1
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Ragwan ER, Kisker FM, Morning AR, Weiser KR, Lago AV, Kraut DA. Slippery sequences stall the 26S proteasome at multiple points along the translocation pathway. Protein Sci 2024; 33:e5034. [PMID: 38801231 PMCID: PMC11129623 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
In eukaryotes, the ubiquitin-proteasome system is responsible for intracellular protein degradation. Proteins tagged with ubiquitin are recognized by ubiquitin receptors on the 19S regulatory particle (RP) of the 26S proteasome, unfolded, routed through the translocation channel of the RP, and are then degraded in the 20S core particle (CP). Aromatic paddles on the pore-1 loops of the RP's Rpt subunits grip the substrate and pull folded domains into the channel, thereby unfolding them. The sequence that the aromatic paddles grip while unfolding a substrate is therefore expected to influence the extent of unfolding, and low complexity sequences have been shown to interfere with grip. However, the detailed spatial requirements for grip while unfolding proteins, particularly from the N-terminus, remain unknown. We determined how the location of glycine-rich tracts relative to a folded domain impairs unfolding. We find that, in contrast to a previous report, inserting glycine-rich sequences closer to the folded domain reduced unfolding ability more than positioning them further away. Locations that have the biggest effect on unfolding map onto the regions where the aromatic paddles are predicted to interact with the substrate. Effects on unfolding from locations up to 67 amino acids away from the folded domain suggest that there are additional interactions between the substrate and the proteasome beyond the aromatic paddles that facilitate translocation of the substrate. In sum, this study deepens understanding of the mechanical interactions within the substrate channel by mapping the spacing of interactions between the substrate and the proteasome during unfolding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin R. Ragwan
- Department of ChemistryVillanova UniversityVillanovaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Faith M. Kisker
- Department of ChemistryVillanova UniversityVillanovaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | | | - Kaya R. Weiser
- Department of ChemistryVillanova UniversityVillanovaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Athena V. Lago
- Department of ChemistryVillanova UniversityVillanovaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Daniel A. Kraut
- Department of ChemistryVillanova UniversityVillanovaPennsylvaniaUSA
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2
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Wang X, Simon SM, Coffino P. Single-molecule microscopy reveals diverse actions of substrate sequences that impair ClpX AAA+ ATPase function. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102457. [PMID: 36064000 PMCID: PMC9531181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AAA+ (ATPases Associated with diverse cellular Activities) proteases unfold substrate proteins by pulling the substrate polypeptide through a narrow pore. To overcome the barrier to unfolding, substrates may require extended association with the ATPase. Failed unfolding attempts can lead to a slip of grip, which may result in substrate dissociation, but how substrate sequence affects slippage is unresolved. Here, we measured single-molecule dwell time using TIRF (Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence) microscopy, scoring time-dependent dissociation of engaged substrates from bacterial AAA+ ATPase unfoldase/translocase ClpX. Substrates comprising a stable domain resistant to unfolding and a C-terminal unstructured tail, tagged with a degron for initiating translocase insertion, were used to determine dwell time in relation to tail length and composition. We found greater tail length promoted substrate retention during futile unfolding. Additionally, we tested two tail compositions known to frustrate unfolding. A poly-glycine tract (polyG) promoted substrate release, but only when adjacent to the folded domain, whereas glycine-alanine repeats (GAr) did not promote release. A high-complexity motif containing polar and charged residues also promoted release. We further investigated the impact of these and related motifs on substrate degradation rates and ATP consumption, using the unfoldase-protease complex ClpXP. Here, substrate domain stability modulates the effects of substrate tail sequences. Although polyG and GAr are both inhibitory for unfolding, they act in different ways. GAr motifs only negatively affected degradation of highly stable substrates, which is accompanied by reduced ClpXP ATPase activity. Together, our results specify substrate characteristics that affect unfolding and degradation by ClpXP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University
| | - Sanford M Simon
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University
| | - Philip Coffino
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University.
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3
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Yaseen I, White SA, Torres-Garcia S, Spanos C, Lafos M, Gaberdiel E, Yeboah R, El Karoui M, Rappsilber J, Pidoux AL, Allshire RC. Proteasome-dependent truncation of the negative heterochromatin regulator Epe1 mediates antifungal resistance. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2022; 29:745-758. [PMID: 35879419 PMCID: PMC7613290 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-022-00801-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Epe1 histone demethylase restricts H3K9-methylation-dependent heterochromatin, preventing it from spreading over, and silencing, gene-containing regions in fission yeast. External stress induces an adaptive response allowing heterochromatin island formation that confers resistance on surviving wild-type lineages. Here we investigate the mechanism by which Epe1 is regulated in response to stress. Exposure to caffeine or antifungals results in Epe1 ubiquitylation and proteasome-dependent removal of the N-terminal 150 residues from Epe1, generating truncated Epe1 (tEpe1) which accumulates in the cytoplasm. Constitutive tEpe1 expression increases H3K9 methylation over several chromosomal regions, reducing expression of underlying genes and enhancing resistance. Reciprocally, constitutive non-cleavable Epe1 expression decreases resistance. tEpe1-mediated resistance requires a functional JmjC demethylase domain. Moreover, caffeine-induced Epe1-to-tEpe1 cleavage is dependent on an intact cell integrity MAP kinase stress signaling pathway, mutations in which alter resistance. Thus, environmental changes elicit a mechanism that curtails the function of this key epigenetic modifier, allowing heterochromatin to reprogram gene expression, thereby bestowing resistance to some cells within a population. H3K9me-heterochromatin components are conserved in human and crop-plant fungal pathogens for which a limited number of antifungals exist. Our findings reveal how transient heterochromatin-dependent antifungal resistant epimutations develop and thus inform on how they might be countered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imtiyaz Yaseen
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- CSIR Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
| | - Sharon A White
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sito Torres-Garcia
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Christos Spanos
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Marcel Lafos
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Elisabeth Gaberdiel
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rebecca Yeboah
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Meriem El Karoui
- Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- SynthSys, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Juri Rappsilber
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alison L Pidoux
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Robin C Allshire
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- SynthSys, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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4
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Fonseka HYY, Javidi A, Oliveira LFL, Micheletti C, Stan G. Unfolding and Translocation of Knotted Proteins by Clp Biological Nanomachines: Synergistic Contribution of Primary Sequence and Topology Revealed by Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:7335-7350. [PMID: 34110163 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c00898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We use Langevin dynamics simulations to model, at an atomistic resolution, how various natively knotted proteins are unfolded in repeated allosteric translocating cycles of the ClpY ATPase. We consider proteins representative of different topologies, from the simplest knot (trefoil 31), to the three-twist 52 knot, to the most complex stevedore, 61, knot. We harness the atomistic detail of the simulations to address aspects that have so far remained largely unexplored, such as sequence-dependent effects on the ruggedness of the landscape traversed during knot sliding. Our simulations reveal the combined effect on translocation of the knotted protein structure, i.e., backbone topology and geometry, and primary sequence, i.e., side chain size and interactions, and show that the latter can dominate translocation hindrance. In addition, we observe that due to the interplay between the knotted topology and intramolecular contacts the transmission of tension along the polypeptide chain occurs very differently from that of homopolymers. Finally, by considering native and non-native interactions, we examine how the disruption or formation of such contacts can affect the translocation processivity and concomitantly create multiple unfolding pathways with very different activation barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex Javidi
- Data Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Luiz F L Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Cristian Micheletti
- Molecular and Statistical Biophysics, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - George Stan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
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5
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Coates HW, Capell-Hattam IM, Brown AJ. The mammalian cholesterol synthesis enzyme squalene monooxygenase is proteasomally truncated to a constitutively active form. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100731. [PMID: 33933449 PMCID: PMC8166775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Squalene monooxygenase (SM, also known as squalene epoxidase) is a rate-limiting enzyme of cholesterol synthesis that converts squalene to monooxidosqualene and is oncogenic in numerous cancer types. SM is subject to feedback regulation via cholesterol-induced proteasomal degradation, which depends on its lipid-sensing N-terminal regulatory domain. We previously identified an endogenous truncated form of SM with a similar abundance to full-length SM, but whether this truncated form is functional or subject to the same regulatory mechanisms as full-length SM is not known. Here, we show that truncated SM differs from full-length SM in two major ways: it is cholesterol resistant and adopts a peripheral rather than integral association with the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. However, truncated SM retains full SM activity and is therefore constitutively active. Truncation of SM occurs during its endoplasmic reticulum–associated degradation and requires the proteasome, which partially degrades the SM N-terminus and disrupts cholesterol-sensing elements within the regulatory domain. Furthermore, truncation relies on a ubiquitin signal that is distinct from that required for cholesterol-induced degradation. Using mutagenesis, we demonstrate that partial proteasomal degradation of SM depends on both an intrinsically disordered region near the truncation site and the stability of the adjacent catalytic domain, which escapes degradation. These findings uncover an additional layer of complexity in the post-translational regulation of cholesterol synthesis and establish SM as the first eukaryotic enzyme found to undergo proteasomal truncation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hudson W Coates
