1
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Rajput SS, Raghuvanshi N, Banana T, Yadav P, Alam MM. Why does the orientation of azulene affect the two-photon activity of a porphyrinoid-azulene system? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:15611-15619. [PMID: 38758026 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00438h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Attaching a dipolar molecule in a symmetric system induces a major change in the electronic structure, which may be reflected as the enhancement of the optical and charge-transfer properties of the combined system as compared to the pristine ones. Furthermore, the orientation of the dipolar molecule may also affect the said properties. This idea is explored in this work by taking porphyrinoid molecules as the pristine systems. We attached azulene, a dipolar molecule, at various positions of five porphyrinoid cores and studied the effect on charge-transfer and one- and two-photon absorption properties using the state-of-the-art RICC2 method. The attachment of azulene produces two major effects - firstly it introduces asymmetry in the system and, secondly, being dipolar, it makes the resultant molecule dipolar/quadrupolar. Porphyrin, N-confused porphyrin, sub-porphyrin, sapphyrin, and hexaphyrin are used as core porphyrinoid systems. The change in charge-transfer has been studied using the orbital analysis and charge-transfer distance parameter for the first five singlet states of the systems. The effect of orientation of azulene on the said properties is also explored. The insights gained from our observations are explored further at the dipole and transition dipole moment levels using a three-state model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Singh Rajput
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bhilai, Durg, Chhattisgarh-491001, India.
| | - Nikita Raghuvanshi
- Centre for Basic Sciences, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, India
| | - Tejendra Banana
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bhilai, Durg, Chhattisgarh-491001, India.
| | - Pooja Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bhilai, Durg, Chhattisgarh-491001, India.
| | - Md Mehboob Alam
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bhilai, Durg, Chhattisgarh-491001, India.
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2
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Desmedt E, Smets D, Woller T, Alonso M, De Vleeschouwer F. Designing hexaphyrins for high-potential NLO switches: the synergy of core-modifications and meso-substitutions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023. [PMID: 37162298 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01240a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to the enormous size of the chemical compound space, usually only small regions are traversed with traditional direct molecular design approaches making the discovery for novel functionalized molecules for nonlinear optical applications challenging. By applying inverse molecular design algorithms, we aim to efficiently explore larger regions of the compound space in search of promising hexaphyrin-based molecular switches as measured by their first-hyperpolarizability (βHRS) contrast. We focus on the 28R → 30R switch with a functionalization pattern allowing for centrosymmetric OFF states yielding zero βHRS response. This switch is particularly challenging as full meso-substitution with a single type of functional group or core-modifications result in almost no contrast enhancement. We carried out four inverse design procedures during which two sets of core-modifications and three sets of meso-substitutions sites were systematically optimized. All 4 optimal switches are characterized by a mix of meso-substitutions and core-modifications, of which the best performing switch yields a 10-fold improvement over the parent macrocycle. Throughout the inverse design procedures, we collected and analyzed a database biased towards high NLO contrasts that contains 277 different patterns for hexaphyrin-based switches. We derived three design rules to obtain highly functional 28R → 30R NLO switches: (I) a combination of 2 strong EWG and 1 EDG group is the ideal recipe for increasing the NLO contrast, though their position also plays an important role. (II) The type of core-modification is less important when only the diagonal positions are core-modified. Switches with 4 core-modifications show a clear preference for oxygen. (III) Keeping centrosymmetry in the OFF state remains highly beneficial given the investigated functionalization pattern. Finally, we have demonstrated that combining meso-substitutions with core-modifications can synergistically improve the NLO contrast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Desmedt
- Department of General Chemistry Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium.
| | - David Smets
- Department of General Chemistry Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium.
| | - Tatiana Woller
- Department of General Chemistry Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium.
| | - Mercedes Alonso
- Department of General Chemistry Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium.
| | - Freija De Vleeschouwer
- Department of General Chemistry Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium.
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3
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Shi Y, Meng N, Wang Y, Cheng Z, Zhang W, Liao Y. Scalable Fabrication of Conjugated Microporous Polymer Sponges for Efficient Solar Steam Generation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:4522-4531. [PMID: 35025216 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Seawater evaporation realized by solar-thermal conversion represents one of the most sustainable and effective strategies to obtain fresh water. Many approaches have been proposed to achieve high efficiencies of solar-thermal conversion, but their practical applications are limited by the low scalability. Herein, novel porphyrin/aniline-based conjugated microporous polymers (PACMPs) are synthesized via a Buchwald-Hartwig coupling reaction, which are then integrated with polyurethane sponges via a simple dip-coating technique. The PACMP-modified sponges (PACSs) retain the high porosity of the sponge substrate and excellent solar-thermal conversion properties of PACMPs. Under standard solar irradiation (1 kW m-2), PACSs achieve a high seawater evaporation rate of 1.31 kg m-2 h-1 with a solar-thermal conversion efficiency of 86.3%. PACSs show no salt accumulation and high performance of desalination and dye decolorization, removing >99.9% salt and >99.2% dye, respectively. The self-floating characteristic, recyclability, and durable solar-thermal evaporation efficiencies enable PACSs to be promising candidate materials for seawater desalination and sewage purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Nan Meng
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Zhonghua Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Weiyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yaozu Liao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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4
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Nakai A, Kim J, Tanaka T, Kim D, Osuka A. Tetrabromo[36]octaphyrin: A Promising Precursor of Directly Fused Porphyrin(2.1.1.1) Dimer and
meso‐α
Fused N‐Confused Porphyrin Dimer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202112023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akito Nakai
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Jinseok Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry Yonsei University Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Takayuki Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Dongho Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry Yonsei University Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
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5
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Nakai A, Kim J, Tanaka T, Kim D, Osuka A. Tetrabromo[36]octaphyrin: A Promising Precursor of Directly Fused Porphyrin(2.1.1.1) Dimer and meso-α Fused N-Confused Porphyrin Dimer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:26540-26544. [PMID: 34609777 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202112023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
