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Xu WB, Tang MH, Long JY, Wang WW, Qin JY, Qi XJ, Liu ZY. Antinociceptive effect of gelsenicine, principal toxic alkaloids of gelsemium, on prostaglandin E2-induced hyperalgesia in mice: Comparison with gelsemine and koumine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 681:55-61. [PMID: 37757667 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Gelsemium elegans (G.elegans) is a plant of the Loganiaceae family, known for its indole alkaloids, including gelsemine, koumine, and gelsenicine. Gelsemine and koumine are well-studied active alkaloids with low toxicity, valued for their anti-anxiety and analgesic properties. However, gelsenicine, another important alkaloid, remains underexplored due to its high toxicity. This study focuses on evaluating the analgesic properties of gelsenicine and comparing them with gelsemine and koumine. The results indicate that all three alkaloids exhibit robust analgesic properties, with gelsemine, koumine, and gelsenicine showing ED50 values of 0.82 mg/kg, 0.60 mg/kg, and 8.43 μg/kg, respectively, as assessed by the hot plate method. Notably, the therapeutic dose of gelsenicine was significantly lower than its toxic dose (LD50 = 0.185 mg/kg). The study also investigated the mechanism of action by analyzing the expression levels of GlyRα3 and Gephyrin. The PGE2 model group showed decreased expression levels of GlyRα3 and Gephyrin, while groups treated with gelsemine, koumine, and gelsenicine were able to reverse this decrease. These results suggest that gelsenicine effectively alleviates PGE2-induced hyperalgesia by upregulating the expression of GlyRα3 and Gephyrin, which are key targets of the Gly receptor pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bo Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Mo-Huan Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Jiang-Yu Long
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Wei-Wei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Jiao-Yan Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Xue-Jia Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Zhao-Ying Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
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2
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Werynska K, Neumann E, Cramer T, Ganley RP, Gingras J, Zeilhofer HU. A phospho-deficient α3 glycine receptor mutation alters synaptic glycine and GABA release in mouse spinal dorsal horn neurons. J Physiol 2023; 601:4121-4133. [PMID: 37598301 DOI: 10.1113/jp284589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycine receptors (GlyRs), together with GABAA receptors, mediate postsynaptic inhibition in most spinal cord and hindbrain neurons. In several CNS regions, GlyRs are also expressed in presynaptic terminals. Here, we analysed the effects of a phospho-deficient mutation (S346A) in GlyR α3 subunits on inhibitory synaptic transmission in superficial spinal dorsal horn neurons, where this subunit is abundantly expressed. Unexpectedly, we found that not only were the amplitudes of evoked glycinergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) significantly larger in GlyRα3(S346A) mice than in mice expressing wild-type α3GlyRs (GlyRα3(WT) mice), but so were those of GABAergic IPSCs. Decreased frequencies of spontaneously occurring glycinergic and GABAergic miniature IPSCs (mIPSCs) with no accompanying change in mIPSC amplitudes suggested a change in presynaptic transmitter release. Paired-pulse experiments on glycinergic IPSCs revealed an increased paired-pulse ratio and a smaller coefficient of variation in GlyRα3(S346A) mice, which together indicate a reduction in transmitter release probability and an increase in the number of releasable vesicles. Paired-pulse ratios of GABAergic IPSCs recorded in the presence of strychnine were not different between genotypes, while the coefficient of variation was smaller in GlyRα3(S346A) mice, demonstrating that the decrease in release probability was readily reversible by GlyR blockade, while the difference in the size of the pool of releasable vesicles remained. Taken together, our results suggest that presynaptic α3 GlyRs regulate synaptic glycine and GABA release in superficial dorsal horn neurons, and that this effect is potentially regulated by their phosphorylation status. KEY POINTS: A serine-to-alanine point mutation was introduced into the glycine receptor α3 subunit of mice. This point mutation renders α3 glycine receptors resistant to protein kinase A mediated phosphorylation but has otherwise only small effects on receptor function. Patch-clamp recordings from neurons in mouse spinal cord slices revealed an unexpected increase in the amplitudes of both glycinergic and GABAergic evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs). Miniature IPSCs, paired-pulse ratios and synaptic variation analyses indicate a change in synaptic glycine and GABA release. The results strongly suggest that α3 subunit-containing glycine receptors are expressed on presynaptic terminals of inhibitory dorsal horn neurons where they regulate transmitter release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Werynska
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Drug Discovery Network Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elena Neumann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Teresa Cramer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert P Ganley
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Hanns Ulrich Zeilhofer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Drug Discovery Network Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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3
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Breitinger U, Breitinger HG. Excitatory and inhibitory neuronal signaling in inflammatory and diabetic neuropathic pain. Mol Med 2023; 29:53. [PMID: 37069517 PMCID: PMC10111846 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-023-00647-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain, although unpleasant, is an essential warning mechanism against injury and damage of the organism. An intricate network of specialised sensors and transmission systems contributes to reception, transmission and central sensitization of pain. Here, we briefly introduce some of the main aspects of pain signal transmission, including nociceptors and nociceptive signals, mechanisms of inflammatory and neuropathic pain, and the situation of diabetes-associated neuropathic pain. The role of glia-astrocytes, microglia, satellite glia cells-and their specific channels, transporters and signaling pathways is described. A focus is on the contribution of inhibitory synaptic signaling to nociception and a possible role of glycine receptors in glucose-mediated analgesia and treatment-induced diabetic neuropathy. Inhibitory receptors such as GABAA- and glycine receptors are important contributors to nociceptive signaling; their contribution to altered pain sensation in diabetes may be of clinical relevance, and they could be promising therapeutic targets towards the development of novel analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Breitinger
- Department of Biochemistry, German University in Cairo, New Cairo, 11835, Egypt
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Wang HC, Cheng KI, Tseng KY, Kwan AL, Chang LL. AAV-glycine receptor α3 alleviates CFA-induced inflammatory pain by downregulating ERK phosphorylation and proinflammatory cytokine expression in SD rats. Mol Med 2023; 29:22. [PMID: 36792984 PMCID: PMC9933394 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-023-00606-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycine receptors (GlyRs) play key roles in the processing of inflammatory pain. The use of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors for gene therapy in human clinical trials has shown promise, as AAV generally causes a very mild immune response and long-term gene transfer, and there have been no reports of disease. Therefore, we used AAV for GlyRα1/3 gene transfer in F11 neuron cells and into Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats to investigate the effects and roles of AAV-GlyRα1/3 on cell cytotoxicity and inflammatory response. METHODS In vitro experiments were performed using plasmid adeno-associated virus (pAAV)-GlyRα1/3-transfected F11 neurons to investigate the effects of pAAV-GlyRα1/3 on cell cytotoxicity and the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-mediated inflammatory response. In vivo experiment, the association between GlyRα3 and inflammatory pain was analyzed in normal rats after AAV-GlyRα3 intrathecal injection and after complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) intraplantar administration. Intrathecal AAV-GlyRα3 delivery into SD rats was evaluated in terms of its potential for alleviating CFA-induced inflammatory pain. RESULTS The activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inflammatory signaling and neuronal injury marker activating transcription factor 3 (ATF-3) were evaluated by western blotting and immunofluorescence; the level of cytokine expression was measured by ELISA. The results showed that pAAV/pAAV-GlyRα1/3 transfection into F11 cells did not significantly reduce cell viability or induce extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation or ATF-3 activation. PGE2-induced ERK phosphorylation in F11 cells was repressed by the expression of pAAV-GlyRα3 and administration of an EP2 inhibitor, GlyRαs antagonist (strychnine), and a protein kinase C inhibitor. Additionally, intrathecal AAV-GlyRα3 administration to SD rats significantly decreased CFA-induced inflammatory pain and suppressed CFA-induced ERK phosphorylation, did not induce obvious histopathological injury but increased ATF-3 activation in dorsal root ganglion (DRGs). CONCLUSIONS Antagonists of the prostaglandin EP2 receptor, PKC, and glycine receptor can inhibit PGE2-induced ERK phosphorylation. Intrathecal AAV-GlyRα3 administration to SD rats significantly decreased CFA-induced inflammatory pain and suppressed CFA-induced ERK phosphorylation, did not significantly induce gross histopathological injury but elicited ATF-3 activation. We suggest that PGE2-induced ERK phosphorylation can be modulated by GlyRα3, and AAV-GlyRα3 significantly downregulated CFA-induced cytokine activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chen Wang
- grid.145695.a0000 0004 1798 0922Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-I Cheng
- grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ,grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Yi Tseng
- grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ,grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Aij-Lie Kwan
- grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Lin-Li Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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5
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Liu X, Bae C, Liu B, Zhang YM, Zhou X, Zhang D, Zhou C, DiBua A, Schutz L, Kaczocha M, Puopolo M, Yamaguchi TP, Chung JM, Tang SJ. Development of opioid-induced hyperalgesia depends on reactive astrocytes controlled by Wnt5a signaling. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:767-779. [PMID: 36203006 PMCID: PMC10388343 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01815-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Opioids are the frontline analgesics for managing various types of pain. Paradoxically, repeated use of opioid analgesics may cause an exacerbated pain state known as opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH), which significantly contributes to dose escalation and consequently opioid overdose. Neuronal malplasticity in pain circuits has been the predominant proposed mechanism of OIH expression. Although glial cells are known to become reactive in OIH animal models, their biological contribution to OIH remains to be defined and their activation mechanism remains to be elucidated. Here, we show that reactive astrocytes (a.k.a. astrogliosis) are critical for OIH development in both male and female mice. Genetic reduction of astrogliosis inhibited the expression of OIH and morphine-induced neural circuit polarization (NCP) in the spinal dorsal horn (SDH). We found that Wnt5a is a neuron-to-astrocyte signal that is required for morphine-induced astrogliosis. Conditional knock-out of Wnt5a in neurons or its co-receptor ROR2 in astrocytes blocked not only morphine-induced astrogliosis but also OIH and NCP. Furthermore, we showed that the Wnt5a-ROR2 signaling-dependent astrogliosis contributes to OIH via inflammasome-regulated IL-1β. Our results reveal an important role of morphine-induced astrogliosis in OIH pathogenesis and elucidate a neuron-to-astrocyte intercellular Wnt signaling pathway that controls the astrogliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Stony Brook University Pain and Anesthesia Research Center (SPARC), Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, 11794, NY, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, 11794, NY, USA
| | - Chilman Bae
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, 77555, TX, USA.,School of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, 62901, IL, USA
| | - Bolong Liu
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, 77555, TX, USA.,Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 600 W Tianhe Rd, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Yong-Mei Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, 77555, TX, USA.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiangfu Zhou
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 600 W Tianhe Rd, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Donghang Zhang
- Laboratory of Anesthesia & Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Laboratory of Anesthesia & Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Adriana DiBua
- Stony Brook University Pain and Anesthesia Research Center (SPARC), Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, 11794, NY, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, 11794, NY, USA
| | - Livia Schutz
- Stony Brook University Pain and Anesthesia Research Center (SPARC), Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, 11794, NY, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, 11794, NY, USA
| | - Martin Kaczocha
- Stony Brook University Pain and Anesthesia Research Center (SPARC), Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, 11794, NY, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, 11794, NY, USA
| | - Michelino Puopolo
- Stony Brook University Pain and Anesthesia Research Center (SPARC), Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, 11794, NY, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, 11794, NY, USA
| | - Terry P Yamaguchi
- Center for Cancer Research, Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Cell Signaling in Vertebrate Development Section, NCI-Frederick, NIH, Frederick, 21702, MD, USA
| | - Jin Mo Chung
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, 77555, TX, USA
| | - Shao-Jun Tang
- Stony Brook University Pain and Anesthesia Research Center (SPARC), Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, 11794, NY, USA. .,Department of Anesthesiology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, 11794, NY, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, 77555, TX, USA.
