1
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Ma W, Schmidt A, Strohmann C, Loh CCJ. Stereoselective Entry into α,α'-C-Oxepane Scaffolds through a Chalcogen Bonding Catalyzed Strain-Release C-Septanosylation Strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405706. [PMID: 38687567 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The utility of unconventional noncovalent interactions (NCIs) such as chalcogen bonding has lately emerged as a robust platform to access synthetically difficult glycosides stereoselectively. Herein, we disclose the versatility of a phosphonochalcogenide (PCH) catalyst to facilitate access into the challenging, but biologically interesting 7-membered ring α,α'-C-disubstituted oxepane core through an α-selective strain-release C-glycosylation. Methodically, this strategy represents a switch from more common but entropically less desired macrocyclizations to a thermodynamically favored ring-expansion approach. In light of the general lack of stereoselective methods to access C-septanosides, a remarkable palette of silyl-based nucleophiles can be reliably employed in our method. This include a broad variety of useful synthons, such as easily available silyl-allyl, silyl-enol ether, silyl-ketene acetal, vinylogous silyl-ketene acetal, silyl-alkyne and silylazide reagents. Mechanistic investigations suggest that a mechanistic shift towards an intramolecular aglycone transposition involving a pentacoordinate silicon intermediate is likely responsible in steering the stereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenpeng Ma
- Abteilung Chemische Biologie, Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Annika Schmidt
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Carsten Strohmann
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Charles C J Loh
- Abteilung Chemische Biologie, Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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2
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Inoue T, Morita N, Amijima Y, Sakai R, Hamada S, Nakamura S, Kobayashi Y, Furuta T. Formation of chalcogen-bonding interactions and their role in the trans- trans conformation of thiourea. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:5301-5305. [PMID: 38898797 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00723a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The chalcogen-bonding interactions formed at both sides of the thiocarbonyl group in thiourea were investigated. In particular, the role of these chalcogen-bonding interactions in the trans-trans conformation of thiourea was evaluated via single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and DFT calculations. The obtained results indicate that the Se⋯S⋯Se dual chalcogen-bonding interactions play a stronger role in controlling the planar structure than the S⋯S⋯S interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Inoue
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
| | - Nami Morita
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
| | - Yui Amijima
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
| | - Rika Sakai
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
| | - Shohei Hamada
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
| | - Seikou Nakamura
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
| | - Takumi Furuta
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
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3
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Miller L, Bauer F, Breit B. A Tandem Hydroformylation-Organocatalyzed Friedel-Crafts Reaction for the Synthesis of Diindolylmethanes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400188. [PMID: 38411034 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we present an efficient and atom-economic tandem hydroformylation organocatalyzed Friedel-Crafts reaction sequence for the synthesis of diindolylmethanes. Classic syntheses have relied on (Lewis) acid activation of aldehydes, which are often not commercially available and rather sensitive in handling. In contrast, the combination of rhodium-catalyzed hydroformylation and subsequent organocatalytic activation of the in-situ formed aldehydes allows the use of readily available and stable alkenes with various functional groups while avoiding acidic conditions to expand the range of available diindolylmethanes. A broad scope of diindolylmethanes was prepared in yields up to 85 % demonstrates the utility of the presented method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Miller
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Felix Bauer
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Bernhard Breit
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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4
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M. Bran A, Cox S, Schilter O, Baldassari C, White AD, Schwaller P. Augmenting large language models with chemistry tools. NAT MACH INTELL 2024; 6:525-535. [PMID: 38799228 PMCID: PMC11116106 DOI: 10.1038/s42256-024-00832-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Large language models (LLMs) have shown strong performance in tasks across domains but struggle with chemistry-related problems. These models also lack access to external knowledge sources, limiting their usefulness in scientific applications. We introduce ChemCrow, an LLM chemistry agent designed to accomplish tasks across organic synthesis, drug discovery and materials design. By integrating 18 expert-designed tools and using GPT-4 as the LLM, ChemCrow augments the LLM performance in chemistry, and new capabilities emerge. Our agent autonomously planned and executed the syntheses of an insect repellent and three organocatalysts and guided the discovery of a novel chromophore. Our evaluation, including both LLM and expert assessments, demonstrates ChemCrow's effectiveness in automating a diverse set of chemical tasks. Our work not only aids expert chemists and lowers barriers for non-experts but also fosters scientific advancement by bridging the gap between experimental and computational chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres M. Bran
- Laboratory of Artificial Chemical Intelligence (LIAC), ISIC, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Catalysis, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sam Cox
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY USA
- FutureHouse, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Oliver Schilter
- Laboratory of Artificial Chemical Intelligence (LIAC), ISIC, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Catalysis, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Accelerated Discovery, IBM Research – Europe, Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Baldassari
- Accelerated Discovery, IBM Research – Europe, Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Andrew D. White
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY USA
- FutureHouse, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Philippe Schwaller
- Laboratory of Artificial Chemical Intelligence (LIAC), ISIC, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Catalysis, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
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5
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Wang C, Krupp A, Strohmann C, Grabe B, Loh CCJ. Harnessing Multistep Chalcogen Bonding Activation in the α-Stereoselective Synthesis of Iminoglycosides. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10608-10620. [PMID: 38564319 PMCID: PMC11027159 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The use of noncovalent interactions (NCIs) has received significant attention as a pivotal synthetic handle. Recently, the exploitation of unconventional NCIs has gained considerable traction in challenging reaction manifolds such as glycosylation due to their capacity to facilitate entry into difficult-to-access sugars and glycomimetics. While investigations involving oxacyclic pyrano- or furanoside scaffolds are relatively common, methods that allow the selective synthesis of biologically important iminosugars are comparatively rare. Here, we report the capacity of a phosphonochalcogenide (PCH) to catalyze the stereoselective α-iminoglycosylation of iminoglycals with a wide array of glycosyl acceptors with remarkable protecting group tolerance. Mechanistic studies have illuminated the counterintuitive role of the catalyst in serially activating both the glycosyl donor and acceptor in the up/downstream stages of the reaction through chalcogen bonding (ChB). The dynamic interaction of chalcogens with substrates opens up new mechanistic opportunities based on iterative ChB catalyst engagement and disengagement in multiple elementary steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiming Wang
- Abteilung
Chemische Biologie, Max Planck Institut
für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Fakultät
für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Anna Krupp
- Anorganische
Chemie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Carsten Strohmann
- Anorganische
Chemie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Bastian Grabe
- Fakultät
für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Charles C. J. Loh
- Abteilung
Chemische Biologie, Max Planck Institut