3,7,23,27-Tetrabromo[36]octaphyrin 2 was synthesized as a novel octaphyrin bearing two meso-free positions. Surprisingly, its ZnII and NiII complexation reactions produced a directly fused porphyrin(2.1.1.1) dimer 6, and a meso-α fused N-confused porphyrin (NCP) dimer 7, as the first example of NCP tape, respectively, via transannular C-C bond formation. While 6 exhibits a diatropic ring-current effect owing to the global 36π Möbius aromaticity, 7 shows a paratropic ring-current effect due to the global Hückel 36π antiaromaticity. In addition, the oxidation of 7 with PbO2 allowed for formation of its two-electron oxidized species 9 that exhibited a diatropic ring-current effect due to the global Hückel 34π aromaticity. This work has demonstrated that meso-free large expanded porphyrins can be a promising platform to produce novel fused porphyrinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akito Nakai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Jinseok Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Takayuki Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Dongho Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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6
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Yan Y, Sukhanov AA, Bousquet MHE, Guan Q, Zhao J, Voronkova VK, Escudero D, Barbon A, Xing Y, Gurzadyan GG, Jacquemin D. Does Twisted π-Conjugation Framework Always Induce Efficient Intersystem Crossing? A Case Study with Benzo[ b]- and [ a]Phenanthrene-Fused BODIPY Derivatives and Identification of a Dark State. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:6280-6295. [PMID: 34077214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c03189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The photophysical properties, especially the intersystem crossing (ISC) of two heavy-atom-free BODIPY derivatives with twisted π-conjugated frameworks (benzo[b]-fused BODIPY, BDP-B; and [a]phenanthrene-fused BODIPY, BDP-P), are studied with steady-state and time-resolved optical and electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectroscopic methods as well as with ADC(2) theoretical investigations. Interestingly, BDP-B has a planar π-conjugation framework, but it displays weaker UV-vis absorption (ε = 3.8 × 104 M-1 cm-1 at 569 nm) and fluorescence (ΦF < 0.1%), a short-lived singlet-excited state (fluorescence lifetime, τF = 0.2 ns), and a long-lived triplet state (τT = 132.3 μs). In comparison, the more twisted BDP-P shows stronger UV-vis absorption (ε = 9.8 × 104 M-1 cm-1 at 640 nm) and fluorescence (ΦF = 70%), longer singlet-excited-state lifetime (τF = 6.4 ns), and shorter triplet-state lifetime (τT = 18.9 μs). In contrast to helicenes (ΦT = ca. 90%), the ISC of BDP-P and BDP-B is nonefficient (ΦT < 23%). The electron spin selectivity of the ISC of the derivatives is different, manifested by the phase pattern of the TREPR spectra as AAEAEE and EEEAAA for BDP-B and BDP-P, respectively. The spatially confined T1 state wave function of the twisted molecule keeps the T1 state energy high (1.44-1.61 eV). A dark S1 state was identified for BDP-B. This work demonstrated that the twisted π-conjugated framework does not necessarily induce efficient ISC and we found a dark singlet state for BODIPY, which is rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling-Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Andrei A Sukhanov
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Sibirsky Tract 10/7, Kazan 420029, Russia
| | | | - Qinglin Guan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling-Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Violeta K Voronkova
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Sibirsky Tract 10/7, Kazan 420029, Russia
| | - Daniel Escudero
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Antonio Barbon
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Yongheng Xing
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, P. R. China
| | - Gagik G Gurzadyan
- Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Laboratoire CEISAM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, Nantes 44322, France
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7
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Urbańska K, Farinone M, Pawlicki M. Changes in porphyrin’s conjugation based on synthetic and post-synthetic modifications. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2019-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Porphyrins or more broadly defined porphyrinoids are the structures where the extended π-cloud can be significantly modified by several factors. The broad range of introduced structural motifs has shown a possibility of modification of conjugation by a controlled synthetic approach, leading to expected optical or magnetic behaviour, and also by post-synthetic modifications (i.e. redox or protonation/deprotonation), Both approaches lead to noticeab changes in observed properties but also open a potential for further utilization. Thus, this already constituted big family of macrocyclic structures with specific highly extended π-delocalization shows a significant contribution in several fields from fundamental studies, leading to understanding behaviour of skeletons like that with a substantial influence on biological studies and material science. The presented material focuses on the most significant examples of modifications of porphyrinoids skeleton leading to drastic changes in optical response and magnetic properties. Through the presentation, the focus will be placed on the changes leading to the most red-shifted transition as the parameter indicating extending the π-delocalization. Significantly different magnetic character will be also discussed based on the switching between aromatic/antiaromatic character assigned to macrocyclic structures that will be included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Urbańska
- Wydział Chemii , Uniwersytet Wrocławski , F. Joliot-Curie 14 , 50-383 Wrocław , Poland
| | - Marco Farinone
- Wydział Chemii , Uniwersytet Wrocławski , F. Joliot-Curie 14 , 50-383 Wrocław , Poland
| | - Miłosz Pawlicki
- Wydział Chemii , Uniwersytet Wrocławski , F. Joliot-Curie 14 , 50-383 Wrocław , Poland
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8
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Grover N, Emandi G, Twamley B, Khurana B, Sol V, Senge MO. Synthesis and Structure of meso-Substituted Dibenzihomoporphyrins. European J Org Chem 2020; 2020:6489-6496. [PMID: 33328793 PMCID: PMC7702178 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Bench-stable meso-substituted di(p/m-benzi)homoporphyrins were synthesized through acid-catalyzed condensation of dipyrrole derivatives with aryl aldehydes. The insertion of a 1,1,2,2-tetraphenylethene (TPE) or but-2-ene-2,3-diyldibenzene unit in the porphyrin framework results in the formation of dibenzihomoporphyrins, merging the features of hydrocarbons and porphyrins. Single crystal X-ray analyses established the non-planar structure of these molecules, with the phenylene rings out of the mean plane, as defined by the dipyrromethene moiety and the two meso-carbon atoms. Spectroscopic and structural investigations show that the macrocycles exhibit characteristics of both TPE or but-2-ene-2,3-diyldibenzene and dipyrromethene units indicating the non-aromatic characteristics of the compounds synthesized. Additionally, the dibenzihomoporphyrins were found to generate singlet oxygen, potentially allowing their use as photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitika Grover
- School of ChemistryThe University of DublinTrinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
| | - Ganapathi Emandi
- School of ChemistryThe University of DublinTrinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
| | - Brendan Twamley
- School of ChemistryTrinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublin 2Ireland
| | - Bhavya Khurana
- Medicinal ChemistryTrinity Translational Medicine InstituteThe University of Dublin, St James's HospitalDublin 8Ireland
- Laboratoire PEIRENE, EA 7500Université de Limoges87000LimogesFrance
| | - Vincent Sol