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6
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Mechanisms behind the Development of Chronic Low Back Pain and Its Neurodegenerative Features. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:life13010084. [PMID: 36676033 PMCID: PMC9862392 DOI: 10.3390/life13010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronic back pain is complex and there is no guarantee that treating its potential causes will cause the pain to go away. Therefore, rather than attempting to "cure" chronic pain, many clinicians, caregivers and researchers aim to help educate patients about their pain and try to help them live a better quality of life despite their condition. A systematic review has demonstrated that patient education has a large effect on pain and pain related disability when done in conjunction with treatments. Therefore, understanding and updating our current state of knowledge of the pathophysiology of back pain is important in educating patients as well as guiding the development of novel therapeutics. Growing evidence suggests that back pain causes morphological changes in the central nervous system and that these changes have significant overlap with those seen in common neurodegenerative disorders. These similarities in mechanisms may explain the associations between chronic low back pain and cognitive decline and brain fog. The neurodegenerative underpinnings of chronic low back pain demonstrate a new layer of understanding for this condition, which may help inspire new strategies in pain education and management, as well as potentially improve current treatment.
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Gallagher CI, Ha DA, Harvey RJ, Vandenberg RJ. Positive Allosteric Modulators of Glycine Receptors and Their Potential Use in Pain Therapies. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:933-961. [PMID: 36779343 PMCID: PMC9553105 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.122.000583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycine receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that mediate synaptic inhibition throughout the mammalian spinal cord, brainstem, and higher brain regions. They have recently emerged as promising targets for novel pain therapies due to their ability to produce antinociception by inhibiting nociceptive signals within the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. This has greatly enhanced the interest in developing positive allosteric modulators of glycine receptors. Several pharmaceutical companies and research facilities have attempted to identify new therapeutic leads by conducting large-scale screens of compound libraries, screening new derivatives from natural sources, or synthesizing novel compounds that mimic endogenous compounds with antinociceptive activity. Advances in structural techniques have also led to the publication of multiple high-resolution structures of the receptor, highlighting novel allosteric binding sites and providing additional information for previously identified binding sites. This has greatly enhanced our understanding of the functional properties of glycine receptors and expanded the structure activity relationships of novel pharmacophores. Despite this, glycine receptors are yet to be used as drug targets due to the difficulties in obtaining potent, selective modulators with favorable pharmacokinetic profiles that are devoid of side effects. This review presents a summary of the structural basis for how current compounds cause positive allosteric modulation of glycine receptors and discusses their therapeutic potential as analgesics. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Chronic pain is a major cause of disability, and in Western societies, this will only increase as the population ages. Despite the high level of prevalence and enormous socioeconomic burden incurred, treatment of chronic pain remains limited as it is often refractory to current analgesics, such as opioids. The National Institute for Drug Abuse has set finding effective, safe, nonaddictive strategies to manage chronic pain as their top priority. Positive allosteric modulators of glycine receptors may provide a therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey I Gallagher
- Molecular Biomedicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (C.I.G., D.A.H., R.J.V.) and Biomedical Science, School of Health and Behavioural Sciences and Sunshine Coast Health Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Australia (R.J.H.)
| | - Damien A Ha
- Molecular Biomedicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (C.I.G., D.A.H., R.J.V.) and Biomedical Science, School of Health and Behavioural Sciences and Sunshine Coast Health Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Australia (R.J.H.)
| | - Robert J Harvey
- Molecular Biomedicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (C.I.G., D.A.H., R.J.V.) and Biomedical Science, School of Health and Behavioural Sciences and Sunshine Coast Health Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Australia (R.J.H.)
| | - Robert J Vandenberg
- Molecular Biomedicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (C.I.G., D.A.H., R.J.V.) and Biomedical Science, School of Health and Behavioural Sciences and Sunshine Coast Health Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Australia (R.J.H.)
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8
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Simard JR, Michelsen K, Wang Y, Yang C, Youngblood B, Grubinska B, Taborn K, Gillie DJ, Cook K, Chung K, Long AM, Hall BE, Shaffer PL, Foti RS, Gingras J. Modulation of Ligand-Gated Glycine Receptors Via Functional Monoclonal Antibodies. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2022; 383:56-69. [PMID: 35926871 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.001026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ion channels are targets of considerable therapeutic interest to address a wide variety of neurologic indications, including pain perception. Current pharmacological strategies have focused mostly on small molecule approaches that can be limited by selectivity requirements within members of a channel family or superfamily. Therapeutic antibodies have been proposed, designed, and characterized to alleviate this selectivity limitation; however, there are no Food and Drug Administration-approved therapeutic antibody-based drugs targeting ion channels on the market to date. Here, in an effort to identify novel classes of engineered ion channel modulators for potential neurologic therapeutic applications, we report the generation and characterization of six (EC50 < 25nM) Cys-loop receptor family monoclonal antibodies with modulatory function against rat and human glycine receptor alpha 1 (GlyRα1) and/or GlyRα3. These antibodies have activating (i.e., positive modulator) or inhibiting (i.e., negative modulator) profiles. Moreover, GlyRα3 selectivity was successfully achieved for two of the three positive modulators identified. When dosed intravenously, the antibodies achieved sufficient brain exposure to cover their calculated in vitro EC50 values. When compared head-to-head at identical exposures, the GlyRα3-selective antibody showed a more desirable safety profile over the nonselective antibody, thus demonstrating, for the first time, an advantage for GlyRα3-selectivity. Our data show that ligand-gated ion channels of the glycine receptor family within the central nervous system can be functionally modulated by engineered biologics in a dose-dependent manner and that, despite high protein homology between the alpha subunits, selectivity can be achieved within this receptor family, resulting in future therapeutic candidates with more desirable drug safety profiles. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study presents immunization and multiplatform screening approaches to generate a diverse library of functional antibodies (agonist, potentiator, or inhibitory) raised against human glycine receptors (GlyRs). This study also demonstrates the feasibility of acquiring alpha subunit selectivity, a desirable therapeutic profile. When tested in vivo, these tool molecules demonstrated an increased safety profile in favor of GlyRα3-selectivity. These are the first reported functional GlyR antibodies that may open new avenues to treating central nervous system diseases with subunit selective biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Simard
- Departments of Neuroscience (J.R.S., C.Y., B.Y. B.G., K.T., D.J.G., J.G.), Molecular Engineering (K.M., A.M.L., P.L.S.), Protein Technologies (Y.W., B.E.H.), and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism (R.S.F.), Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California (K.Co., K.Ch.)
| | - Klaus Michelsen
- Departments of Neuroscience (J.R.S., C.Y., B.Y. B.G., K.T., D.J.G., J.G.), Molecular Engineering (K.M., A.M.L., P.L.S.), Protein Technologies (Y.W., B.E.H.), and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism (R.S.F.), Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California (K.Co., K.Ch.)
| | - Yan Wang
- Departments of Neuroscience (J.R.S., C.Y., B.Y. B.G., K.T., D.J.G., J.G.), Molecular Engineering (K.M., A.M.L., P.L.S.), Protein Technologies (Y.W., B.E.H.), and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism (R.S.F.), Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California (K.Co., K.Ch.)
| | - Chunhua Yang
- Departments of Neuroscience (J.R.S., C.Y., B.Y. B.G., K.T., D.J.G., J.G.), Molecular Engineering (K.M., A.M.L., P.L.S.), Protein Technologies (Y.W., B.E.H.), and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism (R.S.F.), Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California (K.Co., K.Ch.)
| | - Beth Youngblood
- Departments of Neuroscience (J.R.S., C.Y., B.Y. B.G., K.T., D.J.G., J.G.), Molecular Engineering (K.M., A.M.L., P.L.S.), Protein Technologies (Y.W., B.E.H.), and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism (R.S.F.), Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California (K.Co., K.Ch.)
| | - Barbara Grubinska
- Departments of Neuroscience (J.R.S., C.Y., B.Y. B.G., K.T., D.J.G., J.G.), Molecular Engineering (K.M., A.M.L., P.L.S.), Protein Technologies (Y.W., B.E.H.), and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism (R.S.F.), Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California (K.Co., K.Ch.)
| | - Kristin Taborn
- Departments of Neuroscience (J.R.S., C.Y., B.Y. B.G., K.T., D.J.G., J.G.), Molecular Engineering (K.M., A.M.L., P.L.S.), Protein Technologies (Y.W., B.E.H.), and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism (R.S.F.), Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California (K.Co., K.Ch.)
| | - Daniel J Gillie
- Departments of Neuroscience (J.R.S., C.Y., B.Y. B.G., K.T., D.J.G., J.G.), Molecular Engineering (K.M., A.M.L., P.L.S.), Protein Technologies (Y.W., B.E.H.), and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism (R.S.F.), Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California (K.Co., K.Ch.)
| | - Kevin Cook
- Departments of Neuroscience (J.R.S., C.Y., B.Y. B.G., K.T., D.J.G., J.G.), Molecular Engineering (K.M., A.M.L., P.L.S.), Protein Technologies (Y.W., B.E.H.), and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism (R.S.F.), Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California (K.Co., K.Ch.)
| | - Kyu Chung
- Departments of Neuroscience (J.R.S., C.Y., B.Y. B.G., K.T., D.J.G., J.G.), Molecular Engineering (K.M., A.M.L., P.L.S.), Protein Technologies (Y.W., B.E.H.), and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism (R.S.F.), Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California (K.Co., K.Ch.)
| | - Alexander M Long
- Departments of Neuroscience (J.R.S., C.Y., B.Y. B.G., K.T., D.J.G., J.G.), Molecular Engineering (K.M., A.M.L., P.L.S.), Protein Technologies (Y.W., B.E.H.), and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism (R.S.F.), Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California (K.Co., K.Ch.)
| | - Brian E Hall
- Departments of Neuroscience (J.R.S., C.Y., B.Y. B.G., K.T., D.J.G., J.G.), Molecular Engineering (K.M., A.M.L., P.L.S.), Protein Technologies (Y.W., B.E.H.), and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism (R.S.F.), Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California (K.Co., K.Ch.)
| | - Paul L Shaffer
- Departments of Neuroscience (J.R.S., C.Y., B.Y. B.G., K.T., D.J.G., J.G.), Molecular Engineering (K.M., A.M.L., P.L.S.), Protein Technologies (Y.W., B.E.H.), and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism (R.S.F.), Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California (K.Co., K.Ch.)
| | - Robert S Foti
- Departments of Neuroscience (J.R.S., C.Y., B.Y. B.G., K.T., D.J.G., J.G.), Molecular Engineering (K.M., A.M.L., P.L.S.), Protein Technologies (Y.W., B.E.H.), and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism (R.S.F.), Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California (K.Co., K.Ch.)
| | - Jacinthe Gingras
- Departments of Neuroscience (J.R.S., C.Y., B.Y. B.G., K.T., D.J.G., J.G.), Molecular Engineering (K.M., A.M.L., P.L.S.), Protein Technologies (Y.W., B.E.H.), and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism (R.S.F.), Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California (K.Co., K.Ch.)