für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Fakultät
für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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6
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Rummel L, Schreiner PR. Advances and Prospects in Understanding London Dispersion Interactions in Molecular Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316364. [PMID: 38051426 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
London dispersion (LD) interactions are the main contribution of the attractive part of the van der Waals potential. Even though LD effects are the driving force for molecular aggregation and recognition, the role of these omnipresent interactions in structure and reactivity had been largely underappreciated over decades. However, in the recent years considerable efforts have been made to thoroughly study LD interactions and their potential as a chemical design element for structures and catalysis. This was made possible through a fruitful interplay of theory and experiment. This review highlights recent results and advances in utilizing LD interactions as a structural motif to understand and utilize intra- and intermolecularly LD-stabilized systems. Additionally, we focus on the quantification of LD interactions and their fundamental role in chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Rummel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter R Schreiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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7
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Blechschmidt DR, Mergendahl C, Kass SR. Metallocenium incorporated charge-enhanced thiourea catalysts. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:1788-1793. [PMID: 38343361 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob02007j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Several metallocenium derivatives were prepared including N-ferrocenium-N'-phenylthiourea tetrakis-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate (BArF4, 4a), N-methylferrocenium-N'-phenylthiourea BArF4 (4b) and N-cobaltocenium-N'-phenylthiourea BArF4 (5). These compounds are competent catalysts for the Friedel-Crafts alkylation of indoles with trans-β-nitrostyrenes, and are much more active than their reduced non-charged forms. The iron derivatives are less stable than the cobalt analog and were generated and used in situ whereas the cobalt-containing thiourea was isolated and characterized by X-ray crystallography. All three of these metallocenium salts have Lewis and Brønsted acidic sites which were exploited in tandem to afford charge-activated catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Blechschmidt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Cal Mergendahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Steven R Kass
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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8
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Guo H, Kirchhoff JL, Strohmann C, Grabe B, Loh CCJ. Exploiting π and Chalcogen Interactions for the β-Selective Glycosylation of Indoles through Glycal Conformational Distortion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316667. [PMID: 38116860 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Harnessing unconventional noncovalent interactions (NCIs) is emerging as a formidable synthetic approach in difficult-to-access glycosidic chemical space. C-Glycosylation, in particular, has gained a flurry of recent attention. However, most reported methods are restricted to the relatively facile access to α-C-glycosides. Herein, we disclose a β-stereoselective glycosylation of indoles by employing a phosphonoselenide catalyst. The robustness of this protocol is exemplified by its amenability for reaction at both the indolyl C- and N- reactivity sites. In contrast to previous reports, in which the chalcogens were solely involved in Lewis acidic activation, our mechanistic investigation unraveled that the often neglected flanking aromatic substituents of phosphonoselenides can substantially contribute to catalysis by engaging in π-interactions. Computations and NMR spectroscopy indicated that the chalcogenic and aromatic components of the catalyst can be collectively exploited to foster conformational distortion of the glycal away from the usual half-chair to the boat conformation, which liberates the convex β-face for nucleophilic attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Guo
- Abteilung Chemische Biologie, Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jan-Lukas Kirchhoff
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Carsten Strohmann
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Bastian Grabe
- NMR Department, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Charles C J Loh
- Abteilung Chemische Biologie, Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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9
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Doan SH, Mai BK, Nguyen TV. Moisture-Assisted Hydroboration of Nitriles and Conversion Thereof to N-Heterocyles and N-Containing Derivatives. Org Lett 2023; 25:8981-8986. [PMID: 38081763 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The recent revelation of hidden-borane catalysis has revolutionized the field of catalytic hydroboration in organic synthesis. Many nucleophilic reaction promoters, previously believed to be the catalysts, in fact primarily facilitated the formation of borane (BH3), which subsequently acted as the true catalyst. This revelation prompted us to explore the untapped potential of these unexpected transformations, with a view to simplify hydroboration using more cost-effective and environmentally friendly nucleophilic precatalysts. Via computational studies, we were able to identify that water can actually undertake that role. Herein, we report a study on the simple hydroboration of nitriles, a notoriously challenging yet synthetically valuable class of substrates, using nothing more than moisture as an activating agent. This moisture-assisted nitrile hydroboration process can seamlessly integrate with a range of downstream transformations in a one-pot fashion to produce valuable N-containing products such as symmetrical imines, thioureas, and bis(alcohol)amines as well as N-heterocycles such as pyrroles, pyridines, pyridinium salts, 2-iminothiazolines, and carbazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Son Hoai Doan
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Binh Khanh Mai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Thanh Vinh Nguyen
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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10
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Ma W, Kirchhoff JL, Strohmann C, Grabe B, Loh CCJ. Cooperative Bifurcated Chalcogen Bonding and Hydrogen Bonding as Stereocontrolling Elements for Selective Strain-Release Septanosylation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:26611-26622. [PMID: 38032866 PMCID: PMC10722516 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The exploitation of noncovalent interactions (NCIs) is emerging as a vital handle in tackling broad stereoselectivity challenges in synthesis. In particular, there has been significant recent interest in the harnessing of unconventional NCIs to surmount difficult selectivity challenges in glycosylations. Herein, we disclose the exploitation of an unconventional bifurcated chalcogen bonding and hydrogen bonding (HB) network, which paves the way for a robust catalytic strategy into biologically useful seven-membered ring sugars. Through 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in situ monitoring, NMR titration experiments, and density functional theory (DFT) modeling, we propose a remarkable contemporaneous activation of multiple functional groups consisting of a bifurcated chalcogen bonding mechanism working hand-in-hand with HB activation. Significantly, the ester moiety installed on the glycosyl donor is critical in the establishment of the postulated ternary complex for stereocontrol. Through the 13C kinetic isotopic effect and kinetic studies, our data corroborated that a dissociative SNi-type mechanism forms the stereocontrolling basis for the excellent α-selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenpeng Ma
- Abteilung
Chemische Biologie, Max-Planck-Institut
für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, Dortmund 44227, Germany
- Fakultät
für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Jan-Lukas Kirchhoff
- Fakultät
für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Carsten Strohmann
- Fakultät
für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Bastian Grabe
- Fakultät
für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Charles C. J. Loh
- Abteilung
Chemische Biologie, Max-Planck-Institut
für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, Dortmund 44227, Germany
- Fakultät
für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a, Dortmund 44227, Germany
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11