- Laboratoire PEIRENE, EA 7500Université de Limoges87000LimogesFrance
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- Medicinal ChemistryTrinity Translational Medicine InstituteThe University of Dublin, St James's HospitalDublin 8Ireland
- Technical University of MunichInstitute for Advanced Study (TUM‐IAS)Lichtenbergstrasse 2a85748GarchingGermany
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9
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Dorazio SJ, Vogel A, Dechert S, Nevonen DE, Nemykin VN, Brückner C, Meyer F. Siamese-Twin Porphyrin Goes Platinum: Group 10 Monometallic, Homobimetallic, and Heterobimetallic Complexes. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:7290-7305. [PMID: 32374995 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A series of PtII-based monometallic (H2PtL), homobimetallic (Pt2L), and heterobimetallic (NiPtL and PdPtL) group 10 complexes of the previously established expanded twin porphyrin (H4L) were prepared. Structural characterization of the bimetallic PtII series (Pt2L, NiPtL, and PdPtL) revealed their similar general structures, with slight differences correlated to the ion size. An improvement of the metal-ion insertion process also allowed efficient preparation of the known Pd2L complex, and the novel heterobimetallic NiPdL complex was also structurally characterized. UV-vis spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, magnetic circular dichroism (MCD), and (spectro)electrochemistry were used to characterize the complexes; the electronic properties followed largely established lines for metal complexes of the twin porphyrin, except that the PtII-based systems exhibited more complex UV-vis spectral signatures. MCD spectra accompanied by density functional theory (DFT)/time-dependent DFT computations (TDDFT) rationalize the origins of the optical features of the twin porphyrin. The presence of the nonplanar, nonaromatic macrocyclic π system with conjugation pathways confined to each half of the molecule could be visualized. Significant pyrazole(π) → pyrrole(π*) charge-transfer character was predicted for several transitions in the visible region. This study adds to our fundamental understanding of the formation, structure, and electronic structure of bimetallic complexes of this class of expanded metalloporphyrins containing nonpyrrolic moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarina J Dorazio
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Anastasia Vogel
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Dechert
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dustin E Nevonen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Manitoba, 360 Parker Building, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Victor N Nemykin
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Manitoba, 360 Parker Building, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Franc Meyer
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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10
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Izawa M, Suito T, Ishida SI, Shimizu D, Tanaka T, Mori T, Osuka A. Figure-eight Octaphyrin Bis-Ge(IV) Complexes: Synthesis, Structures, Aromaticity, and Chiroptical Properties. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:1440-1448. [PMID: 32119191 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Highly twisted structures of expanded porphyrin provide a prominent basis to unravel the relationship between aromaticity and chirality. Here we report the synthesis of bis-Ge(IV) complexes of [38]octaphyrin that display rigid figure-eight structures. Two bis-Ge(IV) [38]octaphyrin isomers with respect to the stereochemistry of the axial hydroxy groups on the germanium ions were obtained and found to be aromatic. Upon oxidation with MnO2 , these [38]octaphyrin complexes were converted to a single syn-type isomer of [36]octaphyrin with retained figure-eight conformation. The enantiomers have been successfully separated by HPLC equipped with a chiral stationary phase. While aromatic [38]octaphyrin Ge(IV) complexes showed quite large molar circular dichroism of up to Δϵ=1500 M-1 cm-1 with a dissymmetry factor gabs of 0.035, weakly antiaromatic [36]octaphyrin Ge(IV) complexes underscored moderate values; Δϵ=540 M-1 cm-1 with gabs of 0.023. Thus, the figure-eight octaphyrin scaffold has been proved to be an attractive platform for novel chiroptical materials with tunable aromaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mondo Izawa
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Taisuke Suito
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Ishida
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Daiki Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takayuki Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tadashi Mori
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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11
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Kim J, Oh J, Soya T, Yoneda T, Park S, Lim M, Osuka A, Kim D. Excited‐State Aromaticity of Gold(III) Hexaphyrins and Metalation Effect Investigated by Time‐Resolved Electronic and Vibrational Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:5129-5134. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinseok Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of ChemistryYonsei University Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Juwon Oh
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of ChemistryYonsei University Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Takanori Soya
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceKyoto University Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Tomoki Yoneda
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceKyoto University Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Seongchul Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional MaterialsPusan National University Busan 46241 Korea
| | - Manho Lim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional MaterialsPusan National University Busan 46241 Korea
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceKyoto University Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Dongho Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of ChemistryYonsei University Seoul 120-749 Korea
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12
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Kim J, Oh J, Soya T, Yoneda T, Park S, Lim M, Osuka A, Kim D. Excited‐State Aromaticity of Gold(III) Hexaphyrins and Metalation Effect Investigated by Time‐Resolved Electronic and Vibrational Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201913058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinseok Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of ChemistryYonsei University Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Juwon Oh
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of ChemistryYonsei University Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Takanori Soya
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceKyoto University Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Tomoki Yoneda
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceKyoto University Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Seongchul Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional MaterialsPusan National University Busan 46241 Korea
| | - Manho Lim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional MaterialsPusan National University Busan 46241 Korea
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceKyoto University Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Dongho Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of ChemistryYonsei University Seoul 120-749 Korea
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13
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Wang Y, Kai H, Ishida M, Gokulnath S, Mori S, Murayama T, Muranaka A, Uchiyama M, Yasutake Y, Fukatsu S, Notsuka Y, Yamaoka Y, Hanafusa M, Yoshizawa M, Kim G, Kim D, Furuta H. Synthesis of a Black Dye with Absorption Capabilities Across the Visible-to-Near-Infrared Region: A MO-Mixing Approach via Heterometal Coordination of Expanded Porphyrinoid. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:6807-6813. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hiroto Kai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Ishida