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9
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Hikosaka M, Kawano T, Wada Y, Maeda T, Sakurai T, Ohtsuki G. Immune-Triggered Forms of Plasticity Across Brain Regions. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:925493. [PMID: 35978857 PMCID: PMC9376917 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.925493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune cells play numerous roles in the host defense against the invasion of microorganisms and pathogens, which induces the release of inflammatory mediators (e.g., cytokines and chemokines). In the CNS, microglia is the major resident immune cell. Recent efforts have revealed the diversity of the cell types and the heterogeneity of their functions. The refinement of the synapse structure was a hallmark feature of the microglia, while they are also involved in the myelination and capillary dynamics. Another promising feature is the modulation of the synaptic transmission as synaptic plasticity and the intrinsic excitability of neurons as non-synaptic plasticity. Those modulations of physiological properties of neurons are considered induced by both transient and chronic exposures to inflammatory mediators, which cause behavioral disorders seen in mental illness. It is plausible for astrocytes and pericytes other than microglia and macrophage to induce the immune-triggered plasticity of neurons. However, current understanding has yet achieved to unveil what inflammatory mediators from what immune cells or glia induce a form of plasticity modulating pre-, post-synaptic functions and intrinsic excitability of neurons. It is still unclear what ion channels and intracellular signaling of what types of neurons in which brain regions of the CNS are involved. In this review, we introduce the ubiquitous modulation of the synaptic efficacy and the intrinsic excitability across the brain by immune cells and related inflammatory cytokines with the mechanism for induction. Specifically, we compare neuro-modulation mechanisms by microglia of the intrinsic excitability of cerebellar Purkinje neurons with cerebral pyramidal neurons, stressing the inverted directionality of the plasticity. We also discuss the suppression and augmentation of the extent of plasticity by inflammatory mediators, as the meta-plasticity by immunity. Lastly, we sum up forms of immune-triggered plasticity in the different brain regions with disease relevance. Together, brain immunity influences our cognition, sense, memory, and behavior via immune-triggered plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Gen Ohtsuki
- Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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10
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Groemer TW, Triller A, Zeilhofer HU, Becker K, Eulenburg V, Becker CM. Nociception in the Glycine Receptor Deficient Mutant Mouse Spastic. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:832490. [PMID: 35548669 PMCID: PMC9082815 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.832490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycine receptors (GlyRs) are the primary mediators of fast inhibitory transmission in the mammalian spinal cord, where they modulate sensory and motor signaling. Mutations in GlyR genes as well as some other genes underlie the hereditary disorder hyperekplexia, characterized by episodic muscle stiffness and exaggerated startle responses. Here, we have investigated pain-related behavior and GlyR expression in the spinal cord of the GlyR deficient mutant mouse spastic (spa). In spastic mice, the GlyR number is reduced due to a β subunit gene (Glrb) mutation resulting in aberrant splicing of GlyRβ transcripts. Via direct physical interaction with the GlyR anchoring protein gephyrin, this subunit is crucially involved in the postsynaptic clustering of heteromeric GlyRs. We show that the mutation differentially affects aspects of the pain-related behavior of homozygous Glrbspa/Glrbspa mice. While response latencies to noxious heat were unchanged, chemically induced pain-related behavior revealed a reduction of the licking time and an increase in flinching in spastic homozygotes during both phases of the formalin test. Mechanically induced nocifensive behavior was reduced in spastic mice, although hind paw inflammation (by zymosan) resulted in allodynia comparable to wild-type mice. Immunohistochemical staining of the spinal cord revealed a massive reduction of dotted GlyRα subunit immunoreactivity in both ventral and dorsal horns, suggesting a reduction of clustered receptors at synaptic sites. Transcripts for all GlyRα subunit variants, however, were not reduced throughout the dorsal horn of spastic mice. These findings suggest that the loss of functional GlyRβ subunits and hence synaptically localized GlyRs compromises sensory processing differentially, depending on stimulus modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teja Wolfgang Groemer
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Antoine Triller
- École Normale Supérieure, INSERM U 497 Biologie Cellulaire de la Synapse Normale et Pathologique, Paris, France
| | - Hanns Ulrich Zeilhofer
- Institut für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kristina Becker
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Volker Eulenburg
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Department für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Volker Eulenburg
| | - Cord Michael Becker
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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11
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San Martín VP, Sazo A, Utreras E, Moraga-Cid G, Yévenes GE. Glycine Receptor Subtypes and Their Roles in Nociception and Chronic Pain. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:848642. [PMID: 35401105 PMCID: PMC8984470 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.848642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the inhibitory control provided by the glycinergic system is one of the major mechanisms underlying chronic pain. In line with this concept, recent studies have provided robust proof that pharmacological intervention of glycine receptors (GlyRs) restores the inhibitory function and exerts anti-nociceptive effects on preclinical models of chronic pain. A targeted regulation of the glycinergic system requires the identification of the GlyR subtypes involved in chronic pain states. Nevertheless, the roles of individual GlyR subunits in nociception and in chronic pain are yet not well defined. This review aims to provide a systematic outline on the contribution of GlyR subtypes in chronic pain mechanisms, with a particular focus on molecular pathways of spinal glycinergic dis-inhibition mediated by post-translational modifications at the receptor level. The current experimental evidence has shown that phosphorylation of synaptic α1β and α3β GlyRs are involved in processes of spinal glycinergic dis-inhibition triggered by chronic inflammatory pain. On the other hand, the participation of α2-containing GlyRs and of β subunits in pain signaling have been less studied and remain undefined. Although many questions in the field are still unresolved, future progress in GlyR research may soon open new exciting avenues into understanding and controlling chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria P. San Martín
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus for the Study of Pain (MiNuSPain), Santiago, Chile
| | - Anggelo Sazo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus for the Study of Pain (MiNuSPain), Santiago, Chile
| | - Elías Utreras
- Millennium Nucleus for the Study of Pain (MiNuSPain), Santiago, Chile
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gustavo Moraga-Cid
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus for the Study of Pain (MiNuSPain), Santiago, Chile
| | - Gonzalo E. Yévenes
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus for the Study of Pain (MiNuSPain), Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Gonzalo E. Yévenes,
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12
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Vitaliti G, Falsaperla R. Chorioamnionitis, Inflammation and Neonatal Apnea: Effects on Preterm Neonatal Brainstem and on Peripheral Airways: Chorioamnionitis and Neonatal Respiratory Functions. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8100917. [PMID: 34682182 PMCID: PMC8534519 DOI: 10.3390/children8100917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: The present manuscript aims to be a narrative review evaluating the association between inflammation in chorioamnionitis and damage on respiratory centers, peripheral airways, and lungs, explaining the pathways responsible for apnea in preterm babies born by delivery after chorioamnionitis. Methods: A combination of keywords and MESH words was used, including: "inflammation", "chorioamnionitis", "brainstem", "cytokines storm", "preterm birth", "neonatal apnea", and "apnea physiopathology". All identified papers were screened for title and abstracts by the two authors to verify whether they met the proper criteria to write the topic. Results: Chorioamnionitis is usually associated with Fetal Inflammatory Response Syndrome (FIRS), resulting in injury of brain and lungs. Literature data have shown that infections causing chorioamnionitis are mostly associated with inflammation and consequent hypoxia-mediated brain injury. Moreover, inflammation and infection induce apneic episodes in neonates, as well as in animal samples. Chorioamnionitis-induced inflammation favors the systemic secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines that are involved in abnormal development of the respiratory centers in the brainstem and in alterations of peripheral airways and lungs. Conclusions: Preterm birth shows a suboptimal development of the brainstem and abnormalities and altered development of peripheral airways and lungs. These alterations are responsible for reduced respiratory control and apnea. To date, mostly animal studies have been published. Therefore, more clinical studies on the role of chorioamninitis-induced inflammation on prematurity and neonatal apnea are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Vitaliti
- Unit of Pediatrics, Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-34-0471-0614
| | - Raffaele Falsaperla
- Pediatrics and Pediatric Emergency Operative Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Policlinico G.Rodolico-San Marco, San Marco Hospital, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy;
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Policlinico G.Rodolico-San Marco, San Marco Hospital, San Marco Hospital, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
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13
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Werynska K, Gingras J, Benke D, Scheurer L, Neumann E, Zeilhofer HU. A Glra3 phosphodeficient mouse mutant establishes the critical role of protein kinase A-dependent phosphorylation and inhibition of glycine receptors in spinal inflammatory hyperalgesia. Pain 2021; 162:2436-2445. [PMID: 34264571 PMCID: PMC8374710 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Glycinergic neurons and glycine receptors (GlyRs) exert a critical control over spinal nociception. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a key inflammatory mediator produced in the spinal cord in response to peripheral inflammation, inhibits a certain subtype of GlyRs (α3GlyR) that is defined by the inclusion of α3 subunits and distinctly expressed in the lamina II of the spinal dorsal horn, ie, at the site where most nociceptive nerve fibers terminate. Previous work has shown that the hyperalgesic effect of spinal PGE2 is lost in mice lacking α3GlyRs and suggested that this phenotype results from the prevention of PGE2-evoked protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent phosphorylation and inhibition of α3GlyRs. However, direct proof for a contribution of this phosphorylation event to inflammatory hyperalgesia was still lacking. To address this knowledge gap, a phospho-deficient mouse line was generated that carries a serine to alanine point mutation at a strong consensus site for PKA-dependent phosphorylation in the long intracellular loop of the GlyR α3 subunit. These mice showed unaltered spinal expression of GlyR α3 subunits. In behavioral experiments, they showed no alterations in baseline nociception, but were protected from the hyperalgesic effects of intrathecally injected PGE2 and exhibited markedly reduced inflammatory hyperalgesia. These behavioral phenotypes closely recapitulate those found previously in GlyR α3-deficient mice. Our results thus firmly establish the crucial role of PKA-dependent phosphorylation of α3GlyRs in inflammatory hyperalgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Werynska
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Drug Discovery Network Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jacinthe Gingras
- Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Dietmar Benke
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Drug Discovery Network Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Louis Scheurer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Elena Neumann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hanns Ulrich Zeilhofer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Drug Discovery Network Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland. Dr. Gingras is now with Homology Medicines, Inc, Bedford, MA, United States
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14
