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Lee LCC, Lo KKW. Shining New Light on Biological Systems: Luminescent Transition Metal Complexes for Bioimaging and Biosensing Applications. Chem Rev 2024; 124:8825-9014. [PMID: 39052606 PMCID: PMC11328004 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Luminescence imaging is a powerful and versatile technique for investigating cell physiology and pathology in living systems, making significant contributions to life science research and clinical diagnosis. In recent years, luminescent transition metal complexes have gained significant attention for diagnostic and therapeutic applications due to their unique photophysical and photochemical properties. In this Review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the recent development of luminescent transition metal complexes for bioimaging and biosensing applications, with a focus on transition metal centers with a d6, d8, and d10 electronic configuration. We elucidate the structure-property relationships of luminescent transition metal complexes, exploring how their structural characteristics can be manipulated to control their biological behavior such as cellular uptake, localization, biocompatibility, pharmacokinetics, and biodistribution. Furthermore, we introduce the various design strategies that leverage the interesting photophysical properties of luminescent transition metal complexes for a wide variety of biological applications, including autofluorescence-free imaging, multimodal imaging, organelle imaging, biological sensing, microenvironment monitoring, bioorthogonal labeling, bacterial imaging, and cell viability assessment. Finally, we provide insights into the challenges and perspectives of luminescent transition metal complexes for bioimaging and biosensing applications, as well as their use in disease diagnosis and treatment evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Cho-Cheung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Limited, Units 1503-1511, 15/F, Building 17W, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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2
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Vechalapu SK, Kumar R, Chatterjee N, Gupta S, Khanna S, Thimmappa PY, Senthil S, Eerlapally R, Joshi MB, Misra SK, Draksharapu A, Allimuthu D. Redox modulator iron complexes trigger intrinsic apoptosis pathway in cancer cells. iScience 2024; 27:109899. [PMID: 38799569 PMCID: PMC11126827 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug resistance in cancer cells necessitates the development of new therapeutic modalities. One way cancer cells orchestrate energy metabolism and redox homeostasis is through overloaded iron pools directed by iron regulatory proteins, including transferrin. Here, we demonstrate that targeting redox homeostasis using nitrogen-based heterocyclic iron chelators and their iron complexes efficiently prevents the proliferation of liver cancer cells (EC50: 340 nM for IITK4003) and liver cancer 3D spheroids. These iron complexes generate highly reactive Fe(IV)=O species and accumulate lipid peroxides to promote oxidative stress in cells that impair mitochondrial function. Subsequent leakage of mitochondrial cytochrome c activates the caspase cascade to trigger the intrinsic apoptosis pathway in cancer cells. This strategy could be applied to leverage the inherent iron overload in cancer cells to selectively promote intrinsic cellular apoptosis for the development of unique iron-complex-based anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Kumari Vechalapu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Niranjan Chatterjee
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Sikha Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Shweta Khanna
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Pooja Yedehalli Thimmappa
- Department of Ageing Research, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Sathyapriya Senthil
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Raju Eerlapally
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Manjunath B. Joshi
- Department of Ageing Research, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Santosh K. Misra
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Apparao Draksharapu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Dharmaraja Allimuthu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
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3
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Bright SA, Erby M, Poynton FE, Monteyne D, Pérez-Morga D, Gunnlaugsson T, Williams DC, Elmes RBP. Tracking the cellular uptake and phototoxicity of Ru(ii)-polypyridyl-1,8-naphthalimide Tröger's base conjugates. RSC Chem Biol 2024; 5:344-359. [PMID: 38576718 PMCID: PMC10989513 DOI: 10.1039/d3cb00206c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Ruthenium(ii) complexes are attracting significant research attention as a promising class of photosensitizers (PSs) in photodynamic therapy (PDT). Having previously reported the synthesis of two novel Ru(ii)-polypyridyl-1,8-naphthalimide Tröger's base compounds 1 and 2 with interesting photophysical properties, where the emission from either the Ru(ii) polypyridyl centres or the naphthalimide moieties could be used to monitor binding to nucleic acids, we sought to use these compounds to investigate further and in more detail their biological profiling, which included unravelling their mechanism of cellular uptake, cellular trafficking and cellular responses to photoexcitation. Here we demonstrate that these compounds undergo rapid time dependent uptake in HeLa cells that involved energy dependent, caveolae and lipid raft-dependent mediated endocytosis, as demonstrated by confocal imaging, and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Following endocytosis, both compounds were shown to localise to mostly lysosomal and Golgi apparatus compartments with some accumulation in mitochondria but no localisation was found to the nucleus. Upon photoactivation, the compounds increased ROS production and induced ROS-dependent apoptotic cell death. The photo-activated compounds subsequently induced DNA damage and altered tubulin, but not actin structures, which was likely to be an indirect effect of ROS production and induced apoptosis. Furthermore, by changing the concentration of the compounds or the laser used to illuminate the cells, the mechanism of cell death could be changed from apoptosis to necrosis. This is the first detailed biological study of Ru(ii)-polypyridyl Tröger's bases and clearly suggests caveolae-dependent endocytosis is responsible for cell uptake - this may also explain the lack of nuclear uptake for these compounds and similar results observed for other Ru(ii)-polypyridyl complexes. These conjugates are potential candidates for further development as PDT agents and may also be useful in mechanistic studies on cell uptake and trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra A Bright
