1
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Zhang J, Zhou J, Chen H, Guo Y, Tian Q, Xia Y, Qin G, Xie J, Fu Y. Surface acoustic wave platform integrated with ultraviolet activated rGO-SnS 2 nanocomposites to achieve ppb-level dimethyl methylphosphonate detection at room-temperature. Talanta 2024; 282:127063. [PMID: 39423635 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.127063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 10/13/2024] [Accepted: 10/15/2024] [Indexed: 10/21/2024]
Abstract
Dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) is commonly used as an alternative for demonstrating to detect sarin, which is one of the most toxic but odorless chemical nerve agents. Among various types of DMMP sensors, those utilizing surface acoustic wave (SAW) technology provide notable advantages such as wireless/passive monitoring, digital output, and a compact, portable design. However, key challenges for SAW-based DMMP sensors operated at room temperature lies in simultaneous enhancement of sensitivities and reduction of detection limits. In this study, we developed a binary material strategy by combining reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and tin disulfide (SnS2) with (100)-facets orientation as sensing layers of SAW device for DMMP detection utilized at room temperature. Ultraviolet (UV) light was applied to activate the sensitive film and reduce the sensor's response time. The developed SAW DMMP sensor demonstrated a superior sensitivity (-1298.82 Hz/ppm), a low detection limit of 50 ppb, and a hysteresis below 1.5%, along with fast response/recovery time (39.2 s/28.4 s), excellent selectivity, long-term stability and repeatability. The formation of shrub-like rGO-SnS2 heterojunctions with abundant surface defects and large specific surface areas, high-energy (100) crystalline surfaces of SnS2, and photogenerated carriers generated by UV irradiation were pinpointed as the crucial sensing mechanisms. These factors collectively enhanced adsorption and reaction dynamics of DMMP molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo Zhang
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Yihao Guo
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Qikun Tian
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Yanhong Xia
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Guangzhao Qin
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Jianfei Xie
- Nursing Department, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Yongqing Fu
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
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2
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Taylor AJ, Wilmore JT, Beer PD. Halogen bonding BODIPY-appended pillar[5]arene for the optical sensing of dicarboxylates and a chemical warfare agent simulant. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:11916-11919. [PMID: 39222065 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc03748k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
A pillar[5]arene host, functionalised with halogen bonding (XB) recognition sites and BODIPY fluorophores, demonstrates strong binding and optical sensing of environmentally relevant dicarboxylates and a chemical warfare agent simulant, in organic and competitive aqueous-organic media - enabled by the unprecedented combination of fluorophore-conjugated XB interactions with the hydrophobic pillar[5]arene host cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Jamie T Wilmore
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Paul D Beer
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK.
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3
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Samueli R, Babbar S, Ben-Shahar Y, Samanta S, Bhattarai S, Harilal S, Feldheim G, Pikhay E, Shehter I, Elkayam A, Bashouti MY, Akabayov B, Ron I, Roizin Y, Shalev G. Real-time, specific, and label-free transistor-based sensing of organophosphates in liquid. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 263:120089. [PMID: 39369783 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.120089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2024] [Revised: 09/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/28/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphates (OP), commonly used in agriculture and as chemical warfare agents, pose significant environmental risks, necessitating real-time, low-cost OP detection methods. In particular, liquid-phase OP sensing with minimal sample volumes is crucial. While several methods allow rapid detection of low concentrations of OP vapors, they are effective only in the short term, while vapors are still being produced. Many OP compounds are semi-volatile, leading to the contamination of water, soil, and surfaces, posing a risk of secondary, long-term exposure. Detecting this contamination requires methods that can be directly applied to droplets of the affected medium. Currently, no method provides the desired combination of ultra-sensitivity, quantitative detection, rapid response, and low-cost for detecting OPs in liquid samples. This study aims to demonstrate quantitative, low-cost, real-time, specific, and label-free OP sensing in ultra-small samples using a transistor-based approach. The current work employs the 2-(4-Aminophenyl)-1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (aminophenyl-HFIP) functionalized meta-nano-channel field-effect chemical sensor (MNChem sensor) to monitor the organophosphate, diethyl cyanophosphonate (DCNP), in liquid samples. The silicon component of the MNChem is fabricated using a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process, and the amine-based chemical functionalization of the sensing area is performed post-fabrication. The MNChem sensor provides electrostatic control over the source-drain current (IDS), allowing an optimized channel configuration that efficiently transduces localized OP recognition events into significant IDS variations. Sensing is performed using 0.5 μL buffer solution to simulate a miniature field-deployable sensor for on-site liquid analysis. We report the sensing of DCNP with a limit-of-detection of 100 fg/mL, a dynamic range of 9 orders of magnitude, and excellent linearity (≥0.97) and sensitivity. Control measurements confirm the specificity and reliability of the sensor's response, validating its applicability. This study introduces a novel method for OP detection in contaminated droplets using a low-cost disposable transistor technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakefet Samueli
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Shubham Babbar
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Yuval Ben-Shahar
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona POB, 74100 Israel
| | - Soumadri Samanta
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Shankar Bhattarai
- Department of Chemistry and Data Science Research Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Sherina Harilal
- Department of Solar Energy and Environmental Physics, Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 8499000, Israel
| | - Gil Feldheim
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona POB, 74100 Israel
| | - Evgeny Pikhay
- Tower Semiconductor, PO Box 619, Migdal Haemek, Israel
| | - Inna Shehter
- Tower Semiconductor, PO Box 619, Migdal Haemek, Israel
| | - Ayala Elkayam
- Tower Semiconductor, PO Box 619, Migdal Haemek, Israel
| | - Muhammad Y Bashouti
- Department of Solar Energy and Environmental Physics, Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 8499000, Israel; The Ilse-Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, POB 653, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Barak Akabayov
- Department of Chemistry and Data Science Research Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Izhar Ron
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Beer-Sheva, Israel; Department of Physical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona POB, 74100 Israel
| | - Yakov Roizin
- Tower Semiconductor, PO Box 619, Migdal Haemek, Israel
| | - Gil Shalev
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Beer-Sheva, Israel; The Ilse-Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, POB 653, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel.
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4
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Gibbons B, Johnson EM, Javed MK, Yang X, Morris AJ. Macromorphological Control of Zr-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks for Hydrolysis of a Nerve Agent Simulant. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:52703-52711. [PMID: 39292638 PMCID: PMC11450694 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c11928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2024] [Revised: 09/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/20/2024]
Abstract
Zirconium-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have become one of the most promising materials for the adsorption and destruction of chemical warfare agents. While numerous studies have shown differences in reactivity based on MOF topology and postsynthetic modification, the understanding of how modifying MOF macromorphology is less understood. MOF xerogels demonstrate modified defect levels and larger porosity, which increase the number of and access to potential active sites. Indeed, UiO-66 and NU-901 xerogels display reaction rates 2 and 3 times higher, respectively, for the hydrolysis of DMNP relative to their powder morphologies. Upon recycling, MOF-808 xerogel outperforms MOF-808 powder, previously noted as the fastest Zr6 MOF for hydrolysis of organophosphate nerve agents. The increase in reactivity is largely driven by a higher external surface area and the introduction of mesoporosity to previously microporous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xiaozhou Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia
Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Amanda J. Morris
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia
Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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5
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Guo P, Guo W, Li Y, Qin H, Yang Y, Li H, An Y, Yang W, Zhang H, Yang J, Kang J, Wang R. Permeable Self-Association of Metal-Organic Framework 808/Ag-Based Fiber Membrane for Broad-Spectrum and Highly Efficient Degradation of Biological and Chemical War Agents. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:52842-52855. [PMID: 39172509 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c07149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
The threat posed by biological and chemical warfare agents (BCWA) to national security, the environment, and personal health underscores the need for innovative chemical protective clothing. To address the limitations of conventional activated carbon materials, which are prone to falling off and adsorption saturation, an efficient self-association approach was introduced. In this study, we proposed the immobilization of metal-organic framework (MOF) 808 and Ag nanoparticles onto a polypropylene (PP) fiber membrane using a rapid self-association method facilitated by chitosan (CS). The MOF 808/Ag-based (PP-CS/808-Ag) fiber membrane demonstrated exceptional degradation efficiency, achieving a remarkable rate of t1/2 within 2 h for the mustard simulant 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (2-CEES) and a rate of t1/2 = 4.12 min for the G-series simulant dimethyl 4-nitrophenylphosphate (DMNP). A theoretical computational model was developed to determine the overall reaction mechanism, and it was verified that MOF 808 and Ag nanoparticles were mainly involved in the hydrolysis process against 2-CEES and DMNP. The PP-CS/808-Ag composite fiber film was prepared as the core layer, and the fracture strength, bending resistance, and moisture permeability were better than those specified by many countries for biochemical protective clothing, showing that it has a broad application prospect in developing a generation of broad-spectrum bioprotective clothing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiwen Guo
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Wenting Guo
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Yahao Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Haojie Qin
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Yawen Yang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Haoyi Li
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Ying An
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Weimin Yang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - He Zhang
- Department of Underwater Weaponry and Chemical Defense, Dalian Navy Academy, 116018 Dalian, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Technical Section, Xinhua Chemical Defense Equipment Research Institute Co., Ltd, 030008 Shanxi, China
| | - Jing Kang
- China Institute for Radiation Protection, 030000 Taiyuan, China
| | - Ruixue Wang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
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6
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Lee H, Lim JW, Kwon J, Choi SK, Kim HS, Hwang YI, Kim KB. Non-destructive ultrasonic testing for identifying concealed weapons and analyzing internal chemical substances. Sci Rep 2024; 14:22509. [PMID: 39341954 PMCID: PMC11438958 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-73141-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The management of unknown weapons obtained from warfare, military operations, and terrorist situations requires a series of nondestructive testing processes. This management process, which is aimed at collecting information on the nature of the weapons, encompasses identification, processing, transportation, and storage of the obtained weapons. A lack of identification marks in acquired ammunition may indicate the potential presence of a chemical weapon. Therefore, nondestructive evaluation methods have been employed to identify unknown weapons. However, these methods rely on neutron- and radiation-based analyses, which require radiation-handling experts and specific protective facilities. Consequently, their application in this field is challenging. Herein, a nondestructive ultrasonic testing method, which can identify substances inside unknown weapons and optimize the verifiability of the state of the ammunition, was employed as an alternative method to overcome these limitations. The experimental system enabled quantitative and qualitative analyses of the internal chemicals by analyzing the time difference in acquiring the signals, particularly when the results indicate that the internal substance is a liquid. The results of this study can serve as a basis for advancing the application of ultrasonic testing as a viable and efficient approach for managing unknown weapons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyosung Lee