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Sabapathi Gokulnath
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695581, India
| | - Shigeki Mori
- Advanced Research Support Center (ADRES), Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Murayama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Atsuya Muranaka
- Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR), Advanced Elements Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR), Advanced Elements Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yuhsuke Yasutake
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Susumu Fukatsu
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Yusuke Notsuka
- Graduate School of Advanced Health Sciences, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Yamaoka
- Graduate School of Advanced Health Sciences, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Mamiko Hanafusa
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Michito Yoshizawa
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Gakhyun Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hiroyuki Furuta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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14
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Dash S, Ghosh A, Chandrashekar TK. Dithienothiophene fused 30π heptaphyrin and 34π octaphyrins: Syntheses, characterization and spectral properties. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424619500974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Syntheses of DTT fused 30[Formula: see text] heptaphyrin and 34[Formula: see text] octaphyrins are reported. The inclusion of fused group in the precursor itself allowed easy syntheses of these macrocycles. Fusion makes the macrocycles planar thus allowing strong [Formula: see text] electronic conjugation. Both 30[Formula: see text] heptaphyrin and 34[Formula: see text] octaphyrins are aromatic in freebase and protonated forms as revealed by large [Formula: see text] values in 1H NMR spectrum and sharp-intense Soret like bands in UV-vis spectrum. Interestingly one of the DTT ring undergoes fliping upon protonation in 34[Formula: see text] doubly fused octaphyrin. Such a large ring fliping is unprecedented in the literature. Single crystal X-ray analysis confirms planar nature of 34[Formula: see text] octaphyrins. Furthermore, the structure reveals two type of hydrogen bonding interactions: (a) CH[Formula: see text] (thiophene) and (b) CH[Formula: see text] (mesityl) leading to self assambled dimer separated by a distance of ∼3.0Å.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syamasrit Dash
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar-752050, Odisha, HBNI, India
| | - Arindam Ghosh
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar-752050, Odisha, HBNI, India
| | - Tavarekere K. Chandrashekar
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar-752050, Odisha, HBNI, India
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15
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Three-dimensional aromaticity in an antiaromatic cyclophane. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3576. [PMID: 31395873 PMCID: PMC6687811 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11467-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding of interactions among molecules is essential to elucidate the binding of pharmaceuticals on receptors, the mechanism of protein folding and self-assembling of organic molecules. While interactions between two aromatic molecules have been examined extensively, little is known about the interactions between two antiaromatic molecules. Theoretical investigations have predicted that antiaromatic molecules should be stabilized when they stack with each other by attractive intermolecular interactions. Here, we report the synthesis of a cyclophane, in which two antiaromatic porphyrin moieties adopt a stacked face-to-face geometry with a distance shorter than the sum of the van der Waals radii of the atoms involved. The aromaticity in this cyclophane has been examined experimentally and theoretically. This cyclophane exhibits three-dimensional spatial current channels between the two subunits, which corroborates the existence of attractive interactions between two antiaromatic π-systems. Little is known about interactions between two antiaromatic molecules. Here, the authors synthesised a cyclophane, in which two antiaromatic porphyrin moieties adopt a stacked face-to-face geometry with a distance shorter than the sum of the van der Waals radii of the atoms involved.
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16
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Ghosh A, Dash S, Srinivasan A, Suresh CH, Chandrashekar TK. Two non-identical twins in one unit cell: characterization of 34π aromatic core-modified octaphyrins, their structural isomers and anion bound complexes. Chem Sci 2019; 10:5911-5919. [PMID: 31360396 PMCID: PMC6582758 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc01633c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Two inseparable isomers A and B (non-identical twins) crystallize in a single unit cell. However, replacement of middle thiophene ring by selenophene ring results in crystallization of two molecules of isomer A (identical twins).
Four different core-modified planar 34π octaphyrins (10, 11, 13, and 15) which exhibit rotational isomerism have been synthesized and characterized both in solution and solid states. Octaphyrins 10, 11 and 13 show two inseparable isomers A and B which crystallize in the same unit cell. However, 15 forms two identical isomers of A. Structurally, the two isomers in 10, 11 and 13 (A and B) are different only in the ring inversion of one of the thiophene or selenophene rings present in the terthiophene subunit of the macrocycle. In isomer A, the middle thiophene or selenophene rings are inverted, while in isomer B, the terminal thiophene rings are inverted. The 1H NMR spectrum of these macrocycles shows peaks assignable to protons of both the isomers in toluene D8. The single crystal structure analysis of 10 reveals the presence of both isomers 10A and 10B in a single unit cell with the P21/n space group. Both the isomers exhibit aromatic behaviour in the freebase form. Protonation of pyrrole nitrogens leads to exclusive formation of isomer B for 10 and 11. However, both the isomers are present upon protonation of 13 where the central heterocyclic ring of terthiophene subunits has thiophene and selenophene rings. Octaphyrin 15 crystallizes in the P21/c space group and exclusively isomer A was formed in the reaction. Protonation of pyrrole nitrogens leads to significant increases in aromaticity as revealed by 1H NMR chemical shift data. The NICS values calculated for the individual heterocyclic rings before and after protonation support such a conclusion. The AICD plots exhibit clockwise orientation of current density vectors suggesting the presence of diatropic ring current in the octaphyrins. Energy calculations at the M06L/CC-pVTZ//M06L/6-31G** level qualitatively account for exclusive stabilization of a particular isomer relative to the other upon protonation. To the best of our knowledge 10 represents the first example in expanded porphyrin chemistry where two different structural isomers crystallize in a single unit cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Ghosh
- School of Chemical Sciences , National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) , HBNI , Bhubaneswar-752050 , Odisha , India .
| | - Syamasrit Dash
- School of Chemical Sciences , National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) , HBNI , Bhubaneswar-752050 , Odisha , India .
| | - A Srinivasan
- School of Chemical Sciences , National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) , HBNI , Bhubaneswar-752050 , Odisha , India .
| | - Cherumuttathu H Suresh
- Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry Section , Chemical Sciences and Technology Division , CSIR-National Institute of Interdisciplinary Science and Technology , Trivandrum-695019 , Kerala , India
| | - Tavarekere K Chandrashekar
- School of Chemical Sciences , National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) , HBNI , Bhubaneswar-752050 , Odisha , India .