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin 2 Ireland +353 1 8962596
- School of Chemistry, Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland +353 1 8963459
| | - MariaLuisa Erby
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin 2 Ireland +353 1 8962596
| | - Fergus E Poynton
- School of Chemistry, Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland +353 1 8963459
| | - Daniel Monteyne
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Moléculaire, IBMM-DBM Université Libre de Bruxelles Gosselies Belgium
| | - David Pérez-Morga
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Moléculaire, IBMM-DBM Université Libre de Bruxelles Gosselies Belgium
- Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging CMMI Université Libre de Bruxelles Gosselies Belgium
| | - Thorfinnur Gunnlaugsson
- School of Chemistry, Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland +353 1 8963459
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), University of Limerick Ireland
| | - D Clive Williams
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin 2 Ireland +353 1 8962596
| | - Robert B P Elmes
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), University of Limerick Ireland
- Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland Maynooth Co. Kildare Ireland +353 1708 4615
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University Maynooth Co. Kildare Ireland
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Reardon MM, Guerrero M, Alatrash N, MacDonnell FM. Exploration of the Pharmacophore for Cytoskeletal Targeting Ruthenium Polypyridyl Complexes. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300347. [PMID: 37574460 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium(II) trisdiimine complexes of the formula, [Ru(dip)n (L-L)3-n ]2+ , where n=0-3; dip=4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline; L-L=2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) or 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) were prepared and tested for cytotoxicity in two cell lines (H358, MCF7). Cellular uptake and subcellular localization were determined by harvesting treated cells and determining the ruthenium concentration in whole or fractionated cells (cytosolic, nuclear, mitochondrial/ ER/Golgi, and cytoskeletal proteins) by Ru ICP-MS. The logP values for the chloride salts of these complexes were measured and the data were analyzed to determine the role of lipophilicity versus structure in the various biological assays. Cellular uptake increased with lipophilicity but shows the biggest jump when the complex contains two or more dip ligands. Significantly, preferential cytoskeletal localization is also correlated with increased cytotoxicity. All of the RPCs promote tubulin polymerization in vitro, but [Ru(dip)2 phen]2+ and [Ru(dip)3 ]2+ show the strongest activity. Analysis of the pellet formed by centrifugation of MTs formed in the presence of [Ru(dip)2 phen]2+ establish a binding stoichiometry of one RPC per tubulin heterodimer. Complexes of the general formula [Ru(dip)2 (L-L)]2+ possess the necessary characteristics to target the cytoskeleton in live cells and increase cytotoxicity, however the nature of the L-L ligand does influence the extent of the effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Reardon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX, 76109, USA
| | - Matthew Guerrero
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX, 76109, USA
| | - Nagham Alatrash
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX, 76109, USA
| | - Frederick M MacDonnell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX, 76109, USA
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Nyong-Bassey EE, Hicks AL, Bergin P, Tuite EM, Kozhevnikov V, Veuger S. Effect of cyclic substituents on the anti-cancer activity and DNA interaction of ruthenium(II) bis-phenanthroline dipyridoquinoline. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1252285. [PMID: 37920709 PMCID: PMC10619691 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1252285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Ruthenium(II) complexes have emerged recently as candidates for anti-cancer therapy, where activity is related to lipohilicity, cellular localization, and specific interactions with biomolecules. Methods: In this work, two novel complexes were synthesized and are reported based on the [Ru(phen)2(dipyrido[3,2-f:2',3'-h]quinoxaline]2+ framework. Results: Compared to the parent complex, annealing of cyclopenteno and cyclohexeno rings to the extended ligand substantially increased cytotoxicity towards a number of cancer cell lines, and induced apoptosis. The complexes localize in the nuclei of cancer cells and co-locate with DAPI on DNA. DNA binding studies show that both complexes bind strongly to DNA and one complex intercalates DNA like the parent, whilst the other appears to have multiple modes of interaction. Discussion: It is likely that the increased lipophilicity of the novel complexes is a key factor for increasing their cytotoxicity, rather than their DNA binding mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etubonesi E. Nyong-Bassey
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew L. Hicks
- School of Natural and Environmental Science–Chemistry, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Poppy Bergin
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Eimer M. Tuite
- School of Natural and Environmental Science–Chemistry, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Valery Kozhevnikov
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Stephany Veuger
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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6
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Skoczynska A, Lewinski A, Pokora M, Paneth P, Budzisz E. An Overview of the Potential Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Properties of Ru(II)/(III) Complexes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119512. [PMID: 37298471 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This review examines the existing knowledge about Ru(II)/(III) ion complexes with a potential application in medicine or pharmacy, which may offer greater potential in cancer chemotherapy than Pt(II) complexes, which are known to cause many side effects. Hence, much attention has been paid to research on cancer cell lines and clinical trials have been undertaken on ruthenium complexes. In addition to their antitumor activity, ruthenium complexes are under evaluation for other diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and HIV. Attempts are also being made to evaluate ruthenium complexes as potential photosensitizers with polypyridine ligands for use in cancer chemotherapy. The review also briefly examines theoretical approaches to studying the interactions of Ru(II)/Ru(III) complexes with biological receptors, which can facilitate the rational design of ruthenium-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Skoczynska