- Department of Measurement Engineering, University of Science and Technology, 217, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
- Non-Destructive Metrology Group, Division of Physical Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, 267 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong- gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Lim
- Chem-Bio Center, Agency for Defense Development, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Kwon
- Chem-Bio Center, Agency for Defense Development, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34186, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ki Choi
- Chem-Bio Center, Agency for Defense Development, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Suk Kim
- Chem-Bio Center, Agency for Defense Development, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34186, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-In Hwang
- Non-Destructive Metrology Group, Division of Physical Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, 267 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong- gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ki-Bok Kim
- Department of Measurement Engineering, University of Science and Technology, 217, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
- Non-Destructive Metrology Group, Division of Physical Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, 267 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong- gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Kwon J, Ko NY, Lim JW. Characterization of Continuous Neutralization of a Chemical Warfare Agent and Its Simulants. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:38583-38590. [PMID: 39310196 PMCID: PMC11411653 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c04000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
The persistent threat posed by chemical warfare agents (CWAs) necessitates the development of efficient and safe methods for their neutralization. In this study, we investigated the continuous neutralization of CWAs and their simulants using flow chemistry, which combines the benefits of safety, precise control over reaction parameters, and scalability. We focused on the integration of continuous-flow reactors to achieve controlled and rapid neutralization, thus addressing challenges such as the need for rapid reaction kinetics and the establishment of robust pathways for neutralization. Because the flow-chemistry approach can contribute significantly to the development of neutralization technologies for CWAs, we performed a thorough characterization in terms of reaction kinetics and neutralized product identification. The results demonstrated that the proposed continuous-flow-type neutralization reaction was faster and more efficient than batch-type neutralization reactions. Furthermore, in the early stages of the neutralization reaction, flow-type neutralization not only required less neutralizing agent than batch-type neutralization but was also faster. Thus, the chemical neutralization process proposed in this study can be used as a pragmatic foundation for developing demilitarization methods for CWAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ji Won Lim
- Chem-Bio Center, Agency for
Defense Development, Advanced Defense Science
& Technology Research Institute, Daejeon 34186, Republic of Korea
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8
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Thakur A, Chaudhran PA, Sharma A. Water-recyclable and reusable fluorescent sensors for nerve gas mimetic detection. Analyst 2024; 149:4714-4722. [PMID: 39101457 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00789a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Herein, the serendipitous discovery of two water-recyclable and reusable fluorescent sensors IMPC (cyan-blue-cyan) and IMPC-OH (green-blue-green) is reported for sensing nerve agent simulants diethylcyanophosphonate and diethylchlorophosphate, respectively, with high sensitivity, short response time, and low detection limits. The unique features of these probes are their regeneration with the addition of a green and cheap solvent, namely water in CHCl3, and ease of fabrication into a portable paper-strip system that can also be regenerated. Various spectroscopic studies were employed to understand the mechanism of sensing and regeneration of both probes; the results reveal that water plays a critical role in the hydrolysis of the adduct formed with DCNP and DCP, which enables the retrieval of the probe with its original fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashima Thakur
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Raebareli, Transit campus Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Preeti AshokKumar Chaudhran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Raebareli, Transit campus Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Abha Sharma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Raebareli, Transit campus Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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9
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Song J, Lei H, Zhai Y, Dou Z, Ding Y, Han X, Cui F, Tian Y, Zhu G. Exclusive generation of a superoxide radical by a porous aromatic framework for fast photocatalytic decontamination of mustard gas simulant in room air. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc04551c. [PMID: 39257855 PMCID: PMC11382254 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc04551c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Mustard gas and other chemical warfare agents (CWAs) are a global threat to public security, arising from unpredictable emergencies and chemical spill accidents. So far, photocatalysts such as metal clusters, polyoxometalates and porous solids have been exploited for oxidative degradation of mustard gas, commonly with 1O2 as reactive species. However, the production of 1O2 is oxygen-dependent and requires a high oxygen concentration to sustain the detoxication process. For safety and operation process considerations, it is always preferable to rapidly detoxify dangerous chemicals in the atmosphere of room air. In this work, a porous aromatic framework, PAF-68, was synthesized as a metal-free photocatalyst. In the presence of PAF-68, fast detoxication occurred in typical room air atmosphere. The half-life (t 1/2) for the complete conversion of mustard gas simulant to nontoxic product in room air was only 1.7 min, which is comparable to the performance in pure oxygen, surpassing that of any other porous photocatalysts. It was found that ˙O2 - rather than 1O2 is the predominant reactive species initiated by PAF-68 for mustard gas detoxication. Unlike the formation of 1O2 which prefers the environment of pure oxygen, generation of the ˙O2 - is an oxygen-independent process. It is suggested that amorphous PAFs possess low exciton binding energy and long decay lifetime, which facilitate the generation of ˙O2 -, and this offers a general design strategy to detoxifying chemical warfare agents under real-world conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Song
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University Changchun Jilin 130024 China
| | - Hengtao Lei
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University Changchun Jilin 130024 China
| | - Yuhui Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University Changchun Jilin 130024 China
| | - Zilong Dou
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University Changchun Jilin 130024 China
| | - Yongyue Ding
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University Changchun Jilin 130024 China
| | - Xueyan Han
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University Changchun Jilin 130024 China
| | - Fengchao Cui
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University Changchun Jilin 130024 China
| | - Yuyang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University Changchun Jilin 130024 China
| | - Guangshan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University Changchun Jilin 130024 China
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10
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Sudittapong B, Taylor CGP, Williams J, Griffiths RJ, Hiscock JR, Ward MD. Coordination-cage binding and catalysed hydrolysis of organophosphorus chemical warfare agent simulants. RSC Adv 2024; 14:26032-26042. [PMID: 39161455 PMCID: PMC11331485 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra04705b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of organophosphorus chemical warfare agents still remains an ongoing global threat. Here we investigate the binding of small-molecule organic guests including phosphate esters, sulfonate esters, carbonate esters and a sulfite ester - some of which act as simulants for organophosphorus chemical warfare agents - in the cavity of a water-soluble coordination cage. For several of these guest species, binding constants in the range 102 to 103 M-1 were determined in water/DMSO (98 : 2 v/v) solution, through a combination of fluorescence and 1H NMR spectroscopy, and subsequent fitting of titration data to a 1 : 1 binding isotherm model. For three cage/guest complexes crystallographic structure determinations were possible: in two cases (with guests phenyl methanesulfonate and phenyl propyl carbonate) the guest lies inside the cavity, forming a range of CH⋯O hydrogen-bonding interactions with the cage interior surface involving CH groups on the cationic cage surface that act as H-bond donors and O atoms on the guests that act as H-bond acceptors. In a third case, with the guest 4-nitrophenyl-methanesulfonate, the guest lies in the spaces outside a cage cavity between cages and forms weak CH⋯O interactions with the cage exterior surface: the cavity is occupied by a network of H-bonded water molecules, though this guest does show cavity binding in solution. For the isomeric guests 4-nitrophenyl-methanesulfonate and 4-nitrophenyl methyl sulfite, hydrolysis in water/DMSO (98 : 2 v/v) could be monitored colorimetrically via appearance of the 4-nitrophenolate anion; both showed accelerated hydrolysis rates in the presence of the host cage with second-order rate constants for the catalysed reactions in the range 10-3 to 10-2 M-1 s-1 at pH 9. The typical rate dependence on external pH and the increased reaction rates when chloride ions are present (which can bind inside the cavity and displace other cavity-bound guests) imply that the catalysed reaction actually occurs at the external surface of the cage rather than inside the cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Rebecca J Griffiths
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Kent Canterbury CT2 7NH UK
| | - Jennifer R Hiscock
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Kent Canterbury CT2 7NH UK
| | - Michael D Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
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11
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da Silva VB, Mahy JP, Brazzolotto X, Renard PY, Ricoux R, Legros J. Detoxification of V-Nerve Agents Assisted by a Microperoxidase: New Pathway Revealed by the Use of a Relevant VX Simulant. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202400137. [PMID: 38591336 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The biocatalyzed oxidative detoxification of the V-series simulant PhX, by mean of the microperoxidase AcMP11, affords the corresponding phosphonothioate as the prominent product instead of the classical P-S and P-O bond cleavage. While PhX is structurally very close to the live agent VX (the methyl group is replaced by a phenyl), assessment with other surrogates missing the nucleophilic amino function displayed more resistance under the same conditions with no phosphonothioate observed. These encouraging results highlight 1) the efficacy of AcMP11 microperoxidase to efficiently detoxify V-series organophosphorus nerve agents (OPNA), and 2) the necessity to use representative alkyl or aryl phosphonothioates simulants such as PhX bearing the appropriate side chain as well as the P-O and P-S cleavable bond to mimic accurately the V-series OPNA to prevent false positive or false negative results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean-Pierre Mahy
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Xavier Brazzolotto
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91220, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Renard
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Rémy Ricoux
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Julien Legros
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA, F-76000, Rouen, France
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12
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Lee B, Bae J, Go B, Kim MK, Park J. Dual-functional metal-organic framework for chemisorption and colorimetric monitoring of cyanogen chloride. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 362:142633. [PMID: 38906187 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Given the growing concern over the deployment of toxic chemicals in warfare, the rapid and accurate removal and detection of cyanogen chloride (CK) as a blood agent has become increasingly critical. However, conventional physisorbents and chemisorbents used in military respirators are insufficient for the effective removal of CK. In this study, we demonstrate the chemisorption and sensing abilities of Co2(m-DOBDC) (m-DOBDC4- = 4,6-dioxo-1,3-benzenedicarboxylate) for CK via electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS) in humid environments. Unlike the chemisorption in triethylenediamine (TEDA) impregnated carbon materials, which generates by-products through hydrolysis, the electron-rich C5 sites in m-DOBDC4- ligands give rise to cyano substitution with CK. This leads to the formation of stable C-C bonds and chloride ions (Cl-) coordinating with open Co2+ sites. Such a mechanism prevents the generation of toxic by-products like cyanic acid and hydrochloric acid. Breakthrough experiments conducted in a packed-bed system conclusively demonstrated the superior CK removal capacity of Co2(m-DOBDC) (1662 min/g), compared to TEDA-impregnated activated carbon (323 min/g) under humid conditions. Considering that MOF-74 series, isostructural with Co2(m-DOBDC), barely adsorb CK under similar conditions, this finding marks a significant advancement in developing novel sorbents for CK removal. Moreover, this chemisorption not only exhibited rapid and highly efficient CK removal but also enabled colorimetric monitoring via the distinctive color change induced by the coordination of Cl- acting as σ donors. These findings facilitate the development of adsorption and sensing equipment to protect military personnel from toxic chemical threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeongchan Lee
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno Jungang-daero, Dalseong-gun, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaekyung Bae
- Chem-Bio Technology Center, Agency for Defense Development, Daejeon, 34186, Republic of Korea
