. Unexpectedly, a double charge inversion and two different ranges of PEI-liposome concentrations where an aggregation occurs were found, when the proper pH and initial size of the liposomes were chosen. The interaction is analyzed in terms of the interaction potential proposed by Velegol and Thwar for colloidal particles with a nonuniform surface charge distribution. Results show a remarkable dependence of the stability on pH and the initial size of the liposomes, which explains the low reproducibility of the experiments if no special care is taken in preparing the samples. Comparatively small changes in the pH or in the liposomes size lead to a completely different stability behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Sabín
- Biophysics & Interfaces Group, Department of Applied Physics, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Laçin N(T, Utkan G(G, Kutsal T, Pişkin E. A Thermo-Sensitive NIPA-Based Co-Polymer and Monosize Polycationic Nanoparticle for Non-viral Gene Transfer to Smooth Muscle Cells. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 23:577-92. [DOI: 10.1163/092050611x555272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nelisa (Türkoğlu) Laçin
- a Advanced Technology Education, Research and Application Center, Mersin University, 33343 Mersin, Turkey.
| | - Güldem (Guven) Utkan
- b TUBITAK MAM, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Enzyme and Fermentation Technology Laboratory, Gebze, 41470 Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Tülin Kutsal
- c Chemical Engineering Department and Bioengineering Division, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Erhan Pişkin
- d Chemical Engineering Department and Bioengineering Division, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
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Rajendra Y, Kiseljak D, Manoli S, Baldi L, Hacker DL, Wurm FM. Role of non-specific DNA in reducing coding DNA requirement for transient gene expression with CHO and HEK-293E cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 109:2271-8. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Hsu CYM, Uludağ H. Nucleic-acid based gene therapeutics: delivery challenges and modular design of nonviral gene carriers and expression cassettes to overcome intracellular barriers for sustained targeted expression. J Drug Target 2012; 20:301-28. [PMID: 22303844 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2012.655247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The delivery of nucleic acid molecules into cells to alter physiological functions at the genetic level is a powerful approach to treat a wide range of inherited and acquired disorders. Biocompatible materials such as cationic polymers, lipids, and peptides are being explored as safer alternatives to viral gene carriers. However, the comparatively low efficiency of nonviral carriers currently hampers their translation into clinical settings. Controlling the size and stability of carrier/nucleic acid complexes is one of the primary hurdles as the physicochemical properties of the complexes can define the uptake pathways, which dictate intracellular routing, endosomal processing, and nucleocytoplasmic transport. In addition to nuclear import, subnuclear trafficking, posttranscriptional events, and immune responses can further limit transfection efficiency. Chemical moieties, reactive linkers or signal peptide have been conjugated to carriers to prevent aggregation, induce membrane destabilization and localize to subcellular compartments. Genetic elements can be inserted into the expression cassette to facilitate nuclear targeting, delimit expression to targeted tissue, and modulate transgene expression. The modular option afforded by both gene carriers and expression cassettes provides a two-tier multicomponent delivery system that can be optimized for targeted gene delivery in a variety of settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Yu Ming Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Cananda
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Hashimoto T, Kawazu T, Nagasaki T, Murakami A, Yamaoka T. Quantitative comparison between poly(L-arginine) and poly(L-lysine) at each step of polyplex-based gene transfection using a microinjection technique. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2012; 13:015009. [PMID: 27877476 PMCID: PMC5090301 DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/13/1/015009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Among the well-studied polypeptide-type gene carriers, transfection efficiency is empirically known to be higher for poly(L-arginine) (PR) than poly(L-lysine) (PK). The big difference between PR and PK should be determined at one of the intracellular trafficking steps based on the different charge densities, structures or PKa values. However, the endosomal escape and the intranuclear transcription efficiency in living cells have not been clarified yet. In this study, a novel method for quantifying the intranuclear transcription efficiency and the nuclear transport of the polyplex is established based on the nuclear and the cytosolic microinjection technique, and the results for PK and PR with different molecular weights (MWs) are compared in living cells. The intranuclear transcription efficiency is the same in PR and PK and it decreases rapidly with increasing MW, in spite of the commonly measured transfection efficiency. The transcription efficiency is strongly suppressed at high MW and strongly correlates with the polyplex forming ability expressed as a critical ratio of the number of polypeptide cationic groups to the number of pDNA anionic groups. When considered with the results of the cellular uptake and in vitro transfection with or without chloroquine, the rate-limiting step for their gene transfer is the buffering effect-independent endosomal escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Hashimoto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishiro-dai, Suita, Osaka, 565-8585, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawazu
- Department of Applied and Bioapplied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nagasaki
- Silk Materials Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan
| | - Akira Murakami
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Yamaoka
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishiro-dai, Suita, Osaka, 565-8585, Japan
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34
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Revisit complexation between DNA and polyethylenimine — Effect of uncomplexed chains free in the solution mixture on gene transfection. J Control Release 2011; 155:67-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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35
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Yue Y, Jin F, Deng R, Cai J, Dai Z, Lin MC, Kung HF, Mattebjerg MA, Andresen TL, Wu C. Revisit complexation between DNA and polyethylenimine — Effect of length of free polycationic chains on gene transfection. J Control Release 2011; 152:143-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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36
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van Gaal EVB, Oosting RS, van Eijk R, Bakowska M, Feyen D, Kok RJ, Hennink WE, Crommelin DJA, Mastrobattista E. DNA nuclear targeting sequences for non-viral gene delivery. Pharm Res 2011; 28:1707-22. [PMID: 21424159 PMCID: PMC3109246 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0407-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate if introduction of DNA nuclear Targeting Sequences (DTS; i.e. recognition sequences for endogenous DNA-binding proteins) in plasmid DNA (pDNA) leads to increased transfection efficiency of non-viral gene delivery by virtue of enhanced nuclear import of the pDNA. Methods A set of DTS was identified and cloned into EGFP-reporter plasmids controlled by the CMV-promoter. These pDNA constructs were delivered into A431 and HeLa cells using standard electroporation, pEI-based polyfection or lipofection methods. The amount of pDNA delivered into the nucleus was determined by qPCR; transfection efficiency was determined by flow cytometry. Results Neither of these DTS increased transgene expression. We varied several parameters (mitotic activity, applied dose and delivery strategy), but without effect. Although upregulated transgene expression was observed after stimulation with TNF-α, this effect could be ascribed to non-specific upregulation of transcription rather than enhanced nuclear import. Nuclear copy numbers of plasmids containing or lacking a DTS did not differ significantly after lipofectamine-based transfection in dividing and non-dividing cells. Conclusion No beneficial effects of DTS on gene expression or nuclear uptake were observed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethlinn V B van Gaal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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37
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Jan E, Pereira FN, Turner DL, Kotov NA. In situ gene transfection and neuronal programming on electroconductive nanocomposite to reduce inflammatory response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm01895c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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38
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Synergistic effects between natural histone mixtures and polyethylenimine in non-viral gene delivery in vitro. Int J Pharm 2010; 400:86-95. [PMID: 20816738 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Revised: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles made of plasmid DNA (pDNA) and cationic polymers are promising strategies for non-viral gene delivery. However, many cationic polymers are toxic to cells when used in higher concentrations. Positively charged proteins, such as histones, are biodegradable and a good alternative, especially for potential in vivo applications. It has previously been shown that histones are able to complex DNA and mediate transfection of cells. To investigate possible synergistic effects between the different histone types and to avoid the use of recombinant proteins, we analysed whether natural histone mixtures would be functional as gene carriers. Core and linker histones from calf thymus and from chicken erythrocytes were used to transfect different cell lines. The protein mixtures efficiently complexed the pDNA, and the resulting particles entered the cells. However, only marginal expression of the gene encoded by the pDNA was observed. Transfection rates increased drastically when minimal amounts of the basic polymer polyethylenimine (PEI) were added to the particles. Neither PEI nor histones alone mediated any transfection under the conditions where a combination of both worked efficiently, and the combined particles were well tolerated by the cells. These results demonstrate that histone mixtures from natural sources in combination with minimal amounts of PEI can be used as gene carriers. This might have consequences for the development of novel gene delivery strategies, such as DNA vaccines, with minimal side-effects.