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Andrew J Brown
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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6
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Abstract
The 26S proteasome is the most complex ATP-dependent protease machinery, of ~2.5 MDa mass, ubiquitously found in all eukaryotes. It selectively degrades ubiquitin-conjugated proteins and plays fundamentally indispensable roles in regulating almost all major aspects of cellular activities. To serve as the sole terminal "processor" for myriad ubiquitylation pathways, the proteasome evolved exceptional adaptability in dynamically organizing a large network of proteins, including ubiquitin receptors, shuttle factors, deubiquitinases, AAA-ATPase unfoldases, and ubiquitin ligases, to enable substrate selectivity and processing efficiency and to achieve regulation precision of a vast diversity of substrates. The inner working of the 26S proteasome is among the most sophisticated, enigmatic mechanisms of enzyme machinery in eukaryotic cells. Recent breakthroughs in three-dimensional atomic-level visualization of the 26S proteasome dynamics during polyubiquitylated substrate degradation elucidated an extensively detailed picture of its functional mechanisms, owing to progressive methodological advances associated with cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM). Multiple sites of ubiquitin binding in the proteasome revealed a canonical mode of ubiquitin-dependent substrate engagement. The proteasome conformation in the act of substrate deubiquitylation provided insights into how the deubiquitylating activity of RPN11 is enhanced in the holoenzyme and is coupled to substrate translocation. Intriguingly, three principal modes of coordinated ATP hydrolysis in the heterohexameric AAA-ATPase motor were discovered to regulate intermediate functional steps of the proteasome, including ubiquitin-substrate engagement, deubiquitylation, initiation of substrate translocation and processive substrate degradation. The atomic dissection of the innermost working of the 26S proteasome opens up a new era in our understanding of the ubiquitin-proteasome system and has far-reaching implications in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youdong Mao
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02215, Massachusetts, USA. .,School of Physics, Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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7
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Kardon JR, Moroco JA, Engen JR, Baker TA. Mitochondrial ClpX activates an essential biosynthetic enzyme through partial unfolding. eLife 2020; 9:54387. [PMID: 32091391 PMCID: PMC7077987 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria control the activity, quality, and lifetime of their proteins with an autonomous system of chaperones, but the signals that direct substrate-chaperone interactions and outcomes are poorly understood. We previously discovered that the mitochondrial AAA+ protein unfoldase ClpX (mtClpX) activates the initiating enzyme for heme biosynthesis, 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase (ALAS), by promoting cofactor incorporation. Here, we ask how mtClpX accomplishes this activation. Using S. cerevisiae proteins, we identified sequence and structural features within ALAS that position mtClpX and provide it with a grip for acting on ALAS. Observation of ALAS undergoing remodeling by mtClpX revealed that unfolding is limited to a region extending from the mtClpX-binding site to the active site. Unfolding along this path is required for mtClpX to gate cofactor binding to ALAS. This targeted unfolding contrasts with the global unfolding canonically executed by ClpX homologs and provides insight into how substrate-chaperone interactions direct the outcome of remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia R Kardon
- Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, United States.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Jamie A Moroco
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, United States
| | - John R Engen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, United States
| | - Tania A Baker
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
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8
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Bell TA, Baker TA, Sauer RT. Interactions between a subset of substrate side chains and AAA+ motor pore loops determine grip during protein unfolding. eLife 2019; 8:46808. [PMID: 31251172 PMCID: PMC6677533 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Most AAA+ remodeling motors denature proteins by pulling on the peptide termini of folded substrates, but it is not well-understood how motors produce grip when resisting a folded domain. Here, at single amino-acid resolution, we identify the determinants of grip by measuring how substrate tail sequences alter the unfolding activity of the unfoldase-protease ClpXP. The seven amino acids abutting a stable substrate domain are key, with residues 2-6 forming a core that contributes most significantly to grip. ClpX grips large hydrophobic and aromatic side chains strongly and small, polar, or charged side chains weakly. Multiple side chains interact with pore loops synergistically to strengthen grip. In combination with recent structures, our results support a mechanism in which unfolding grip is primarily mediated by non-specific van der Waal's interactions between core side chains of the substrate tail and a subset of YVG loops at the top of the ClpX axial pore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan A Bell
- Department of BiologyMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
| | - Tania A Baker
- Department of BiologyMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
| | - Robert T Sauer
- Department of BiologyMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
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9
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Kudriaeva AA, Belogurov AA. Proteasome: a Nanomachinery of Creative Destruction. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2019; 84:S159-S192. [PMID: 31213201 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297919140104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In the middle of the 20th century, it was postulated that degradation of intracellular proteins is a stochastic process. More than fifty years of intense studies have finally proven that protein degradation is a very complex and tightly regulated in time and space process that plays an incredibly important role in the vast majority of metabolic pathways. Degradation of more than a half of intracellular proteins is controlled by a hierarchically aligned and evolutionarily perfect system consisting of many components, the main ones being ubiquitin ligases and proteasomes, together referred to as the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). The UPS includes more than 1000 individual components, and most of them are critical for the cell functioning and survival. In addition to the well-known signaling functions of ubiquitination, such as modification of substrates for proteasomal degradation and DNA repair, polyubiquitin (polyUb) chains are involved in other important cellular processes, e.g., cell cycle regulation, immunity, protein degradation in mitochondria, and even mRNA stability. This incredible variety of ubiquitination functions is related to the ubiquitin ability to form branching chains through the ε-amino group of any of seven lysine residues in its sequence. Deubiquitination is accomplished by proteins of the deubiquitinating enzyme family. The second main component of the UPS is proteasome, a multisubunit proteinase complex that, in addition to the degradation of functionally exhausted and damaged proteins, regulates many important cellular processes through controlled degradation of substrates, for example, transcription factors and cyclins. In addition to the ubiquitin-dependent-mediated degradation, there is also ubiquitin-independent degradation, when the proteolytic signal is either an intrinsic protein sequence or shuttle molecule. Protein hydrolysis is a critically important cellular function; therefore, any abnormalities in this process lead to systemic impairments further transforming into serious diseases, such as diabetes, malignant transformation, and neurodegenerative disorders (multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and Huntington's disease). In this review, we discuss the mechanisms that orchestrate all components of the UPS, as well as the plurality of the fine-tuning pathways of proteasomal degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Kudriaeva
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia.
| | - A A Belogurov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia. .,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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10
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Singh Gautam AK, Martinez-Fonts K, Matouschek A. Scalable In Vitro Proteasome Activity Assay. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1844:321-341. [PMID: 30242719 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8706-1_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
We developed a degradation assay based on fluorescent protein substrates that are efficiently recognized, unfolded, translocated, and hydrolyzed by the proteasome. The substrates consist of three components: a proteasome-binding tag, a folded domain, and an initiation region. All the components of the model substrate can be changed to modulate degradation, and the assay can be performed in parallel in 384-well plates. These properties allow the assay to be used to explore a wide range of experimental conditions and to screen proteasome modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kirby Martinez-Fonts
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Andreas Matouschek
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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11
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Sivertsson EM, Jackson SE, Itzhaki LS. The AAA+ protease ClpXP can easily degrade a 3 1 and a 5 2-knotted protein. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2421. [PMID: 30787316 PMCID: PMC6382783 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38173-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Knots in proteins are hypothesized to make them resistant to enzymatic degradation by ATP-dependent proteases and recent studies have shown that whereas ClpXP can easily degrade a protein with a shallow 31 knot, it cannot degrade 52-knotted proteins if degradation is initiated at the C-terminus. Here, we present detailed studies of the degradation of both 31- and 52-knotted proteins by ClpXP using numerous constructs where proteins are tagged for degradation at both N- and C-termini. Our results confirm and extend earlier work and show that ClpXP can easily degrade a deeply 31-knotted protein. In contrast to recently published work on the degradation of 52-knotted proteins, our results show that the ClpXP machinery can also easily degrade these proteins. However, the degradation depends critically on the location of the degradation tag and the local stability near the tag. Our results are consistent with mechanisms in which either the knot simply slips along the polypeptide chain and falls off the free terminus, or one in which the tightened knot enters the translocation pore of ClpXP. Results of experiments on knotted protein fusions with a highly stable domain show partial degradation and the formation of degradation intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin M Sivertsson
- Department of Pharmacology, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK
| | - Sophie E Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Laura S Itzhaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK.