| | - Bogyeong Go
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno Jungang-daero, Dalseong-gun, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kun Kim
- Chem-Bio Technology Center, Agency for Defense Development, Daejeon, 34186, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jinhee Park
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno Jungang-daero, Dalseong-gun, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Bagha H, Hein R, Lim JYC, Myers WK, Sambrook MR, Beer PD. Phosphate selective binding and sensing by halogen bonding tripodal copper(II) metallo-receptors in aqueous media. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:12338-12348. [PMID: 38985452 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01585a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Combining the potency of non-covalent halogen bonding (XB) with metal ion coordination, the synthesis and characterisation of a series of hydrophilic XB tripodal Cu(II) metallo-receptors, strategically designed for tetrahedral anion guest binding and sensing in aqueous media is described. The reported metallo-hosts contain a tripodal C3-symmetric tris-iodotriazole XB donor anion recognition motif terminally functionalised with tri(ethylene glycol) and permethylated β-cyclodextrin functionalities to impart aqueous solubility. Optical UV-vis anion binding studies in combination with unprecedented quantitative EPR anion titration investigations reveal the XB Cu(II) metallo-receptors exhibit strong and selective phosphate recognition over a range of other monocharged anionic species in competitive aqueous solution containing 40% water, notably outperforming a hydrogen bonding (HB) Cu(II) metallo-receptor counterpart. Electrochemical studies demonstrate further the capability of the metallo-receptors to sense anions via significant cathodic perturbations of the respective Cu(II)/Cu(I) redox couple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hena Bagha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Robert Hein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Jason Y C Lim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - William K Myers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | | | - Paul D Beer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
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14
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Wang H, Kou X, Gao R, Huang S, Chen G, Ouyang G. Enzyme-Immobilized Porous Crystals for Environmental Applications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:11869-11886. [PMID: 38940189 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c01273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Developing efficient technologies to eliminate or degrade contaminants is paramount for environmental protection. Biocatalytic decontamination offers distinct advantages in terms of selectivity and efficiency; however, it still remains challenging when applied in complex environmental matrices. The main challenge originates from the instability and difficult-to-separate attributes of fragile enzymes, which also results in issues of compromised activity, poor reusability, low cost-effectiveness, etc. One viable solution to harness biocatalysis in complex environments is known as enzyme immobilization, where a flexible enzyme is tightly fixed in a solid carrier. In the case where a reticular crystal is utilized as the support, it is feasible to engineer next-generation biohybrid catalysts functional in complicated environmental media. This can be interpreted by three aspects: (1) the highly crystalline skeleton can shield the immobilized enzyme against external stressors. (2) The porous network ensures the high accessibility of the interior enzyme for catalytic decontamination. And (3) the adjustable and unambiguous structure of the reticular framework favors in-depth understanding of the interfacial interaction between the framework and enzyme, which can in turn guide us in designing highly active biocomposites. This Review aims to introduce this emerging biocatalysis technology for environmental decontamination involving pollutant degradation and greenhouse gas (carbon dioxide) conversion, with emphasis on the enzyme immobilization protocols and diverse catalysis principles including single enzyme catalysis, catalysis involving enzyme cascades, and photoenzyme-coupled catalysis. Additionally, the remaining challenges and forward-looking directions in this field are discussed. We believe that this Review may offer a useful biocatalytic technology to contribute to environmental decontamination in a green and sustainable manner and will inspire more researchers at the intersection of the environment science, biochemistry, and materials science communities to co-solve environmental problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxue Kou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Siming Huang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangzhou Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Phamacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Phamaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, People's Republic of China
| | - Guosheng Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
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15
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Wu G, Zhang B, Zhang H, Zhang X, Hu X, Meng X, Wu J, Hou H. Morphology Regulation of UiO-66-2I Supporting Systematic Investigations of Shape-Dependent Catalytic Activity for Degradation of an Organophosphate Nerve Agent Simulant. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:12658-12666. [PMID: 38916863 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c02028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Phosphonate-based nerve agents, as a kind of deadly chemical warfare agent, are a persistent and evolving threat to humanity. Zirconium-based metal-organic frameworks (Zr-MOFs) are a kind of highly porous crystalline material that includes Zr-OH-Zr sites and imitates the active sites of the phosphotriesterase enzyme, representing significant potential for the adsorption and catalytic hydrolysis of phosphonate-based nerve agents. In this work, we present a new Zr-MOF, UiO-66-2I, which attaches two iodine atoms in the micropore of the MOF and exhibits excellent catalytic activity on the degradation of a nerve agent simulant, dimethyl 4-nitrophenyl phosphate (DMNP), as the result of the formation of halogen bonds between the phosphate ester bonds and iodine groups. Furthermore, various morphologies of UiO-66-2I, such as blocky-shaped nanoparticles (NPs), two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets, hexahedral NPs, stick-like NPs, colloidal microspheres, and colloidal NPs, have been obtained by adding acetic acid (AA), formic acid (FA), propionic acid (PA), valeric acid (VA), benzoic acid (BA), and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) as modulators, respectively, and show different catalytic hydrolysis activities. Specifically, the catalytic activities follow the trend UiO-66-2I-FA (t1/2 = 1 min) > UiO-66-2I-AA-NP (t1/2 = 4 min) ≈ UiO-66-2I-VA (t1/2 = 4 min) > UiO-66-2I-BA (t1/2 = 5 min) > UiO-66-2I-PA (t1/2 = 15 min) > UiO-66-2I-TFA (t1/2 = 18 min). The experimental results show that the catalytic hydrolysis activity of Zr-MOF is regulated by the crystallinity, defect quantity, morphologies, and hydrophilicity of these samples, which synergistically affect the accessibility of catalytic sites and the diffusion of phosphate in the pores of Zr-MOFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaigai Wu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Heyao Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Xiying Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Xiaomeng Hu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Xiangru Meng
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Jie Wu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Hongwei Hou
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
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16
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Toader G, Ginghina RE, Bratu AE, Podaru AI, Pulpea D, Rotariu T, Gavrilă AM, Diacon A. Ionic Crosslinked Hydrogel Films for Immediate Decontamination of Chemical Warfare Agents. Gels 2024; 10:428. [PMID: 39057451 PMCID: PMC11275507 DOI: 10.3390/gels10070428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study describes the development of hydrogel formulations with ionic crosslinking capacity and photocatalytic characteristics. The objective of this research is to provide an effective, accessible, "green", and facile route for the decontamination of chemical warfare agents (CWAs, namely the blistering agent-mustard gas/sulfur mustard (HD)) from contaminated surfaces, by decomposition and entrapment of CWAs and their degradation products inside the hydrogel films generated "on-site". The decontamination of the notorious warfare agent HD was successfully achieved through a dual hydrolytic-photocatalytic degradation process. Subsequently, the post-decontamination residues were encapsulated within a hydrogel membrane film produced via an ionic crosslinking mechanism. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and sodium alginate (ALG) are the primary constituents of the decontaminating formulations. These polymeric components were chosen for this application due to their cost-effectiveness, versatility, and their ability to form hydrogen bonds, facilitating hydrogel formation. In the presence of divalent metallic ions, ALG undergoes ionic crosslinking, resulting in rapid gelation. This facilitated prompt PVA-ALG film curing and allowed for immediate decontamination of targeted surfaces. Additionally, bentonite nanoclay, titanium nanoparticles, and a tetrasulfonated nickel phthalocyanine (NiPc) derivative were incorporated into the formulations to enhance absorption capacity, improve mechanical properties, and confer photocatalytic activity to the hydrogels obtained via Zn2+-mediated ionic crosslinking. The resulting hydrogels underwent characterization using a variety of analytical techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), viscometry, and mechanical analysis (shear, tensile, and compression tests), as well as swelling investigations, to establish the optimal formulations for CWA decontamination applications. The introduction of the fillers led to an increase in the maximum strain up to 0.14 MPa (maximum tensile resistance) and 0.39 MPa (maximum compressive stress). The UV-Vis characterization of the hydrogels allowed the determination of the band-gap value and absorption domain. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry assay was employed to evaluate the decontamination efficacy for a chemical warfare agent (sulfur mustard-HD) and confirmed that the ionic crosslinked hydrogel films achieved decontamination efficiencies of up to 92.3%. Furthermore, the presence of the photocatalytic species can facilitate the degradation of up to 90% of the HD removed from the surface and entrapped inside the hydrogel matrix, which renders the post-decontamination residue significantly less dangerous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Toader
- Military Technical Academy ‘Ferdinand I’, 39-49 George Coșbuc Blvd., 050141 Bucharest, Romania; (G.T.); (A.I.P.); (D.P.); (T.R.)
| | - Raluca-Elena Ginghina
- Research and Innovation Center for CBRN Defense and Ecology, 225 Olteniței Blvd., 077160 Bucharest, Romania; (R.-E.G.); (A.E.B.)
| | - Adriana Elena Bratu
- Research and Innovation Center for CBRN Defense and Ecology, 225 Olteniței Blvd., 077160 Bucharest, Romania; (R.-E.G.); (A.E.B.)
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alice Ionela Podaru
- Military Technical Academy ‘Ferdinand I’, 39-49 George Coșbuc Blvd., 050141 Bucharest, Romania; (G.T.); (A.I.P.); (D.P.); (T.R.)
| | - Daniela Pulpea
- Military Technical Academy ‘Ferdinand I’, 39-49 George Coșbuc Blvd., 050141 Bucharest, Romania; (G.T.); (A.I.P.); (D.P.); (T.R.)
| | - Traian Rotariu
- Military Technical Academy ‘Ferdinand I’, 39-49 George Coșbuc Blvd., 050141 Bucharest, Romania; (G.T.); (A.I.P.); (D.P.); (T.R.)
| | - Ana Mihaela Gavrilă
- National Institute of Research and Development for Chemistry and Petrochemistry, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060041 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Aurel Diacon
- Military Technical Academy ‘Ferdinand I’, 39-49 George Coșbuc Blvd., 050141 Bucharest, Romania; (G.T.); (A.I.P.); (D.P.); (T.R.)
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
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17
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Huang T, Chen Q, Jiang H, Zhang K. Research Progress in the Degradation of Chemical Warfare Agent Simulants Using Metal-Organic Frameworks. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:1108. [PMID: 38998714 PMCID: PMC11243471 DOI: 10.3390/nano14131108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Chemical warfare agents primarily comprise organophosphorus nerve agents, saliva alkaloids, cyanides, and mustard gas. Exposure to these agents can result in severe respiratory effects, including spasms, edema, and increased secretions leading to breathing difficulties and suffocation. Protecting public safety and national security from such threats has become an urgent priority. Porous metal-organic framework (MOF) materials have emerged as promising candidates for the degradation of chemical warfare agents due to their large surface area, tunable pore size distribution, and excellent catalytic performance. Furthermore, combining MOFs with polymers can enhance their elasticity and processability and improve their degradation performance. In this review, we summarize the literature of the past five years on MOF-based composite materials and their effectiveness in degrading chemical warfare agents. Moreover, we discuss key factors influencing their degradation efficiency, such as MOF structure, pore size, and functionalization strategies. Furthermore, we highlight recent developments in the design of MOF-polymer composites, which offer enhanced degradation performance and stability for practical applications in CWA degradation. These composite materials exhibit good performance in degrading chemical warfare agents, playing a crucial role in protecting public safety and maintaining national security. We can expect to see more breakthroughs in the application of metal-organic framework porous materials for degrading chemical warfare agents. It is hoped that these innovative materials will play a positive role in achieving social stability and security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan 243032, China; (T.H.); (Q.C.)
| | - Qian Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan 243032, China; (T.H.); (Q.C.)
| | - Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Kui Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan 243032, China; (T.H.); (Q.C.)