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, 93-338 Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrzej Lewinski
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, 93-338 Lodz, Poland
| | - Mateusz Pokora
- International Center of Research on Innovative Biobased Materials (ICRI-BioM)-International Research Agenda, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Paneth
- International Center of Research on Innovative Biobased Materials (ICRI-BioM)-International Research Agenda, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Budzisz
- Department of the Chemistry of Cosmetic Raw Materials, Medical University of Lodz, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
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Chettri A, Yang T, Cole HD, Shi G, Cameron CG, McFarland SA, Dietzek-Ivanšić B. Using Biological Photophysics to Map the Excited-State Topology of Molecular Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202301452. [PMID: 36827484 PMCID: PMC10079593 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202301452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
This study employs TLD1433, a RuII -based photodynamic therapy (PDT) agent in human clinical trials, as a benchmark to establish protocols for studying the excited-state dynamics of photosensitizers (PSs) in cellulo, in the local environment provided by human cancer cells. Very little is known about the excited-state properties of any PS in live cells, and for TLD1433, it is terra incognita. This contribution targets a general problem in phototherapy, which is how to interrogate the light-triggered, function-determining processes of the PSs in the relevant biological environment, and establishes methodological advances to study the ultrafast photoinduced processes for TLD1433 when taken up by MCF7 cells. We generalize the methodological developments and results in terms of molecular physics by applying them to TLD1433's analogue TLD1633, making this study a benchmark to investigate the excited-state dynamics of phototoxic compounds in the complex biological environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Chettri
- Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz-Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Tingxiang Yang
- Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz-Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Houston D Cole
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX-76019, USA
| | - Ge Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX-76019, USA
| | - Colin G Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX-76019, USA
| | - Sherri A McFarland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX-76019, USA
| | - Benjamin Dietzek-Ivanšić
- Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz-Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
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Wu WX, Chang CW, Lee WF. (2-Hydroxyl-3-aminopyrenyl) propyl methacrylate-based thermo/metal ion sensitive fluorescent hydrogels. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-023-01158-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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9
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Međedović M, Rilak Simović A, Ćoćić D, Senft L, Matić S, Todorović D, Popović S, Baskić D, Petrović B. New ruthenium(II) complexes with quinone diimine and substituted bipyridine as inert ligands: synthesis, characterization, mechanism of action, DNA/HSA binding affinity and cytotoxic activity. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:1323-1344. [PMID: 36629870 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02993f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the synthesis and structural characterization of a series of new ruthenium(II) complexes 1-7, with the general formula mer-[RuL3(N-N)Cl]Cl, where L is 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine (tpy) or 4'-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine (Cl-Ph-tpy) and N-N is o-benzoquinonediimine (o-bqdi), 2,3-naphthoquinonediimine (nqdi), 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (dmbpy) or 2,2'-bipyridine-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid (dcbpy). The kinetic results showed that the ligand substitution reactions of new Ru(II)-polypyridyl complexes with biomolecules were affected by different substituents and the aromaticity of meridional tridentate and bidentate spectator ligands as well as by the nature of the entering nucleophile. The reactivity of the complexes increases in the order: dmbpy < dcbipy < nqdi < o-bqdi. In addition, quantum chemical calculations were performed to support the interpretation and discussion of the experimental data. Furthermore, combining ethidium bromide (EB) and Hoechst 33258 (2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-[5-(4-methylpiperazine-1-yl)benzimidazo-2-yl]-benzimidazole) fluorescence assay results implied that 1-7 might interact with calf thymus DNA through partial intercalation and/or minor groove binding. The human serum albumin (HAS)-fluorescence binding studies involving the site markers, eosin Y, as a marker for site I of subdomain IIA, and ibuprofen, as a marker for site II of subdomain IIIA, showed that Ru(II) compounds bind to both sites with moderately strong affinity (Kb = 104-106 M-1). Moreover, these DNA/HSA experimental results were confirmed by molecular docking. Complexes 2, 5 and 6 exerted good to strong and highly selective cytotoxic activity against breast adenocarcinoma (MDA-MB 231), colorectal carcinoma (HCT116) and cervix adenocarcinoma (HeLa). Depending on their structure and cell line, the complexes acted differently in terms of their influence on autophagy, the cell cycle and the engaged apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Međedović
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia.
| | - Ana Rilak Simović
- University of Kragujevac, Institute for Information Technologies Kragujevac, Department of Natural Sciences, Jovana Cvijića bb, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia.
| | - Dušan Ćoćić
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia.
| | - Laura Senft
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität (LMU) München, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Sanja Matić
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Danijela Todorović
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Genetics, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Suzana Popović
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Dejan Baskić
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Biljana Petrović
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia.