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Scheelje FCM, Meier MAR. Non-isocyanate polyurethanes synthesized from terpenes using thiourea organocatalysis and thiol-ene-chemistry. Commun Chem 2023; 6:239. [PMID: 37925584 PMCID: PMC10625552 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-01041-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The depletion of fossil resources as well as environmental concerns contribute to an increasing focus on finding more sustainable approaches for the synthesis of polymeric materials. In this work, a synthesis route towards non-isocyanate polyurethanes (NIPUs) using renewable starting materials is presented. Based on the terpenes limonene and carvone as renewable resources, five-membered cyclic carbonates are synthesized and ring-opened with allylamine, using thiourea compounds as benign and efficient organocatalysts. Thus, five renewable AA monomers are obtained, bearing one or two urethane units. Taking advantage of the terminal double bonds of these AA monomers, step-growth thiol-ene polymerization is performed using different dithiols, to yield NIPUs with molecular weights of above 10 kDa under mild conditions. Variation of the dithiol and amine leads to polymers with different properties, with Mn of up to 31 kDa and Tg's ranging from 1 to 29 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frieda Clara M Scheelje
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Straße am Forum 7, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michael A R Meier
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Straße am Forum 7, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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12
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Maharana R, Bhanja R, Mal P, Samanta K. Investigation of the Effect of Solvents on the Synthesis of Aza-flavanone from Aminochalcone Facilitated by Halogen Bonding. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:33785-33793. [PMID: 37744869 PMCID: PMC10515354 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
It has been recognized that CBr4 can give rise to a noncovalent interaction known as halogen bond (XB). CBr4 was found to catalyze, in terms of XB formation, the transformation of 2'-aminochalcone to aza-flavanone through an intramolecular Michael addition reaction. The impact of XB and the resulting yield of aza-flavanone exhibited a pronounced dependence on the characteristics of the solvent. Notably, yields of 88% in ethanol and 33% in DMSO were achieved, while merely a trace amount of the product was detected in benzene. In this work, we use a computational modeling study to understand this variance in yield. The reaction is modeled at the level of density functional theory (based on the M06-2X exchange-correlation functional) with all-electron basis sets of triple-ζ quality. Grimme's dispersion correction is incorporated to account for the noncovalent interactions accurately. Harmonic frequency calculations are carried out to establish the character of the optimized structures (minimum or saddle point). Our calculations confirm the formation of an XB between CBr4 and the reacting species and its role in lowering the activation energy barrier. Stronger orbital interactions and significant lowering of the steric repulsion were found to be important in lowering the activation barrier. The negligible yield in the nonpolar solvent benzene may be attributed to the high activation energy as well as the inadequate stabilization of the zwitterionic intermediate. In ethanol, a protic solvent, additional H-bonding contributes to further lowering of the activation barrier and better stabilization of the zwitterionic intermediate. The combined effects of solvent polarity, XB, and H-bond are likely to give rise to an excellent yield of aza-flavanone in ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat
Rajiv Maharana
- School
of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology
Bhubaneswar, Argul, Odisha 752050, India
| | - Rosalin Bhanja
- School
of Chemical Sciences, National Institute
of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National
Institute, Bhubaneswar, PO Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, District Khurda, Odisha 752050, India
| | - Prasenjit Mal
- School
of Chemical Sciences, National Institute
of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National
Institute, Bhubaneswar, PO Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, District Khurda, Odisha 752050, India
| | - Kousik Samanta
- School
of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology
Bhubaneswar, Argul, Odisha 752050, India
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13
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Das K, Halder S. Synthesis of Functionalized Five-Membered Heterocycles from Epoxides: A Hydrogen-Bond Donor Catalytic Approach. J Org Chem 2023; 88:12872-12883. [PMID: 36007267 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of highly functionalized five-membered oxa- and aza-heterocycles has been reported utilizing hydrogen-bond donor (HBD) catalysis. In this method, an epoxide was taken as a substrate and reacted with functionalized arylidene/alkylidene malononitrile derivatives in the presence of a newly designed HBD catalyst. In all the cases, the products 2,5-disubstituted tetrahydrofurans (2,5-THFs) were obtained in good to excellent yields (up to 86%) with high diastereoselectivity (dr up to 99:1) as a single regioisomer. The stereochemistry at the 2- and 5-positions of the five-membered ring has been confirmed by single-crystal X-ray analysis, and cis is found to be the major product. The same strategy has been further utilized to obtain substituted oxazolidines whenever the epoxide has been reacted with isocyanate as an electrophile. In order to induce enantioselectivity, a chiral epoxide has been reacted with both the electrophiles in the presence of the same catalyst system to afford the single stereoisomer of the final products. This synthetic methodology involves a low catalyst loading and ambient reaction condition and has been generalized with various substituents present in the starting electrophiles to produce the resultant products in acceptable yields and stereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koushik Das
- Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology (VNIT), Nagpur, Maharashtra 440010, India
| | - Sandipan Halder
- Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology (VNIT), Nagpur, Maharashtra 440010, India
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14
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Tomanová M, Vaňková I, Toman D, Přibylka A, Nemec I, Cankař P. Axially Chiral Sulfonic Acids for Brønsted Acid Catalysis: 8-Benzoimidazolylnaphthalene-1-sulfonic Acids and Their Derivatives. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37354120 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
A new type of axially chiral sulfonic acid was developed. The synthesis is based on cheap commercially available materials and a practical method for optical resolution via diastereomeric salt formation, which can provide both enantiomers. Eleven benzoimidazolylnaphthalenesulfonic acids were prepared and four of them were isolated as pure and stable atropisomers. Moreover, several of these sulfonic acids were transformed into triflyl imides to further expand the range of dissociation constants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Tomanová
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Vaňková
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Toman
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Přibylka
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Nemec
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Cankař
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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15
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Yagci BB, Donmez SE, Şahin O, Türkmen YE. Catalytic aza-Nazarov cyclization reactions to access α-methylene-γ-lactam heterocycles. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:66-77. [PMID: 36741815 PMCID: PMC9874235 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We have developed a catalytic aza-Nazarov reaction of N-acyliminium salts generated in situ from the reaction of a variety of cyclic and acyclic imines with α,β-unsaturated acyl chlorides to afford substituted α-methylene-γ-lactam heterocycles. The reactions proceed effectively in the presence of catalytic (20 mol %) amounts of AgOTf as an anion exchange agent or hydrogen-bond donors such as squaramides and thioureas as anion-binding organocatalysts. The aza-Nazarov cyclization of 3,4-dihydroisoquinolines with α,β-unsaturated acyl chlorides gives tricyclic lactam products 7 in up to 79% yield with full diastereocontrol (dr = >99:1). The use of acyclic imines in a similar catalytic aza-Nazarov reaction with 20 mol % of AgOTf results in the formation of α-methylene-γ-lactam heterocycles 19 in up to 76% yield and with good to high diastereoselectivities (4.3:1 to 16:1). We have demonstrated the scalability of the reaction with a gram-scale example. The relative stereochemistry of the α-methylene-γ-lactam products 19 has been determined via the single-crystal X-ray analysis of lactam 19l. In order to shed light on the details of the reaction mechanism, we have performed carefully designed mechanistic studies which consist of experiments on the effect of β-silicon stabilization, the alkene geometry of the α,β-unsaturated acyl chloride reactants, and adventitious water on the success of the catalytic aza-Nazarov reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilge Banu Yagci