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Zeilhofer HU, Werynska K, Gingras J, Yévenes GE. Glycine Receptors in Spinal Nociceptive Control-An Update. Biomolecules 2021; 11:846. [PMID: 34204137 PMCID: PMC8228028 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diminished inhibitory control of spinal nociception is one of the major culprits of chronic pain states. Restoring proper synaptic inhibition is a well-established rational therapeutic approach explored by several pharmaceutical companies. A particular challenge arises from the need for site-specific intervention to avoid deleterious side effects such as sedation, addiction, or impaired motor control, which would arise from wide-range facilitation of inhibition. Specific targeting of glycinergic inhibition, which dominates in the spinal cord and parts of the hindbrain, may help reduce these side effects. Selective targeting of the α3 subtype of glycine receptors (GlyRs), which is highly enriched in the superficial layers of the spinal dorsal horn, a key site of nociceptive processing, may help to further narrow down pharmacological intervention on the nociceptive system and increase tolerability. This review provides an update on the physiological properties and functions of α3 subtype GlyRs and on the present state of related drug discovery programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanns Ulrich Zeilhofer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland;
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Vladimir Prelog Weg, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Drug Discovery Network Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Karolina Werynska
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Jacinthe Gingras
- Homology Medicines Inc., 1 Patriots Park, Bedford, MA 01730, USA;
| | - Gonzalo E. Yévenes
- Department of Physiology, University of Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile;
- Millennium Nucleus for the Study of Pain (MiNuSPain), Santiago 8320000, Chile
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15
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Wang W, Wang Y, Lou T, Ding M, Li J, Xiong H, Yao Z, Ma Y, Chen H, Liu S. Celecoxib-Loaded Electrospun Fibrous Antiadhesion Membranes Reduce COX-2/PGE 2 Induced Inflammation and Epidural Fibrosis in a Rat Failed Back Surgery Syndrome Model. Neural Plast 2021; 2021:6684176. [PMID: 33679970 PMCID: PMC7925049 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6684176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS) remains a therapy-refractory clinical condition after spinal surgery. The antiadhesion membrane is applied to prevent FBSS by isolating fibrosis; however, the inflammation stimulated by the foreign body and surgical trauma needs to be further resolved simultaneously. Therefore, we developed new electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) fibrous membranes loaded with celecoxib (CEL) to prevent fibrosis and inflammation associated with FBSS. The CEL-loaded PCL fibers were randomly distributed, and the drug was released over two weeks. Fluorescence micrographs revealed that the fibroblasts proliferated less on the PCL-CEL fibrous membranes than in the PCL group and the blank control. In the rat laminectomy model after 4 weeks, magnetic resonance imaging of epidural fibrosis was least in the PCL-CEL group. Expression of COX-2 and PGE2 was lower in the PCL-CEL group. It concluded that the CEL-loaded PCL membrane could reduce fibrosis and inflammation in a rat model of FBSS via COX-2/PGE2 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunhao Wang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Changzheng Hospital Affiliated to Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Tengfei Lou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingqian Ding
- Taian TSCM Hospital, No. 265 Lingshan Street, Taian, Shandong 271000, China
| | - Juehong Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Xiong
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhixiao Yao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Ma
- Department of Medical Engineering, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, 423 5th Longitude Crossing 7th Latitude Road, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Huajiang Chen
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Changzheng Hospital Affiliated to Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Shenghe Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, China
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16
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Tang ZQ, Lu YG, Huang YN, Chen L. Cross-talk pattern between GABA A- and glycine-receptors in CNS neurons is shaped by their relative expression levels. Brain Res 2020; 1748:147071. [PMID: 32827550 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
GABAA receptors (GABAARs) and glycine receptors (GlyRs) are two principal inhibitory chloride ion channels in the central nervous system. The two receptors do not function independently but cross-talk to each other, i.e., the activation of one receptor would inhibit the other. This cross-talk is present in different patterns across various regions in the central nervous system; however, the factor that determines these patterns is not understood. Here, we show that the pattern of cross-talk between the two receptors is shaped by their relative expression level in a neuron: a higher expression level correlates with louder talk. In line with a tendency of decrease in expression level of GlyRs and increase in expression level of GABAARs from the spinal cord, the brainstem to the neocortex, GlyRs talked much louder (i.e. produced greater inhibition) than GABAARs (one-way pattern) in spinal cord neurons, about equally loud as GABAARs (symmetric pattern) in inferior colliculus neurons and less loud (i.e. less inhibition) than GABAARs (asymmetric pattern) in auditory cortex neurons. Overexpression of GlyRs in inferior colliculus neurons produced an asymmetric pattern that should otherwise have been observed in spinal cord neurons. These expression level-dependent patterns of cross-talk between the two receptors may suggest how the central nervous system uses an alternative mechanism to maintain a delicate level of inhibition through adjusting the proportion of the two receptors in a neuron along its pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Quan Tang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China; Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China.
| | - Yun-Gang Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China; Auditory Research Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yi-Na Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China; Auditory Research Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Lin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China; Auditory Research Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.
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17
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Kanda H, Kobayashi K, Yamanaka H, Okubo M, Dai Y, Noguchi K. Localization of prostaglandin E2 synthases and E-prostanoid receptors in the spinal cord in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Brain Res 2020; 1750:147153. [PMID: 33049240 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a lipid mediator which plays a role in the generation of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. In the peripheral nervous system, PGE2 sensitizes nociceptive afferent neurons through E-prostanoid (EP) receptors. In the central nervous system, PGE2 modulates pain sensitivity and contributes to the development of neuropathic pain. However, the distribution of PGE2 and EP receptors in the spinal cord remains unclear. In the present study, we examined the expression of PGE2 synthases (microsomal PGE synthase [mPGES]-1, mPGES-2, and cytosolic PGE synthase [cPGES]) and EP receptors (EP1-4) in a rat model of neuropathic pain. We identified that mPGES-1 mRNA was upregulated in spinal endothelial cells after nerve injury and exhibited co-localization with cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). We detected that mPGES-2 mRNA and cPGES mRNA were expressed in spinal neurons and noted that their expression level was not affected by nerve injury. With respect to EP receptors, EP2 mRNA and EP4 mRNA were expressed in spinal neurons in the dorsal horn. EP3 mRNA was expressed in motor neurons, whereas EP1 mRNA was not detected in the spinal cord. Intrathecal injection of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) upregulated mPGES-1 mRNA in blood vessels in the spinal cord. Intrathecal injection of a TNFα-neutralizing antibody partially inhibited the upregulation of mPGES-1 mRNA after nerve injury. These results indicate that PGE2 is synthesized by COX-2/mPGES-1 in spinal endothelial cells after nerve injury. These results suggest that in neuropathic pain condition, endothelial cell-derived PGE2 may act on EP2 and EP4 receptors on spinal neurons and modulate pain sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirosato Kanda
- Department of Pharmacology, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo 650-8530, Japan; Traditional Medicine Research Center, Chinese Medicine Confucius Institute at Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Kimiko Kobayashi
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yamanaka
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Masamichi Okubo
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Yi Dai
- Department of Pharmacology, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo 650-8530, Japan; Traditional Medicine Research Center, Chinese Medicine Confucius Institute at Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Koichi Noguchi
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan.
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18
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Boyle KA, Gradwell MA, Yasaka T, Dickie AC, Polgár E, Ganley RP, Orr DPH, Watanabe M, Abraira VE, Kuehn ED, Zimmerman AL, Ginty DD, Callister RJ, Graham BA, Hughes DI. Defining a Spinal Microcircuit that Gates Myelinated Afferent Input: Implications for Tactile Allodynia. Cell Rep 2020; 28:526-540.e6. [PMID: 31291586 PMCID: PMC6635381 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain presents a major unmet clinical problem. The development of more effective treatments is hindered by our limited understanding of the neuronal circuits underlying sensory perception. Here, we show that parvalbumin (PV)-expressing dorsal horn interneurons modulate the passage of sensory information conveyed by low-threshold mechanoreceptors (LTMRs) directly via presynaptic inhibition and also gate the polysynaptic relay of LTMR input to pain circuits by inhibiting lamina II excitatory interneurons whose axons project into lamina I. We show changes in the functional properties of these PV interneurons following peripheral nerve injury and that silencing these cells unmasks a circuit that allows innocuous touch inputs to activate pain circuits by increasing network activity in laminae I-IV. Such changes are likely to result in the development of tactile allodynia and could be targeted for more effective treatment of mechanical pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran A Boyle
- Spinal Cord Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Mark A Gradwell
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Toshiharu Yasaka
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Saga University, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Allen C Dickie
- Spinal Cord Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Erika Polgár
- Spinal Cord Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Robert P Ganley
- Spinal Cord Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Desmond P H Orr
- Spinal Cord Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Victoria E Abraira
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Emily D Kuehn
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Amanda L Zimmerman
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David D Ginty
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Robert J Callister
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Brett A Graham
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - David I Hughes
- Spinal Cord Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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19
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Muñoz-Montesino C, Burgos CF, Lara CO, Riquelme CR, Flaig D, San Martin VP, Aguayo LG, Fuentealba J, Castro PA, Guzmán L, Yévenes GE, Moraga-Cid G. Inhibition of the Glycine Receptor alpha 3 Function by Colchicine. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1143. [PMID: 32903667 PMCID: PMC7438739 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Colchicine is a plant alkaloid that is widely used as a therapeutic agent. It is widely accepted that colchicine reduces the production of inflammatory mediators mainly by altering cytoskeleton dynamics due to its microtubule polymerization inhibitory activity. However, other lines of evidence have shown that colchicine exerts direct actions on the function of ion channels, which are independent of cytoskeleton alterations. Colchicine is able to modify the function of several pentameric ligand-gated ion channels, including glycine receptors (GlyRs). Previous electrophysiological studies have shown that colchicine act as an antagonist of GlyRs composed by the α1 subunit. In addition, it was recently demonstrated that colchicine directly bind to the α3 subunit of GlyRs. Interestingly, other studies have shown a main role of α3GlyRs on chronic inflammatory pain. Nevertheless, the functional effects of colchicine on the α3GlyR function are still unknown. Here, by using electrophysiological techniques and bioinformatics, we show that colchicine inhibited the function of the α3GlyRs. Colchicine elicited concentration-dependent inhibitory effects on α3GlyRs at micromolar range and decreased the apparent affinity for glycine. Single-channel recordings show that the colchicine inhibition is associated with a decrease in the open probability of the ion channel. Molecular docking assays suggest that colchicine preferentially bind to the orthosteric site in the closed state of the ion channel. Altogether, our results suggest that colchicine is a competitive antagonist of the α3GlyRs.