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Abaspour S, Soltani B, Hamishehkar H, Hossaini Sadr M. Ruthenium (II) Complexes Based on Phenanthroline-Tetrazole as Possible Anticancer Agents. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2023; 22:e136738. [PMID: 38116569 PMCID: PMC10728843 DOI: 10.5812/ijpr-136738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Background The development of platinum-based metal complexes in oncology is limited due to vigorous toxicity and drug resistance. Objectives This work aimed to study the cytotoxic activity and apoptosis induction of ruthenium complexes in a B16F10 cell line therapy. Methods We prepared a series of innovative Ru(II) complexes [Ru(Tzphen)(bpy)(dcbpy)]+2 (S1), [Ru(dcbpy)2(Tzphen)]+2 (S2), [Ru(Phen)2(Tzphen)]+2 (S3), [Ru(Tzphen)(bpy)2]+2 (S4), [Ru(dmbpy)2(Tzphen)]+2 (S5) based on 1,10-phenanthroline ligand containing tetrazole and their anticancer properties investigated by cytotoxicity in vitro, reactive oxygen species, apoptosis with annexin V/PI staining method, autophagy, and cell uptake. Results S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5 complexes showed comparable cytotoxicity activity relative to cisplatin against the B16F10 model. Moreover, intracellular ROS levels increased due to the presence of the complexes. Among the investigated complexes, the cells treated with the S5 complex indicated the highest apoptotic percentage (Q3) of 14.9% compared to the controls. The cell adsorption of the complexes also showed that the S4 and S5 complexes had higher cell adsorption, better internalization, and higher fluorescence light intensity. Conclusions The present work provides important guidance for designing and using Ru complexes in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Abaspour
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Azerbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Soltani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Azerbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Hamishehkar
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Moayad Hossaini Sadr
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Azerbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
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11
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Recent advances on organelle specific Ru(II)/Ir(III)/Re(I) based complexes for photodynamic therapy. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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12
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Saini R, Rao C, Maji A, Mishra PM, Yadav A, Nandi CK, Ghosh K. Design and synthesis of novel palladium cyclometallate-based fluorescent probe: Studies on interaction with cell membrane by confocal and fluorescence lifetime imaging. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 237:112019. [PMID: 36244311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.112019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Coordination complexes offer great potential as cellular imaging probes, which allow to examine specific cell organelle structures in their physiological conditions to better understand the biological system. Understanding the heterogeneous nature of the cell membrane could unveil details of their functionality. Here, we have developed a new anthracene conjugated fluorescent palladium(II) cyclometallate [PdL1Cl] where L1H = [2-(2- (anthracen-9-ylmethylene)-1-phenylhydrazineyl)pyridine] (H stands for dissociable proton), which not only specifically stains the cell membrane, but could be utilized to visualise the membrane by the confocal and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). This probe is unable to enter inside the cell as it did not pass through the cell membrane via diffusion or various organic and metal transporters. However, the great lipophilicity of fluorescein improves the interaction of the probe with the peptidoglycan layer of the cell membrane. Probable dissociation of chloride ion and formation of positively charged palladium complex resulted in staining the negatively charged cell membrane. The 3D confocal imaging clearly expressed sole membrane staining by the probe. The probe efficiently stains both cancer cells (HeLa and MCF-7 cell lines) and normal cell (HEK 293 T), confirming the universality of the probe in membrane staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Saini
- Department of Chemistry and Department of BioScience and BioEngineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Chethana Rao
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India; Advanced Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India
| | - Ankur Maji
- Department of Chemistry and Department of BioScience and BioEngineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Pushpendra M Mishra
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India; Advanced Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India; BioX centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India
| | - Aditya Yadav
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India; Advanced Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India
| | - Chayan K Nandi
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India; Advanced Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India; BioX centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India
| | - Kaushik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Department of BioScience and BioEngineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
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13
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Shi Y, Luo Z, You J. Subcellular delivery of lipid nanoparticles to endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 14:e1803. [PMID: 35441489 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Primarily responsible for the biogenesis and metabolism of biomolecules, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria are gradually becoming the targets of therapeutic modulation, whose physiological activities and pathological manifestations determine the functional capacity and even the survival of cells. Drug delivery systems with specific physicochemical properties (passive targeting), or modified by small molecular compounds, polypeptides, and biomembranes demonstrating tropism for ER and mitochondria (active targeting) are able to reduce the nonselective accumulation of drugs, enhancing efficacy while reducing side effects. Lipid nanoparticles feature high biocompatibility, diverse cargo loading, and flexible structure modification, which are frequently used for subcellular organelle-targeted delivery of therapeutics. However, there is still a lack of systematic understanding of lipid nanoparticle-based ER and mitochondria targeting. Herein, we review the pathological significance of drug selectively delivered to the ER and mitochondria. We also summarize the molecular basis and application prospects of lipid nanoparticle-based ER and mitochondria targeting strategies, which may provide guidance for the prevention and treatment of associated diseases and disorders. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Lipid-Based Structures Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Shi
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhenyu Luo
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian You
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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14
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Pete S, Roy N, Kar B, Paira P. Construction of homo and heteronuclear Ru(II), Ir(III) and Re(I) complexes for target specific cancer therapy. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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15
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Wu Y, Li S, Chen Y, He W, Guo Z. Recent advances in noble metal complex based photodynamic therapy. Chem Sci 2022; 13:5085-5106. [PMID: 35655575 PMCID: PMC9093168 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05478c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) utilizes light-activated photosensitizers (PSs) to generate toxic species for therapeutics. It has become an emerging solution for cancer treatment because of its specific spatiotemporal selectivity and minimal invasiveness. Noble metal (Ru, Ir and Pt) complexes are of increasing interest as photosensitizers for their excellent photophysical, photochemical, and photobiological properties. In this review, we highlight recent advancements in the development of noble metal complex photosensitizers for PDT during the last 5 years. We will summarize the design strategies of noble metal complexes for efficient and precise PDT, including increasing the light penetration depth, reducing the oxygen-dependent nature and improving target ability. Finally, we summarize recent efforts for the development of noble-based PSs and discuss the limitations of such PSs in clinical application and future perspectives in this field, such as the combination of PDT with other treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Shumeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Yuncong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