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12
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Javidialesaadi A, Flournoy SM, Stan G. Role of Diffusion in Unfolding and Translocation of Multidomain Titin I27 Substrates by a Clp ATPase Nanomachine. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:2623-2635. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b10282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shanice M. Flournoy
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia State University, Petersburg, Virginia 23806, United States
| | - George Stan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
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13
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Giordano C, Ruel L, Poux C, Therond P. Protein association changes in the Hedgehog signaling complex mediate differential signaling strength. Development 2018; 145:145/24/dev166850. [PMID: 30541874 DOI: 10.1242/dev.166850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) is a conserved morphogen that controls cell differentiation and tissue patterning in metazoans. In Drosophila, the Hh signal is transduced from the G protein-coupled receptor Smoothened (Smo) to the cytoplasmic Hh signaling complex (HSC). How activated Smo is translated into a graded activation of the downstream pathway is still not well understood. In this study, we show that the last amino acids of the cytoplasmic tail of Smo, in combination with G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (Gprk2), bind to the regulatory domain of Fused (Fu) and highly activate its kinase activity. We further show that this binding induces changes in the association of Fu protein with the HSC and increases the proximity of the Fu catalytic domain to its substrate, the Costal2 kinesin. We propose a new model in which, depending on the magnitude of Hh signaling, Smo and Gprk2 modulate protein association and conformational changes in the HSC, which are responsible for the differential activation of the pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecile Giordano
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Laurent Ruel
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Candice Poux
- Stockholms Universitet, Wenner-Grens Institut, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pascal Therond
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, 06108 Nice, France
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14
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Abstract
As the endpoint for the ubiquitin-proteasome system, the 26S proteasome is the principal proteolytic machine responsible for regulated protein degradation in eukaryotic cells. The proteasome's cellular functions range from general protein homeostasis and stress response to the control of vital processes such as cell division and signal transduction. To reliably process all the proteins presented to it in the complex cellular environment, the proteasome must combine high promiscuity with exceptional substrate selectivity. Recent structural and biochemical studies have shed new light on the many steps involved in proteasomal substrate processing, including recognition, deubiquitination, and ATP-driven translocation and unfolding. In addition, these studies revealed a complex conformational landscape that ensures proper substrate selection before the proteasome commits to processive degradation. These advances in our understanding of the proteasome's intricate machinery set the stage for future studies on how the proteasome functions as a major regulator of the eukaryotic proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared A M Bard
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA;
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Ellen A Goodall
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA;
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Eric R Greene
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA;
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Erik Jonsson
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA;
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Ken C Dong
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA;
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Andreas Martin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA;
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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15
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Courtois G, Fauvarque MO. The Many Roles of Ubiquitin in NF-κB Signaling. Biomedicines 2018; 6:E43. [PMID: 29642643 PMCID: PMC6027159 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6020043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway ubiquitously controls cell growth and survival in basic conditions as well as rapid resetting of cellular functions following environment changes or pathogenic insults. Moreover, its deregulation is frequently observed during cell transformation, chronic inflammation or autoimmunity. Understanding how it is properly regulated therefore is a prerequisite to managing these adverse situations. Over the last years evidence has accumulated showing that ubiquitination is a key process in NF-κB activation and its resolution. Here, we examine the various functions of ubiquitin in NF-κB signaling and more specifically, how it controls signal transduction at the molecular level and impacts in vivo on NF-κB regulated cellular processes.
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16
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The peroxisomal AAA-ATPase Pex1/Pex6 unfolds substrates by processive threading. Nat Commun 2018; 9:135. [PMID: 29321502 PMCID: PMC5762779 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02474-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pex1 and Pex6 form a heterohexameric motor essential for peroxisome biogenesis and function, and mutations in these AAA-ATPases cause most peroxisome-biogenesis disorders in humans. The tail-anchored protein Pex15 recruits Pex1/Pex6 to the peroxisomal membrane, where it performs an unknown function required for matrix-protein import. Here we determine that Pex1/Pex6 from S. cerevisiae is a protein translocase that unfolds Pex15 in a pore-loop-dependent and ATP-hydrolysis-dependent manner. Our structural studies of Pex15 in isolation and in complex with Pex1/Pex6 illustrate that Pex15 binds the N-terminal domains of Pex6, before its C-terminal disordered region engages with the pore loops of the motor, which then processively threads Pex15 through the central pore. Furthermore, Pex15 directly binds the cargo receptor Pex5, linking Pex1/Pex6 to other components of the peroxisomal import machinery. Our results thus support a role of Pex1/Pex6 in mechanical unfolding of peroxins or their extraction from the peroxisomal membrane during matrix-protein import. Pex1 and Pex6 form a heterohexameric Type-2 AAA-ATPase motor whose function in peroxisomal matrix-protein import is still debated. Here, the authors combine structural, biochemical, and cell-biological approaches to show that Pex1/Pex6 is a protein unfoldase, which supports a role in mechanical unfolding of peroxin proteins.
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17
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Abstract
ATP-dependent proteases translocate proteins through a narrow pore for their controlled destruction. However, how a protein substrate containing a knotted topology affects this process remains unknown. Here, we characterized the effects of the trefoil-knotted protein MJ0366 from Methanocaldococcus jannaschii on the operation of the ClpXP protease from Escherichia coli ClpXP completely degrades MJ0366 when pulling from the C-terminal ssrA-tag. However, when a GFP moiety is appended to the N terminus of MJ0366, ClpXP releases intact GFP with a 47-residue tail. The extended length of this tail suggests that ClpXP tightens the trefoil knot against GFP, which prevents GFP unfolding. Interestingly, if the linker between the knot core of MJ0366 and GFP is longer than 36 residues, ClpXP tightens and translocates the knot before it reaches GFP, enabling the complete unfolding and degradation of the substrate. These observations suggest that a knot-induced stall during degradation of multidomain proteins by AAA proteases may constitute a novel mechanism to produce partially degraded products with potentially new functions.
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18
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Chen P, Zhou Z, Yao X, Pang S, Liu M, Jiang W, Jiang J, Zhang Q. Capping Enzyme mRNA-cap/RNGTT Regulates Hedgehog Pathway Activity by Antagonizing Protein Kinase A. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2891. [PMID: 28588207 PMCID: PMC5460166 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03165-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling plays a pivotal role in animal development and its deregulation in humans causes birth defects and several types of cancer. Protein Kinase A (PKA) modulates Hh signaling activity through phosphorylating the transcription factor Cubitus interruptus (Ci) and G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family protein Smoothened (Smo) in Drosophila, but how PKA activity is regulated remains elusive. Here, we identify a novel regulator of the Hh pathway, the capping-enzyme mRNA-cap, which positively regulates Hh signaling activity through modulating PKA activity. We provide genetic and biochemical evidence that mRNA-cap inhibits PKA kinase activity to promote Hh signaling. Interestingly, regulation of Hh signaling by mRNA-cap depends on its cytoplasmic capping-enzyme activity. In addition, we show that the mammalian homolog of mRNA-cap, RNGTT, can replace mRNA-cap to play the same function in the Drosophila Hh pathway and that knockdown of Rngtt in cultured mammalian cells compromised Shh pathway activity, suggesting that RNGTT is functionally conserved. Our study makes an unexpected link between the mRNA capping machinery and the Hh signaling pathway, unveils a new facet of Hh signaling regulation, and reveals a potential drug target for modulating Hh signaling activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China
| | - Zizhang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China
| | - Xia Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China
| | - Shu Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China
| | - Meijing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China
| | - Weirong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China
| | - Jin Jiang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
| | - Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China.