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17
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Das M, Adinarayana B, Murugavel M, Nayak S, Srinivasan A. Di-( m- m- m)terphenyl-Embedded Decaphyrin and Its Bis-Rh(I) Complex. Org Lett 2019; 21:2867-2871. [PMID: 30958682 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new rectangular-shaped carbadecaphyrin was successfully synthesized by introducing a terphenylene unit ( m- m- m) in the macrocyclic core. The terphenylene moiety offers an open framework with multiple binding pockets to stabilize two Rh(I) ions in the core. The photophysical and structural studies reveal the non-aromatic character of the ligand and its bis-Rh(I) complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mainak Das
- School of Chemical Sciences , National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI , Bhubaneswar 752050 , Odisha , India
| | - B Adinarayana
- School of Chemical Sciences , National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI , Bhubaneswar 752050 , Odisha , India
| | - M Murugavel
- School of Chemical Sciences , National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI , Bhubaneswar 752050 , Odisha , India
| | - Subhashree Nayak
- School of Chemical Sciences , National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI , Bhubaneswar 752050 , Odisha , India
| | - A Srinivasan
- School of Chemical Sciences , National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI , Bhubaneswar 752050 , Odisha , India
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18
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Listkowski A, Jȩdrzejewski P, Kijak M, Nawara K, Kowalska P, Luboradzki R, Waluk J. Antiaromatic or Nonaromatic? 2 1 H,6 1 H-2,6(2,5)-Dipyrrola-1,5(2,6)-dipyridinacyclooctaphane-3,7-diene: a Porphycene Derivative with 4 N π Electrons. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:2727-2733. [PMID: 30821450 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b11962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A porphycene-derived compound with a 20 π-electron skeleton has been obtained by replacing two pyrrolene units of porphycene by pyridine rings. NMR, electronic absorption and MCD spectra, and the lack of fluorescence are typical for 4 N cyclic π electron systems. The electronic structure and the differences with respect to porphycene can be rationalized by treating these compounds as perturbed, doubly positively charged [22]annulene and [20]annulene perimeters, respectively. Even though the spectroscopic and photophysical criteria proposed for antiaromatic systems are fulfilled, the molecule is very stable. We argue that the compound should be characterized as nonaromatic rather than antiaromatic. The perimeter model is recommended as a powerful tool for predicting the electronic structure and spectra and as a useful addition to other methods that probe the aromaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Listkowski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44/52 , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland.,Faculty of Mathematics and Science , Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University , Dewajtis 5 , 01-815 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Paweł Jȩdrzejewski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44/52 , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Michał Kijak
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44/52 , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Krzysztof Nawara
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44/52 , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland.,Faculty of Mathematics and Science , Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University , Dewajtis 5 , 01-815 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Patrycja Kowalska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44/52 , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Roman Luboradzki
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44/52 , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Jacek Waluk
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44/52 , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland.,Faculty of Mathematics and Science , Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University , Dewajtis 5 , 01-815 Warsaw , Poland
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19
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Ajay J, Shirisha S, Ishida M, Ito K, Mori S, Furuta H, Gokulnath S. Planar Antiaromatic Core-Modified 24π Hexaphyrin(1.0.1.0.1.0) and 32π Octaphyrin(1.0.1.0.1.0.1.0) Bearing Alternate Hybrid Diheterole Units. Chemistry 2019; 25:2859-2867. [PMID: 30589136 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Lewis acid catalyzed self-condensation of hybrid diheterole (furan-pyrrole and thiophene-pyrrole) precursors has afforded novel Hückel antiaromatic 24π hexaphyrin(1.0.1.0.1.0) and 32π octaphyrin(1.0.1.0.1.0.1.0) structures without β-annulated bridges. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of the hybrid porphyrinoids (S3 N3 -ox and O4 N4 -ox) revealed a nearly planar conformation and the 1 H NMR spectra suggest the presence of paratropic ring currents. These antiaromatic macrocycles show characteristic optical features and underwent reversible two-electron reduction to Hückel aromatic 26π- and 34π-electron species, respectively, as is evident from the results of spectroscopic and theoretical studies (nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS) and anisotropy of the current-induced density (ACID) calculations). The incorporation of hybrid diheteroles alternately into expanded porphyrin skeletons provides a novel approach to the fine-tuning of the electronic structures of planar antiaromatic macrocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayaprakash Ajay
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695016, India
| | - Sriram Shirisha
- Inorganic & Physical Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India
| | - Masatoshi Ishida
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering and Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kosuke Ito
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering and Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shigeki Mori
- Advanced Research Support Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Furuta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering and Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Sabapathi Gokulnath
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695016, India
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20
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Woller T, Geerlings P, De Proft F, Champagne B, Alonso M. Aromaticity as a Guiding Concept for Spectroscopic Features and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Porphyrinoids. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061333. [PMID: 29865191 PMCID: PMC6100263 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With their versatile molecular topology and aromaticity, porphyrinoid systems combine remarkable chemistry with interesting photophysical properties and nonlinear optical properties. Hence, the field of application of porphyrinoids is very broad ranging from near-infrared dyes to opto-electronic materials. From previous experimental studies, aromaticity emerges as an important concept in determining the photophysical properties and two-photon absorption cross sections of porphyrinoids. Despite a considerable number of studies on porphyrinoids, few investigate the relationship between aromaticity, UV/vis absorption spectra and nonlinear properties. To assess such structure-property relationships, we performed a computational study focusing on a series of Hückel porphyrinoids to: (i) assess their (anti)aromatic character; (ii) determine the fingerprints of aromaticity on the UV/vis spectra; (iii) evaluate the role of aromaticity on the NLO properties. Using an extensive set of aromaticity descriptors based on energetic, magnetic, structural, reactivity and electronic criteria, the aromaticity of [4n+2] π-electron porphyrinoids was evidenced as was the antiaromaticity for [4n] π-electron systems. In agreement with previous studies, the absorption spectra of aromatic systems display more intense B and Q bands in comparison to their antiaromatic homologues. The nature of these absorption bands was analyzed in detail in terms of polarization, intensity, splitting and composition. Finally, quantities such as the average polarizability and its anisotropy were found to be larger in aromatic systems, whereas first and second hyperpolarizability are influenced by the interplay between aromaticity, planarity and molecular symmetry. To conclude, aromaticity dictates the photophysical properties in porphyrinoids, whereas it is not the only factor determining the magnitude of NLO properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Woller
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Paul Geerlings
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Frank De Proft
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Benoît Champagne
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, Unité de Chimie Physique Théorique et Structurale, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium.