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20
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Tudeau L, Acuña MA, Albisetti GW, Neumann E, Ralvenius WT, Scheurer L, Poe M, Cook JM, Johannssen HC, Zeilhofer HU. Mice lacking spinal α2GABA A receptors: Altered GABAergic neurotransmission, diminished GABAergic antihyperalgesia, and potential compensatory mechanisms preventing a hyperalgesic phenotype. Brain Res 2020; 1741:146889. [PMID: 32439345 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diminished synaptic inhibition in the superficial spinal dorsal horn contributes to exaggerated pain responses that accompany peripheral inflammation and neuropathy. α2GABAA receptors (α2GABAAR) constitute the most abundant GABAAR subtype at this site and are the targets of recently identified antihyperalgesic compounds. Surprisingly, hoxb8-α2-/- mice that lack α2GABAAR from the spinal cord and peripheral sensory neurons exhibit unaltered sensitivity to acute painful stimuli and develop normal inflammatory and neuropathic hyperalgesia. Here, we provide a comprehensive analysis of GABAergic neurotransmission, of behavioral phenotypes and of possible compensatory mechanisms in hoxb8-α2-/- mice. Our results confirm that hoxb8-α2-/- mice show significantly diminished GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) in the superficial dorsal horn but no hyperalgesic phenotype. We also confirm that the potentiation of dorsal horn GABAergic IPSCs by the α2-preferring GABAAR modulator HZ-166 is reduced in hoxb8-α2-/- mice and that hoxb8-α2-/- mice are resistant to the analgesic effects of HZ-166. Tonic GABAergic currents, glycinergic IPSCs, and sensory afferent-evoked EPSCs did not show significant changes in hoxb8-α2-/- mice rendering a compensatory up-regulation of other GABAAR subtypes or of glycine receptors unlikely. Although expression of serotonin and of the serotonin producing enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH2) was significantly increased in the dorsal horn of hoxb8-α2-/- mice, ablation of serotonergic terminals from the lumbar spinal cord failed to unmask a nociceptive phenotype. Our results are consistent with an important contribution of α2GABAAR to spinal nociceptive control but their ablation early in development appears to activate yet-to-be identified compensatory mechanisms that protect hoxb8-α2-/- mice from hyperalgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Tudeau
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mario A Acuña
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gioele W Albisetti
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elena Neumann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - William T Ralvenius
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Louis Scheurer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Poe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, USA
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Helge C Johannssen
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hanns Ulrich Zeilhofer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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21
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Bagheri Tudashki H, Haddad Y, Charfi I, Couture R, Pineyro G. Ligand-specific recycling profiles determine distinct potential for chronic analgesic tolerance of delta-opioid receptor (DOPr) agonists. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:5718-5730. [PMID: 32279433 PMCID: PMC7214178 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
δ-opioid receptor (DOPr) agonists have analgesic efficacy in chronic pain models but development of tolerance limits their use for long-term pain management. Although agonist potential for inducing acute analgesic tolerance has been associated with distinct patterns of DOPr internalization, the association between trafficking and chronic tolerance remains ill-defined. In a rat model of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic neuropathy, deltorphin II and TIPP produced sustained analgesia following daily (intrathecal) i.t. injections over six days, whereas similar treatment with SNC-80 or SB235863 led to progressive tolerance and loss of the analgesic response. Trafficking assays in murine neuron cultures showed no association between the magnitude of ligand-induced sequestration and development of chronic tolerance. Instead, ligands that supported DOPr recycling were also the ones producing sustained analgesia over 6-day treatment. Moreover, endosomal endothelin-converting enzyme 2 (ECE2) blocker 663444 prevented DOPr recycling by deltorphin II and TIPP and precipitated tolerance by these ligands. In conclusion, agonists, which support DOPr recycling, avoid development of analgesic tolerance over repeated administration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Youssef Haddad
- Department of Pharmacology and PhysiologyFaculty of MedicineUniversité de MontréalMontréalQCCanada
| | - Iness Charfi
- Centre de RechercheCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Ste-JustineMontréalQCCanada
- Department of Pharmacology and PhysiologyFaculty of MedicineUniversité de MontréalMontréalQCCanada
| | - Rejean Couture
- Department of Pharmacology and PhysiologyFaculty of MedicineUniversité de MontréalMontréalQCCanada
| | - Graciela Pineyro
- Centre de RechercheCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Ste-JustineMontréalQCCanada
- Department of Pharmacology and PhysiologyFaculty of MedicineUniversité de MontréalMontréalQCCanada
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22
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Wilke BU, Kummer KK, Leitner MG, Kress M. Chloride - The Underrated Ion in Nociceptors. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:287. [PMID: 32322187 PMCID: PMC7158864 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to pain processing neurons in the spinal cord, where the importance of chloride conductances is already well established, chloride homeostasis in primary afferent neurons has received less attention. Sensory neurons maintain high intracellular chloride concentrations through balanced activity of Na+-K+-2Cl– cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) and K+-Cl– cotransporter 2 (KCC2). Whereas in other cell types activation of chloride conductances causes hyperpolarization, activation of the same conductances in primary afferent neurons may lead to inhibitory or excitatory depolarization depending on the actual chloride reversal potential and the total amount of chloride efflux during channel or transporter activation. Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons express a multitude of chloride channel types belonging to different channel families, such as ligand-gated, ionotropic γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) or glycine receptors, Ca2+-activated chloride channels of the anoctamin/TMEM16, bestrophin or tweety-homolog family, CLC chloride channels and transporters, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) as well as volume-regulated anion channels (VRACs). Specific chloride conductances are involved in signal transduction and amplification at the peripheral nerve terminal, contribute to excitability and action potential generation of sensory neurons, or crucially shape synaptic transmission in the spinal dorsal horn. In addition, chloride channels can be modified by a plethora of inflammatory mediators affecting them directly, via protein-protein interaction, or through signaling cascades. Since chloride channels as well as mediators that modulate chloride fluxes are regulated in pain disorders and contribute to nociceptor excitation and sensitization it is timely and important to emphasize their critical role in nociceptive primary afferents in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina U Wilke
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kai K Kummer
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael G Leitner
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michaela Kress
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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23
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Moraga-Cid G, San Martín VP, Lara CO, Muñoz B, Marileo AM, Sazo A, Muñoz-Montesino C, Fuentealba J, Castro PA, Guzmán L, Burgos CF, Zeilhofer HU, Aguayo LG, Corringer PJ, Yévenes GE. Modulation of glycine receptor single-channel conductance by intracellular phosphorylation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4804. [PMID: 32179786 PMCID: PMC7076024 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61677-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycine receptors (GlyRs) are anion-permeable pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGICs). The GlyR activation is critical for the control of key neurophysiological functions, such as motor coordination, respiratory control, muscle tone and pain processing. The relevance of the GlyR function is further highlighted by the presence of abnormal glycinergic inhibition in many pathophysiological states, such as hyperekplexia, epilepsy, autism and chronic pain. In this context, previous studies have shown that the functional inhibition of GlyRs containing the α3 subunit is a pivotal mechanism of pain hypersensitivity. This pathway involves the activation of EP2 receptors and the subsequent PKA-dependent phosphorylation of α3GlyRs within the intracellular domain (ICD), which decrease the GlyR-associated currents and enhance neuronal excitability. Despite the importance of this mechanism of glycinergic dis-inhibition associated with dysfunctional α3GlyRs, our current understanding of the molecular events involved is limited. Here, we report that the activation of PKA signaling pathway decreases the unitary conductance of α3GlyRs. We show in addition that the substitution of the PKA-targeted serine with a negatively charged residue within the ICD of α3GlyRs and of chimeric receptors combining bacterial GLIC and α3GlyR was sufficient to generate receptors with reduced conductance. Thus, our findings reveal a potential biophysical mechanism of glycinergic dis-inhibition and suggest that post-translational modifications of the ICD, such as phosphorylation, may shape the conductance of other pLGICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Moraga-Cid
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Victoria P San Martín
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Cesar O Lara
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Braulio Muñoz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Ana M Marileo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Anggelo Sazo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Carola Muñoz-Montesino
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Jorge Fuentealba
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Patricio A Castro
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Leonardo Guzmán
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Carlos F Burgos
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Hanns U Zeilhofer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, CH-8090, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luis G Aguayo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | | | - Gonzalo E Yévenes
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
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24
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Jang Y, Kim M, Hwang SW. Molecular mechanisms underlying the actions of arachidonic acid-derived prostaglandins on peripheral nociception. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:30. [PMID: 31969159 PMCID: PMC6975075 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-1703-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Arachidonic acid-derived prostaglandins not only contribute to the development of inflammation as intercellular pro-inflammatory mediators, but also promote the excitability of the peripheral somatosensory system, contributing to pain exacerbation. Peripheral tissues undergo many forms of diseases that are frequently accompanied by inflammation. The somatosensory nerves innervating the inflamed areas experience heightened excitability and generate and transmit pain signals. Extensive studies have been carried out to elucidate how prostaglandins play their roles for such signaling at the cellular and molecular levels. Here, we briefly summarize the roles of arachidonic acid-derived prostaglandins, focusing on four prostaglandins and one thromboxane, particularly in terms of their actions on afferent nociceptors. We discuss the biosynthesis of the prostaglandins, their specific action sites, the pathological alteration of the expression levels of related proteins, the neuronal outcomes of receptor stimulation, their correlation with behavioral nociception, and the pharmacological efficacy of their regulators. This overview will help to a better understanding of the pathological roles that prostaglandins play in the somatosensory system and to a finding of critical molecular contributors to normalizing pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwoo Jang
- Department of Psychiatry and Program in Neuroscience, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Minseok Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Sun Wook Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea. .,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea.