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Selin Ezgi Donmez
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Onur Şahin
- Department of Occupational Health & Safety, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sinop University, Sinop 57000, Turkey
| | - Yunus Emre Türkmen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey,UNAM – National Nanotechnology Research Center, Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
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16
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Singh M, Neogi S. Largely Entangled Diamondoid Framework with High-Density Urea and Divergent Metal Nodes for Selective Scavenging of CO 2 and Molecular Dimension-Mediated Size-Exclusive H-Bond Donor Catalysis. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:871-884. [PMID: 36580539 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pore environment modulation with high-density polarizing groups in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) can effectively accomplish selective and multicyclic carbon dioxide (CO2) adsorption, whereas the incorporation of task-specific organic sites inside these porous vessels promise to evade self-quenching, solubility, and recyclability issues in hydrogen-bond donating (HBD) catalysis. However, concurrent amalgamation of both these attributes over a single platform is rare but extremely demanding in view of sustainable applications. We designed a robust diamondoid framework CSMCRI-17 (CSMCRI = Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute) from the mixed-ligand assembly of azo group-containing dicarboxylate ligand, urea-functionalized pyridyl linker, and Zn(II) nodes with specific divergent coordination. Seven-fold interpenetration to the microporous structure largely augments N-rich functionality that facilitates high CO2 uptake in the activated form (17a) with good CO2 selectivity over N2 and CH4 that outperform many reported materials. The framework displays very strong CO2 affinity and no reduction in adsorption capacity over multiple uptake-release cycles. Benefitting from the pore-wall decoration with urea functionality from the pillaring strut, 17a further demonstrates hydrogen-bond-mediated Friedel-Crafts alkylation of indole with β-nitrostyrene under mild conditions, with multicyclic usability and excellent reactivity toward wide ranges of substituted nucleophiles and electrophiles. Interestingly, interpenetration-generated optimum-sized pores induce poor conversion to sterically encumbered substrate via molecular dimension-mediated size selectivity that is alternatively ascribed from additional control experiments and support the occurrence of HBD reaction within the MOF cavity. The catalytic path is detailed in light of the change of emission intensity of the framework by the electrophile as well as the judicious choice of the substrate, which authenticates the prime role of urea moiety-governed two-point hydrogen bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manpreet Singh
- Inorganic Materials & Catalysis Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364002, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Subhadip Neogi
- Inorganic Materials & Catalysis Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364002, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
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17
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Prusinowska N, Szymkowiak J, Kwit M. Unravelling Structural Dynamics, Supramolecular Behavior, and Chiroptical Properties of Enantiomerically Pure Macrocyclic Tertiary Ureas and Thioureas. J Org Chem 2023; 88:285-299. [PMID: 36480555 PMCID: PMC9830626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of urea or thiourea functionality to the macrocycle skeleton represents an alternative way to control conformational dynamics of chiral, polyamines of a figure-shaped periodical structure. Formally highly symmetrical, these macrocycles may adapt diverse conformations, depending on the nature of an amide linker and on a substitution pattern within the aromatic units. The type of heteroatom X in the N-C(═X)-N units present in each vertex of the macrocycle core constitutes the main factor determining the chiroptical properties. In contrast to the urea-containing derivatives, the electronic circular dichroism of thioureas is controlled by the chiral neighborhood closest to the chromophore. The dynamically induced exciton couplet is observed when the biphenyl chromophores are present in the macrocycle core. In the solid state, the seemingly disordered molecules may create ordered networks stabilized by intermolecular S···halogen, H···halogen, and S···H interactions. The presence of two bromine substituents in each aromatic unit in thiourea-derived trianglamine gives rise to a self-sorting phenomenon in the crystal. In solution, this particular macrocycle exists as a dynamic equimolar mixture of two conformational diastereoisomers, differing in the spatial (clockwise and counter clockwise) arrangement of the C-Br bonds. In the crystal lattice, macrocycles of a given handedness assemble into homohelical layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Prusinowska
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego
8, 61 614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Szymkowiak
- Faculty
of Science, Department of Chemistry University
of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Marcin Kwit
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego
8, 61 614 Poznan, Poland,E-mail:
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18
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A novel synthesis of functionalized sulfonamide derivatives using the reaction of substituted thiourea or oxime derivatives with N-(2,3-dibromopropyl)-aryl(alkyl)sulfonamides. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-022-02991-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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Sahoo J, Panda J, Sahoo G. Unravelling the Development of Non-Covalent Organocatalysis in India. Synlett 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1751370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis review is devoted to underpinning the contributions of Indian researchers towards asymmetric organocatalysis. More specifically, a comprehensive compilation of reactions mediated by a wide range of non-covalent catalysis is illustrated. A detailed overview of vividly catalogued asymmetric organic transformations promoted by hydrogen bonding and Brønsted acid catalysis, alongside an assortment of catalysts is provided. Although asymmetric organocatalysis has etched itself in history, we aim to showcase the scientific metamorphosis of Indian research from baby steps to large strides within this field. 1 Introduction2 Non-Covalent Catalysis and Its Various Activation Modes3 Hydrogen-Bonding Catalysis3.1 Urea- and Thiourea-Derived Organocatalysts3.1.1 Thiourea-Derived Organocatalysts3.1.2 Urea-Derived Organocatalysts3.2 Squaramide-Derived Organocatalysts3.2.1 Michael Reactions3.2.2 C-Alkylation Reactions3.2.3 Mannich Reactions3.2.4 [3+2] Cycloaddition Reactions3.3 Cinchona-Alkaloid-Derived Organocatalysts3.3.1 Michael Reactions3.3.2 Aldol Reactions3.3.3 Friedel–Crafts Reactions3.3.4 Vinylogous Alkylation of 4-Methylcoumarins3.3.5 C-Sulfenylation Reactions3.3.6 Peroxyhemiacetalisation of Isochromans3.3.7 Diels–Alder Reactions3.3.8 Cycloaddition Reactions3.3.9 Morita–Baylis–Hilman Reactions4 Brønsted Acid Derived Organocatalysts4.1 Chiral Phosphoric Acid Catalysis4.1.1 Diels–Alder Reactions4.1.2 Addition of Ketimines4.1.3 Annulation of Acyclic Enecarbamates5 Conclusion
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20
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Ehrhard AA, Gunkel L, Jäger S, Sell AC, Nagata Y, Hunger J. Elucidating Conformation and Hydrogen-Bonding Motifs of Reactive Thiourea Intermediates. ACS Catal 2022; 12:12689-12700. [PMID: 36313523 PMCID: PMC9594049 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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Substituted diphenylthioureas (DPTUs) are efficient hydrogen-bonding
organo-catalysts, and substitution of DPTUs has been shown to greatly
affect catalytic activity. Yet, both the conformation of DPTUs in
solution and the conformation and hydrogen-bonded motifs within catalytically
active intermediates, pertinent to their mode of activation, have
remained elusive. By combining linear and ultrafast vibrational spectroscopy
with spectroscopic simulations and calculations, we show that different
conformational states of thioureas give rise to distinctively different
N–H stretching bands in the infrared spectra. In the absence
of hydrogen-bond-accepting substrates, we show that vibrational structure
and dynamics are highly sensitive to the substitution of DPTUs with
CF3 groups and to the interaction with the solvent environment,
allowing for disentangling the different conformational states. In
contrast to bare diphenylthiourea (0CF-DPTU), we find the catalytically
superior CF3-substituted DPTU (4CF-DPTU) to favor the trans–trans conformation in solution,
allowing for donating two hydrogen bonds to the reactive substrate.