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18
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Chen X, Xiao L, Li H, Cui Y, Wang G. UV-Cured Highly Crosslinked Polyurethane Acrylate to Serve as a Barrier against Chemical Warfare Agent Simulants. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1578. [PMID: 38891524 PMCID: PMC11175127 DOI: 10.3390/polym16111578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) curing is an efficient and environmentally friendly curing method. In this paper, UV-cured polyurethane acrylates (PUAs) were investigated as potential military coatings to serve as barriers against chemical warfare agents (CWAs). Seven UV-cured PUA coatings were formulated utilizing hydroxyethyl methacrylate-capped hexamethylene diisocyanate trimer (HEMA-Htri) and trimethylolpropane triacrylate-capped polycarbonate prepolymer (PETA-PCDL) as the PUA monomers. Isobornyl acrylate (IBOA) and triethyleneglycol divinyl ether (DVE-3) were employed as reactive diluents. Gas chromatography was utilized to investigate the constitutive relationships between the structures of the PUA coatings and their protective properties against simulant agents for CWAs, including dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), a nerve agent simulant, and 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES), a mustard simulant. The glass transition temperature (Tg) and crosslinking density (υe) of PUAs were found to be crucial factors affecting their ability to serve as barriers against CWAs. The incorporation of IBOA units led to enhanced Tg and barrier performance of the PUAs, resulting in a DMMP retention of less than 0.5% and nearly 0 retention of CEES. However, an excessive introduction of polycarbonate chains decreased the υe and barrier performance of the PUAs. These findings may offer valuable insights for enhancing the protection of UV-cured PU coatings against CWAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xucong Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China;
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
| | - Linjing Xiao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
| | - Hong Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
| | - Yan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Guiyou Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China;
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19
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Campos RB, Capato LA, Soares PM, Tantillo DJ, Orth ES. Thio-Induced Organophosphate Breakdown Promoted by Methimazole: an Experimental and Theoretical Study. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300756. [PMID: 38412020 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Investigating the reactivity of small nucleophilic scaffolds is a strategic approach for the design of new catalysts aiming at effective detoxification processes of organophosphorus compounds. The drug methimazole (MMZ) is an interesting candidate featuring two non-equivalent nucleophilic centers. Herein, phosphoryl transfer reactions mediated by MMZ were assessed by means of spectrophotometric kinetic studies, mass spectrometry (MS) analyses, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations using the multi-electrophilic compound O,O-diethyl 2,4-dinitrophenyl phosphate (DEDNPP). MMZ anion acts primarily as an S-nucleophile, exhibiting a nucleophilic activity comparable to that of certain oximes featuring alpha-effect. Selective nucleophilic aromatic substitution was observed, consistent with the DFT prediction of a low energy barrier. Overall, the results bring important advances regarding the mechanistic understanding of nucleophilic dephosphorylation reactions, which comprises a strategic tool for neutralizing toxic organophosphates, hence promoting chemical security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan B Campos
- Departamento Acadêmico de Química e Biologia, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Rua Deputado Heitor de Alencar Furtado, 5000, 81280-340, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Lucas A Capato
- Departamento Acadêmico de Química e Biologia, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Rua Deputado Heitor de Alencar Furtado, 5000, 81280-340, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Patrícia M Soares
- Chemistry Departament, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), CP 19081, CEP 81531-990, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Dean J Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, 95616, United States
| | - Elisa S Orth
- Chemistry Departament, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), CP 19081, CEP 81531-990, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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20
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Zhou H, Lau VM, Love JA. Colorimetric Detection of Sulfur Mustard with 4-( p-Nitrobenzyl)pyridine and Its Derivatives. Anal Chem 2024; 96:8406-8415. [PMID: 38728057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we present a simple, highly sensitive, and selective colorimetric method for detecting sulfur mustard (SM) and its simulants. This method relies on a nucleophilic substitution reaction between derivatives of 4-(p-nitrobenzyl)pyridine (NBP) and SM and subsequent treatment with an external base, resulting in a visible response. This reaction exhibits an impressively low detection threshold by the naked eye, as low as 10 ppm at room temperature. In contrast to the conventional use of NBP for detecting other alkylating agents, such as nitrogen mustard, our approach eliminates the need for prolonged heating or intricate extraction processes. Both computational and experimental investigations underscore the significance of water within our detection medium as it stabilizes crucial episulfonium cation intermediates. Furthermore, we demonstrate the practical applicability of this sensor by incorporating it onto cellulose and silica surfaces, which may provide guidance for the design and development of solid-state SM detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Vivian M Lau
- Defence Research and Development Canada, Suffield Research Centre, Medicine Hat, Alberta T1A 8K6, Canada
| | - Jennifer A Love
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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21
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Mondal S, Krishna B, Roy S, Dey N. Discerning toxic nerve gas agents via a distinguishable 'turn-on' fluorescence response: multi-stimuli responsive quinoline derivatives in action. Analyst 2024; 149:3097-3107. [PMID: 38713504 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00072b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
We have successfully synthesized quinoline derivatives that exhibit easy scalability and responsiveness to multiple stimuli. These derivatives are capable of forming self-assembled nanoscopic aggregates in an aqueous medium. Consequently, when placed in an aqueous environment, we observe dual fluorescence originating from both twisted intramolecular charge transfer and aggregation-induced emission. The introduction of nerve gas agents, such as diethyl chlorophosphate (DClP) or diethylcyanophosphate (DCNP), to the probe molecules facilitates the charge-transfer process, resulting in a red-shift in absorption maxima. Notably, when operating in fluorescence mode, both of these analytes produce distinct output signals, making them easily distinguishable. DCNP generates a blue fluorescence, while the addition of DClP yields cyan fluorescence. Our mechanistic investigation reveals that the initial step involves phosphorylation of the quinoline nitrogen end. However, in the case of DCNP, the released cyanide ion subsequently attacks the carbonyl carbon centre, forming a cyanohydrin derivative. The response to these target analytes appears to be influenced by the nucleophilicity of the quinoline nitrogen end and the electrophilic nature of the carbonyl unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad-500078, Telangana, India.
| | - Bandarupalli Krishna
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad-500078, Telangana, India.
- Adama India Pvt. Ltd, Genome Valley, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Sounak Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad-500078, Telangana, India.
- Materials Center for Sustainable Energy & Environment, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - Nilanjan Dey
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad-500078, Telangana, India.
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22
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Maiti A, Ahamed S, Tohora N, Roy D, Ray T, Sahana S, Roy MN. A Pyrene Coupled Azaine-linkage Chromo-fluorogenic Probe for Specific Detection of Sarin Gas Stimulant, Diethylchlorophosphate. J Fluoresc 2024:10.1007/s10895-024-03681-1. [PMID: 38795209 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-024-03681-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
Owing to the extreme toxicity and easy synthesis protocol of G-series nerve agents, developing an efficient sensor for selective detection is necessary. Although various traditional methods are utilized to identify these nerve agents, chromo-fluorogenic probes have gained attractive attention from the scientific communities. In the present contribution, we have introduced a new symmetrical aza-substituted chromo-fluorogenic sensor, BPH, for specific detection of sarin gas, one of the fatal G-series nerve agents surrogate, diethylchlorophosphate (DCP). BPH shows a noticeable naked eye colorimetric change from pale yellow to light pink in the presence of DCP, displaying highly intense bright greenish cyan color photoluminosity under a 365 nm UV lamp,which is also manifested from the color chromaticity diagram. A BPH-staining paper stirps-based test kit experiment has been demonstrated for the on-site detection of nerve agent mimics. A more attractive and efficient application of BPH as a sarin gas vapor phase sensor mimics DCP in solid and solution phases. The BPH-based chromo-fluorogenic sensor shows excellent selectivity toward DCP with a detection and quantification limit in the µM range. This report invokes a new way for the researchers to detect DCP employing a simple chromo-fluorogenic sensor, which could be prepared by a time-saving, straightforward, handy protocol from the cost-effective starting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Darjeeling, West Bengal, 734013, India
| | - Sabbir Ahamed
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Darjeeling, West Bengal, 734013, India
| | - Najmin Tohora
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Darjeeling, West Bengal, 734013, India
| | - Debadrita Roy
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Darjeeling, West Bengal, 734013, India
| | - Tanusree Ray
- Department of Chemistry, Siliguri College, Siliguri, India
| | - Sudip Sahana
- Department of Chemistry, Saldiha College, Bankura, India
| | - Mahendra Nath Roy
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Darjeeling, West Bengal, 734013, India.
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Bonney MJ, Tesvara C, Sautet P, White MG. Understanding the Decomposition of Dimethyl Methyl Phosphonate on Metal-Modified TiO 2(110) Surfaces Using Ensembles of Product Configurations. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38709241 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c01250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The decomposition of dimethyl methyl phosphonate (DMMP), a simulant for the nerve agent sarin, was investigated on Cu4/TiO2(110) and K/Cu4/TiO2(110) surfaces using a combination of near-ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) and density functional theory calculations (DFT). Mass-selected Cu4 clusters and potassium (K) atoms were deposited onto TiO2(110) as a metal catalyst and alkali promoter to improve the reactivity and recyclability of the TiO2 surface after exposure to DMMP. Surface reaction products resulting from decomposition of DMMP were probed by NAP-XPS measurements of phosphorus (P) 2p and carbon 1s core-level spectra. The Cu4/TiO2(110) surface is found to be very active for DMMP decomposition with highly reduced P-species observed even at room temperature (RT). The codeposition of K atoms and Cu4 clusters further improves the reactivity with no intact DMMP detectable. Temperature-dependent measurements show that the presence of K atoms promotes the removal of residual P-species at temperatures > 600 K. Detailed DFT calculations were performed to determine the surface structures and energetically accessible pathways for DMMP decomposition on Cu4/TiO2(110) and K/Cu4/TiO2(110) surfaces. The calculations show that DMMP and P-containing reaction products preferentially bind to the TiO2 surface, while the molecular fragments, i.e., methoxy and methyl, bind to both the Cu4 clusters and TiO2. The Cu4 clusters make the P-O, O-C, and P-C bond cleavages of DMMP markedly more exothermic. The Cu4 clusters are highly fluxional with atomic structures that depend on the configuration of fragments bound to them. Finally, the manifold of P 2p chemical shifts calculated for a large number of energetically favorable configurations of decomposition products is in good agreement with the observed XPS spectra and provides an alternative way of interpreting incompletely resolved core-level spectra using an ensemble of observed structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Bonney
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Book University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Celine Tesvara
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Philippe Sautet
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Michael G White
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Book University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
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24
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Oh H, Tu YM, Samineni L, De Respino S, Mehrafrooz B, Joshi H, Massenburg L, Lopez-Marques H, Elessawy N, Song W, Behera H, Dhiman R, Boorla VS, Kher K, Lin YC, Maranas C, Aksimentiev A, D Freeman B, Kumar M. Dehydrated Biomimetic Membranes with Skinlike Structure and Function. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38598825 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c19572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Novel vapor-permeable materials are sought after for applications in protective wear, energy generation, and water treatment. Current impermeable protective materials effectively block harmful agents but trap heat due to poor water vapor transfer. Here we present a new class of materials, vapor permeable dehydrated nanoporous biomimetic membranes (DBMs), based on channel proteins. This application for biomimetic membranes is unexpected as channel proteins and biomimetic membranes were assumed to be unstable under dry conditions. DBMs mimic human skin's structure to offer both high vapor transport and small molecule exclusion under dry conditions. DBMs feature highly organized pores resembling sweat pores in human skin, but at super high densities (>1012 pores/cm2). These DBMs achieved exceptional water vapor transport rates, surpassing commercial breathable fabrics by up to 6.2 times, despite containing >2 orders of magnitude smaller pores (1 nm vs >700 nm). These DBMs effectively excluded model biological agents and harmful chemicals both in liquid and vapor phases, again in contrast with the commercial breathable fabrics. Remarkably, while hydrated biomimetic membranes were highly permeable to liquid water, they exhibited higher water resistances after dehydration at values >38 times that of commercial breathable fabrics. Molecular dynamics simulations support our hypothesis that dehydration induced protein hydrophobicity increases which enhanced DBM performance. DBMs hold promise for various applications, including membrane distillation, dehumidification, and protective barriers for atmospheric water harvesting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonji Oh