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25
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Synergistic efficacy of tramadol and meloxicam on alleviation of pain and selected immunological variables after sciatic nerve ligation in rats. Int J Vet Sci Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijvsm.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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26
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Gilroy DW, Bishop-Bailey D. Lipid mediators in immune regulation and resolution. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:1009-1023. [PMID: 30674066 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We are all too familiar with the events that follow a bee sting-heat, redness, swelling, and pain. These are Celsus' four cardinal signs of inflammation that are driven by very well-defined signals and hormones. In fact, targeting the factors that drive this onset phase is the basis upon which most current anti-inflammatory therapies were developed. We are also very well aware that within a few hours, these cardinal signs normally disappear. In other words, inflammation resolves. When it does not, inflammation persists, resulting in damaging chronic conditions. While inflammatory onset is actively driven, so also is its resolution-years of research have identified novel internal counter-regulatory signals that work together to switch off inflammation. Among these signals, lipids are potent signalling molecules that regulate an array of immune responses including vascular hyper reactivity and pain, as well as leukocyte trafficking and clearance, so-called resolution. Here, we collate bioactive lipid research to date and summarize the major pathways involved in their biosynthesis and their role in inflammation, as well as resolution. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Eicosanoids 35 years from the 1982 Nobel: where are we now? To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.8/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek W Gilroy
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - David Bishop-Bailey
- Comparative Biological Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
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27
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Peng Y, Zang T, Zhou L, Ni K, Zhou X. COX-2 contributed to the remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia related to ephrinB/EphB signaling. Neurol Res 2019; 41:519-527. [PMID: 30759061 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2019.1580459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Studying the underlying mechanisms of opiate-induced hyperalgesia is fundamental to understanding and treating pain. Our previous study has proved that ephrinB/EphB signaling contributes to opiate-induced hyperagesia, but the manner in which ephrinB/EphB signaling acts on spinal nociceptive information networks to produce hyperalgesia remains unclear. Other studies have suggested that ephrinB/EphB signaling, NMDA receptor and COX-2 act together to participate in the modulation of nociceptive information processes at the spinal level. The objective of this research was to investigate the role of COX-2 in remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia and its relationship with ephrinB/EphB signaling. Methods: We characterized the remifentanil-induced pain behaviours by evaluating thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia in a mouse hind paw incisional model. Protein expression of COX-2 in spinal cord was assayed by western blotting and mRNA level of COX-2 was assayed by Real-time PCR (RT-PCR). Results: Continuing infusion of remifentanil produced thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia, which was accompanied by increased expression of spinal COX-2 protein and mRNA. This response was inhibited by pre-treatment with EphB2-Fc, an antagonist of ephrinB/EphB. SC58125 and NS398, inhibitors of COX-2, suppressed pain behaviours induced by remifentanil infusion and reversed the increased pain behaviours induced by intrathecal injection of ephrinB2-Fc, an agonist of ephrinB/EphB. Conclusions: Our findings confirmed that COX-2 is involved in remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia related to ephrinB/EphB signaling. EphrinB/EphB signaling might be the upstream of COX-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunan Peng
- a Department of Anesthesiology , Affiliated Drum-Tower Hospital of Medical College of Nanjing University , Nanjing , Jiangsu Province , China
| | - Ting Zang
- a Department of Anesthesiology , Affiliated Drum-Tower Hospital of Medical College of Nanjing University , Nanjing , Jiangsu Province , China
| | - Luyang Zhou
- a Department of Anesthesiology , Affiliated Drum-Tower Hospital of Medical College of Nanjing University , Nanjing , Jiangsu Province , China
| | - Kun Ni
- a Department of Anesthesiology , Affiliated Drum-Tower Hospital of Medical College of Nanjing University , Nanjing , Jiangsu Province , China
| | - Xuelong Zhou
- b Department of Anesthesiology , First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu Province , China
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28
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Wang HC, Cheng KI, Chen PR, Tseng KY, Kwan AL, Chang LL. Glycine receptors expression in rat spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion in prostaglandin E2 intrathecal injection models. BMC Neurosci 2018; 19:72. [PMID: 30413143 PMCID: PMC6230273 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-018-0470-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glycine receptors (GlyRs) are involved in the development of spinal pain sensitization. The GlyRα3 subunit has recently emerged as a key factor in inflammatory pain pathways in the spinal cord dorsal horn (DH). Our study is to identify the extent of location and cell types expressing different GlyR subunits in spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion (DRGs). To tease out the possible actions of GlyRs on pain transmission, we investigate the effects produced by GlyRs on acute inflammatory pain by behavioral testing using prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) intrathecal injection models. Furthermore, we investigate the changes of GlyR expression in DRGs and spinal cord in rats after the induction of acute inflammatory pain. Results Compared to the vehicle administration, the PGE2 intrathecal injection model produced significantly higher hyperalgesia, which started 3 h after PGE2 injection and lasted more than 5 h. PGE2 intrathecal injection significantly decreased GlyRα1 and GlyRα3 protein expressions in the L5 DH at 1 h and lasted to 5 h, and similar results were observed in the L5 DRG at 5 h. Confocal microscopic images showed the co-existence of punctate gephyrin and GlyRα3 immunoreactivity (IR) throughout the gray matter of the spinal cord, mainly in DH laminae I–III neurons and in ventral horn neurons. It also showed the co-existence of punctate gephyrin and GlyRα3 IR in DRG neurons. Conclusions In this study, PGE2 intrathecal injection significantly decreased protein expression of gephyrin, GlyRα1 and GlyRα3 in spinal cord DH and DRG. The gephyrin and GlyRα3 were localized on neuron cells both in the DH and DRG. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12868-018-0470-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chen Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-I Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ru Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Yi Tseng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Aij-Lie Kwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Lin-Li Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Theken KN. Variability in analgesic response to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2018; 139:63-70. [PMID: 30393163 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most commonly used agents for the treatment of acute and chronic pain. However, it has long been recognized that there is substantial inter-individual variability in the analgesic response to NSAIDs, reflecting the complex interplay between mechanisms of pain, differences between distinct NSAIDs, and patient-specific factors such as genetic variation. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding how these factors contribute to variability in the analgesic response to NSAIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine N Theken
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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30
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Ji RR, Nackley A, Huh Y, Terrando N, Maixner W. Neuroinflammation and Central Sensitization in Chronic and Widespread Pain. Anesthesiology 2018; 129:343-366. [PMID: 29462012 PMCID: PMC6051899 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000002130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 751] [Impact Index Per Article: 125.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pain is maintained in part by central sensitization, a phenomenon of synaptic plasticity, and increased neuronal responsiveness in central pain pathways after painful insults. Accumulating evidence suggests that central sensitization is also driven by neuroinflammation in the peripheral and central nervous system. A characteristic feature of neuroinflammation is the activation of glial cells, such as microglia and astrocytes, in the spinal cord and brain, leading to the release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Recent studies suggest that central cytokines and chemokines are powerful neuromodulators and play a sufficient role in inducing hyperalgesia and allodynia after central nervous system administration. Sustained increase of cytokines and chemokines in the central nervous system also promotes chronic widespread pain that affects multiple body sites. Thus, neuroinflammation drives widespread chronic pain via central sensitization. We also discuss sex-dependent glial/immune signaling in chronic pain and new therapeutic approaches that control neuroinflammation for the resolution of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Rong Ji
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Andrea Nackley
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Yul Huh
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Niccolò Terrando
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - William Maixner
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
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Prostaglandin Signaling Governs Spike Timing-Dependent Plasticity at Sensory Synapses onto Mouse Spinal Projection Neurons. J Neurosci 2018; 38:6628-6639. [PMID: 29934349 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2152-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly correlated presynaptic and postsynaptic activity evokes spike timing-dependent long-term potentiation (t-LTP) at primary afferent synapses onto spinal projection neurons. While prior evidence indicates that t-LTP depends upon an elevation in intracellular Ca2+ within projection neurons, the downstream signaling pathways that trigger the observed increase in glutamate release from sensory neurons remain poorly understood. Using in vitro patch-clamp recordings from female mouse lamina I spino-parabrachial neurons, the present study demonstrates a critical role for prostaglandin synthesis in the generation of t-LTP. Bath application of the selective phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitor arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone (AACOCF3) or the cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2) inhibitor nimesulide prevented t-LTP at sensory synapses onto spino-parabrachial neurons. Similar results were observed following the block of the EP2 subtype of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) receptor with PF 04418948. Meanwhile, perfusion with PGE2 or the EP2 agonist butaprost potentiated the amplitude of monosynaptic primary afferent-evoked EPSCs while decreasing the paired-pulse ratio, suggesting a presynaptic site of action. Cox-2 was constitutively expressed in both spinal microglia and lamina I projection neurons within the superficial dorsal horn (SDH). Suppression of microglial activation with minocycline had no effect on the production of t-LTP, suggesting the possibility that prostaglandins produced within projection neurons could contribute to an enhanced probability of glutamate release at primary afferent synapses. Collectively, the results suggest that the amplification of ascending nociceptive transmission by the spinal SDH network is governed by PLA2-Cox-2-PGE2 signaling.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Long-term potentiation (LTP) of primary afferent synapses contributes to the sensitization of spinal nociceptive circuits and has been linked to greater pain sensation in humans. Prior work has implicated elevated glutamate release in the generation of spike timing-dependent LTP (t-LTP) at sensory synapses onto ascending spinal projection neurons, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Here we provide evidence that the activation of EP2 prostaglandin receptors by prostaglandin E2, occurring downstream of phospholipase A2 and cyclooxygenase 2 activation, mediates t-LTP at these synapses via changes in presynaptic function. This suggests that prostaglandins can increase the flow of nociceptive information from the spinal cord to the brain independently of their known ability to suppress synaptic inhibition within the dorsal horn.