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19
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Bittner LM, Arends J, Narberhaus F. Mini review: ATP-dependent proteases in bacteria. Biopolymers 2017; 105:505-17. [PMID: 26971705 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AAA(+) proteases are universal barrel-like and ATP-fueled machines preventing the accumulation of aberrant proteins and regulating the proteome according to the cellular demand. They are characterized by two separate operating units, the ATPase and peptidase domains. ATP-dependent unfolding and translocation of a substrate into the proteolytic chamber is followed by ATP-independent degradation. This review addresses the structure and function of bacterial AAA(+) proteases with a focus on the ATP-driven mechanisms and the coordinated movements in the complex mainly based on the knowledge of ClpXP. We conclude by discussing strategies how novel protease substrates can be trapped by mutated AAA(+) protease variants. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 105: 505-517, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan Arends
- Microbial Biology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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20
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Distinct Prion Domain Sequences Ensure Efficient Amyloid Propagation by Promoting Chaperone Binding or Processing In Vivo. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006417. [PMID: 27814358 PMCID: PMC5096688 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prions are a group of proteins that can adopt a spectrum of metastable conformations in vivo. These alternative states change protein function and are self-replicating and transmissible, creating protein-based elements of inheritance and infectivity. Prion conformational flexibility is encoded in the amino acid composition and sequence of the protein, which dictate its ability not only to form an ordered aggregate known as amyloid but also to maintain and transmit this structure in vivo. But, while we can effectively predict amyloid propensity in vitro, the mechanism by which sequence elements promote prion propagation in vivo remains unclear. In yeast, propagation of the [PSI+] prion, the amyloid form of the Sup35 protein, has been linked to an oligopeptide repeat region of the protein. Here, we demonstrate that this region is composed of separable functional elements, the repeats themselves and a repeat proximal region, which are both required for efficient prion propagation. Changes in the numbers of these elements do not alter the physical properties of Sup35 amyloid, but their presence promotes amyloid fragmentation, and therefore maintenance, by molecular chaperones. Rather than acting redundantly, our observations suggest that these sequence elements make complementary contributions to prion propagation, with the repeat proximal region promoting chaperone binding to and the repeats promoting chaperone processing of Sup35 amyloid. Protein misfolding and assembly into ordered aggregates known as amyloid has emerged as a novel mechanism for regulation of protein function. In the case of prion proteins, the resulting amyloid is transmissible, creating protein-based elements of infectivity and inheritance. These unusual properties are linked to the amino acid composition and sequence of the protein, which confer both conformational flexibility and persistence in vivo, the latter of which occurs through mechanisms that are currently poorly understood. Here, we address this open question by studying a region of the yeast prion Sup35 that has been genetically linked to persistence. We find that this region is composed of two separable elements that are both required for efficient persistence of the amyloid. These elements do not contribute to amyloid stability. Rather, they promote distinct aspects of its functional interactions with molecular chaperones, which are required for efficient conformational self-replication and transmission.
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21
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Reichard EL, Chirico GG, Dewey WJ, Nassif ND, Bard KE, Millas NE, Kraut DA. Substrate Ubiquitination Controls the Unfolding Ability of the Proteasome. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:18547-61. [PMID: 27405762 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.720151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, proteins are targeted to the proteasome for degradation by polyubiquitination. These proteins bind to ubiquitin receptors, are engaged and unfolded by proteasomal ATPases, and are processively degraded. The factors determining to what extent the proteasome can successfully unfold and degrade a substrate are still poorly understood. We find that the architecture of polyubiquitin chains attached to a substrate affects the ability of the proteasome to unfold and degrade the substrate, with K48- or mixed-linkage chains leading to greater processivity than K63-linked chains. Ubiquitin-independent targeting of substrates to the proteasome gave substantially lower processivity of degradation than ubiquitin-dependent targeting. Thus, even though ubiquitin chains are removed early in degradation, during substrate engagement, remarkably they dramatically affect the later unfolding of a protein domain. Our work supports a model in which a polyubiquitin chain associated with a substrate switches the proteasome into an activated state that persists throughout the degradation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eden L Reichard
- From the Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085
| | - Giavanna G Chirico
- From the Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085
| | - William J Dewey
- From the Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085
| | - Nicholas D Nassif
- From the Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085
| | - Katelyn E Bard
- From the Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085
| | - Nickolas E Millas
- From the Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085
| | - Daniel A Kraut
- From the Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085
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22
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Kardon JR, Yien YY, Huston NC, Branco DS, Hildick-Smith GJ, Rhee KY, Paw BH, Baker TA. Mitochondrial ClpX Activates a Key Enzyme for Heme Biosynthesis and Erythropoiesis. Cell 2016; 161:858-67. [PMID: 25957689 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrion maintains and regulates its proteome with chaperones primarily inherited from its bacterial endosymbiont ancestor. Among these chaperones is the AAA+ unfoldase ClpX, an important regulator of prokaryotic physiology with poorly defined function in the eukaryotic mitochondrion. We observed phenotypic similarity in S. cerevisiae genetic interaction data between mitochondrial ClpX (mtClpX) and genes contributing to heme biosynthesis, an essential mitochondrial function. Metabolomic analysis revealed that 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), the first heme precursor, is 5-fold reduced in yeast lacking mtClpX activity and that total heme is reduced by half. mtClpX directly stimulates ALA synthase in vitro by catalyzing incorporation of its cofactor, pyridoxal phosphate. This activity is conserved in mammalian homologs; additionally, mtClpX depletion impairs vertebrate erythropoiesis, which requires massive upregulation of heme biosynthesis to supply hemoglobin. mtClpX, therefore, is a widely conserved stimulator of an essential biosynthetic pathway and uses a previously unrecognized mechanism for AAA+ unfoldases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia R Kardon
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yvette Y Yien
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nicholas C Huston
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Diana S Branco
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gordon J Hildick-Smith
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kyu Y Rhee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Barry H Paw
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tania A Baker
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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23
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Kravats AN, Tonddast-Navaei S, Stan G. Coarse-Grained Simulations of Topology-Dependent Mechanisms of Protein Unfolding and Translocation Mediated by ClpY ATPase Nanomachines. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1004675. [PMID: 26734937 PMCID: PMC4703411 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Clp ATPases are powerful ring shaped nanomachines which participate in the degradation pathway of the protein quality control system, coupling the energy from ATP hydrolysis to threading substrate proteins (SP) through their narrow central pore. Repetitive cycles of sequential intra-ring ATP hydrolysis events induce axial excursions of diaphragm-forming central pore loops that effect the application of mechanical forces onto SPs to promote unfolding and translocation. We perform Langevin dynamics simulations of a coarse-grained model of the ClpY ATPase-SP system to elucidate the molecular details of unfolding and translocation of an α/β model protein. We contrast this mechanism with our previous studies which used an all-α SP. We find conserved aspects of unfolding and translocation mechanisms by allosteric ClpY, including unfolding initiated at the tagged C-terminus and translocation via a power stroke mechanism. Topology-specific aspects include the time scales, the rate limiting steps in the degradation pathway, the effect of force directionality, and the translocase efficacy. Mechanisms of ClpY-assisted unfolding and translocation are distinct from those resulting from non-allosteric mechanical pulling. Bulk unfolding simulations, which mimic Atomic Force Microscopy-type pulling, reveal multiple unfolding pathways initiated at the C-terminus, N-terminus, or simultaneously from both termini. In a non-allosteric ClpY ATPase pore, mechanical pulling with constant velocity yields larger effective forces for SP unfolding, while pulling with constant force results in simultaneous unfolding and translocation. Cell survival is critically dependent on tightly regulated protein quality control, which includes chaperone-mediated folding and degradation. In the degradation pathway, AAA+ nanomachines, such as bacterial Clp proteases, use ATP-driven mechanisms to mechanically unfold, translocate, and destroy excess or defective proteins. Understanding these remodeling mechanisms is of central importance for deciphering the details of essential cellular processes. We perform coarse-grained computer simulations to extensively probe the effect of substrate protein topology on unfolding and translocation actions of the ClpY ATPase nanomachine. We find that, independent of SP topology, unfolding proceeds from the tagged C-terminus, which is engaged by the ATPase, and translocation involves coordinated steps. Topology-specific aspects include more complex unfolding and translocation pathways of the α/β SP compared with the all-α SP due to high stability of β-hairpins and interplay of tertiary contacts. In addition, directionality of the mechanical force applied by the Clp ATPase gives rise to distinct unfolding pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea N. Kravats