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Li SY, Liu HW, Zhang K, Lo KW. Modification of Luminescent Iridium(III) Polypyridine Complexes with Discrete Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) Pendants: Synthesis, Emissive Behavior, Intracellular Uptake, and PEGylation Properties. Chemistry 2010; 16:8329-39. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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40
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Rothdiener M, Müller D, Castro PG, Scholz A, Schwemmlein M, Fey G, Heidenreich O, Kontermann RE. Targeted delivery of SiRNA to CD33-positive tumor cells with liposomal carrier systems. J Control Release 2010; 144:251-8. [PMID: 20184933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Revised: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
SiRNA molecules represent promising therapeutic molecules, e.g. for cancer therapy. However, efficient delivery into tumor cells remains a major obstacle for treatment. Here, we describe a liposomal siRNA carrier system for targeted delivery of siRNA to CD33-positive acute myeloid leukemia cells. The siRNA is directed against the t(8;21) translocation resulting in the AML1/MTG8 fusion protein. The siRNA was encapsulated in free or polyethylene imine (PEI)-complexed form into PEGylated liposomes endowed subsequently with an anti-CD33 single-chain Fv fragment (scFv) for targeted delivery. The resulting siRNA-loaded immunoliposomes (IL) and immunolipoplexes (ILP) showed specific binding and internalization by CD33-expressing myeloid leukemia cell lines (SKNO-1, Kasumi-1). Targeted delivery of AML1/MTG8 siRNA, but not of mismatch control siRNA, reduced AML1/MTG8 mRNA and protein levels and decreased leukemic clonogenicity, a hallmark of leukemic self-renewal. Although this study revealed that further modifications are necessary to increase efficacy of siRNA delivery and silencing, we were able to establish a targeted liposomal siRNA delivery system combining recombinant antibody fragments for targeted delivery with tumor cell-specific siRNA molecules as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Rothdiener
- Institut für Zellbiologie und Immunologie, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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41
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PEI grafted hyperbranched polymers with polyglycerol as a core for gene delivery. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2009; 76:427-33. [PMID: 20042319 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Revised: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Hyperbranched polymers, PG6-PEI25k and PG6-PEI800, were synthesized through grafting branched polyethylenimines (PEIs) with molecular weights of 25 kDa and 800 Da to a polyglycerol core (PG6), respectively. The structure of the polymers was characterized by 1H NMR and FTIR. Through agarose gel electrophoresis retardation assay, PG6-PEI25k and PG6-PEI800 were demonstrated to have capability for DNA binding. PG6-PEI/DNA complexes with different weight ratios were characterized by TEM and particle size analysis. The activity of PG6-PEIs to mediate transfection of reporter plasmids pEGFP-C1 and pGL3-Luc was evaluated on 293T and HeLa cell lines. PG6-PEI25k and PG6-PEI800 showed enhanced levels in transgene expression and decreased cytotoxicities as compared with PEI25k and PEI800, respectively. The results indicated potential applications of PG6-PEIs for efficient gene delivery.
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42
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Peng L, Liu M, Xue YN, Huang SW, Zhuo RX. Transfection and intracellular trafficking characteristics for poly(amidoamine)s with pendant primary amine in the delivery of plasmid DNA to bone marrow stromal cells. Biomaterials 2009; 30:5825-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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44
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Appelhans D, Komber H, Quadir MA, Richter S, Schwarz S, van der Vlist J, Aigner A, Müller M, Loos K, Seidel J, Arndt KF, Haag R, Voit B. Hyperbranched PEI with various oligosaccharide architectures: synthesis, characterization, ATP complexation, and cellular uptake properties. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10:1114-24. [PMID: 19338349 DOI: 10.1021/bm801310d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We present a rapid synthetic method for the development of hyperbranched PEIs decorated with different oligosaccharide architectures as carrier systems (CS) for drugs and bioactive molecules for in vitro and in vivo experiments. Reductive amination of hyperbranched PEI with readily available oligosaccharides results in sugar functionalized PEI cores with oligosaccharide shells of different densities. These core-shell architectures were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, SLS, DLS, IR, and polyelectrolyte titration experiments. ATP complexation of theses polycations was examined by isothermal titration calorimetry to evaluate the binding energy and ATP/CS complexation ratios under physiological conditions. In vitro experiments showed an enhanced cellular uptake of ATP/CS complexes compared to those of the free ATP molecules. The results arise to initiate further noncovalent complexation studies of pharmacologically relevant molecules that may lead to the development of therapeutics based on this polymeric delivery platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Appelhans
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany.