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yu-Ming Tu
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Laximicharan Samineni
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Sophie De Respino
- Maseeh Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Behzad Mehrafrooz
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Physics and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Himanshu Joshi
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad 502285, India
| | - Lynnicia Massenburg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Horacio Lopez-Marques
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Nada Elessawy
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Woochul Song
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, South Korea
| | - Harekrushna Behera
- Maseeh Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Raman Dhiman
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Veda Sheersh Boorla
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Kartik Kher
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yi-Chih Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Costas Maranas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Aleksei Aksimentiev
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Physics and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Benny D Freeman
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Manish Kumar
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Maseeh Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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25
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Chourasia J, Tohora N, Sultana T, Mahato M, Maiti A, Ahamed S, Das SK. A pyrene-based chromo-fluorogenic probe for specific detection of sarin gas mimic, diethylchlorophosphate. LUMINESCENCE 2024; 39:e4731. [PMID: 38566570 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Nerve agents are becoming serious issues for the healthy and sustainable environment of modern civilization. Therefore, its detection and degradation are of paramount importance to the scientific community. In the present contribution, we have introduced a chromo-fluorogenic pyrene-based probe, (E)-2-methoxy-3-(pyren-1-ylimino)-3,8a-dihydro-2H-chromen-4-ol (PMCO) to detect sarin stimulant diethylchlorophosphate (DCP) in solution and gaseous phases. On inserting DCP in PMCO solution, a visual colorimetric change from yellow to clear colourless in daylight and highly intensified blue fluorescence was observed instantly under a 365 nm portable UV lamp light. PMCO has outstanding selectivity and high sensitivity with a limit of detection of 1.32 μM in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) medium and 77.5 nM in 20% H2O-DMSO. A handy strained paper strip-based experiment was demonstrated to recognize DCP in a mixture of similar toxic analytes. A dip-stick experiment was performed to identify DCP vapour, and may be used as an effective photonic tool. We also demonstrated real sample analysis utilizing different DCP-spiked water samples and validating DCP detection even in various types of soils such as sand, field, and mud. Therefore, this present study provides an effective chemosensor for instant and on-site detection of toxic nerve agents in dangerous circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Chourasia
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India
| | - Najmin Tohora
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India
| | - Tuhina Sultana
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India
| | - Manas Mahato
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India
| | - Arpita Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India
| | - Sabbir Ahamed
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India
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26
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Tohora N, Ahamed S, Mahato M, Sultana T, Chourasia J, Maiti A, Das SK. Highly specific and sensitive chromo-fluorogenic detection of sarin, tabun, and mustard gas stimulants: a multianalyte recognition approach. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2024; 23:763-780. [PMID: 38519812 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-024-00553-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Nerve agents are the most notorious substances, which can be fatal to an individual because they block the activity of acetylcholinesterase. Fighting against unpredictable terrorist assaults and wars requires the simple and quick detection of chemical warfare agent vapor. In the present contribution, we have introduced a rhodamine-based chemosensor, BDHA, for the detection of nerve gas-mimicking agents diethylchlorophosphate (DCP) and diethylcyanophosphonate (DCNP) and mustard gas-mimicking agent 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES), both in the liquid and vapor phase. Probe BDHA provides the ability for detection by the naked eye in terms of colorimetric and fluorometric changes. It has been revealed that the interaction between nerve agents mimics and probe BDHA facilitates spirolactam ring opening due to the phosphorylation process. Thus, the highly fluorescent and colored species developed while probe BDHA is colorless and non-fluorescent due to the intramolecular spirolactam ring. Moreover, probe BDHA can effectively recognize DCP, DCNP, and CEES in the µM range despite many toxic analytes and could be identified based on the response times and quantum yield values. Inexpensive, easily carried paper strips-based test kits were developed for the quick, on-location solid and vapor phase detection of these mustard gas imitating agents (CEES) and nerve gas mimicking agents (DCP and DCNP) without needing expensive equipment or skilled personnel. More remarkably, the test strips' color and fluorescence can be rapidly restored, exposing them to triethyl amine (TEA) for cyclic use, suggesting a potential application in the real-time identification of chemical warfare agents. To accomplish the on-location application of BDHA, we have experimented with soil samples to find traces of DCP. Therefore, the chromo-fluorogenic probe BDHA is a promising, instantaneous, and on-the-spot monitoring tool for the selective detection of DCP, DCNP, and CEES in the presence of others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najmin Tohora
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Darjeeling, West Bengal, 734013, India
| | - Sabbir Ahamed
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Darjeeling, West Bengal, 734013, India
| | - Manas Mahato
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Darjeeling, West Bengal, 734013, India
| | - Tuhina Sultana
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Darjeeling, West Bengal, 734013, India
| | - Jyoti Chourasia
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Darjeeling, West Bengal, 734013, India
| | - Arpita Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Darjeeling, West Bengal, 734013, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Darjeeling, West Bengal, 734013, India.
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27
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Heble AY, Chen CL. Access to Advanced Functional Materials through Postmodification of Biomimetic Assemblies via Click Chemistry. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:1391-1407. [PMID: 38422548 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, and fabrication of functional nanomaterials with specific properties remain a long-standing goal for many scientific fields. The self-assembly of sequence-defined biomimetic synthetic polymers presents a fundamental strategy to explore the chemical space beyond biological systems to create advanced nanomaterials. Moreover, subsequent chemical modification of existing nanostructures is a unique approach for accessing increasingly complex nanostructures and introducing functionalities. Of these modifications, covalent conjugation chemistries, such as the click reactions, have been the cornerstone for chemists and materials scientists. Herein, we highlight some recent advances that have successfully employed click chemistries for the postmodification of assembled one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) nanostructures to achieve applications in molecular recognition, mineralization, and optoelectronics. Specifically, biomimetic nanomaterials assembled from sequence-defined macromolecules such as peptides and peptoids are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Y Heble
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Chun-Long Chen
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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28
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Park SY, Sharma R, Lee HI. Thin colorimetric film array for rapid and selective detection of v-type nerve agent mimic in potentially contaminated areas. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133064. [PMID: 38011824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The expeditious detection and quantification of V-series nerve agents (VX) on potentially contaminated surfaces are crucial for the prevention of regional conflict incidents, acts of terrorism, or illicit activities. However, the low volatility and high toxicity of VX make these tasks challenging. Herein, we designed two novel colorimetric thin polymeric films to rapidly and sensitively detect demeton-S, a VX mimic, in contaminated areas. The polymeric films were specifically engineered to include a coordination site for Au (III) ions. Initially, these films were coordinated with Au (III), causing a discernible alteration in color due to enhancement in intramolecular charge transfer process. In the presence of demeton-S, the Au (III) ligands in the films are displaced with demeton-S, resulting in the restoration of the original color of the film, as the enhanced intramolecular charge transfer process is inhibited and thereby serving as an indicator of the presence of demeton-S. The polymeric films exhibit remarkable selectivity toward demeton-S compared to G-type nerve agents and other interference. The reusability of the polymeric films for demeton-S detection was achieved owing to the reversibility of the films during the alternative exposure of Au (III) and demeton-S. The polymeric films demonstrated their applicability for demeton-S detection and quantification in several contaminated areas, including different water, soil, and skin, rendering them highly suitable for on-site measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Young Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Rini Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Il Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, Republic of Korea.
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29
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Hao J, Feng R, Li J, Gao W, Yu J, Tang K. A high-performance standalone planar FAIMS system for effective detection of chemical warfare agents via TSPSO algorithm. Talanta 2024; 269:125516. [PMID: 38070286 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
A high-performance standalone planar field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (p-FAIMS) system with a deconvolution algorithm (two-step particle swarm optimization algorithm, TSPSO) for overlapping peaks was developed to effectively detect chemical warfare agents (CWAs). Four CWA simulants were applied in this study to systemically evaluate the performance of the standalone p-FAIMS system. The experimental results showed that each CWA simulant in the mixture can be positively identified by carefully comparing the compensation voltage (CV) value of each peak in the FAIMS spectra for the mixture to the ones in the spectra acquired by using the same FAIMS system for the pure CWA simulant standards. The FAIMS spectrum of the CWA simulant mixture might consist of multiple overlapping peaks, which would be difficult to accurately determine the CV value for each CWA simulant peak. This problem has been effectively resolved in this study by deconvoluting the overlapping peaks via the TSPSO algorithm. As the effective peak deconvolution via TSPSO requires the degree of overlap between each FAIMS peak to be lower than a specific value, the flow rate of FAIMS carrier gas was decreased to further improve the resolution of the p-FAIMS system. After the accurate deconvolution, the resolution of original FAIMS spectrum can also be enhanced to achieve baseline separation by using TSPSO algorithm to narrow the peak width of each peak. The experimental results in this study demonstrated the possibility of using TSPSO algorithm to achieve high-resolution on a typically low-resolution standalone FAIMS. The concept in this study can potentially be applied to any low-resolution instruments to achieve high-resolution results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hao
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Clinical Application, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; Zhenhai Institute of Mass Spectrometry, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Rong Feng
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Clinical Application, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; Zhenhai Institute of Mass Spectrometry, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Junhui Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Clinical Application, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; Zhenhai Institute of Mass Spectrometry, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China.
| | - Wenqing Gao
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Clinical Application, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; Zhenhai Institute of Mass Spectrometry, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Jiancheng Yu
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Clinical Application, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; Zhenhai Institute of Mass Spectrometry, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Keqi Tang
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Clinical Application, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; Zhenhai Institute of Mass Spectrometry, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China.