In the presence of a prototypical substrate, DPTUs in trans–trans conformation hydrogen bond to the
substrate’s C=O group, as evidenced by a red-shift of
the N–H vibration. Yet, our time-resolved infrared experiments
indicate that only one N–H group forms a strong hydrogen bond
to the carbonyl moiety, while thiourea’s second N–H
group only weakly interacts with the substrate. Our data indicate
that hydrogen-bond exchange between these N–H groups occurs
on the timescale of a few picoseconds for 0CF-DPTU and is significantly
accelerated upon CF3 substitution. Our results highlight
the subtle interplay between conformational equilibria, bonding states,
and bonding lifetimes in reactive intermediates in thiourea catalysis,
which help rationalize their catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie A. Ehrhard
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Lucas Gunkel
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Jäger
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Arne C. Sell
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Yuki Nagata
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Johannes Hunger
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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21
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Ochmann L, Fuhrmann M, Gössl FJ, Makaveev A, Schreiner PR. All That metas─Synthesis of Dispersion Energy Donor-Substituted Benzenes. Org Lett 2022; 24:6968-6972. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Ochmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael Fuhrmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Felix J. Gössl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Alexander Makaveev
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter R. Schreiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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22
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Surfactant regulated synthesis of ZIF-8 crystals as carbonic anhydrase-mimicking nanozyme. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Beiranvand M, Habibi D. The Pd(0) and Pd(II) SBA‐TU‐anchored catalysts in the Mizoroki-Heck and Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions: A comparative catalytic study. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Rummel L, Domanski MHJ, Hausmann H, Becker J, Schreiner PR. London Dispersion Favors Sterically Hindered Diarylthiourea Conformers in Solution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204393. [PMID: 35544611 PMCID: PMC9401023 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We present an experimental and computational study on the conformers of N,N'-diphenylthiourea substituted with different dispersion energy donor (DED) groups. While the unfolded anti-anti conformer is the most relevant for thiourea catalysis, intramolecular noncovalent interactions counterintuitively favor the folded syn-syn conformer, as evident from a combination of low-temperature nuclear magnetic resonance measurements and computations. In order to quantify the noncovalent interactions, we utilized local energy decomposition analysis and symmetry-adapted perturbation theory at the DLPNO-CCSD(T)/def2-TZVPP and sSAPT0/6-311G(d,p) levels of theory. Additionally, we applied a double-mutant cycle to experimentally study the effects of bulky substituents on the equilibria. We determined London dispersion as the key interaction that shifts the equilibria towards the syn-syn conformers. This preference is likely a factor why such thiourea derivatives can be poor catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Rummel
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJustus Liebig UniversityHeinrich-Buff-Ring 1735392GiessenGermany
| | - Marvin H. J. Domanski
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJustus Liebig UniversityHeinrich-Buff-Ring 1735392GiessenGermany
| | - Heike Hausmann
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJustus Liebig UniversityHeinrich-Buff-Ring 1735392GiessenGermany
| | - Jonathan Becker
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryJustus Liebig UniversityHeinrich-Buff-Ring 1735392GiessenGermany
| | - Peter R. Schreiner
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJustus Liebig UniversityHeinrich-Buff-Ring 1735392GiessenGermany
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25
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“Stacked-arene”-type organocatalysts: utilization of π-π interaction as an electron tuning tool. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.153921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Singh SK, Mishra N, Kumar S, Jaiswal MK, Tiwari VK. Growing Impact of Carbohydrate‐Based Organocatalysts. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumit K. Singh
- Department of Chemistry Institute of Science Banaras Hindu University Varanasi 221005 INDIA
| | - Nidhi Mishra
- Department of Chemistry Institute of Science Banaras Hindu University Varanasi 221005 INDIA
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry Institute of Science Banaras Hindu University Varanasi 221005 INDIA
| | - Manoj K. Jaiswal
- Department of Chemistry Institute of Science Banaras Hindu University Varanasi 221005 INDIA
| | - Vinod K. Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry Institute of Science Banaras Hindu University Varanasi 221005 INDIA
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27
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London Dispersion Favors Sterically Hindered Diarylthiourea Conformers in Solution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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28
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Wang J, Horwitz MA, Dürr AB, Ibba F, Pupo G, Gao Y, Ricci P, Christensen KE, Pathak TP, Claridge TDW, Lloyd-Jones GC, Paton RS, Gouverneur V. Asymmetric Azidation under Hydrogen Bonding Phase-Transfer Catalysis: A Combined Experimental and Computational Study. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:4572-4584. [PMID: 35230845 PMCID: PMC8931729 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
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Asymmetric catalytic
azidation has increased in importance to access
enantioenriched nitrogen containing molecules, but methods that employ
inexpensive sodium azide remain scarce. This encouraged us to undertake
a detailed study on the application of hydrogen bonding phase-transfer
catalysis (HB-PTC) to enantioselective azidation with sodium azide.
So far, this phase-transfer manifold has been applied exclusively
to insoluble metal alkali fluorides for carbon–fluorine bond
formation. Herein, we disclose the asymmetric ring opening of meso aziridinium electrophiles derived from β-chloroamines
with sodium azide in the presence of a chiral bisurea catalyst. The
structure of novel hydrogen bonded azide complexes was analyzed computationally,
in the solid state by X-ray diffraction, and in solution phase by 1H and 14N/15N NMR spectroscopy. With N-isopropylated BINAM-derived bisurea, end-on binding of
azide in a tripodal fashion to all three NH bonds is energetically
favorable, an arrangement reminiscent of the corresponding dynamically
more rigid trifurcated hydrogen-bonded fluoride complex. Computational
analysis informs that the most stable transition state leading to
the major enantiomer displays attack from the hydrogen-bonded end
of the azide anion. All three H-bonds are retained in the transition
state; however, as seen in asymmetric HB-PTC fluorination, the H-bond
between the nucleophile and the monodentate urea lengthens most noticeably
along the reaction coordinate. Kinetic studies corroborate with the
turnover rate limiting event resulting in a chiral ion pair containing
an aziridinium cation and a catalyst-bound azide anion, along with
catalyst inhibition incurred by accumulation of NaCl. This study demonstrates
that HB-PTC can serve as an activation mode for inorganic salts other
than metal alkali fluorides for applications in asymmetric synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Wang
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Matthew A Horwitz
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Alexander B Dürr
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Francesco Ibba
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Gabriele Pupo
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Yuan Gao
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Paolo Ricci
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Kirsten E Christensen
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Tejas P Pathak
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 22 Windsor Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Timothy D W Claridge
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Guy C Lloyd-Jones
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Robert S Paton
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80528, United States
| | - Véronique Gouverneur
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
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29
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Rénio M, Murtinho D, Ventura MR. New bifunctional 1,3-diamine organocatalysts derived from (+)-camphoric acid for asymmetric Michael addition of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds to nitroolefins. Chirality 2022; 34:782-795. [PMID: 35166402 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Novel 1,3-diamine-derived bifunctional thiourea and squaramide organocatalysts were synthesized from (+)-camphoric acid. These catalysts were easily obtained in up to two to five synthetic steps, in a flexible approach that facilitates their structure variation. Their catalytic activity was examined in the asymmetric Michael addition of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds to several trans-β-nitrostyrenes. Yields up to 98% and enantiomeric excesses up to 74% and high diastereoselectivities when applicable (dr up to 93:7) were obtained in these reactions showing that 1,3-diamine-derived bifunctional thioureas are efficient organocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia Rénio
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Dina Murtinho
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M Rita Ventura
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
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30
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Singh M, Neogi S. Urea-engineering mediated hydrogen-bond donating Friedel−Crafts alkylation of indoles and nitroalkenes in dual-functionalized and microporous metal-organic framework with high recyclability and pore-fitting-induced size-selectivity. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qi00206j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As an effective alternative to Lewis acid activation, hydrogen-bond donating (HBD) organo-catalysis denotes a powerful construction tool to important classes of carbon–carbon bonds, wherein metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) alleviate issues like...