- Nanchuang (Jiangsu) Institute of Chemistry and Health Nanjing 210000 China
| | - Weijiang He
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
- Nanchuang (Jiangsu) Institute of Chemistry and Health Nanjing 210000 China
| | - Zijian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
- Nanchuang (Jiangsu) Institute of Chemistry and Health Nanjing 210000 China
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16
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Kamalesu S, Anish Babu A, Shankar T, Swarnalatha K. A new Ruthenium(II) sensitizer with anchored hydrazide ligand for enhanced electron injection in dye sensitized solar cell application. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.109382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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17
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Liu S, Sun Z, Liang M, Song W, Zhang R, Shi Y, Cui Y, Gao Q. An Unrevealed Molecular Function of Corannulene Buckybowl Glycoconjugates in Selective Tumor Annihilation by Targeting the Cancer-Specific Warburg Effect. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105315. [PMID: 35253390 PMCID: PMC8981914 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The biomedical application of corannulene π-bowls is historically limited by low solubility and bioavailability despite the potential in their unique electronic properties for new functional materials. Herein, the unexpected role and molecular mechanism of Corranulene π-bowls are uncovered in biomedical applications as an effective anticancer agent for Warburg effect mediated selective tumor targeting. The corannulene triazolyl monosaccharides Cor-sugars exhibit highly potent cytotoxicity against human cancer cells and effectively inhibit xenograft growth of hyperglycolytic tumors. Particularly, the galactose-conjugated Cor-gal exhibits superior in vivo anticancer efficacy in A549 tumor models with outstanding safety profile compared to doxorubicin. Moreover, the combined treatment of Cor-gal with immune checkpoint inhibitor results in an effective synergy in treating H460 human lung carcinoma. An uptake mechanism study reveals that Cor-sugars exploit tumor-specific glucose transporter glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) for targeted cell delivery and intra-tumoral accumulation through the cancer-specific Warburg effect. Their significant anticancer activity is attributed to multiphasic DNA-binding and cell cycle alteration effects. This study uncovers new molecular properties of corannulene buckybowl and enabling their potential new applications in biomedical engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Liu
- Institute of Molecular PlusFrontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education of China)Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High‐EfficiencyTianjin University92 Weijin RoadNankai DistrictTianjin300072P. R. China
| | - Ziru Sun
- Institute of Molecular PlusFrontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education of China)Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High‐EfficiencyTianjin University92 Weijin RoadNankai DistrictTianjin300072P. R. China
| | - Min Liang
- Institute of Molecular PlusFrontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education of China)Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High‐EfficiencyTianjin University92 Weijin RoadNankai DistrictTianjin300072P. R. China
- Central Institute of Pharmaceutical ResearchCSPC Pharmaceutical Group226 Huanhe RoadShijiazhuangHebei050035P. R. China
| | - Weijie Song
- Institute of Molecular PlusFrontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education of China)Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High‐EfficiencyTianjin University92 Weijin RoadNankai DistrictTianjin300072P. R. China
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and HospitalNational Clinical Research Center for CancerWest Huanhu RoadHexi DistrictTianjin300060P. R. China
| | - Ru Zhang
- Institute of Molecular PlusFrontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education of China)Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High‐EfficiencyTianjin University92 Weijin RoadNankai DistrictTianjin300072P. R. China
- Department of BiologyGudui BioPharma Technology Inc.Huayuan Industrial Park5 Lanyuan RoadTianjin300384P. R. China
| | - Yunli Shi
- Institute of Molecular PlusFrontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education of China)Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High‐EfficiencyTianjin University92 Weijin RoadNankai DistrictTianjin300072P. R. China
| | - Yujun Cui
- Institute of Molecular PlusFrontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education of China)Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High‐EfficiencyTianjin University92 Weijin RoadNankai DistrictTianjin300072P. R. China
- Transplantation CenterTianjin First Central Hospital24 Fukang RoadNankai DistrictTianjin300192P. R. China
| | - Qingzhi Gao
- Institute of Molecular PlusFrontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education of China)Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High‐EfficiencyTianjin University92 Weijin RoadNankai DistrictTianjin300072P. R. China
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18
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Prajith NU, Priyanka PV, Alexander V. Synthesis, characterization, photophysical, lipophilicity, and in vitro fluorescence studies of mono-, di-, and trinuclear Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes of pyridinyl benzimidazole derivatives. J Biol Inorg Chem 2022; 27:357-372. [PMID: 35262796 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-022-01934-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, characterization, and photophysical properties of mononuclear ruthenium(II) complexes [Ru(bpy)2(py-BIm-Bz)](ClO4)2 (1) and [Ru(phen)2(py-BIm-Bz)](ClO4)2 (2), dinuclear complexes [(bpy)2Ru-μ2-(py-BIm-Xy)-Ru(bpy)2](ClO4)4 (3) and [(phen)2Ru-μ2-(py-BIm-Xy)-Ru(phen)2](ClO4)4 (4), and trinuclear complexes [((bpy)2Ru)3-μ3-(py-BIm-Ms)](ClO4)6 (5) and [((phen)2Ru)3-μ3-(py-BIm-Ms)](ClO4)6 (6) of pyridinyl benzimidazole ligands with 2,2'-bipyridine or 1,10-phenanthroline ancillary ligands as fluorescent imaging probes are reported. The ligand py-BIm-Bz crystallizes with inherent disorder due to the competing π-π interactions between two (2-pyridinyl)benzimidazole moieties aligned in parallel and in the opposite direction. The complex 2 forms non-merohedrally twinned crystal with the twin law matrix [0.259 -0.776 0.741, 0.000 -1.000 0.000, 1.259 -0.776 -0.259] and a batch scale factor (BASF) of 0.05. The electronic absorption spectra of the complexes 1-6 differ typically in the π-π* transitions of the ancillary ligands. The complexes exhibit orange-red fluorescence at 624-634 nm at room temperature with quantum yield (0.096 - 0.117) higher than that of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ and a hypsochromic shift of the emission maxima in frozen acetonitrile (λem = 613-628 nm) due to the rigidochromic effect. The excited state lifetime of these complexes are in the range 72-194 ns with the mononuclear complexes exhibiting the highest values. The complexes 1-6 are nontoxic (IC50 > 275 μM) toward both HeLa and Vero cell lines. They are hydrophilic and the logPo/w values are in the -0.53 to -1.46 range. The confocal microscopic study of cellular localization of the complexes on the HeLa cells co-stained with the nuclear staining DAPI dye shows their localization in the cytoplasm and the nuclear membrane penetration increases with nuclearity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N U Prajith
- Department of Chemistry, Loyola College, Chennai, 600034, India
| | - P V Priyanka
- Department of Chemistry, Loyola College, Chennai, 600034, India
| | - V Alexander
- Department of Chemistry, Loyola College, Chennai, 600034, India.