| | - Mercedes Alonso
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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21
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Ema F, Tanabe M, Saito S, Yoneda T, Sugisaki K, Tachikawa T, Akimoto S, Yamauchi S, Sato K, Osuka A, Takui T, Kobori Y. Charge-Transfer Character Drives Möbius Antiaromaticity in the Excited Triplet State of Twisted [28]Hexaphyrin. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:2685-2690. [PMID: 29739190 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b00740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Möbius aromatic molecules have attracted great attention as new functional materials because of their π-orbital cyclic conjugations lying along the twisted Möbius topology. To elucidate the electronic character of the lowest excited triplet (T1) state of a Möbius aromatic [28]hexaphyrin, we employed a time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) method with applied magnetophotoselection measurements at 77 K. Analyses of the EPR parameters have revealed that the T1 state possesses intramolecular charge-transfer (CT) character together with local excitation character residing at one side in the Möbius strip ring. We have also demonstrated that the CT character between orthogonal unpaired orbitals triggers quick triplet deactivation by spin-orbit coupling. This deactivation can be an important barometer to represent the "antiaromaticity" because of a connection between the orthogonal CT character and instability by a weakened spin-spin exchange coupling in the T1 state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumitoshi Ema
- Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Science, Kobe University , 1-1 Rokkodai-cho , Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501 , Japan
| | - Mana Tanabe
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials , Tohoku University , Katahira 2-1-1 , Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577 , Japan
| | - Shohei Saito
- Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502 , Japan
| | - Tomoki Yoneda
- Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502 , Japan
| | - Kenji Sugisaki
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science , Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University , 3-3-138 Sugimoto , Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585 , Japan
| | - Takashi Tachikawa
- Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Science, Kobe University , 1-1 Rokkodai-cho , Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501 , Japan
- Molecular Photoscience Research Center , Kobe University , 1-1 Rokkodai-cho , Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501 , Japan
| | - Seiji Akimoto
- Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Science, Kobe University , 1-1 Rokkodai-cho , Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501 , Japan
| | - Seigo Yamauchi
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials , Tohoku University , Katahira 2-1-1 , Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577 , Japan
| | - Kazunobu Sato
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science , Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University , 3-3-138 Sugimoto , Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585 , Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502 , Japan
| | - Takeji Takui
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science , Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University , 3-3-138 Sugimoto , Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585 , Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kobori
- Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Science, Kobe University , 1-1 Rokkodai-cho , Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501 , Japan
- Molecular Photoscience Research Center , Kobe University , 1-1 Rokkodai-cho , Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501 , Japan
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22
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Stuyver T, Perrin M, Geerlings P, De Proft F, Alonso M. Conductance Switching in Expanded Porphyrins through Aromaticity and Topology Changes. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:1313-1326. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thijs Stuyver
- Department
of General Chemistry (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mickael Perrin
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg
1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Paul Geerlings
- Department
of General Chemistry (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frank De Proft
- Department
of General Chemistry (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mercedes Alonso
- Department
of General Chemistry (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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23
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Chua MH, Kim T, Lim ZL, Gopalakrishna TY, Ni Y, Xu J, Kim D, Wu J. BODIPY-Based Antiaromatic Macrocycles: Facile Synthesis by Knoevenagel Condensation and Unusual Aggregation-Enhanced Two-Photon Absorption Properties. Chemistry 2018; 24:2232-2241. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Hui Chua
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering; A*STAR, 2; Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03 Singapore 138634 Singapore
- Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore, Block S8 Level 3; 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Taeyeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry; Yonsei University; 50 Yonsei-ro Seodaemoon-gu Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Zheng Long Lim
- Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore, Block S8 Level 3; 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Tullimilli Y. Gopalakrishna
- Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore, Block S8 Level 3; 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Yong Ni
- Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore, Block S8 Level 3; 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Jianwei Xu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering; A*STAR, 2; Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03 Singapore 138634 Singapore
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry; Yonsei University; 50 Yonsei-ro Seodaemoon-gu Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Jishan Wu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering; A*STAR, 2; Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03 Singapore 138634 Singapore
- Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore, Block S8 Level 3; 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
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24
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Zhao J, Chen K, Hou Y, Che Y, Liu L, Jia D. Recent progress in heavy atom-free organic compounds showing unexpected intersystem crossing (ISC) ability. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:3692-3701. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob00421h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The intersystem crossing (ISC) of the heavy atom-free triplet photosensitizers was summarised, including the spin–orbit charge transfer ISC mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhang Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xinjiang University
- Urumqi 830046
- China
- Key Laboratory of Energy Materials Chemistry
| | - Kepeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- P. R. China
| | - Yuqi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Che
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xinjiang University
- Urumqi 830046
- China
- Key Laboratory of Energy Materials Chemistry
| | - Lang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xinjiang University
- Urumqi 830046
- China
- Key Laboratory of Energy Materials Chemistry
| | - Dianzeng Jia
- Key Laboratory of Energy Materials Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Xinjiang University
- Urumqi 830046
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25
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Ishida M, Furuyama T, Lim JM, Lee S, Zhang Z, Ghosh SK, Lynch VM, Lee C, Kobayashi N, Kim D, Sessler JL. Structural, Photophysical, and Magnetic Circular Dichroism Studies of Three Rigidified
meso
‐Pentafluorophenyl‐Substituted Hexaphyrin Analogues. Chemistry 2017; 23:6682-6692. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Ishida
- Department of Chemistry Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Korea
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Graduate School of Engineering, and Center for Molecular Systems Kyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Taniyuki Furuyama