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31
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Liyanage Perera E, Lee D. Hydrogen Bonding-directed Sequential 1,6/1,4-Addition of Heteroatom Nucleophiles onto Electron-deficient 1,3-Diynes. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo01730j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The hydrogen bonding-directed sequential 1,6/1,4-additions developed herein allow for creating unique heterocycles with structural diversity under mild conditions without using metal catalysts or organometallic reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erandi Liyanage Perera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Daesung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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32
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Scholten K, Merten C. Anion-binding of a chiral tris(2-aminoethyl)amine-based tripodal thiourea: A spectroscopic and computational study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:4042-4050. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05688c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thioureas are well-known structural motifs in supramolecular anion recognition. Their conformational preferences are typically characterized by detailed NMR spectroscopy and crystallography, which are often complemented with computational results from geometry...
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33
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Qian C, Han R, Shen Z, Li Q, Chen X. N-Iodosuccinimide (NIS) Promoted Synthesis of 3-Substituted Indole Derivatives. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202202020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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34
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Thumser S, Köttner L, Hoffmann N, Mayer P, Dube H. All-Red-Light Photoswitching of Indirubin Controlled by Supramolecular Interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:18251-18260. [PMID: 34665961 PMCID: PMC8867725 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Red-light responsiveness
of photoswitches is a highly desired property
for many important application areas such as biology or material sciences.
The main approach to elicit this property uses strategic substitution
of long-known photoswitch motives such as azobenzenes or diarylethenes.
Only very few photoswitches possess inherent red-light absorption
of their core chromophore structures. Here, we present a strategy
to convert the long-known purple indirubin dye into a prolific red-light-responsive
photoswitch. In a supramolecular approach, its photochromism can be
changed from a negative to a positive one, while at the same time,
significantly higher yields of the metastable E-isomer
are obtained upon irradiation. E- to Z-photoisomerization can then also be induced by red light of longer
wavelengths. Indirubin therefore represents a unique example of reversible
photoswitching using entirely red light for both switching directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Thumser
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Laura Köttner
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nadine Hoffmann
- Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science CIPSM, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Mayer
- Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science CIPSM, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Henry Dube
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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35
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Thiourea Organocatalysts as Emerging Chiral Pollutants: En Route to Porphyrin-Based (Chir)Optical Sensing. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9100278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Environmental pollution with chiral organic compounds is an emerging problem requiring innovative sensing methods. Amino-functionalized thioureas, such as 2-(dimethylamino)cyclohexyl-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)thiourea (Takemoto’s catalyst), are widely used organocatalysts with virtually unknown environmental safety data. Ecotoxicity studies based on the Vibrio fischeri luminescence inhibition test reveal significant toxicity of Takemoto’s catalyst (EC50 = 7.9 mg/L) and its NH2-substituted analog (EC50 = 7.2–7.4 mg/L). The observed toxic effect was pronounced by the influence of the trifluoromethyl moiety. En route to the porphyrin-based chemosensing of Takemoto-type thioureas, their supramolecular binding to a series of zinc porphyrins was studied with UV-Vis and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, computational analysis and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The association constant values generally increased with the increasing electron-withdrawing properties of the porphyrins and electron-donating ability of the thioureas, a result of the predominant Zn⋯N cation–dipole (Lewis acid–base) interaction. The binding event induced a CD signal in the Soret band region of the porphyrin hosts—a crucial property for chirality sensing of Takemoto-type thioureas.
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36
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Organocatalytic Asymmetric Michael Addition in Aqueous Media by a Hydrogen-Bonding Catalyst and Application for Inhibitors of GABAB Receptor. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11091134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Catalysts based on (R, R)-1,2-diphenylethylenediamine are, as chiral organic catalysts, applied to the asymmetric Michael addition to α, β-unsaturated nitroalkenes under neutral conditions. The role of an aqueous medium for organic catalytic activity can be reversed concerning hydrophilic-hydrophobic function depending on the reaction conditions. In this study, to provide an environmentally friendly system, the thiourea-based catalyst substituted with 3,5-(CF3)2-Ph was used in water solvents. The hydrophobic effect of the substituent provided fast reaction, high chemical yield, and mirror-image selectivity. This reaction allowed the preparation of GABAB agonists in an optically pure manner. Additionally, GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) analogs such as baclofen and phenibut were synthesized as R-type S-type with high optical purity.
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37
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Yang H, Tan CH, Wong MW. In silico characterization and prediction of thiourea-like neutral bidentate halogen bond catalysts. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:7051-7060. [PMID: 34341809 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01092a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Preorganization is a common strategy to align halogen bond (XB) donors to form two or more halogen bonds simultaneously. Previous approaches have utilized various non-covalent interactions such as steric interactions, ππ stacking, and hydrogen bond interactions. However, some of the introduced aligning interactions may compete with halogen bond interactions if the donors are employed in catalysis. To achieve thiourea-like properties, we have designed in silico several neutral bidentate halogen bond donors in whose structures the donor moieties are connected via covalent bonds. Compared to previous XB catalyst designs, the new design does not involve other potentially competitive non-covalent interactions such as hydrogen bonds. One of the designed XB donors can deliver strong halogen bonds, with a O-I distance as short as 2.64 Å. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations predicted that our designed catalysts may catalyze important organic reactions on their own, particularly for those reactions that involve (developing) soft anions such as thiolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543.