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sam Tonddast-Navaei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - George Stan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Olivares AO, Baker TA, Sauer RT. Mechanistic insights into bacterial AAA+ proteases and protein-remodelling machines. Nat Rev Microbiol 2015; 14:33-44. [PMID: 26639779 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2015.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
To maintain protein homeostasis, AAA+ proteolytic machines degrade damaged and unneeded proteins in bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes. This process involves the ATP-dependent unfolding of a target protein and its subsequent translocation into a self-compartmentalized proteolytic chamber. Related AAA+ enzymes also disaggregate and remodel proteins. Recent structural and biochemical studies, in combination with direct visualization of unfolding and translocation in single-molecule experiments, have illuminated the molecular mechanisms behind these processes and suggest how remodelling of macromolecular complexes by AAA+ enzymes could occur without global denaturation. In this Review, we discuss the structural and mechanistic features of AAA+ proteases and remodelling machines, focusing on the bacterial ClpXP and ClpX as paradigms. We also consider the potential of these enzymes as antibacterial targets and outline future challenges for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian O Olivares
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Tania A Baker
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Robert T Sauer
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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25
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Finley D, Chen X, Walters KJ. Gates, Channels, and Switches: Elements of the Proteasome Machine. Trends Biochem Sci 2015; 41:77-93. [PMID: 26643069 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The proteasome has emerged as an intricate machine that has dynamic mechanisms to regulate the timing of its activity, its selection of substrates, and its processivity. The 19-subunit regulatory particle (RP) recognizes ubiquitinated proteins, removes ubiquitin, and injects the target protein into the proteolytic chamber of the core particle (CP) via a narrow channel. Translocation into the CP requires substrate unfolding, which is achieved through mechanical force applied by a hexameric ATPase ring of the RP. Recent cryoelectron microscopy (cryoEM) studies have defined distinct conformational states of the RP, providing illustrative snapshots of what appear to be progressive steps of substrate engagement. Here, we bring together this new information with molecular analyses to describe the principles of proteasome activity and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Finley
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Xiang Chen
- Protein Processing Section, Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Kylie J Walters
- Protein Processing Section, Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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26
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Zanet J, Benrabah E, Li T, Pélissier-Monier A, Chanut-Delalande H, Ronsin B, Bellen HJ, Payre F, Plaza S. Pri sORF peptides induce selective proteasome-mediated protein processing. Science 2015; 349:1356-8. [PMID: 26383956 DOI: 10.1126/science.aac5677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A wide variety of RNAs encode small open-reading-frame (smORF/sORF) peptides, but their functions are largely unknown. Here, we show that Drosophila polished-rice (pri) sORF peptides trigger proteasome-mediated protein processing, converting the Shavenbaby (Svb) transcription repressor into a shorter activator. A genome-wide RNA interference screen identifies an E2-E3 ubiquitin-conjugating complex, UbcD6-Ubr3, which targets Svb to the proteasome in a pri-dependent manner. Upon interaction with Ubr3, Pri peptides promote the binding of Ubr3 to Svb. Ubr3 can then ubiquitinate the Svb N terminus, which is degraded by the proteasome. The C-terminal domains protect Svb from complete degradation and ensure appropriate processing. Our data show that Pri peptides control selectivity of Ubr3 binding, which suggests that the family of sORF peptides may contain an extended repertoire of protein regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zanet
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Bâtiment 4R3, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France. CNRS, UMR5547, Centre de Biologie du Développement, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - E Benrabah
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Bâtiment 4R3, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France. CNRS, UMR5547, Centre de Biologie du Développement, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - T Li
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - A Pélissier-Monier
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Bâtiment 4R3, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France. CNRS, UMR5547, Centre de Biologie du Développement, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - H Chanut-Delalande
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Bâtiment 4R3, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France. CNRS, UMR5547, Centre de Biologie du Développement, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - B Ronsin
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Bâtiment 4R3, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France. CNRS, UMR5547, Centre de Biologie du Développement, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - H J Bellen
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Neurological Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - F Payre
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Bâtiment 4R3, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France. CNRS, UMR5547, Centre de Biologie du Développement, F-31062 Toulouse, France.
| | - S Plaza
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Bâtiment 4R3, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France. CNRS, UMR5547, Centre de Biologie du Développement, F-31062 Toulouse, France.
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27
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Iosefson O, Olivares AO, Baker TA, Sauer RT. Dissection of Axial-Pore Loop Function during Unfolding and Translocation by a AAA+ Proteolytic Machine. Cell Rep 2015; 12:1032-41. [PMID: 26235618 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the axial channels of ClpX and related hexameric AAA+ protein-remodeling rings, the pore-1 loops are thought to play important roles in engaging, mechanically unfolding, and translocating protein substrates. How these loops perform these functions and whether they also prevent substrate dissociation to ensure processive degradation by AAA+ proteases are open questions. Using ClpX pore-1-loop variants, single-molecule force spectroscopy, and ensemble assays, we find that the six pore-1 loops function synchronously to grip and unfold protein substrates during a power stroke but are not important in preventing substrate slipping between power strokes. The importance of grip strength is task dependent. ClpX variants with multiple mutant pore-1 loops translocate substrates as well as the wild-type enzyme against a resisting force but show unfolding defects and a higher frequency of substrate release. These problems are magnified for more mechanically stable target proteins, supporting a threshold model of substrate gripping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ohad Iosefson
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Adrian O Olivares
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tania A Baker
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Robert T Sauer
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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28
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Fishbain S, Inobe T, Israeli E, Chavali S, Yu H, Kago G, Babu MM, Matouschek A. Sequence composition of disordered regions fine-tunes protein half-life. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2015; 22:214-21. [PMID: 25643324 PMCID: PMC4351145 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The proteasome controls the concentrations of most proteins in eukaryotic cells. It recognizes its protein substrates through ubiquitin tags and initiates degradation at disordered regions within the substrate. Here we find that the proteasome has pronounced preferences for the amino acid sequence composition of the regions at which it initiates degradation. Specifically, proteins where the initiation regions have biased amino acid compositions show longer half-lives in yeast. The relationship is also observed on a genomic scale in mouse cells. These preferences affect the degradation rates of proteins in vitro, can explain the unexpected stability of natural proteins in yeast, and may affect the accumulation of toxic proteins in disease. We propose that the proteasome’s sequence preferences provide a second component to the degradation code and may fine-tune protein half-life in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Fishbain
- 1] Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA. [2] Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Tomonao Inobe
- 1] Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA. [2] Frontier Research Core for Life Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Eitan Israeli
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Sreenivas Chavali
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Houqing Yu
- 1] Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA. [2] Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Grace Kago
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - M Madan Babu
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andreas Matouschek
- 1] Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA. [2] Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA. [3]
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29
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Abstract
Microorganisms live in fluctuating environments, requiring stress response pathways to resist environmental insults and stress. These pathways dynamically monitor cellular status, and mediate adaptive changes by remodeling the proteome, largely accomplished by remodeling transcriptional networks and protein degradation. The complementarity of fast, specific proteolytic degradation and slower, broad transcriptomic changes gives cells the mechanistic repertoire to dynamically adjust cellular processes and optimize response behavior. Together, this enables cells to minimize the 'cost' of the response while maximizing the ability to survive environmental stress. Here we highlight recent progress in our understanding of transcriptional networks and proteolysis that illustrates the design principles used by bacteria to generate the complex behaviors required to resist stress.