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Won YY, Sharma R, Konieczny SF. Missing pieces in understanding the intracellular trafficking of polycation/DNA complexes. J Control Release 2009; 139:88-93. [PMID: 19580830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- You-Yeon Won
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
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Matsumoto Y, Itaka K, Yamasoba T, Kataoka K. Intranuclear fluorescence resonance energy transfer analysis of plasmid DNA decondensation from nonviral gene carriers. J Gene Med 2009; 11:615-23. [DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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47
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Reflections on more than 10 years of TGE approaches. Protein Expr Purif 2009; 64:99-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2008.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2008] [Revised: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Wong SY, Sood N, Putnam D. Combinatorial evaluation of cations, pH-sensitive and hydrophobic moieties for polymeric vector design. Mol Ther 2009; 17:480-90. [PMID: 19142180 PMCID: PMC2835077 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2008.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Three combinatorial libraries of polymeric vectors were evaluated to investigate the functional roles of molecular weight (MW), cations, pH-sensitive moieties, and hydrophobic derivitization in polymer-mediated gene delivery. Four cationic and pH-sensitive moieties (imidazole, primary, secondary, and tertiary amino) and three hydrophobic residues (C4 butyl, C6 hexyl, and C8 octyl) were assessed in single and serially incremented, binary combinations. Three MWs were evaluated-10, 30, and 50 kDa. The highest levels of transfection, comparable to branched PEI (25 kDa), were achieved by 30 kDa and 50 kDa formulations containing primary amino and imidazole groups. Primary amino groups offered superior charge-neutralizing and size-condensing capacity, while imidazole groups appeared to bind with DNA via nonelectrostatically mediated interactions to produce stable polyplexes that were resistant to premature dissociation. Eight of the 10 highest-transfecting polymers possessed IC(50) values greater than the maximum concentration of free polymers exposed to cells (200 microg/ml). The results herein have identified highly efficient polymeric formulations with superb toxicity profiles and have revealed the functional roles that the investigated pendant groups play in the transfection process. The reported polymeric system offers a versatile and robust platform upon which future structure-function studies may be based to create safer and more efficient polymeric vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Y Wong
- 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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49
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Sakai S, Yamada Y, Yamaguchi T, Ciach T, Kawakami K. Surface immobilization of poly(ethyleneimine) and plasmid DNA on electrospun poly(L-lactic acid) fibrous mats using a layer-by-layer approach for gene delivery. J Biomed Mater Res A 2009; 88:281-7. [PMID: 18260146 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The method of coating electrospun ultrafine poly(L-lactic acid) fibers with DNA, by building up polyelectrolyte layer(s) of poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) and plasmid DNA using an electrostatic layer-by-layer deposition method, for gene delivery is presented. The pGL3 encoding luciferase was applied as plasmid DNA. The quantity of pGL3 immobilized on individual fibers increased with increasing pGL3 concentration in the immersion solution (0.017-0.870 mg/mL) and increasing bilayer number of PEI/pGL3 (single-triple). With the exception of one specimen prepared under the condition 0.870 mg/mL pGL3 solution and double PEI/pGL3 layers, the transfection efficiency of COS-7 cells, defined by the ratio of fluorescence intensity (resulting from the presence of luciferase) with respect to the quantity of cellular protein on the fibrous mat increased with increasing quantity of pGL3 on the fibers. In addition to the ease of controlling the quality of polyelectrolyte bilayer(s) by simply changing the concentrations of substances and number of immersing cycles, the features of the electrospun fibrous mat such as a very large surface-to-volume ratio and flexibility, could potentially be employed as a strategy for gene therapy combined with tissue engineering technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Sakai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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50
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Di Gioia S, Conese M. Polyethylenimine-mediated gene delivery to the lung and therapeutic applications. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2009; 2:163-88. [PMID: 19920904 PMCID: PMC2761186 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s2708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nonviral gene delivery is now considered a promising alternative to viral vectors. Among nonviral gene delivery agents, polyethylenimine (PEI) has emerged as a potent candidate for gene delivery to the lung. PEI has some advantages over other polycations in that it combines strong DNA compaction capacity with an intrinsic endosomolytic activity. However, intracellular (mainly the nuclear membrane) and extracellular obstacles still hamper its efficiency in vitro and in vivo, depending on the route of administration and the type of PEI. Nuclear delivery has been increased by adding nuclear localization signals. To overcome nonspecific interactions with biological fluids, extracellular matrix components and nontarget cells, strategies have been developed to protect polyplexes from these interactions and to increase target specificity and gene expression. When gene delivery into airway epithelial cells of the conducting airways is necessary, aerosolization of complexes seems to be better suited to guarantee higher transgene expression in the airway epithelial cells with lower toxicity than observed with either intratracheal or intravenous administration. Aerosolization, indeed, is useful to target the alveolar epithelium and pulmonary endothelium. Proof-of-principle that PEI-mediated gene delivery has therapeutic application to some genetic and acquired lung disease is presented, using as genetic material either plasmidic DNA or small-interfering RNA, although optimization of formulation and delivery protocols and limitation of toxicity need further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sante Di Gioia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale L. Pinto 1, Foggia, Italy
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