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38
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Choudhury S, Jena S, Sahoo DK, Shekh S, Kar RK, Dhakad A, Gowd KH, Biswal HS. Gram-Scale Synthesis of 1,8-Naphthyridines in Water: The Friedlander Reaction Revisited. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:19304-19313. [PMID: 34337267 PMCID: PMC8320145 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The products of the Friedlander reaction, i.e., 1,8-naphthyridines, have far-reaching impacts in materials science, chemical biology, and medicine. The reported synthetic methodologies elegantly orchestrate the diverse synthetic routes of naphthyridines but require harsh reaction conditions, organic solvents, and expensive metal catalysts. Here, we introduce gram-scale synthesis of 1,8-naphthyridines in water using an inexpensive and biocompatible ionic liquid (IL) as a catalyst. This is the first-ever report on the synthesis of naphthyridines in water. This is a one-step reaction, and the product separation is relatively easy. The choline hydroxide (ChOH) is used as a metal-free, nontoxic, and water-soluble catalyst. In comparison to other catalysts reported in the literature, ChOH has the advantage of forming an additional hydrogen bond with the reactants, which is the vital step for the reaction to happen in water. Density functional theory (DFT) and noncovalent interaction (NCI) plot index analysis provide the plausible reaction mechanism for the catalytic cycle and confirm that hydrogen bonds with the IL catalyst are pivotal to facilitate the reaction. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are also performed to demonstrate the potentialities of the newly synthesized products as drugs. Through MD simulations, it was established that the tetrahydropyrido derivative of naphthyridine (10j) binds to the active sites of the ts3 human serotonin transporter (hSERT) (PDB ID: 6AWO) without perturbing the secondary structure, suggesting that 10j can be a potential preclinical drug candidate for hSERT inhibition and depression treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhranshu
Shekhar Choudhury
- School
of Chemical Sciences, National Institute
of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO-Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via-Jatni,
Khurda, 752050 Bhubaneswar, India
- Homi
Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Subhrakant Jena
- School
of Chemical Sciences, National Institute
of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO-Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via-Jatni,
Khurda, 752050 Bhubaneswar, India
- Homi
Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Dipak Kumar Sahoo
- School
of Chemical Sciences, National Institute
of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO-Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via-Jatni,
Khurda, 752050 Bhubaneswar, India
- Homi
Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Shamasoddin Shekh
- Department
of Chemistry, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi 585367, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajiv K. Kar
- Fritz
Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Ambuj Dhakad
- School
of Chemical Sciences, National Institute
of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO-Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via-Jatni,
Khurda, 752050 Bhubaneswar, India
- Homi
Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Konkallu Hanumae Gowd
- Department
of Chemistry, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi 585367, Karnataka, India
| | - Himansu S. Biswal
- School
of Chemical Sciences, National Institute
of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO-Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via-Jatni,
Khurda, 752050 Bhubaneswar, India
- Homi
Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
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39
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Zhu L, Yang H, Wong MW. Asymmetric Nucleophilic Allylation of α-Chloro Glycinate via Squaramide Anion-Abstraction Catalysis: SN1 or SN2 Mechanism, or Both? J Org Chem 2021; 86:8414-8424. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lihan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
| | - Ming Wah Wong
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
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40
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Bernhardt B, Dressler F, Eckhardt AK, Becker J, Schreiner PR. Characterization of the Simplest Thiolimine: The Higher Energy Tautomer of Thioformamide. Chemistry 2021; 27:6732-6739. [PMID: 33496350 PMCID: PMC8252572 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
As sulfur‐containing organic molecules thioamides and their isomers are conceivable intermediates in prebiotic chemistry, for example, in the formation of amino acids and thiazoles and resemble viable candidates for detection in interstellar media. Here, we report the characterization of parent thioformamide in the solid state via single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and its photochemical interconversion to its hitherto unreported higher energy tautomer thiolimine in inert argon and dinitrogen matrices. Upon photogeneration, four conformers of thiolimine form, whose ratio depends on the employed wavelength. One of these conformers interconverts due to quantum mechanical tunneling with a half‐life of 30–45 min in both matrix materials at 3 and 20 K. A spontaneous reverse reaction from thiolimine to thioformamide is not observed. To support our experimental findings, we explored the potential energy surface of the system at the AE‐CCSD(T)/aug‐cc‐pCVTZ level of theory and computed tunneling half‐lives with the CVT/SCT approach applying DFT methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Bernhardt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35390, Giessen, Germany
| | - Friedemann Dressler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35390, Giessen, Germany
| | - André K Eckhardt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35390, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jonathan Becker
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35390, Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter R Schreiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35390, Giessen, Germany
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41
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Kamanna K. Amino Acids and Peptides Organocatalysts: A Brief Overview on Its Evolution and Applications in Organic Asymmetric Synthesis. CURRENT ORGANOCATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/2213337207999201117093848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the application of biopolymers of natural α-amino acids and its
derived wild-type peptides employed as organocatalysts for the asymmetric synthesis of various important
compounds published by researchers across the globe. The α-amino acid with L-configuration
is available commercially in the pure form and plays a crucial role in enantioselective chiral
molecule synthesis. Out of twenty natural amino acids, only one secondary amine-containing proline
amino acid exhibited revolution in the field of organocatalysis because of its rigid structure
and the formation of an imine like transition state during the reaction, which leads to more stereoselectivity.
Hence, it is referred to as a simple enzyme in organocatalyst. Chiral enantioselective organic
molecule synthesis has been further discussed by employing oligopeptides derived from the
natural amino acids as a robust biocatalyst that replaced enzyme catalysts. The di-, tri, tetra-,
penta- and oligopeptide derived from the natural amino acids are demonstrated as a potential
organocatalyst, whose catalytic activity and mechanistic pathways are reviewed in the present paper.