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Tohoku University Sendai 980-8578 Japan
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Jong Min Lim
- Department of Chemistry Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Korea
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QZ UK
| | - Sangsu Lee
- Department of Chemistry Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Korea
| | - Zhan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th Street-A5300 Austin Texas 78712-1224 USA
- Institute for Supramolecular and Catalytic Chemistry Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 P. R. China
| | - Sudip K. Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Korea
- Department of Chemistry Techno India University, EM/4, Sector-V, Salt Lake Kolkata 700091 West Bengal India
| | - Vincent M. Lynch
- Department of Chemistry The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th Street-A5300 Austin Texas 78712-1224 USA
| | - Chang‐Hee Lee
- Department of Chemistry Kangwon National University Chun-Cheon 24341 Korea
| | - Nagao Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Tohoku University Sendai 980-8578 Japan
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology Shinshu University, Tokida Ueda 386-8567 Japan
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Korea
| | - Jonathan L. Sessler
- Department of Chemistry Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Korea
- Department of Chemistry The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th Street-A5300 Austin Texas 78712-1224 USA
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26
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Sung YM, Oh J, Cha WY, Kim W, Lim JM, Yoon MC, Kim D. Control and Switching of Aromaticity in Various All-Aza-Expanded Porphyrins: Spectroscopic and Theoretical Analyses. Chem Rev 2016; 117:2257-2312. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young Mo Sung
- Spectroscopy
Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department
of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
| | - Juwon Oh
- Spectroscopy
Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department
of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
| | - Won-Young Cha
- Spectroscopy
Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department
of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
| | - Woojae Kim
- Spectroscopy
Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department
of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
| | - Jong Min Lim
- Spectroscopy
Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department
of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
- Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Min-Chul Yoon
- Spectroscopy
Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department
of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
- Manufacturing
Engineering Team, Memory Manufacturing Operation Center, Samsung Electronics, Samsungjeonja-ro 1, Hwasung-si, Gyeonggi-do 18448, South Korea
| | - Dongho Kim
- Spectroscopy
Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department
of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
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27
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Abstract
The use of cyclic polyene perimeter-model approaches, such as Gouterman's four-orbital model and Michl's perimeter model, to analyze trends in the electronic structures and optical properties of expanded, contracted, and isomeric porphyrins is described with an emphasis on the use of magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectroscopy to validate the results of TD-DFT calculations. Trends in the electronic structures and optical properties of isomeric porphyrins are examined by comparing the properties of porphycenes, corrphycenes, hemiporphycenes, isoporphycenes, N-confused and neoconfused porphyrins, and norroles, whereas those of ring-contracted porphyrins are examined by comparing the properties of subporphyrins, triphyrins, and vacataporphyrins. The ring-expanded compounds that are examined include cyclo[n]pyrroles, [22]pentaphyrins(1.1.1.1.1), sapphyrins, smaragdyrins, isosmaragdyrins, orangarins, ozaphyrins, [26]hexaphyrins(1.1.1.1.1.1), rubyrins, rosarins, amethyrins, isoamethyrins, bronzaphyrins, and doubly N-confused hexaphyrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Mack
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University , Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
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28
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Nozawa R, Tanaka H, Cha WY, Hong Y, Hisaki I, Shimizu S, Shin JY, Kowalczyk T, Irle S, Kim D, Shinokubo H. Stacked antiaromatic porphyrins. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13620. [PMID: 27901014 PMCID: PMC5141365 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aromaticity is a key concept in organic chemistry. Even though this concept has already been theoretically extrapolated to three dimensions, it usually still remains restricted to planar molecules in organic chemistry textbooks. Stacking of antiaromatic π-systems has been proposed to induce three-dimensional aromaticity as a result of strong frontier orbital interactions. However, experimental evidence to support this prediction still remains elusive so far. Here we report that close stacking of antiaromatic porphyrins diminishes their inherent antiaromaticity in the solid state as well as in solution. The antiaromatic stacking furthermore allows a delocalization of the π-electrons, which enhances the two-photon absorption cross-section values of the antiaromatic porphyrins. This feature enables the dynamic switching of the non-linear optical properties by controlling the arrangement of antiaromatic π-systems on the basis of intermolecular orbital interactions. It has been proposed that stacking antiaromatic molecules can build three-dimensional aromaticity, but this claim has lacked experimental validation. Here the authors report that π–π stacked antiaromatic porphyrins display significantly reduced antiaromaticity in solid state and in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Nozawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroko Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Won-Young Cha
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Yongseok Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Ichiro Hisaki
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Soji Shimizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ji-Young Shin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Tim Kowalczyk
- Department of Chemistry, Advanced Materials Science and Engineering Center, and Institute for Energy Studies, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225, USA
| | - Stephan Irle
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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29
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The Rise of Near-Infrared Emitters: Organic Dyes, Porphyrinoids, and Transition Metal Complexes. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2016; 374:47. [DOI: 10.1007/s41061-016-0048-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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30
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Luo J, Lee S, Son M, Zheng B, Huang KW, Qi Q, Zeng W, Li G, Kim D, Wu J. N-Annulated Perylene-Substituted and Fused Porphyrin Dimers with Intense Near-Infrared One-Photon and Two-Photon Absorption. Chemistry 2015; 21:3708-15. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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31
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Ooi S, Tanaka T, Park KH, Lee S, Kim D, Osuka A. Fused Corrole Dimers Interconvert between Nonaromatic and Aromatic States through Two-Electron Redox Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201411242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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32
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Figueira F, Farinha AS, Tomé AC, Cavaleiro JA, Almeida Paz FA, Tomé JP. Synthesis of hexaphyrins and N-fused pentaphyrins bearing pyridin-4-ylsulfanyl groups. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2014. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424614500606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years much attention has been devoted to expanded macrocyclic chemistry. Nevertheless, while several advancements were achieved in the synthesis of novel expanded porphyrin architectures, not much has been developed in the functionalization of these macrocycles. This report shows the selective replacement of the p-fluorine atoms of meso-pentakis(pentafluorophenyl) N-fused [22]pentaphyrin and meso-hexakis(pentafluorophenyl) [26]hexaphyrin with 4-mercaptopyridine moieties, thus increasing their potential as ligands for coordination chemistry and catalysis or electronic transfer applications striving new synthetic methodologies and a new set of specific applications for this type of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávio Figueira
- QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Augusto C. Tomé
- QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - José A.S. Cavaleiro
- QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - João P.C. Tomé
- QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
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33
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Ishida SI, Kuzuhara D, Yamada H, Osuka A. Synthesis ofopp-Dibenzohexaphyrins(1.1.1.1.1.1) by Retro-Diels-Alder Reaction. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201402023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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34
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Ishida SI, Higashino T, Mori S, Mori H, Aratani N, Tanaka T, Lim JM, Kim D, Osuka A. Diprotonated [28]hexaphyrins(1.1.1.1.1.1): triangular antiaromatic macrocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:3427-31. [PMID: 24615867 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201400301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Protonation of meso-aryl [28]hexaphyrins(1.1.1.1.1.1) triggered conformational changes. Whereas protonation with trifluoroacetic acid led to the formation of monoprotonated Möbius aromatic species, protonation with methanesulfonic acid led to the formation of diprotonated triangular antiaromatic species. A peripherally hexaphenylated [28]hexaphyrin was rationally designed and prepared to undergo diprotonation to favorably afford a triangular-shaped antiaromatic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichiro Ishida
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502 (Japan)
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35
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Ishida SI, Higashino T, Mori S, Mori H, Aratani N, Tanaka T, Lim JM, Kim D, Osuka A. Diprotonated [28]Hexaphyrins(1.1.1.1.1.1): Triangular Antiaromatic Macrocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201400301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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36
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Cha WY, Yoneda T, Lee S, Lim JM, Osuka A, Kim D. Deprotonation induced formation of Möbius aromatic [32]heptaphyrins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:548-50. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc47908k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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Shetti VS, Kee SY, Lee CH. Core-Modified Analogues of Expanded Porphyrins Containing Rigid β,β′-Linkedo-Phenylene Bridges. Chem Asian J 2013; 9:734-8. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201301320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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38
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Karthik G, Lim JM, Srinivasan A, Suresh CH, Kim D, Chandrashekar TK. Conformational Change from a Twisted Figure-Eight to an Open-Extended Structure in Doubly Fused 36π Core-Modified Octaphyrins Triggered by Protonation: Implication on Photodynamics and Aromaticity. Chemistry 2013; 19:17011-20. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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39
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Swain D, Anusha P, Sarma T, Panda PK, Venugopal Rao S. Dispersion studies of optical nonlinearity and excited state dynamics in cyclo[4]naphthobipyrroles. Chem Phys Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2013.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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40
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Blusch LK, Hemberger Y, Pröpper K, Dittrich B, Witterauf F, John M, Bringmann G, Brückner C, Meyer F. Siamese-Twin Porphyrin: A Pyrazole-Based Expanded Porphyrin of Persistent Helical Conformation. Chemistry 2013; 19:5868-80. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201204296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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41
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Swavey S, Eder A. Enhanced O2 electrocatalysis by a highly conjugated cobalt(II) porphyrin. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2012.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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42
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Asthana D, Pandey R, Mukhopadhyay P. Urea-based constructs readily amplify and attenuate nonlinear optical activity in response to H-bonding and anion recognition. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:451-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc36631b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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43
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Mane SB, Hu JY, Chang YC, Luo L, Diau EWG, Hung CH. Novel expanded porphyrin sensitized solar cells using boryl oxasmaragdyrin as the sensitizer. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:6882-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc42769b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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44
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45
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46
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Alonso M, Geerlings P, De Proft F. Topology Switching in [32]Heptaphyrins Controlled by Solvent, Protonation, andmeso Substituents. Chemistry 2012; 19:1617-28. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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47
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Ishida M, Kim SJ, Preihs C, Ohkubo K, Lim JM, Lee BS, Park JS, Lynch VM, Roznyatovskiy VV, Sarma T, Panda PK, Lee CH, Fukuzumi S, Kim D, Sessler JL. Protonation-coupled redox reactions in planar antiaromatic meso-pentafluorophenyl-substituted o-phenylene-bridged annulated rosarins. Nat Chem 2012; 5:15-20. [PMID: 23247172 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) processes are among the most important phenomena that control a variety of chemical and biological transformations. Although extensively studied in a variety of natural systems and discrete metal complexes, PCET mechanisms are less well codified in the case of purely organic compounds. Here we report that a planar β,β'-phenylene-bridged hexaphyrin (1.0.1.0.1.0), a 24 π-electron antiaromatic species termed rosarin, displays unique redox reactivity on protonation. Specifically, treatment with acid (for example, HI) yields a 26 π-electron aromatic triprotonated monocationic species that is produced spontaneously via an intermediate-but stable-25 π-electron non-aromatic triprotonated monoradical dication. This latter species is also produced on treatment of the original 24 π-electron antiaromatic starting material with HCl or HBr. The stepwise nature of the proton-coupled reduction observed in the planar rosarin stands in marked contrast to that seen for non-annulated rosarins and other ostensibly antiaromatic expanded porphyrinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Ishida
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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48
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Higashino T, Lee BS, Lim JM, Kim D, Osuka A. A Möbius Antiaromatic Complex as a Kinetically Controlled Product in Phosphorus Insertion to a [32]Heptaphyrin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:13105-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201208147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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49
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Higashino T, Lee BS, Lim JM, Kim D, Osuka A. A Möbius Antiaromatic Complex as a Kinetically Controlled Product in Phosphorus Insertion to a [32]Heptaphyrin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201208147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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50
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Torrent-Sucarrat M, Anglada JM, Luis JM. Evaluation of the nonlinear optical properties for an expanded porphyrin Hückel-Möbius aromaticity switch. J Chem Phys 2012; 137:184306. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4765667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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