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19
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20
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Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Properties of Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complexes Containing 2(1H)-quinolinone-3(1H-imidazo[4,5f][1,10]phenanthrolin-2-yl. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.109260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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22
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Zhu W, Cai E, Li H, Wang P, Shen A, Popp J, Hu J. Precise Encoding of Triple‐Bond Raman Scattering of Single Polymer Nanoparticles for Multiplexed Imaging Application. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Er‐Li Cai
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430079 P. R. China
| | - Hao‐Zheng Li
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430079 P. R. China
| | - Ping Wang
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430079 P. R. China
| | - Ai‐Guo Shen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
- School of Printing and Packaging Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics Friedrich Schiller University Jena Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Photonic Technology Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Ji‐Ming Hu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
- Center of Analysis and Testing Wuhan University Wuhan 430074 P. R. China
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23
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Holden L, Burke CS, Cullinane D, Keyes TE. Strategies to promote permeation and vectorization, and reduce cytotoxicity of metal complex luminophores for bioimaging and intracellular sensing. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:1021-1049. [PMID: 34458823 PMCID: PMC8341117 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00049g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition metal luminophores are emerging as important tools for intracellular imaging and sensing. Their putative suitability for such applications has long been recognised but poor membrane permeability and cytotoxicity were significant barriers that impeded early progress. In recent years, numerous effective routes to overcoming these issues have been reported, inspired in part, by advances and insights from the pharmaceutical and drug delivery domains. In particular, the conjugation of biomolecules but also other less natural synthetic species, from a repertoire of functional motifs have granted membrane permeability and cellular targeting. Such motifs can also reduce cytotoxicity of transition metal complexes and offer a valuable avenue to circumvent such problems leading to promising metal complex candidates for application in bioimaging, sensing and diagnostics. The advances in metal complex probes permeability/targeting are timely, as, in parallel, over the past two decades significant technological advances in luminescence imaging have occurred. In particular, super-resolution imaging is enormously powerful but makes substantial demands of its imaging contrast agents and metal complex luminophores frequently possess the photophysical characteristics to meet these demands. Here, we review some of the key vectors that have been conjugated to transition metal complex luminophores to promote their use in intra-cellular imaging applications. We evaluate some of the most effective strategies in terms of membrane permeability, intracellular targeting and what impact these approaches have on toxicity and phototoxicity which are important considerations in a luminescent contrast or sensing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorcan Holden
- School of Chemical Sciences, and National Centre for Sensor Research Dublin City University Dublin 9 Ireland
| | - Christopher S Burke
- School of Chemical Sciences, and National Centre for Sensor Research Dublin City University Dublin 9 Ireland
| | - David Cullinane
- School of Chemical Sciences, and National Centre for Sensor Research Dublin City University Dublin 9 Ireland
| | - Tia E Keyes
- School of Chemical Sciences, and National Centre for Sensor Research Dublin City University Dublin 9 Ireland
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24
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Zhu W, Cai EL, Li HZ, Wang P, Shen AG, Popp J, Hu JM. Precise Encoding of Triple-Bond Raman Scattering of Single Polymer Nanoparticles for Multiplexed Imaging Application. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:21846-21852. [PMID: 34227191 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy in combination with innovative tagging strategies offers great potential as a universal high-throughput biomedical imaging tool. Here, we report rationally tailored small molecular monomers containing triple-bond units with large Raman scattering cross-sections, which can be polymerized at the nanoscale for enhancement of SRS contrast with smaller but brighter optical nanotags with artificial fingerprint output. From this, a class of triple-bond rich polymer nanoparticles (NPs) was engineered by regulating the relative dosages of three chemically different triple-bond monomers in co-polymerization. The bonding strategy allowed for 15 spectrally distinguishable triple-bond combinations. These accurately structured nano molecular aggregates, rather than long-chain macromolecules, could establish a universal method for generating small-sized biological SRS imaging tags with high sensitivity for high-throughput multi-color biomedical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Er-Li Cai
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
| | - Hao-Zheng Li
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
| | - Ping Wang
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
| | - Ai-Guo Shen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China.,School of Printing and Packaging, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Leibniz Institute for Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Ji-Ming Hu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China.,Center of Analysis and Testing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
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25