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32
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Gamlin CR, Yu WQ, Wong ROL, Hoon M. Assembly and maintenance of GABAergic and Glycinergic circuits in the mammalian nervous system. Neural Dev 2018; 13:12. [PMID: 29875009 PMCID: PMC5991458 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-018-0109-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition in the central nervous systems (CNS) is mediated by two neurotransmitters: gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine. Inhibitory synapses are generally GABAergic or glycinergic, although there are synapses that co-release both neurotransmitter types. Compared to excitatory circuits, much less is known about the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate synaptic partner selection and wiring patterns of inhibitory circuits. Recent work, however, has begun to fill this gap in knowledge, providing deeper insight into whether GABAergic and glycinergic circuit assembly and maintenance rely on common or distinct mechanisms. Here we summarize and contrast the developmental mechanisms that regulate the selection of synaptic partners, and that promote the formation, refinement, maturation and maintenance of GABAergic and glycinergic synapses and their respective wiring patterns. We highlight how some parts of the CNS demonstrate developmental changes in the type of inhibitory transmitter or receptor composition at their inhibitory synapses. We also consider how perturbation of the development or maintenance of one type of inhibitory connection affects other inhibitory synapse types in the same circuit. Mechanistic insight into the development and maintenance of GABAergic and glycinergic inputs, and inputs that co-release both these neurotransmitters could help formulate comprehensive therapeutic strategies for treating disorders of synaptic inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare R Gamlin
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Wan-Qing Yu
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rachel O L Wong
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mrinalini Hoon
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
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33
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TAFA4 Reverses Mechanical Allodynia through Activation of GABAergic Transmission and Microglial Process Retraction. Cell Rep 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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34
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Zeilhofer HU, Acuña MA, Gingras J, Yévenes GE. Glycine receptors and glycine transporters: targets for novel analgesics? Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:447-465. [PMID: 28791431 PMCID: PMC11105467 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2622-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Glycinergic neurotransmission has long been known for its role in spinal motor control. During the last two decades, additional functions have become increasingly recognized-among them is a critical contribution to spinal pain processing. Studies in rodent pain models provide proof-of-concept evidence that enhancing inhibitory glycinergic neurotransmission reduces chronic pain symptoms. Apparent strategies for pharmacological intervention include positive allosteric modulators of glycine receptors and modulators or inhibitors of the glial and neuronal glycine transporters GlyT1 and GlyT2. These prospects have led to drug discovery efforts in academia and in industry aiming at compounds that target glycinergic neurotransmission with high specificity. Available data show promising analgesic efficacy. Less is currently known about potential unwanted effects but the presence of glycinergic innervation in CNS areas outside the nociceptive system prompts for a careful evaluation not only of motor function, but also of potential respiratory impairment and addictive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanns Ulrich Zeilhofer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Mario A Acuña
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Gonzalo E Yévenes
- Department of Physiology, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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35
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Stojanovska V, Miller SL, Hooper SB, Polglase GR. The Consequences of Preterm Birth and Chorioamnionitis on Brainstem Respiratory Centers: Implications for Neurochemical Development and Altered Functions by Inflammation and Prostaglandins. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:26. [PMID: 29449803 PMCID: PMC5799271 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth is a major cause for neonatal morbidity and mortality, and is frequently associated with adverse neurological outcomes. The transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life at birth is particularly challenging for preterm infants. The main physiological driver for extrauterine transition is the establishment of spontaneous breathing. However, preterm infants have difficulty clearing lung liquid, have insufficient surfactant levels, and underdeveloped lungs. Further, preterm infants have an underdeveloped brainstem, resulting in reduced respiratory drive. These factors facilitate the increased requirement for respiratory support. A principal cause of preterm birth is intrauterine infection/inflammation (chorioamnionitis), and infants with chorioamnionitis have an increased risk and severity of neurological damage, but also demonstrate impaired autoresuscitation capacity and prevalent apnoeic episodes. The brainstem contains vital respiratory centers which provide the neural drive for breathing, but the impact of preterm birth and/or chorioamnionitis on this brain region is not well understood. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the role and function of the brainstem respiratory centers, and to highlight the proposed mechanisms of how preterm birth and chorioamnionitis may affect central respiratory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Stojanovska
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Suzanne L Miller
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University and Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart B Hooper
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University and Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Graeme R Polglase
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University and Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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36
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Secreted Phospholipases A₂ from Animal Venoms in Pain and Analgesia. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9120406. [PMID: 29311537 PMCID: PMC5744126 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9120406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal venoms comprise a complex mixture of components that affect several biological systems. Based on the high selectivity for their molecular targets, these components are also a rich source of potential therapeutic agents. Among the main components of animal venoms are the secreted phospholipases A2 (sPLA2s). These PLA2 belong to distinct PLA2s groups. For example, snake venom sPLA2s from Elapidae and Viperidae families, the most important families when considering envenomation, belong, respectively, to the IA and IIA/IIB groups, whereas bee venom PLA2 belongs to group III of sPLA2s. It is well known that PLA2, due to its hydrolytic activity on phospholipids, takes part in many pathophysiological processes, including inflammation and pain. Therefore, secreted PLA2s obtained from animal venoms have been widely used as tools to (a) modulate inflammation and pain, uncovering molecular targets that are implicated in the control of inflammatory (including painful) and neurodegenerative diseases; (b) shed light on the pathophysiology of inflammation and pain observed in human envenomation by poisonous animals; and, (c) characterize molecular mechanisms involved in inflammatory diseases. The present review summarizes the knowledge on the nociceptive and antinociceptive actions of sPLA2s from animal venoms, particularly snake venoms.
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37
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Owoyele BV, Bakare AO. Analgesic properties of aqueous bark extract of Adansonia digitata in Wistar rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 97:209-212. [PMID: 29091868 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.10.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The study investigated the analgesic effect of the aqueous extract of the bark of Adansonia digitata using Wistar rats. Thirty Wistar rats weighing between 150 and 170g of either sex were used for the study. Animal were picked randomly and grouped into six with each group made up of five animals (3 females and 2 males). Oral administration of 10ml/kg of normal saline were given to control group; 5mg/kg of indomethacin to reference group; and 25mg/kg, 50mg/kg, 100mg/kg or 200mg/kg of aqueous extracts of Adansonia digitata to each of the test groups respectively.Hotplate and formalin paw-licking tests were used for nociceptive assessment. Animals treated with aqueous bark extract of Adansonia digitata showed significantly (p<0.05) prolonged response time to thermal stimuli (4.42±0.11s) compared with control group (3.29±0.29s) in a dose dependent manner. Results formalin paw-licking test showed that at early phase, animals administered with aqueous bark extract of Adansonia digitata significantly (p<0.05) have reduced paw-licking time (47.88±3.48-40.80±3.85s) compared with the control group (91.51±7.32s). In the late phase, aqueous bark extract of Adansoni adigitata significantly (p<0.05) reduced the paw-licking time (43.57±2.6-25.49±3.46s) compared with the control group (66.31±5.04s). It is hereby concluded that aqueous bark extract of A. digitata possesses a strong analgesic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bamidele V Owoyele
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria.
| | - Ahmed O Bakare
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria.
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38
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Cioffi CL. Modulation of Glycine-Mediated Spinal Neurotransmission for the Treatment of Chronic Pain. J Med Chem 2017; 61:2652-2679. [PMID: 28876062 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pain constitutes a significant and expanding worldwide health crisis. Currently available analgesics poorly serve individuals suffering from chronic pain, and new therapeutic agents that are more effective, safer, and devoid of abuse liabilities are desperately needed. Among the myriad of cellular and molecular processes contributing to chronic pain, spinal disinhibition of pain signaling to higher cortical centers plays a critical role. Accumulating evidence shows that glycinergic inhibitory neurotransmission in the spinal cord dorsal horn gates nociceptive signaling, is essential in maintaining physiological pain sensitivity, and is diminished in pathological pain states. Thus, it is hypothesized that agents capable of enhancing glycinergic tone within the dorsal horn could obtund nociceptor signaling to the brain and serve as analgesics for persistent pain. This Perspective highlights the potential that pharmacotherapies capable of increasing inhibitory spinal glycinergic neurotransmission hold in providing new and transformative analgesic therapies for the treatment of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Cioffi
- Departments of Basic and Clinical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , 106 New Scotland Avenue , Albany , New York 12208 United States
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39
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Effect of electroacupuncture on E-prostanoid 2 expression in the spinal cord in rats with neuropathic pain. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(17)30156-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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40
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Abstract
Lipids are potent signaling molecules that regulate a multitude of cellular responses, including cell growth and death and inflammation/infection, via receptor-mediated pathways. Derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), each lipid displays unique properties, thus making their role in inflammation distinct from that of other lipids derived from the same PUFA. This diversity arises from their synthesis, which occurs via discrete enzymatic pathways and because they elicit responses via different receptors. This review will collate the bioactive lipid research to date and summarize the major pathways involved in their biosynthesis and role in inflammation. Specifically, lipids derived from AA (prostanoids, leukotrienes, 5-oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, lipoxins, and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids), EPA (E-series resolvins), and DHA (D-series resolvins, protectins, and maresins) will be discussed herein.
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41
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Cantaut-Belarif Y, Antri M, Pizzarelli R, Colasse S, Vaccari I, Soares S, Renner M, Dallel R, Triller A, Bessis A. Microglia control the glycinergic but not the GABAergic synapses via prostaglandin E2 in the spinal cord. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:2979-2989. [PMID: 28716844 PMCID: PMC5584146 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201607048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia can influence the excitatory responses of neurons, but less is known about how these immune cells in the brain may influence inhibitory neurotransmitters. Cantaut-Belarif et al. report that prostaglandin production by Toll-like receptor–stimulated microglia can influence the glycinergic but not GABAergic responses of neurons by altering the lateral diffusion of glycine receptors specifically within the synaptic membrane. Microglia control excitatory synapses, but their role in inhibitory neurotransmission has been less well characterized. Herein, we show that microglia control the strength of glycinergic but not GABAergic synapses via modulation of the diffusion dynamics and synaptic trapping of glycine (GlyR) but not GABAA receptors. We further demonstrate that microglia regulate the activity-dependent plasticity of glycinergic synapses by tuning the GlyR diffusion trap. This microglia–synapse cross talk requires production of prostaglandin E2 by microglia, leading to the activation of neuronal EP2 receptors and cyclic adenosine monophosphate–dependent protein kinase. Thus, we now provide a link between microglial activation and synaptic dysfunctions, which are common early features of many brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Cantaut-Belarif
- École Normale Supérieure, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, France
| | - Myriam Antri
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Neuro-Dol, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Rocco Pizzarelli
- École Normale Supérieure, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, France
| | - Sabrina Colasse
- École Normale Supérieure, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, France
| | - Ilaria Vaccari
- École Normale Supérieure, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, France
| | - Sylvia Soares
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, CNRS 8246, INSERM 1130, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Marianne Renner
- École Normale Supérieure, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, France
| | - Radhouane Dallel
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Neuro-Dol, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Antoine Triller
- École Normale Supérieure, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, France
| | - Alain Bessis
- École Normale Supérieure, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, France
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42
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The MNK-eIF4E Signaling Axis Contributes to Injury-Induced Nociceptive Plasticity and the Development of Chronic Pain. J Neurosci 2017; 37:7481-7499. [PMID: 28674170 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0220-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury-induced sensitization of nociceptors contributes to pain states and the development of chronic pain. Inhibiting activity-dependent mRNA translation through mechanistic target of rapamycin and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways blocks the development of nociceptor sensitization. These pathways convergently signal to the eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF) 4F complex to regulate the sensitization of nociceptors, but the details of this process are ill defined. Here we investigated the hypothesis that phosphorylation of the 5' cap-binding protein eIF4E by its specific kinase MAPK interacting kinases (MNKs) 1/2 is a key factor in nociceptor sensitization and the development of chronic pain. Phosphorylation of ser209 on eIF4E regulates the translation of a subset of mRNAs. We show that pronociceptive and inflammatory factors, such as nerve growth factor (NGF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and carrageenan, produce decreased mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity, decreased affective pain behaviors, and strongly reduced hyperalgesic priming in mice lacking eIF4E phosphorylation (eIF4ES209A ). Tests were done in both sexes, and no sex differences were found. Moreover, in patch-clamp electrophysiology and Ca2+ imaging experiments on dorsal root ganglion neurons, NGF- and IL-6-induced increases in excitability were attenuated in neurons from eIF4ES209A mice. These effects were recapitulated in Mnk1/2-/- mice and with the MNK1/2 inhibitor cercosporamide. We also find that cold hypersensitivity induced by peripheral nerve injury is reduced in eIF4ES209A and Mnk1/2-/- mice and following cercosporamide treatment. Our findings demonstrate that the MNK1/2-eIF4E signaling axis is an important contributing factor to mechanisms of nociceptor plasticity and the development of chronic pain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Chronic pain is a debilitating disease affecting approximately one in three Americans. Chronic pain is thought to be driven by changes in the excitability of peripheral nociceptive neurons, but the precise mechanisms controlling these changes are not elucidated. Emerging evidence demonstrates that mRNA translation regulation pathways are key factors in changes in nociceptor excitability. Our work demonstrates that a single phosphorylation site on the 5' cap-binding protein eIF4E is a critical mechanism for changes in nociceptor excitability that drive the development of chronic pain. We reveal a new mechanistic target for the development of a chronic pain state and propose that targeting the upstream kinase, MAPK interacting kinase 1/2, could be used as a therapeutic approach for chronic pain.