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30
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Kim M. Pathogenic polyglutamine expansion length correlates with polarity of the flanking sequences. Mol Neurodegener 2014; 9:45. [PMID: 25377768 PMCID: PMC4237751 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-9-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polyglutamine (polyQ) repeat expansion within coding sequence of a soluble protein is responsible for eight autosomal-dominant genetic neurodegenerative disorders. These disorders affect cerebellum, striatum, basal ganglia and other brain regions. The pathogenic polyQ-expansion threshold in these proteins varies from 32Q to 54Q. Understanding the reasons for variability in pathogenic polyQ threshold may provide insights into pathogenic mechanisms responsible for development of these disorders. Findings Here we established a quantitative correlation between the polarity of the flanking sequences and pathogenic polyQ-expansion threshold in this protein family. We introduced an “edge polarity index” (EPI) to quantify polarity effects of the flanking regions and established a strong correlation between EPI index and critical polyQ expansion length in this protein family. Based on this analysis we subdivided polyQ-expanded proteins into 2 groups – with strong and weak dependence of polyQ threshold on EPI index. The main difference between members of the first and the second group is a polarity profile of these proteins outside of polyQ and flanking regions. PolyQ proteins are known substrates for proteasome and most likely mechanistic explanation for the observed correlation is that proteasome may have an impaired ability to process continuous non-polar regions of proteins. Conclusions The proposed hypothesis provides a quantitative explanation for variability in pathogenic threshold among polyQ-expansion disorders, which we established to correlate with polarity of flanking regions. To explain these results we propose that proteasome is not efficient in processing continuous non-polar regions of proteins, resulting in release of undigested and partially digested fragments. If supported experimentally, our hypothesis may have wide implications for further understanding the pathogensis of polyglutamine expansion disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meewhi Kim
- Department of Physiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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31
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van der Lee R, Lang B, Kruse K, Gsponer J, Sánchez de Groot N, Huynen MA, Matouschek A, Fuxreiter M, Babu MM. Intrinsically disordered segments affect protein half-life in the cell and during evolution. Cell Rep 2014; 8:1832-1844. [PMID: 25220455 PMCID: PMC4358326 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Precise control of protein turnover is essential for cellular homeostasis. The ubiquitin-proteasome system is well established as a major regulator of protein degradation, but an understanding of how inherent structural features influence the lifetimes of proteins is lacking. We report that yeast, mouse, and human proteins with terminal or internal intrinsically disordered segments have significantly shorter half-lives than proteins without these features. The lengths of the disordered segments that affect protein half-life are compatible with the structure of the proteasome. Divergence in terminal and internal disordered segments in yeast proteins originating from gene duplication leads to significantly altered half-life. Many paralogs that are affected by such changes participate in signaling, where altered protein half-life will directly impact cellular processes and function. Thus, natural variation in the length and position of disordered segments may affect protein half-life and could serve as an underappreciated source of genetic variation with important phenotypic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin van der Lee
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK; Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Benjamin Lang
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Kai Kruse
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Jörg Gsponer
- Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, East Mall, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | | | - Martijn A Huynen
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Andreas Matouschek
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Monika Fuxreiter
- MTA-DE Momentum Laboratory of Protein Dynamics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4032, Hungary
| | - M Madan Babu
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
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32
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The 26S proteasome and initiation of gene transcription. Biomolecules 2014; 4:827-47. [PMID: 25211636 PMCID: PMC4192674 DOI: 10.3390/biom4030827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription activation is the foremost step of gene expression and is modulated by various factors that act in synergy. Misregulation of this process and its associated factors has severe effects and hence requires strong regulatory control. In recent years, growing evidence has highlighted the 26S proteasome as an important contributor to the regulation of transcription initiation. Well known for its role in protein destruction, its contribution to protein synthesis was initially viewed with skepticism. However, studies over the past several years have established the proteasome as an important component of transcription initiation through proteolytic and non-proteolytic activities. In this review, we discuss findings made so far in understanding the connections between transcription initiation and the 26S proteasome complex.
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33
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Bauer BW, Shemesh T, Chen Y, Rapoport TA. A "push and slide" mechanism allows sequence-insensitive translocation of secretory proteins by the SecA ATPase. Cell 2014; 157:1416-1429. [PMID: 24906156 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In bacteria, most secretory proteins are translocated across the plasma membrane by the interplay of the SecA ATPase and the SecY channel. How SecA moves a broad range of polypeptide substrates is only poorly understood. Here we show that SecA moves polypeptides through the SecY channel by a "push and slide" mechanism. In its ATP-bound state, SecA interacts through a two-helix finger with a subset of amino acids in a substrate, pushing them into the channel. A polypeptide can also passively slide back and forth when SecA is in the predominant ADP-bound state or when SecA encounters a poorly interacting amino acid in its ATP-bound state. SecA performs multiple rounds of ATP hydrolysis before dissociating from SecY. The proposed push and slide mechanism is supported by a mathematical model and explains how SecA allows translocation of a wide range of polypeptides. This mechanism may also apply to hexameric polypeptide-translocating ATPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt W Bauer
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tom Shemesh
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yu Chen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tom A Rapoport
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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34
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Fuxreiter M, Tóth-Petróczy Á, Kraut DA, Matouschek AT, Lim RYH, Xue B, Kurgan L, Uversky VN. Disordered proteinaceous machines. Chem Rev 2014; 114:6806-43. [PMID: 24702702 PMCID: PMC4350607 DOI: 10.1021/cr4007329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Fuxreiter
- MTA-DE
Momentum Laboratory of Protein Dynamics, Department of Biochemistry
and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Tóth-Petróczy
- Department
of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Daniel A. Kraut
- Department
of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 East Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - Andreas T. Matouschek
- Section
of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Cellular &
Molecular Biology, The University of Texas
at Austin, 2506 Speedway, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Roderick Y. H. Lim
- Biozentrum
and the Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University
of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse
70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bin Xue
- Department of Cell Biology,
Microbiology and Molecular Biology, College
of Fine Arts and Sciences, and Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health
Byrd Alzheimer’s Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Lukasz Kurgan
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Department of Cell Biology,
Microbiology and Molecular Biology, College
of Fine Arts and Sciences, and Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health
Byrd Alzheimer’s Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
- Institute
for Biological Instrumentation, Russian
Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region 119991, Russia
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35
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van der Lee R, Buljan M, Lang B, Weatheritt RJ, Daughdrill GW, Dunker AK, Fuxreiter M, Gough J, Gsponer J, Jones D, Kim PM, Kriwacki R, Oldfield CJ, Pappu RV, Tompa P, Uversky VN, Wright P, Babu MM. Classification of intrinsically disordered regions and proteins. Chem Rev 2014; 114:6589-631. [PMID: 24773235 PMCID: PMC4095912 DOI: 10.1021/cr400525m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1415] [Impact Index Per Article: 141.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin van der Lee
- MRC
Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
- Centre
for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The
Netherlands
| | - Marija Buljan
- MRC
Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Lang
- MRC
Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J. Weatheritt
- MRC
Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Gary W. Daughdrill
- Department
of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 321, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - A. Keith Dunker
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana
University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Monika Fuxreiter
- MTA-DE
Momentum Laboratory of Protein Dynamics, Department of Biochemistry
and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt 98, Hungary
| | - Julian Gough
- Department
of Computer Science, University of Bristol, The Merchant Venturers Building, Bristol BS8 1UB, United Kingdom
| | - Joerg Gsponer
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre for High-Throughput
Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - David
T. Jones
- Bioinformatics
Group, Department of Computer Science, University
College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Philip M. Kim
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Department of Molecular
Genetics, and Department of Computer Science, University
of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Richard
W. Kriwacki
- Department
of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children’s
Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Christopher J. Oldfield
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana
University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Rohit V. Pappu
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biological Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Peter Tompa
- VIB Department
of Structural Biology, Vrije Universiteit
Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Institute
of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Department
of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Research
Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation,
Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino,
Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Peter
E. Wright
- Department
of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology and Skaggs Institute
of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research
Institute, 10550 North
Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - M. Madan Babu
- MRC
Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
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36
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Nassif ND, Cambray SE, Kraut DA. Slipping up: Partial substrate degradation by ATP-dependent proteases. IUBMB Life 2014; 66:309-17. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.1271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel A. Kraut
- Department of Chemistry; Villanova University; Villanova PA USA
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37
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Abstract
The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is the main ATP-dependent protein degradation pathway in the cytosol and nucleus of eukaryotic cells. At its centre is the 26S proteasome, which degrades regulatory proteins and misfolded or damaged proteins. In a major breakthrough, several groups have determined high-resolution structures of the entire 26S proteasome particle in different nucleotide conditions and with and without substrate using cryo-electron microscopy combined with other techniques. These structures provide some surprising insights into the functional mechanism of the proteasome and will give invaluable guidance for genetic and biochemical studies of this key regulatory system.