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Varney AM, Smitten KL, Thomas JA, McLean S. Transcriptomic Analysis of the Activity and Mechanism of Action of a Ruthenium(II)-Based Antimicrobial That Induces Minimal Evolution of Pathogen Resistance. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:168-178. [PMID: 33615170 PMCID: PMC7887750 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Increasing concern over rising levels of antibiotic resistance among pathogenic bacteria has prompted significant research into developing efficacious alternatives to antibiotic treatment. Previously, we have reported on the therapeutic activity of a dinuclear ruthenium(II) complex against pathogenic, multi-drug-resistant bacterial pathogens. Herein, we report that the solubility properties of this lead are comparable to those exhibited by orally available therapeutics that in comparison to clinically relevant antibiotics it induces very slow evolution of resistance in the uropathogenic, therapeutically resistant, E. coli strain EC958, and this resistance was lost when exposure to the compound was temporarily removed. With the aim of further investigating the mechanism of action of this compound, the regulation of nine target genes relating to the membrane, DNA damage, and other stress responses provoked by exposure to the compound was also studied. This analysis confirmed that the compound causes a significant transcriptional downregulation of genes involved in membrane transport and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. By contrast, expression of the chaperone protein-coding gene, spy, was significantly increased suggesting a requirement for repair of damaged proteins in the region of the outer membrane. The complex was also found to display activity comparable to that in E. coli in a range of other therapeutically relevant Gram-negative pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M. Varney
- School
of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent
University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty L. Smitten
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S3 7HF, United
Kingdom
| | - Jim A. Thomas
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S3 7HF, United
Kingdom
| | - Samantha McLean
- School
of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent
University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
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26
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Shewring JR, Hodgson L, Bryant HL, Bullough PA, Weinstein JA, Verkade P. Refining a correlative light electron microscopy workflow using luminescent metal complexes. Methods Cell Biol 2021; 162:69-87. [PMID: 33707023 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The potential for increasing the application of Correlative Light Electron Microscopy (CLEM) technologies in life science research is hindered by the lack of suitable molecular probes that are emissive, photostable, and scatter electrons well. Most brightly fluorescent organic molecules are intrinsically poor electron-scatterers, while multi-metallic compounds scatter electrons well but are usually non-luminescent. Thus, the goal of CLEM to image the same object of interest on the continuous scale from hundreds of microns to nanometers remains a major challenge partially due to requirements for a single probe to be suitable for light (LM) and electron microscopy (EM). Some of the main CLEM probes, based on gold nanoparticles appended with fluorophores and quantum dots (QD) have presented significant drawbacks. Here we present an Iridium-based luminescent metal complex (Ir complex 1) as a probe and describe how we have developed a CLEM workflow based on such metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorna Hodgson
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Helen L Bryant
- Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Per A Bullough
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Julia A Weinstein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Verkade
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, United Kingdom.
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27
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Sudhindra P, Ajay Sharma S, Roy N, Moharana P, Paira P. Recent advances in cytotoxicity, cellular uptake and mechanism of action of ruthenium metallodrugs: A review. Polyhedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2020.114827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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28
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Karges J, Kuang S, Ong YC, Chao H, Gasser G. One‐ and Two‐Photon Phototherapeutic Effects of Ru
II
Polypyridine Complexes in the Hypoxic Centre of Large Multicellular Tumor Spheroids and Tumor‐Bearing Mice**. Chemistry 2020; 27:362-370. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Karges
- Chimie ParisTech PSL University CNRS Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology 75005 Paris France
| | - Shi Kuang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University 510275 Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Yih Ching Ong
- Chimie ParisTech PSL University CNRS Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology 75005 Paris France
| | - Hui Chao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University 510275 Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech PSL University CNRS Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology 75005 Paris France
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29
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Kar B, Roy N, Pete S, Moharana P, Paira P. Ruthenium and iridium based mononuclear and multinuclear complexes: A Breakthrough of Next-Generation anticancer metallopharmaceuticals. Inorganica Chim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.119858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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30
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Qi XN, Dong HQ, Yang HL, Qu WJ, Zhang YM, Yao H, Lin Q, Wei TB. Tailoring an HSO 4- anion hybrid receptor based on a phenazine derivative. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:1373-1381. [PMID: 32852021 DOI: 10.1039/d0pp00159g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A catechol-functionalized phenazine imidazole (PD) was tailored with 2,3-diaminophenazine and 3,4-dihydroxy benzaldehyde, and it served as a hybrid acceptor for capturing HSO4- anions. The selectivity and sensitivity of the PD receptor for anion sensing were studied. It was found that the PD receptor could not only display a preferable sensitivity to HSO4- ions with a "turn-off" fluorescence response, but also have a strong anti-interference ability toward other common anions, especially basic anions such as CH3COO-, HPO42-, and H2PO4-. The anion recognition mechanism of PD towards HSO4- is based on multiple hydrogen bond interactions. Finally, the strips for anion detection were prepared, which were verified to be a convenient and high-efficiency test kit for detecting HSO4- ions with the naked eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ni Qi
- Key Laboratory of Eco-functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eco-environmental Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu, PR China.