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30
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Mahmoudi F, Shahraki M. Computational study of inclusion complexes of V-type nerve agents (VE, VG, VM, VR and VX) with β-cyclodextrin. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:2681-2697. [PMID: 37144740 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2208226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The effective detoxification of organophosphate (OP) nerve agents (OPNAs) is a challenging issue for scientists. The host-guest inclusion complexes of five V-type nerve agents (VE, VG, VM, VR and VX) with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) have been studied by combining quantum mechanical (QM) calculations and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The frontier molecular orbital (FMO) and molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) have been analyzed to describe the reactivity parameters and electronic properties. The obtained results clearly reveal that stable complexes were formed in both vacuum and water media, and the complexation process occurred spontaneously. To understand non-covalent interactions, natural bond orbital (NBO) and quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) have been used. IR and Raman spectra have been calculated to confirm the formation of complexes and also thermodynamic parameters have been investigated. It was demonstrated that in addition to van der Waals interactions, the presence of intermolecular hydrogen bonds enhances the stability of these complexes. Furthermore, MD simulations were carried out to get a better insight into the inclusion process of the above complexes. From MD simulations, all simulated systems reached full equilibration at 1000 ps and the V-agent molecules consistently remained in the β-CD cavity and only had vibrational motion inside the cavity. More importantly, MD simulations support the findings of QM calculations and indicate that hydrogen bonding can help the leaving groups of V-agents to be released and them to be hydrolyzed. All results have shown that the VR agent formed the most stable complex with β-CD molecule than that of other agents.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Mahmoudi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shahraki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
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31
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Heo J, Park JH, Song SG, Lee S, Lim S, Lee CY, Bae HY, Song C. Detection of sulfur mustard simulant by trisaryl phosphoric triamide-based resin using a quartz crystal microbalance sensor. RSC Adv 2024; 14:7720-7727. [PMID: 38449823 PMCID: PMC10915718 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08852a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemical warfare agents (CWAs) pose a persistent threat to human safety, and bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide, or sulfur mustard (SM) is one of the most dangerous substances and is able to cause serious harm. Detecting SM gas is vital, but current methods have high-temperature requirements and limited selectivity, mainly because of the lack of CWA receptor development, and this makes them challenging to use. To address this issue, we present a trisaryl phosphoric triamide-based resin receptor that preferentially interacts with a SM simulant 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (2-CEES) through dipole interactions. The receptor was synthesized through a facile process using an amine and a triethyl phosphate and the properties of its coating were enhanced using epoxy chemistry. The receptor's superior triamide structure was evaluated using a quartz crystal microbalance and reactivity was confirmed by observing the variations in reactivity according to the number of phosphoramides. The receptor showed better reactivity to 2-CEES vapor than to the known poly(epichlorohydrin) and showed selectivity to other volatile organic compounds. Moreover, its durability was evident even 30 days post-coating. The applicability of this receptor extends to array sensors, sound acoustic wave sensors, and chemo-resistive and chemo-capacitive sensors, and it promises advances in chemical warfare agent detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeyoung Heo
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hyun Park
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Gu Song
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Seongwoo Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Seongyeop Lim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Young Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Han Yong Bae
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Changsik Song
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
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Sultana T, Mahato M, Tohora N, Ahamed S, Maiti A, Das SK. A Phenanthroimidazole-Based Luminophore for Selective and Specific Identification of Sarin Simulant, Diethylchlorophosphate. J Fluoresc 2024:10.1007/s10895-024-03631-x. [PMID: 38421600 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-024-03631-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The simplicity of synthesis, significant toxicity of organophosphorus-containing nerve agents, and ease of use of their in-terrorism attacks highlight the necessity to create efficient probes and precise methods for detecting these chemicals. This study developed luminogenic probe 4-(1 H-phenanthrene imidazole-2-yl) benzaldehyde, PB for selectively recognizing lethal chemical sarin mimicking diethylchlorophosphate (DCP) with µM detection limit. Following the addition of DCP to the PB solution, the fluorescence changed from bluish-cyan to green simultaneously; after the insertion of triethylamine (TEA) into the PB-DCP phosphorylated solution, the fluorescence of the original one came back, and it occurred five times. A paper strip-based test kit and dip-stick experiments have been executed to demonstrate the practical applicability of our sensor PB and instant, on-site recognition of the target analyte DCP. An experiment has been investigated using a smartphone and red-green-blue (RGB) color analysis, which offers a novel way for the fast, on-site visual detection and quantification of DCP in actual samples. It also reduces equipment costs, speeds up detection times, and substantially simplifies the operation procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuhina Sultana
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Darjeeling, West Bengal, 734013, India
| | - Manas Mahato
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Darjeeling, West Bengal, 734013, India
| | - Najmin Tohora
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Darjeeling, West Bengal, 734013, India
| | - Sabbir Ahamed
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Darjeeling, West Bengal, 734013, India
| | - Arpita Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Darjeeling, West Bengal, 734013, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Darjeeling, West Bengal, 734013, India.
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Fahy KM, Lee S, Akpinar I, Sha F, Ahmadi Khoshooei M, Su S, Islamoglu T, Gianneschi NC, Farha OK. Thermodynamic Insights into Phosphonate Binding in Metal-Azolate Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:5661-5668. [PMID: 38353616 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphorus chemicals, including chemical warfare agents (CWAs) and insecticides, are acutely toxic materials that warrant capture and degradation. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as a class of tunable, porous, crystalline materials capable of hydrolytically cleaving, and thus detoxifying, several organophosphorus nerve agents and their simulants. One such MOF is M-MFU-4l (M = metal), a bioinspired azolate framework whose metal node is composed of a variety of divalent first-row transition metals. While Cu-MFU-4l and Zn-MFU-4l are shown to rapidly degrade CWA simulants, Ni-MFU-4l and Co-MFU-4l display drastically lower activities. The lack of reactivity was hypothesized to arise from the strong binding of the phosphate product to the node, which deactivates the catalyst by preventing turnover. No such study has provided detailed insight into this mechanism. Here, we leverage isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) to monitor the binding of an organophosphorus compound with the M-MFU-4l series to construct a complete thermodynamic profile (Ka, ΔH, ΔS, ΔG) of this interaction. This study further establishes ITC as a viable technique to probe small differences in thermodynamics that result in stark differences in material properties, which may allow for better design of first-row transition metal MOF catalysts for organophosphorus hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira M Fahy
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology (IIN), Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Seryeong Lee
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology (IIN), Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Isil Akpinar
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology (IIN), Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Fanrui Sha
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology (IIN), Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Milad Ahmadi Khoshooei
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology (IIN), Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Shengyi Su
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology (IIN), Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Timur Islamoglu
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology (IIN), Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Nathan C Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology (IIN), Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Science & Engineering, Pharmacology, Simpson-Querrey Institute, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Omar K Farha
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology (IIN), Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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34
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Tang X, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Li Z, Zhang C. Detection of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase in vitro and in vivo using a new fluorescent probe. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2082-2085. [PMID: 38293842 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc06055a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
A new fluorescence probe OHPD that could specifically identify acetylcholinesterase/butyrylcholinesterase has been developed and successfully applied to imaging in vivo. Probe OHPD shows significant color change, high selectivity, high sensitivity, and low detection limit for the detection of cholinesterase. Moreover, the real-time imaging in situ indicated that endogenous cholinesterase was mainly present in the yolk sac of zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Tang
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and safety Control, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and safety Control, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
| | - Qiuyue Wang
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and safety Control, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
| | - Zhao Li
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and safety Control, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
| | - Chengxiao Zhang
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and safety Control, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
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Ivanov A, Shamagsumova R, Larina M, Evtugyn G. Electrochemical Acetylcholinesterase Sensors for Anti-Alzheimer's Disease Drug Determination. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:93. [PMID: 38392012 PMCID: PMC10886970 DOI: 10.3390/bios14020093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases and Alzheimer's disease (AD), as one of the most common causes of dementia, result in progressive losses of cholinergic neurons and a reduction in the presynaptic markers of the cholinergic system. These consequences can be compensated by the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) followed by a decrease in the rate of acetylcholine hydrolysis. For this reason, anticholinesterase drugs with reversible inhibition effects are applied for the administration of neurodegenerative diseases. Their overdosage, variation in efficiency and recommendation of an individual daily dose require simple and reliable measurement devices capable of the assessment of the drug concentration in biological fluids and medications. In this review, the performance of electrochemical biosensors utilizing immobilized cholinesterases is considered to show their advantages and drawbacks in the determination of anticholinesterase drugs. In addition, common drugs applied in treating neurodegenerative diseases are briefly characterized. The immobilization of enzymes, nature of the signal recorded and its dependence on the transducer modification are considered and the analytical characteristics of appropriate biosensors are summarized for donepezil, huperzine A, rivastigmine, eserine and galantamine as common anti-dementia drugs. Finally, the prospects for the application of AChE-based biosensors in clinical practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Ivanov
- A.M. Butlerov’ Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (R.S.); (G.E.)
| | - Rezeda Shamagsumova
- A.M. Butlerov’ Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (R.S.); (G.E.)
| | - Marina Larina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia;
| | - Gennady Evtugyn
- A.M. Butlerov’ Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (R.S.); (G.E.)
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Chemical Technology Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
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36
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Garg S, Singla R, Goel N. DFT Study on the Spin States of Polyaniline-3d Transition-Metal (Sc-Zn) Composites and Their Sensing Application to Detect Chemical Warfare Agents. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:773-784. [PMID: 38231826 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c07114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Organic-inorganic composite materials, combining polymers with transition metal (TM) atoms based on PAni and 3d TMs, have been designed and investigated in various spin states by performing density functional calculations. These designed composites were analyzed for their stability in different spin states as well as for their calculated electronic properties, including binding energies, frontier molecular orbitals, and dipole moments. Additionally, 3D isosurfaces and 2D scattered plots of reduced density gradient as a function of (sign λ2)ρ provide insights into the noncovalent interactions between the composite units. The most stable Mn@PAni composite has been assessed as a sensing material for chemical warfare blood agents (HCN, NCCl, NCBr, NCCN, and AsH3) using density functional-based calculations. The reduced band gap and significant red/blue shift in the UV-vis spectra obtained through TDDFT calculations underline the selectivity and efficiency of the Mn@PAni composite toward different analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivangi Garg
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry & Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Rajan Singla
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry & Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Neetu Goel
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry & Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
- Fulbright Fellow at Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
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37
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Chen C, Zhang W, Ke Y, Jiang L, Hu X. A highly sensitive fluorescence probe for on-site detection of nerve agent mimic diethylchlorophosphonate DCP. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:515-523. [PMID: 38205668 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay02091f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Nerve agents are the most toxic chemical warfare agents that pose severe threat to human health and public security. In this work, we developed a novel fluorescent probe NZNN based on naphthylimide and o-phenylenediamine to detect nerve agent mimic diethylchlorophosphonate (DCP). DCP underwent a specific nucleophilic reaction with the o-phenylenediamine group of NZNN to produce a significant fluorescence turn-on response with high selectivity, exceptional linearity, bright fluorescence, rapid response (<6 s) and a low detection limit (30.1 nM). Furthermore, a portable sensing device was fabricated for real-time detection of DCP vapor with excellent performance. This portable and sensitive device is favorable for monitoring environmental pollution and defense against chemical warfare agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changzhou Chen
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yingjun Ke
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Lirong Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning, 530006, China.
| | - Xichao Hu
- School of Food and Drug, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, Henan, 471934, China.