Several choices of organocatalyst are developed to achieve a facile and efficient stereoselective
synthesis of many complex natural products with optically pure isomer. Subsequently, the researcher
developed green and sustainable heterogeneous catalytic system containing organocatalyst
immobilized onto solid inorganic support or porous material for accelerating reaction rate with
asymmetric one isomer product through the heterogeneous phase. Further, researchers developed
heterogeneous organocatalysts-Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) that emerged as alternative
simple and facile heterogeneous catalysts for the bulk production and flow reactor for enantioselective
synthesis. This review compiled many outstanding discoveries in organocatalysts derivative of
amino acids, peptides and heterogenized-MOFs employed for many organic transformations in research
and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kantharaju Kamanna
- Department of Chemistry, Peptide and Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Rani Channamma University, Vidyasangama, P-B, NH-4, Belagavi -591156, Karnataka, India
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42
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Vermeeren P, Hamlin TA, Bickelhaupt FM, Fernández I. Bifunctional Hydrogen Bond Donor-Catalyzed Diels-Alder Reactions: Origin of Stereoselectivity and Rate Enhancement. Chemistry 2021; 27:5180-5190. [PMID: 33169912 PMCID: PMC8049058 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The selectivity and rate enhancement of bifunctional hydrogen bond donor-catalyzed Diels-Alder reactions between cyclopentadiene and acrolein were quantum chemically studied using density functional theory in combination with coupled-cluster theory. (Thio)ureas render the studied Diels-Alder cycloaddition reactions exo selective and induce a significant acceleration of this process by lowering the reaction barrier by up to 7 kcal mol-1 . Our activation strain and Kohn-Sham molecular orbital analyses uncover that these organocatalysts enhance the Diels-Alder reactivity by reducing the Pauli repulsion between the closed-shell filled π-orbitals of the diene and dienophile, by polarizing the π-orbitals away from the reactive center and not by making the orbital interactions between the reactants stronger. In addition, we establish that the unprecedented exo selectivity of the hydrogen bond donor-catalyzed Diels-Alder reactions is directly related to the larger degree of asynchronicity along this reaction pathway, which is manifested in a relief of destabilizing activation strain and Pauli repulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Vermeeren
- Department of Theoretical ChemistryAmsterdam Institute of, Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS)Amsterdam Center for, Multiscale Modeling (ACMM)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081HVAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Trevor A. Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical ChemistryAmsterdam Institute of, Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS)Amsterdam Center for, Multiscale Modeling (ACMM)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081HVAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical ChemistryAmsterdam Institute of, Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS)Amsterdam Center for, Multiscale Modeling (ACMM)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081HVAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM)Radboud UniversityHeyendaalseweg 1356525AJNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica ICentro de Innovación, en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA)Facultad de Ciencias QuímicasUniversidad Complutense de Madrid28040MadridSpain
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43
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Retini M, Bartoccini F, Zappia G, Piersanti G. Novel, Chiral, and Enantiopure C
2
‐Symmetric Thioureas Promote Asymmetric Protio‐Pictet‐Spengler Reactions by Anion‐Binding Catalysis. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Retini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari Università degli studi di Urbino Carlo Bo P.zza del Rinascimento 6 61029 Urbino Italy
| | - Francesca Bartoccini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari Università degli studi di Urbino Carlo Bo P.zza del Rinascimento 6 61029 Urbino Italy
| | - Giovanni Zappia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari Università degli studi di Urbino Carlo Bo P.zza del Rinascimento 6 61029 Urbino Italy
| | - Giovanni Piersanti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari Università degli studi di Urbino Carlo Bo P.zza del Rinascimento 6 61029 Urbino Italy
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44
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López R, Palomo C. N,N-Diacylaminals as Emerging Tools in Synthesis: From Peptidomimetics to Asymmetric Catalysis. Chemistry 2021; 27:20-29. [PMID: 32667706 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
N,N-Diacylaminals are flexible molecular scaffolds that have commonly been utilized as amide surrogates in peptidomimetics. The singularities of this motif as an N-acyl imine equivalent and as hydrogen-bond donor have recently opened new synthetic opportunities, especially in the field of asymmetric catalysis. This concept article highlights this diverse synthetic potential and provides the elements necessary for further developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa López
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Química, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Claudio Palomo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Química, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
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45
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Dutta A, Patra SK, Khatua S, Nongkhlaw R. Visible-light-mediated synthesis of 3,4,5-trisubstituted furan-2-one derivatives via a bifunctional organo photocatalyst. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj03238k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This protocol demonstrates sustainable synthesis of furan-2-one derivatives using organo photocatalyst under visible-light irradiation and DFT studies of the compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arup Dutta
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong-793022, India
| | - Sumit Kumar Patra
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong-793022, India
| | - Snehadrinarayan Khatua
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong-793022, India
| | - Rishanlang Nongkhlaw
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong-793022, India
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46
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Ghosh T, Mukherji A, Kancharla PK. Influence of Anion-Binding Schreiner's Thiourea on DMAP Salts: Synergistic Catalysis toward the Stereoselective Dehydrative Glycosylation from 2-Deoxyhemiacetals. J Org Chem 2021; 86:1253-1261. [PMID: 33352053 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Amines are used as additives to facilitate or increase the host-guest chemistry between the thiourea and the anions of Bronsted acids. However, we here demonstrate, for the first time, the synergistic effect of the combination of DMAP/HCl/Schreiner's thiourea in catalyzing dehydrative glycosylation. The variations in the electronic effects of the cationic Bronsted acid part (the protonated DMAP) in the presence of chloride binding Schreiner's thiourea have been discussed using NMR and X-ray crystallographic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titli Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Ananya Mukherji
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Pavan K Kancharla
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
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47
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Hanashima M, Matsumura T, Asaji Y, Yoshimura T, Matsuo JI. Bridged-Selective Intramolecular Diels-Alder Reactions in the Synthesis of Bicyclo[2.2.2]octanes. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2020; 68:1201-1209. [PMID: 33268652 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c20-00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Regioselectivity for intramolecular Diels-Alder (IMDA) reactions of 6-acetoxy-6-alkenylcyclohexa-2,4-dien-1-ones that were formed by oxidation of 2-alkenylphenols with lead tetraacetate in acetic acid were studied. Bridged regioselectivity was observed in the IMDA reactions of 6-acetoxy-6-alkenylcyclohexa-2,4-dien-1-ones having a dienophile part which could conjugate with an aromatic group. Bridged seven- and eight-membered rings and bicyclo[2.2.2]octane skeletons were constructed by the present IMDA reactions. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggested that conjugation of the dienophile with neighboring aromatic groups lowered the highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO-LUMO) energy gap and preceded bridged [4 + 2] adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Hanashima
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Toshiki Matsumura
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Yuta Asaji
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Tomoyuki Yoshimura
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Jun-Ichi Matsuo
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University
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48
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Kaluzynski K, Pretula J, Lewinski P, Kaźmierski S, Penczek S. Catalysis in polymerization of cyclic esters. Catalyst and initiator in one molecule. Polymerization of ε-caprolactone. J Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2020.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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49
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Abstract
Halogen bond interactions, which take place between an electrophilic halogen
and the electron-pair of a Lewis base and exhibit high directionality (approximately 180°),
are non-covalent bond interactions similar to the hydrogen bond interaction. Many reports
on halogen bond interactions have been published thus far, but many of them discuss halogen
bond in the context of crystal engineering of supramolecular architecture. Since a
seminal report by Bolm in 2008, halogen bond-assisted or -promoted organic synthesis has
received significant attention. This review aims to introduce the molecular design of suitable
halogen bond donors and organic transformations involving halogen bond interactions
to afford a variety of organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyuki Yamada
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Konno
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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50
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Wang L, Li Z, Liu J, Han J, Moriwaki H, Soloshonok VA. Recent Developments in the Asymmetric Detrifluoroacetylative Reactions of in situ Generated Mono-Fluorinated Enolates. CURR ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272824999200801022712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The development of an efficient and mild synthetic methodology for the construction
of bioactive fluorine-containing molecules represents one of the hot research topics
in general synthetic organic chemistry. In this review, some recent progresses achieved
in the development of detrifluoroacetylatively generated mono-fluorinated enolates via CC
bond cleavage and their asymmetric nucleophilic reactions for assembly of chiral quaternary
C-F center containing compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ziyi Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianlin Han
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hiroki Moriwaki
- Hamari Chemical Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 533-0024, Japan
| | - Vadim A. Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizabal 3, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain
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