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38
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Inobe T, Matouschek A. Paradigms of protein degradation by the proteasome. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2014; 24:156-64. [PMID: 24632559 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The proteasome is the main proteolytic machine in the cytosol and nucleus of eukaryotic cells where it degrades hundreds of regulatory proteins, removes damaged proteins, and produces peptides that are presented by MHC complexes. New structures of the proteasome particle show how its subunits are arranged and provide insights into how the proteasome is regulated. Proteins are targeted to the proteasome by tags composed of several ubiquitin moieties. The structure of the tags tunes the order in which proteins are degraded. The proteasome itself edits the ubiquitin tags and drugs that interfere in this process can enhance the clearance of toxic proteins from cells. Finally, the proteasome initiates degradation at unstructured regions within its substrates and this step contributes to substrate selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonao Inobe
- Frontier Research Core for Life Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Andreas Matouschek
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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39
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Kraut DA. Reply to Coffino et al.: Slippery Substrates Impair ATP-dependent Protease Function by Slowing Unfolding. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:3827. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.l113.533687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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40
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Lee SY, Pullen L, Virgil DJ, Castañeda CA, Abeykoon D, Bolon DNA, Fushman D. Alanine scan of core positions in ubiquitin reveals links between dynamics, stability, and function. J Mol Biol 2013; 426:1377-89. [PMID: 24361330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mutations at solvent-inaccessible core positions in proteins can impact function through many biophysical mechanisms including alterations to thermodynamic stability and protein dynamics. As these properties of proteins are difficult to investigate, the impacts of core mutations on protein function are poorly understood for most systems. Here, we determined the effects of alanine mutations at all 15 core positions in ubiquitin on function in yeast. The majority (13 of 15) of alanine substitutions supported yeast growth as the sole ubiquitin. Both the two null mutants (I30A and L43A) were less stable to temperature-induced unfolding in vitro than wild type (WT) but were well folded at physiological temperatures. Heteronuclear NMR studies indicated that the L43A mutation reduces temperature stability while retaining a ground-state structure similar to WT. This structure enables L43A to bind to common ubiquitin receptors in vitro. Many of the core alanine ubiquitin mutants, including one of the null variants (I30A), exhibited an increased accumulation of high-molecular-weight species, suggesting that these mutants caused a defect in the processing of ubiquitin-substrate conjugates. In contrast, L43A exhibited a unique accumulation pattern with reduced levels of high-molecular-weight species and undetectable levels of free ubiquitin. When conjugation to other proteins was blocked, L43A ubiquitin accumulated as free ubiquitin in yeast. Based on these findings, we speculate that ubiquitin's stability to unfolding may be required for efficient recycling during proteasome-mediated substrate degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Y Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Organization, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Lester Pullen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Daniel J Virgil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Carlos A Castañeda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Organization, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Dulith Abeykoon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Organization, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Daniel N A Bolon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - David Fushman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Organization, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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41
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Kraut DA. Slippery substrates impair ATP-dependent protease function by slowing unfolding. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:34729-35. [PMID: 24151080 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.512533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP-dependent proteases are responsible for most energy-dependent protein degradation across all species. Proteases initially bind an unstructured region on a substrate and then translocate along the polypeptide chain, unfolding and degrading protein domains as they are encountered. Although this process is normally processive, resulting in the complete degradation of substrate proteins to small peptides, some substrates are released prematurely. Regions of low sequence complexity within the substrate such as the glycine-rich region (GRR) from p105 or glycine-alanine repeats (GAr) from the EBNA1 (Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen-1) protein, can trigger partial degradation and fragment release. Loss of processivity could be due to inability to hold on to the substrate (faster release) or inability to unfold and degrade a substrate domain (slower unfolding). I previously showed that the GRR slows domain unfolding by the proteasome (Kraut, D. A., Israeli, E., Schrader, E. K., Patil, A., Nakai, K., Nanavati, D., Inobe, T., and Matouschek, A. (2012) ACS Chem. Biol. 7, 1444-1453). In contrast, a recently published study concluded that GArs increase the rate of substrate release from ClpXP, a bacterial ATP-dependent protease (Too, P. H., Erales, J., Simen, J. D., Marjanovic, A., and Coffino, P. (2013) J. Biol. Chem. 288, 13243-13257). Here, I show that these apparently contradictory results can be reconciled through a reanalysis of the ClpXP GAr data. This reanalysis shows that, as with the proteasome, low complexity sequences in substrates slow their unfolding and degradation by ClpXP, with little effect on release rates. Thus, despite their evolutionary distance and limited sequence identity, both ClpXP and the proteasome share a common mechanism by which substrate sequences regulate the processivity of degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Kraut
- From the Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085
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42
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Critical clamp loader processing by an essential AAA+ protease in Caulobacter crescentus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:18138-43. [PMID: 24145408 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1311302110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome replication relies on sliding clamps that are loaded by energy-dependent complexes. In Escherichia coli, the ATP-binding clamp loader subunit DnaX exists as both long (τ) and short (γ) forms generated through programmed translational frameshifting, but the need for both forms is unclear. Here, we show that in Caulobacter crescentus, DnaX isoforms are unexpectedly generated through partial proteolysis by the AAA+ protease casein lytic proteinase (Clp) XP. We find that the normally processive ClpXP protease partially degrades DnaX to produce stable fragments upon encountering a glycine-rich region adjacent to a structured domain. Increasing the sequence complexity of this region prevents partial proteolysis and generates a τ-only form of DnaX in vivo that is unable to support viability on its own. Growth is restored when γ is provided in trans, but these strains are more sensitive to DNA damage compared with strains that can generate γ through proteolysis. Our work reveals an unexpected mode of partial processing by the ClpXP protease to generate DnaX isoforms, demonstrates that both τ and γ forms of DnaX are required for Caulobacter viability, and identifies a role for clamp loader diversity in responding to DNA damage. The conservation of distinct DnaX isoforms throughout bacteria despite fundamentally different mechanisms for producing them suggests there may be a conserved need for alternate clamp loader complexes during DNA damaging conditions.
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43
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The RNA exosome and proteasome: common principles of degradation control. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2013; 14:654-60. [PMID: 23989960 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Defective RNAs and proteins are swiftly degraded by cellular quality control mechanisms. A large fraction of their degradation is mediated by the exosome and the proteasome. These complexes have a similar architectural framework based on cylindrical, hollow structures that are conserved from bacteria and archaea to eukaryotes. Mechanistic similarities have also been identified for how RNAs and proteins are channelled into these structures and prepared for degradation. Insights gained from studies of the proteasome should now set the stage for elucidating the regulation, assembly and small-molecule inhibition of the exosome.