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38
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Seo JY, Song Y, Lee JH, Na J, Baek KY. Robust and highly reactive membranes for continuous disposal of chemical warfare agents: Effects of nanostructure and functionality in MOF and nanochitin aerogel composites. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 324:121489. [PMID: 37985045 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Developing appropriate disposal of stockpiles of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) has gained significant attention as their lethal toxicity seriously harms humanity. In this study, a novel green-fabrication method with UiO-66 catalysts and amine-functionalized chitin nanofibers (ChNFs) was suggested to prepare durable and highly reactive membranes for decomposing chemical warfare agents (CWAs) in the continuous flow system. The strong interaction between ChNFs and the UiO-66 led to stable loading of the UiO-66 on the continuous nano-porous channel of the ChNF reactive membrane even with high loading of UiO-66 (70 wt% of UiO-66 in the ChNF substrate). In addition, the Brønsted base functionalities (-NH2 and -NHCOCH3) of the ChNF enhanced the catalytic activity and recyclability of the UiO-66. The resulting 70-ChNF composites can effectively decompose a nerve agent simulant (methyl paraoxon) even after 7 repeatable cycles, which has been not obtained in the previous UiO-66 catalyst. The ChNF/UiO-66 reactive membranes with 1 m2 of the area decomposed 130 g of CWAs within an hour in a continuous flow system. We believe these robust and highly reactive membranes can provide a sustainable and efficient solution for the massive CWA disposal and also contribute to the advancement of functional membrane material science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Young Seo
- Materials Architecturing Research Center, Korea Institute of Science Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 5-1 Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02481, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghan Song
- Materials Architecturing Research Center, Korea Institute of Science Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 5-1 Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02481, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongbeom Na
- Materials Architecturing Research Center, Korea Institute of Science Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Youl Baek
- Materials Architecturing Research Center, Korea Institute of Science Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Nano & Information Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
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39
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Ji X, Xing M, Zhu M, Bai X, Yang Y, Zhang A, Lu Y, Liu S. Rapid Oxidative Detoxification of Mustard Simulant by the Multisite Synergistic Catalytic Action of {PMo VI11Mo VO 40Cu I8} Units. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:346-352. [PMID: 38113474 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Under hydrothermal and solvent-thermal conditions, we synthesized two novel polyoxometalate (POM)-based hybrids: [CuI4(Pz)2(H2O)8(PMoVI11MoVO40)]·3.5H2O (1, Pz = pyrazine) and [(C2H8N)5(HPMoVI9MoV3O40)]·DMF·4H2O (2). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction indicates that compound 1 is a three-dimensional structure consisting of Cu (I), {PMo12} anions, Pz, and water, where Cu (I) can be considered as Lewis acid sites. Furthermore, both compounds 1 and 2 possess favorable catalysis activity in catalyzing the conversion of chemical warfare agent simulant 2-chloroethylethyl sulfide (CEES) to nontoxic production of 2-chloroethylethyl sulfoxide (CEESO) under ambient temperature. Significantly, 1 could realize 98% conversion and 100% selectivity of CEES owing to the multisite synergy in the {PMoVI11MoVO40CuI8} units in which the tricoordinated Cu (I) could interact with S and O atoms from CEES and H2O2, respectively. This interaction not only decreases the distance of CEES from peroxomolybdenum species formed by H2O2 but also activates CEES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Ji
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, P. R. China
| | - Min Xing
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, P. R. China
| | - Maochun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, P. R. China
| | - Xue Bai
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, P. R. China
| | - Yanli Yang
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, P. R. China
| | - Ange Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, P. R. China
| | - Ying Lu
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, P. R. China
| | - Shuxia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, P. R. China
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40
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Qin J, Li J, Zeng H, Du F, Tang D, Tang J. Bifunctional TiO 2 Nanoflower-Induced H 4TCBPE Aggregation Enhanced Electrochemiluminescence for an Ultrasensitive Assay of Organophosphorus. Anal Chem 2023; 95:17903-17911. [PMID: 37972093 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the aggregation-induced emission ligand 1,1,2,2-tetra(4-carboxylbiphenyl)ethylene (H4TCBPE) was rigidified in the Ti-O network to form novel electrochemiluminescence (ECL) emitter H4TCBPE-TiO2 nanospheres, which acted as an effective ECL emitter to construct an "on-off" ECL biosensor for ultrasensitive detection of malathion (Mal). H4TCBPE-TiO2 exhibited excellent ECL responses due to the Ti-O network that can restrict the intramolecular free motions within H4TCBPE and then reduce the nonradiative relaxation. Moreover, TiO2 can act as an ECL co-reaction accelerator to promote the generation of sulfate radical anion (SO4•-), which interacts with H4TCBPE in the Ti-O network to produce enhanced ECL response. In the presence of Mal, numerous ligated probes (probe 1 to probe 2, P1-P2) were formed and released by copper-free click nucleic acid ligation reaction, which then hybridized with hairpin probe 1 (H1)-modified H4TCBPE-TiO2-based electrode surface. The P1-P2 probes can initiate the target-assisted terminal deoxynucleoside transferase (TdTase) extended reaction to produce long tails of deoxyadenine with abundant biotin, which can load numerous streptavidin-functionalized ferrocenedicarboxylic acid polymer (SA-PFc), causing quenching of the ECL signal. Thus, the ultrasensitive ECL biosensor based on H4TCBPE-TiO2 ECL emitter and click chemistry-actuated TdTase amplification strategy presents a desirable range from 0.001 to 100 ng/mL and a detection limit low to 9.9 fg/mL. Overall, this work has paved an avenue for the development of novel ECL emitters, which has opened up new prospects for ECL biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Qin
- Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinjin Li
- Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, People's Republic of China
| | - Haisen Zeng
- Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Du
- Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, People's Republic of China
| | - Dianping Tang
- Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety (Ministry of Education of China and Fujian Province), Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Tang
- Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, People's Republic of China
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Belhassen D, Bejaoui S, Martins R, Perina F, Figueiredo J, Ben Abdallah B, Khila Z, Boubaker S, Ben Fayala C, Trabelsi M, Soudani N. Alteration of redox status and fatty acid profile in gills from the green crab (Carcinus aestuarii) following dimethoate exposure. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 197:105699. [PMID: 38072554 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Dimethoate is a broad-spectrum organophosphate insecticide and acaricide. Through various pathways, such as runoff and drift, dimethoate can reach marine environment, and easily impact common organisms in coastal areas, close to agriculture lands, namely crustaceans. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential effects of dimethoate exposure (50, 100, and 200 μg/l), for 1 day, on a wide range of markers of oxidative stress and neurotransmission impairment, as well as fatty acids composition and histopathological aspect in the gills of the green crab Carcinus aestuarii. A significant increase in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids series, namely the eicosapentaenoic acid (C20: 5n3) and its precursor alpha-linolenic acid (C 18: 3n3) in dimethoate-treated crabs was recorded. Concerning n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, we noted a high reduction in arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6) levels. Dimethoate exposure increased the levels of hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, lipid hydroperoxides, protein carbonyl, and caused the advanced oxidation of protein products along with enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant-related markers. Acetylcholinesterase activity was highly inhibited following exposure to dimethoate in a concentration-dependent manner. Finally, deleterious histopathological changes with several abnormalities were noted in exposed animals confirming our biochemical findings. The present study offered unique insights to establish a relationship between redox status and alterations in fatty acid composition, allowing a better understanding of dimethoate-triggered toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalya Belhassen
- Laboratory of Ecology, Biology and Physiology of Aquatic Organisms, Department of Biology, Tunis Faculty of Sciences, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia.
| | - Safa Bejaoui
- Laboratory of Ecology, Biology and Physiology of Aquatic Organisms, Department of Biology, Tunis Faculty of Sciences, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia
| | - Roberto Martins
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Fernando Perina
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Joana Figueiredo
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Boutheina Ben Abdallah
- Laboratory of Ecology, Biology and Physiology of Aquatic Organisms, Department of Biology, Tunis Faculty of Sciences, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia
| | - Zeineb Khila
- Laboratory of Ecology, Biology and Physiology of Aquatic Organisms, Department of Biology, Tunis Faculty of Sciences, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia; Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Continental Environments, UMR 7360 LIEC CNRS University of Lorraine, Metz 57070, France
| | - Samir Boubaker
- Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Department of Human and Experimental Anatomy Pathology, 13, place Pasteur, B.P. 74 Tunis, Belvedere 1002, Tunisia
| | - Chayma Ben Fayala
- Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Department of Human and Experimental Anatomy Pathology, 13, place Pasteur, B.P. 74 Tunis, Belvedere 1002, Tunisia
| | - Monia Trabelsi
- Laboratory of Ecology, Biology and Physiology of Aquatic Organisms, Department of Biology, Tunis Faculty of Sciences, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia
| | - Nejla Soudani
- Laboratory of Ecology, Biology and Physiology of Aquatic Organisms, Department of Biology, Tunis Faculty of Sciences, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia
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42
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Maji A, Biswas A, Bera B, Mondal TK. A chemodosimetric approach for the visual detection of nerve agent simulant diethyl chlorophosphate (DCP) in liquid and vapour phase. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:6417-6424. [PMID: 37966884 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01296d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a novel fluorescent ratiometric switch, 8-((6-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl)methoxy)quinoline (BIPQ), has been introduced for sensing an organophosphorus (OP) chemical vapor threat, diethyl chlorophosphate (DCP), the low-toxic mimic of the real nerve agent sarin (GB). BIPQ is efficient at detecting DCP in both solution and gaseous phase and has potential practical application with high sensitivity and selectivity. The probe shows significant ratiometric emission in the presence of DCP along with a distinct color change from blue to cyan under UV light. The sensing mechanism of the chemodosimeter is based on the generation of a new adduct, BIPQ-DCP, through a nucleophilic substitution reaction with DCP followed by a ring-closure process to form the final product. The detection limit of BIPQ for DCP was determined to be in the order of 10-8 (M) in the liquid state. DFT and TDDFT computational techniques were carried out in order to interpret the electronic properties theoretically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atanu Maji
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700 032, India.
| | - Amitav Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700 032, India.
| | - Biswajit Bera
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700 032, India.