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43
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Weinbroum AA. Postoperative hyperalgesia—A clinically applicable narrative review. Pharmacol Res 2017; 120:188-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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44
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Chakka N, Andrews KL, Berry LM, Bregman H, Gunaydin H, Huang L, Guzman-Perez A, Plant MH, Simard JR, Gingras J, DiMauro EF. Applications of parallel synthetic lead hopping and pharmacophore-based virtual screening in the discovery of efficient glycine receptor potentiators. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 137:63-75. [PMID: 28575722 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glycine receptors (GlyRs) are pentameric glycine-gated chloride ion channels that are enriched in the brainstem and spinal cord where they have been demonstrated to play a role in central nervous system (CNS) inhibition. Herein we describe two novel classes of glycine receptor potentiators that have been developed using similarity- and property-guided scaffold hopping enabled by parallel synthesis and pharmacophore-based virtual screening strategies. This effort resulted in the identification of novel, efficient and modular leads having favorable in vitro ADME profiles and high CNS multi-parameter optimization (MPO) scores, exemplified by azetidine sulfonamide 19 and aminothiazole sulfone (ent2)-20.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagasree Chakka
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Kristin L Andrews
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Loren M Berry
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Howard Bregman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Hakan Gunaydin
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Liyue Huang
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Angel Guzman-Perez
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Matthew H Plant
- Department of Discovery Attribute Sciences, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Simard
- Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jacinthe Gingras
- Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Erin F DiMauro
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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Abstract
Abstract
Neuroplastic changes play an important role in the generation and maintenance of chronic pain syndromes. Such changes occur at all levels of the neuraxis, from the peripheral terminals of primary sensory neurons to the cerebral cortex. Changes observed in the spinal dorsal horn in particular provide a mechanistic basis for many of the characteristics of chronic pain syndromes. While facilitated synaptic transmission between nociceptive fibers and spinal projection neurons contributes to enhanced perception of noxious stimuli (hyperalgesia), diminished function of GABA-ergic and glycinergic interneurons not only induces hyperalgesia, but also triggers nociceptive reactions on exposure to innocuous stimuli and spontaneous pain behavior in the absence of any sensory stimulation. Spinal disinhibition thus recapitulates typical symptoms of chronic pathological pain syndromes. Studies performed by various groups over the last 10 years demonstrate that such spinal disinhibition occurs naturally in response to peripheral inflammation and nerve damage. The present article summarizes current status of this research.
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Inhibition Mediated by Glycinergic and GABAergic Receptors on Excitatory Neurons in Mouse Superficial Dorsal Horn Is Location-Specific but Modified by Inflammation. J Neurosci 2017; 37:2336-2348. [PMID: 28130358 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2354-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The superficial dorsal horn is the synaptic termination site for many peripheral sensory fibers of the somatosensory system. A wide range of sensory modalities are represented by these fibers, including pain, itch, and temperature. Because the involvement of local inhibition in the dorsal horn, specifically that mediated by the inhibitory amino acids GABA and glycine, is so important in signal processing, we investigated regional inhibitory control of excitatory interneurons under control conditions and peripheral inflammation-induced mechanical allodynia. We found that excitatory interneurons and projection neurons in lamina I and IIo are dominantly inhibited by GABA while those in lamina IIi and III are dominantly inhibited by glycine. This was true of identified neuronal subpopulations: neurokinin 1 receptor-expressing (NK1R+) neurons in lamina I were GABA-dominant while protein kinase C gamma-expressing (PKCγ+) neurons at the lamina IIi-III border were glycine-dominant. We found this pattern of synaptic inhibition to be consistent with the distribution of GABAergic and glycinergic neurons identified by immunohistochemistry. Following complete Freund's adjuvant injection into mouse hindpaw, the frequency of spontaneous excitatory synaptic activity increased and inhibitory synaptic activity decreased. Surprisingly, these changes were accompanied by an increase in GABA dominance in lamina IIi. Because this shift in inhibitory dominance was not accompanied by a change in the number of inhibitory synapses or the overall postsynaptic expression of glycine receptor α1 subunits, we propose that the dominance shift is due to glycine receptor modulation and the depressed function of glycine receptors is partially compensated by GABAergic inhibition.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Pain associated with inflammation is a sensation we would all like to minimize. Persistent inflammation leads to cellular and molecular changes in the spinal cord dorsal horn, including diminished inhibition, which may be responsible for enhance excitability. Investigating inhibition in the dorsal horn following peripheral inflammation is essential for development of improved ways to control the associated pain. In this study, we have elucidated regional differences in inhibition of excitatory interneurons in mouse dorsal horn. We have also discovered that the dominating inhibitory neurotransmission within specific regions of dorsal horn switches following peripheral inflammation and the accompanying hypersensitivity to thermal and mechanical stimuli. Our novel findings contribute to a more complete understanding of inflammatory pain.
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Lynch JW, Zhang Y, Talwar S, Estrada-Mondragon A. Glycine Receptor Drug Discovery. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 79:225-253. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Bregman H, Simard JR, Andrews KL, Ayube S, Chen H, Gunaydin H, Guzman-Perez A, Hu J, Huang L, Huang X, Krolikowski PH, Lehto SG, Lewis RT, Michelsen K, Pegman P, Plant MH, Shaffer PL, Teffera Y, Yi S, Zhang M, Gingras J, DiMauro EF. The Discovery and Hit-to-Lead Optimization of Tricyclic Sulfonamides as Potent and Efficacious Potentiators of Glycine Receptors. J Med Chem 2016; 60:1105-1125. [PMID: 28001399 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Current pain therapeutics suffer from undesirable psychotropic and sedative side effects, as well as abuse potential. Glycine receptors (GlyRs) are inhibitory ligand-gated ion channels expressed in nerves of the spinal dorsal horn, where their activation is believed to reduce transmission of painful stimuli. Herein, we describe the identification and hit-to-lead optimization of a novel class of tricyclic sulfonamides as allosteric GlyR potentiators. Initial optimization of high-throughput screening (HTS) hit 1 led to the identification of 3, which demonstrated ex vivo potentiation of glycine-activated current in mouse dorsal horn neurons from spinal cord slices. Further improvement of potency and pharmacokinetics produced in vivo proof-of-concept tool molecule 20 (AM-1488), which reversed tactile allodynia in a mouse spared-nerve injury (SNI) model. Additional structural optimization provided highly potent potentiator 32 (AM-3607), which was cocrystallized with human GlyRα3cryst to afford the first described potentiator-bound X-ray cocrystal structure within this class of ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey R Simard
- Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc. , One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sonya G Lehto
- Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc. , One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Maosheng Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc. , One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
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Crystal structures of human glycine receptor α3 bound to a novel class of analgesic potentiators. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2016; 24:108-113. [PMID: 27991902 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Current therapies to treat persistent pain and neuropathic pain are limited by poor efficacy, side effects and risk of addiction. Here, we present a novel class of potent selective, central nervous system (CNS)-penetrant potentiators of glycine receptors (GlyRs), ligand-gated ion channels expressed in the CNS. AM-1488 increased the response to exogenous glycine in mouse spinal cord and significantly reversed mechanical allodynia induced by nerve injury in a mouse model of neuropathic pain. We obtained an X-ray crystal structure of human homopentameric GlyRα3 in complex with AM-3607, a potentiator of the same class with increased potency, and the agonist glycine, at 2.6-Å resolution. AM-3607 binds a novel allosteric site between subunits, which is adjacent to the orthosteric site where glycine binds. Our results provide new insights into the potentiation of cysteine-loop receptors by positive allosteric modulators and hold promise in structure-based design of GlyR modulators for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
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Imlach WL. New approaches to target glycinergic neurotransmission for the treatment of chronic pain. Pharmacol Res 2016; 116:93-99. [PMID: 27988386 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitory glycinergic neurotransmission in the spinal cord dorsal horn plays an important role in regulating nociceptive signalling by inhibiting neuronal excitation. Blocking glycinergic transmission in the dorsal horn causes normally innocuous stimuli to become painful (allodynia) and increases sensitivity to noxious stimuli (hyperalgesia). Loss of inhibitory signalling is thought to contribute to the development of pathological pain. Management of neuropathic pain with current therapeutics is challenging and there is a great need for more effective treatments. Preclinical studies using drugs that increase glycinergic signalling by potentiating glycine receptor activity or inhibiting transporter activity suggest that targeting this system is a good therapeutic strategy. The spatially restricted expression of glycine receptors and transporters is an advantage for targeting specific pathologies such as pain. However, until recently there have been few pharmacological modulators identified and most of which do not specifically target glycinergic signalling. This mini-review provides an overview of recent advances in the development of therapeutics and novel approaches that aim to increase glycinergic neurotransmission for the treatment of persistent pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy L Imlach
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Rm. W300, Blackburn D06, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia.
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