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44
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Zhang Z, Lv X, Yin WC, Zhang X, Feng J, Wu W, Hui CC, Zhang L, Zhao Y. Ter94 ATPase complex targets k11-linked ubiquitinated ci to proteasomes for partial degradation. Dev Cell 2013; 25:636-44. [PMID: 23747190 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Cubitus interruptus (Ci)/Gli family of transcription factors can be degraded either completely or partially from a full-length form (Ci155/Gli(FL)) to a truncated repressor (Ci75/Gli(R)) by proteasomes to mediate Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. The mechanism by which proteasomes distinguish ubiquitinated Ci/Gli to carry out complete versus partial degradation is not known. Here, we show that Ter94 ATPase and its mammalian counterpart, p97, are involved in processing Ci and Gli3 into Ci75 and Gli3(R), respectively. Ter94 regulates the partial degradation of ubiquitinated Ci by Cul1-Slimb-based E3 ligase through its adaptors Ufd1-like and dNpl4. We demonstrate that Cul1-Slimb-based E3 ligase, but not Cul3-Rdx-based E3 ligase, modifies Ci by efficient addition of K11-linked ubiquitin chains. Ter94(Ufd1-like/dNpl4) complex interacts directly with Cul1-Slimb, and, intriguingly, it prefers K11-linked ubiquitinated Ci. Thus, Ter94 ATPase and K11-linked ubiquitination in Ci contribute to the selectivity by proteasomes for partial degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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45
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Too PHM, Erales J, Simen JD, Marjanovic A, Coffino P. Slippery substrates impair function of a bacterial protease ATPase by unbalancing translocation versus exit. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:13243-57. [PMID: 23530043 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.452524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ATP-dependent proteases translocate and unfold their substrates. RESULTS A human virus sequence with only Gly and Ala residues causes similar dysfunctions of eukaryotic and prokaryotic protease motors: unfolding failure. CONCLUSION Sequences with amino acids of simple shape and small size impair unfolding of contiguous stable domains. SIGNIFICANCE Compartmented ATP-dependent proteases of diverse origin share conserved principles of interaction between translocase/effector and substrate/recipient. ATP-dependent proteases engage, translocate, and unfold substrate proteins. A sequence with only Gly and Ala residues (glycine-alanine repeat; GAr) encoded by the Epstein-Barr virus of humans inhibits eukaryotic proteasome activity. It causes the ATPase translocase to slip on its protein track, stalling unfolding and interrupting degradation. The bacterial protease ClpXP is structurally simpler than the proteasome but has related elements: a regulatory ATPase complex (ClpX) and associated proteolytic chamber (ClpP). In this study, GAr sequences were found to impair ClpXP function much as in proteasomes. Stalling depended on interaction between a GAr and a suitably spaced and positioned folded domain resistant to mechanical unfolding. Persistent unfolding failure results in the interruption of degradation and the production of partial degradation products that include the resistant domain. The capacity of various sequences to cause unfolding failure was investigated. Among those tested, a GAr was most effective, implying that viral selection had optimized processivity failure. More generally, amino acids of simple shape and small size promoted unfolding failure. The ClpX ATPase is a homohexamer. Partial degradation products could exit the complex through transient gaps between the ClpX monomers or, alternatively, by backing out. Production of intermediates by diverse topological forms of the hexamer was shown to be similar, excluding lateral escape. In principle, a GAr could interrupt degradation because 1) the translocase thrusts forward less effectively or because 2) the translocase retains substrate less well when resetting between forward strokes. Kinetic analysis showed that the predominant effect was through the second of these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Hiu-Mei Too
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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Abstract
The proteasome refers to a collection of complexes centered on the 20S proteasome core particle (20S CP), a complex of 28 subunits that houses proteolytic sites in its hollow interior. Proteasomes are found in eukaryotes, archaea, and some eubacteria, and their activity is critical for many cellular pathways. Important recent advances include inhibitor binding studies and the structure of the immunoproteasome, whose specificity is altered by the incorporation of inducible catalytic subunits. The inherent repression of the 20S CP is relieved by the ATP-independent activators 11S and Blm10/PA200, whose structures reveal principles of proteasome mechanism. The structure of the ATP-dependent 19S regulatory particle, which mediates degradation of polyubiquitylated proteins, is being revealed by a combination of crystal or NMR structures of individual subunits and electron microscopy reconstruction of the intact complex. Other recent structural advances inform us about mechanisms of assembly and the role of conformational changes in the functional cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Kish-Trier
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-5650, USA
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47
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Liu CW, Jacobson AD. Functions of the 19S complex in proteasomal degradation. Trends Biochem Sci 2013; 38:103-10. [PMID: 23290100 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The 26S proteasome degrades ubiquitylated proteins. It consists of the 20S proteasome and the PA700/19S complex. PA700 plays essential roles in processing ubiquitylated substrates; it can bind, deubiquitylate, and unfold ubiquitylated proteins, which then translocate into the proteolytic chamber of the 20S proteasome for degradation. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of PA700-mediated substrate binding and deubiquitylation, and provide models to explain how substrate binding and deubiquitylation could regulate proteasomal degradation. We also discuss the features and potential therapeutic uses of the two recently identified small molecule inhibitors of the proteasome-residing deubiquitylating enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Wei Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 E. 17th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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48
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Kraut DA, Israeli E, Schrader EK, Patil A, Nakai K, Nanavati D, Inobe T, Matouschek A. Sequence- and species-dependence of proteasomal processivity. ACS Chem Biol 2012; 7:1444-53. [PMID: 22716912 DOI: 10.1021/cb3001155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The proteasome is the degradation machine at the center of the ubiquitin-proteasome system and controls the concentrations of many proteins in eukaryotes. It is highly processive so that substrates are degraded completely into small peptides, avoiding the formation of potentially toxic fragments. Nonetheless, some proteins are incompletely degraded, indicating the existence of factors that influence proteasomal processivity. We have quantified proteasomal processivity and determined the underlying rates of substrate degradation and release. We find that processivity increases with species complexity over a 5-fold range between yeast and mammalian proteasome, and the effect is due to slower but more persistent degradation by proteasomes from more complex organisms. A sequence stretch that has been implicated in causing incomplete degradation, the glycine-rich region of the NFκB subunit p105, reduces the proteasome's ability to unfold its substrate, and polyglutamine repeats such as found in Huntington's disease reduce the processivity of the proteasome in a length-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Kraut
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208,
United States
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085,
United States
| | - Eitan Israeli
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208,
United States
| | - Erin K. Schrader
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208,
United States
| | - Ashwini Patil
- Human Genome
Center, The Institute
of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokane-dai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenta Nakai
- Human Genome
Center, The Institute
of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokane-dai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dhaval Nanavati
- Proteomics Core Facility, Chemistry
of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Tomonao Inobe
- Frontier Research Core for Life
Sciences, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku,
Toyama-shi, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Andreas Matouschek
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208,
United States
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49
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Rood KL, Clark NE, Stoddard PR, Garman SC, Chien P. Adaptor-dependent degradation of a cell-cycle regulator uses a unique substrate architecture. Structure 2012; 20:1223-32. [PMID: 22682744 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2012.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In Caulobacter crescentus, the ClpXP protease degrades several crucial cell-cycle regulators, including the phosphodiesterase PdeA. Degradation of PdeA requires the response regulator CpdR and signals a morphological transition in concert with initiation of DNA replication. Here, we report the structure of a Per-Arnt-Sim (PAS) domain of PdeA and show that it is necessary for CpdR-dependent degradation in vivo and in vitro. CpdR acts as an adaptor, tethering the amino-terminal PAS domain to ClpXP and promoting recognition of the weak carboxyl-terminal degron of PdeA, a combination that ensures processive proteolysis. We identify sites on the PAS domain needed for CpdR recognition and find that one subunit of the PdeA dimer can be delivered to ClpXP by its partner. Finally, we show that improper stabilization of PdeA in vivo alters cellular behavior. These results introduce an adaptor/substrate pair for ClpXP and reveal broad diversity in adaptor-mediated proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith L Rood
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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50
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Feld GK, Brown MJ, Krantz BA. Ratcheting up protein translocation with anthrax toxin. Protein Sci 2012; 21:606-24. [PMID: 22374876 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Energy-consuming nanomachines catalyze the directed movement of biopolymers in the cell. They are found both dissolved in the aqueous cytosol as well as embedded in lipid bilayers. Inquiries into the molecular mechanism of nanomachine-catalyzed biopolymer transport have revealed that these machines are equipped with molecular parts, including adjustable clamps, levers, and adaptors, which interact favorably with substrate polypeptides. Biological nanomachines that catalyze protein transport, known as translocases, often require that their substrate proteins unfold before translocation. An unstructured protein chain is likely entropically challenging to bind, push, or pull in a directional manner, especially in a way that produces an unfolding force. A number of ingenious solutions to this problem are now evident in the anthrax toxin system, a model used to study protein translocation. Here we highlight molecular ratchets and current research on anthrax toxin translocation. A picture is emerging of proton-gradient-driven anthrax toxin translocation, and its associated ratchet mechanism likely applies broadly to other systems. We suggest a cyclical thermodynamic order-to-disorder mechanism (akin to a heat-engine cycle) is central to underlying protein translocation: peptide substrates nonspecifically bind to molecular clamps, which possess adjustable affinities; polypeptide substrates compress into helical structures; these clamps undergo proton-gated switching; and the substrate subsequently expands regaining its unfolded state conformational entropy upon translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey K Feld
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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