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43
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Lei Y, Gao Y, Xiao Y, Huang P, Wu FY. Zirconium-based metal-organic framework loaded agarose hydrogels for fluorescence turn-on detection of nerve agent simulant vapor. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:5674-5682. [PMID: 37860869 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01539d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Developing reliable sensors that accurately detect deadly chemical gases is critical to global security. Nerve agents are one of the most dangerous chemicals in the world and are often found in gaseous forms in the environment, which remain a challenge to detect because of their low levels. In this paper, a fluorescent probe based on a Zr-based metal-organic framework UiO-66-NH2 was proposed. The specific binding between the Zr-O site of UiO-66-NH2 and diethyl chlorophosphate (DCP) blocked the ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) process in UiO-66-NH2, thereby enabling the fluorescence turn-on detection of DCP. More importantly, a simple and portable hydrogel soft-solid platform (UiO-66-NH2@Aga) was constructed by incorporating UiO-66-NH2 into the formation process of agarose (Aga) hydrogel for fast and sensitive detection of gaseous DCP. When the hydrogel was exposed to a low concentration of DCP vapor, its fluorescence changed from colorless to bright blue, allowing visualization of the DCP gas for analysis. The UiO-66-NH2@Aga integrated solid-state platform showed an excellent response to DCP vapor in the detection range of 1.98 to 9.90 ppm and with a detection limit of 1.16 ppm. This work opened up a unique way to design a convenient, low cost and practical gas physical examination platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Lei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
| | - Yuting Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
| | - Yi Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
| | - Pengcheng Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Fang-Ying Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
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Valdez CA, Vu AK, Hok S, Alcaraz A. Practical benzylation of N,N-substituted ethanolamines related to chemical warfare agents for analysis and detection by electron ionization gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Forensic Sci 2023; 68:1923-1931. [PMID: 37578282 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The benzylation of three low molecular weight N,N-disubstituted ethanolamines related to chemical warfare agents (CWAs) to furnish derivatives with improved gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) profiles is described. Due to their low molecular weight and polar nature, N,N-disubstituted ethanolamines are notoriously difficult to detect by routine GC-MS analyses during Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) proficiency tests (PTs), particularly in scenarios when they are present at low levels (~1-10 ppm) amidst more abundant interferences. Our studies revealed that the optimal derivatization conditions involved the treatment of the ethanolamine with benzyl bromide in the presence of an inorganic base (e.g., Na2 CO3 ) in dichloromethane at 55°C for 2 h. This optimized set of conditions was then successfully applied to the derivatization of N,N-dimethylethanolamine, N,N-diethylethanolamine and N,N-diisopropylethanolamine present separately at 1 and 10 μg/mL concentrations in a glycerol-rich matrix sample featured in the 48th OPCW PT. The benzylated derivatives of the three ethanolamines possessed retention times long enough to clear the massive glycerol-containing matrix interferences. The protocol herein is introduced as an alternative method for derivatization of these CWA and pharmaceutically important species and should find broad applicability in laboratories where routine forensic analysis is carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Valdez
- Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
- Global Security Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
| | - Alexander K Vu
- Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
- Global Security Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
| | - Saphon Hok
- Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
- Global Security Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
| | - Armando Alcaraz
- Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
- Global Security Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
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45
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Trinh TK, Jian T, Jin B, Nguyen DT, Zuckermann RN, Chen CL. Designed Metal-Containing Peptoid Membranes as Enzyme Mimetics for Catalytic Organophosphate Degradation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:51191-51203. [PMID: 37879106 PMCID: PMC10636725 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
The detoxification of lethal organophosphate (OP) residues in the environment is crucial to prevent human exposure and protect modern society. Despite serving as excellent catalysts for OP degradation, natural enzymes require costly preparation and readily deactivate upon exposure to environmental conditions. Herein, we designed and prepared a series of phosphotriesterase mimics based on stable, self-assembled peptoid membranes to overcome these limitations of the enzymes and effectively catalyze the hydrolysis of dimethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate (DMNP)─a nerve agent simulant. By covalently attaching metal-binding ligands to peptoid N-termini, we attained enzyme mimetics in the form of surface-functionalized crystalline nanomembranes. These nanomembranes display a precisely controlled arrangement of coordinated metal ions, which resemble the active sites found in phosphotriesterases to promote DMNP hydrolysis. Moreover, using these highly programmable peptoid nanomembranes allows for tuning the local chemical environment of the coordinated metal ion to achieve enhanced hydrolysis activity. Among the crystalline membranes that are active for DMNP degradation, those assembled from peptoids containing bis-quinoline ligands with an adjacent phenyl side chain showed the highest hydrolytic activity with a 219-fold rate acceleration over the background, demonstrating the important role of the hydrophobic environment in proximity to the active sites. Furthermore, these membranes exhibited remarkable stability and were able to retain their catalytic activity after heating to 60 °C and after multiple uses. This work provides insights into the principal features to construct a new class of biomimetic materials with high catalytic efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and reusability applied in nerve agent detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Kim
Hoang Trinh
- Physical
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Tengyue Jian
- Physical
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Biao Jin
- Physical
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Dan-Thien Nguyen
- Physical
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Ronald N. Zuckermann
- Molecular
Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd., Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Chun-Long Chen
- Physical
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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46
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Xu W, Cai X, Wu Y, Wen Y, Su R, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Zheng Q, Hu L, Cui X, Zheng L, Zhang S, Gu W, Song W, Guo S, Zhu C. Biomimetic single Al-OH site with high acetylcholinesterase-like activity and self-defense ability for neuroprotection. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6064. [PMID: 37770453 PMCID: PMC10539540 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41765-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotoxicity of organophosphate compounds (OPs) can catastrophically cause nervous system injury by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) expression. Although artificial systems have been developed for indirect neuroprotection, they are limited to dissociating P-O bonds for eliminating OPs. However, these systems have failed to overcome the deactivation of AChE. Herein, we report our finding that Al3+ is engineered onto the nodes of metal-organic framework to synthesize MOF-808-Al with enhanced Lewis acidity. The resultant MOF-808-Al efficiently mimics the catalytic behavior of AChE and has a self-defense ability to break the activity inhibition by OPs. Mechanism investigations elucidate that Al3+ Lewis acid sites with a strong polarization effect unite the highly electronegative -OH groups to form the enzyme-like catalytic center, resulting in superior substrate activation and nucleophilic attack ability with a 2.7-fold activity improvement. The multifunctional MOF-808-Al, which has satisfactory biosafety, is efficient in reducing neurotoxic effects and preventing neuronal tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqing Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Cai
- Department of Nutrition, Hygiene and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, P.R. China
| | - Yu Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P.R. China
| | - Yating Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P.R. China
| | - Rina Su
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P.R. China
| | - Yuteng Huang
- Department of Nutrition, Hygiene and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, P.R. China
| | - Qihui Zheng
- Department of Nutrition, Hygiene and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, P.R. China
| | - Liuyong Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowen Cui
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics Department, Chinese Academy of Sciences Institution, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
| | - Lirong Zheng
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics Department, Chinese Academy of Sciences Institution, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
| | - Shipeng Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P.R. China
| | - Wenling Gu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P.R. China
| | - Weiyu Song
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, 102249, P.R. China
| | - Shaojun Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P.R. China.
| | - Chengzhou Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P.R. China.
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47
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Farahani HS, Najafi M, Behbahani M, Naseri MT. Magnetic activated carbon as an adsorbent for extraction of DMMP from aqueous samples followed by GC-IMS analysis. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:4834-4841. [PMID: 37701994 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01009k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Micro-porous magnetic activated carbon was prepared under ultrasonic irradiation as an adsorbent for dispersed solid phase extraction of dimethyl methyl phosphonate from water samples, before analysis by gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry. The magnetic activated carbon was synthesized and characterized by using a vibrating sample magnetometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques. Then, the effects of the amount of sorbent, extraction time and pH of the sample in the dispersive solid phase extraction method were investigated and optimized by the response surface method. The dispersion of 20 mg adsorbent powder in a 50 mL water sample for 5 minutes with chloroform as the desorption solvent showed an average recovery value of 95% for dimethyl methyl phosphonate. Afterward, the method was used successfully for the determination of dimethyl methyl phosphonate in river and spring water. The linear range was obtained to be 0.05-1 μg mL-1. The limit of detection and the limit of quantification were obtained to be 0.02 μg mL-1 and 0.05 μg mL-1 respectively. The analysis also showed good reproducibility with a relative standard deviation value of 3.1%. This method was shown to be easy, fast, reliable, and inexpensive.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mostafa Najafi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Behbahani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
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48
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Pan SQ, Luo P, Chen J, Wu T, Xu B, Chen F, Wu DY, Ren B, Liu GK, Xie J, Xu P, Tian ZQ. Seeing Is Not Necessarily Believing: Is the Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Signal Really from the Target? Anal Chem 2023; 95:13346-13352. [PMID: 37611317 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Reagent purity is crucial to experimental research, considering that the ignorance of ultratrace impurities may induce wrong conclusions in either revealing the reaction nature or qualifying the target. Specifically, in the field of surface science, the strong interaction between the impurity and the surface will bring a non-negligible negative effect. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a highly surface-sensitive technique, providing fingerprint identification and near-single molecule sensitivity. In the SERS analysis of trace chloromethyl diethyl phosphate (DECMP), we figured out that the SERS performance of DECMP is significantly distorted by the trace impurities from DECMP. With the aid of gas chromatography-based techniques, one strongly interfering impurity (2,2-dichloro-N,N-dimethylacetamide), the byproduct during the synthesis of DECMP, was confirmed. Furthermore, the nonignorable interference of impurities on the SERS measurement of NaBr, NaI, or sulfadiazine was also observed. The generality ignited us to refresh and consolidate the guideline for the reliable SERS qualitative analysis, by which the potential misleading brought by ultratrace impurities, especially those strongly adsorbed on Au or Ag surfaces, could be well excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Qi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Center for Marine Environmental Chemistry & Toxicology, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Ping Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Tairui Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Fushan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - De-Yin Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Bin Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Guo-Kun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Center for Marine Environmental Chemistry & Toxicology, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jianwei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Pengxiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhong-Qun Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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49
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Wu MM, Su J, Luo D, Cai BC, Zheng ZL, Bin DS, Li YY, Zhou XP. Ultrafast Photocatalytic Detoxification of Mustard Gas Simulants by a Mesoporous Metal-Organic Framework with Dangling Porphyrin Molecules. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2301050. [PMID: 37162490 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Developing effective catalysts to degrade chemical warfare agents is of great significance. Herein, a mesoporous MIL-101(Cr) composite material dangled with porphyrin molecules (denote as TCPP@MIL-101(Cr), TCPP = tetra(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin) is reported, which can be used as a heterogeneous photocatalyst for detoxification of mustard gas simulants 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES) to 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfoxide (CEESO) with a half-life of 1 min. The catalytic performance of TCPP@MIL-101(Cr) is comparable to that of homogeneous molecular porphyrin. Mechanistic studies reveal that both 1 O2 and O2 •- are efficiently generated and play vital roles in the oxidation reaction. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are attached to the TCPP@MIL-101(Cr) to further enhance the catalytic activity with a benchmark half-life of 45 s, which is the fastest record so far. A medical mask loaded TCPP@MIL-101(Cr) is fabricated for practical applications, which can selectively photoxidize CEES to CEESO under sunlight and air atmosphere, exhibiting the best degradation performance among the reported fabric-like composite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Min Wu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Juan Su
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Dong Luo
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Bing-Chen Cai
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Ze-Lin Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - De-Shan Bin
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Yan Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Engineering Technology Research Center of Drug Carrier of Guangdong, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
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50
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Dorrat JC, Young RJ, Taylor CGP, Tipping MB, Blok AJ, Turner DR, McKay AI, Ovenden S, Ward MD, Dennison GH, Tuck KL. The preservation of sarin and O, O'-diisopropyl fluorophosphate inside coordination cage hosts. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:11802-11814. [PMID: 37272072 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01378b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The host-guest chemistry of O,O'-diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP), a phosphonofluoridate G-series chemical warfare agent simulant, was investigated in the presence of a number of octanuclear cubic coordination cage hosts. The aim was to demonstrate cage-catalysed hydrolysis of DFP at near neutral pH: however, two octanuclear coordination cages, HPEG (containing water-solubilising PEG groups) and HW (containing water-solubilising hydroxymethyl groups), were actually found to increase the lifetime of DFP in aqueous buffer solution (pH 8.7). Crystallographic analysis of DFP with a structurally related host cage revealed that DFP binds to windows in the cage surface, not in the internal cavity. The phosphorus-fluorine bond is directed into the cavity rather than towards the external environment, with the cage/DFP association protecting DFP from hydrolysis. Initial studies with the chemical warfare agent (CWA) sarin (GB) with HPEG cage in a buffered solution also showed a drastically reduced rate of hydrolysis for sarin when bound in the host cage. The ability of these cages to inhibit hydrolysis of these P-F bond containing organophosphorus guests, by encapsulation, may have applications in forensic sample preservation and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack C Dorrat
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | - Rosemary J Young
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | | | - Max B Tipping
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Andrew J Blok
- CBRN Defence Branch, Sensors and Effectors Division, Defence Science and Technology Group, Fishermans Bend, VIC, 3207, Australia
| | - David R Turner
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | - Alasdair I McKay
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | - Simon Ovenden
- CBRN Defence Branch, Sensors and Effectors Division, Defence Science and Technology Group, Fishermans Bend, VIC, 3207, Australia
| | - Michael D Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Genevieve H Dennison
- CBRN Defence Branch, Sensors and Effectors Division, Defence Science and Technology Group, Fishermans Bend, VIC, 3207, Australia
- Weapon Seekers and Tactical Sensors Branch, Sensors and Effectors Division, Defence Science and Technology Group, Edinburgh, SA, 5111, Australia.
| | - Kellie L Tuck
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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