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31
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Tian X, De Pace C, Ruiz-Perez L, Chen B, Su R, Zhang M, Zhang R, Zhang Q, Wang Q, Zhou H, Wu J, Zhang Z, Tian Y, Battaglia G. A Cyclometalated Iridium (III) Complex as a Microtubule Probe for Correlative Super-Resolution Fluorescence and Electron Microscopy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2003901. [PMID: 32815192 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The visualization of microtubules by combining optical and electron microscopy techniques provides valuable information to understand correlated intracellular activities. However, the lack of appropriate probes to bridge both microscopic resolutions restricts the areas and structures that can be comprehended within such highly assembled structures. Here, a versatile cyclometalated iridium (III) complex is designed that achieves synchronous fluorescence-electron microscopy correlation. The selective insertion of the probe into a microtubule triggers remarkable fluorescence enhancement and promising electron contrast. The long-life, highly photostable probe allows live-cell super-resolution imaging of tubulin localization and motion with a resolution of ≈30 nm. Furthermore, correlative light-electron microscopy and energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy reveal the well-associated optical and electron signal at a high specificity, with an interspace of ≈41 Å of microtubule monomer in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohe Tian
- School of Life Science, Anhui University, Hefei, 230000, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, 230000, P. R. China
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230000, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Cesare De Pace
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- EPSRC/JEOL Centre for Liquid Phase Electron Microscopy, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Lorena Ruiz-Perez
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- EPSRC/JEOL Centre for Liquid Phase Electron Microscopy, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Bo Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Rina Su
- School of Life Science, Anhui University, Hefei, 230000, P. R. China
| | - Mingzhu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, 230000, P. R. China
| | - Ruilong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, 230000, P. R. China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, 230000, P. R. China
| | - Qin Wang
- Biotechnology Centre, Anhui Agriculture University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Hongping Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, 230000, P. R. China
| | - Jieying Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, 230000, P. R. China
| | - Zhongping Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, 230000, P. R. China
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230000, P. R. China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Yupeng Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, 230000, P. R. China
| | - Giuseppe Battaglia
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, 230000, P. R. China
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230000, P. R. China
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- EPSRC/JEOL Centre for Liquid Phase Electron Microscopy, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, 08007, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
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32
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Guan R, Xie L, Ji L, Chao H. Phosphorescent Iridium(III) Complexes for Anticancer Applications. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruilin Guan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry Sun Yat‐Sen University 510275 Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Lina Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry Sun Yat‐Sen University 510275 Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Liangnian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry Sun Yat‐Sen University 510275 Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Hui Chao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry Sun Yat‐Sen University 510275 Guangzhou P. R. China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University of Science and Technology 400201 Xiangtan P. R. China
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33
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Kaur P, Johnson A, Northcote-Smith J, Lu C, Suntharalingam K. Immunogenic Cell Death of Breast Cancer Stem Cells Induced by an Endoplasmic Reticulum-Targeting Copper(II) Complex. Chembiochem 2020; 21:3618-3624. [PMID: 32776422 PMCID: PMC7757018 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immunogenic cell death (ICD) offers a method of stimulating the immune system to attack and remove cancer cells. We report a copper(II) complex containing a Schiff base ligand and a polypyridyl ligand, 4, capable of inducing ICD in breast cancer stem cells (CSCs). Complex 4 kills both bulk breast cancer cells and breast CSCs at sub‐micromolar concentrations. Notably, 4 exhibits greater potency (one order of magnitude) towards breast CSCs than salinomycin (an established breast CSC‐potent agent) and cisplatin (a clinically approved anticancer drug). Epithelial spheroid studies show that 4 is able to selectively inhibit breast CSC‐enriched HMLER‐shEcad spheroid formation and viability over non‐tumorigenic breast MCF10 A spheroids. Mechanistic studies show that 4 operates as a Type II ICD inducer. Specifically, 4 readily enters the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of breast CSCs, elevates intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, induces ER stress, evokes damage‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and promotes breast CSC phagocytosis by macrophages. As far as we are aware, 4 is the first metal complex to induce ICD in breast CSCs and promote their engulfment by immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Kaur
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London The Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Alice Johnson
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | | | - Chunxin Lu
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, 56 South Yuexiu Road, Jiaxing, 314001 Zhejiang, P. R. China
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34
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Gill MR, Walker MG, Able S, Tietz O, Lakshminarayanan A, Anderson R, Chalk R, El-Sagheer AH, Brown T, Thomas JA, Vallis KA. An 111In-labelled bis-ruthenium(ii) dipyridophenazine theranostic complex: mismatch DNA binding and selective radiotoxicity towards MMR-deficient cancer cells. Chem Sci 2020; 11:8936-8944. [PMID: 33815738 PMCID: PMC7989384 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02825h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Theranostic radionuclides that emit Auger electrons (AE) can generate highly localised DNA damage and the accompanying gamma ray emission can be used for single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging. Mismatched DNA base pairs (mismatches) are DNA lesions that are abundant in cells deficient in MMR (mismatch mediated repair) proteins. This form of genetic instability is prevalent in the MMR-deficient subset of colorectal cancers and is a potential target for AE radiotherapeutics. Herein we report the synthesis of a mismatch DNA binding bis-ruthenium(ii) dipyridophenazine (dppz) complex that can be radiolabelled with the Auger electron emitting radionuclide indium-111 (111In). Greater stabilisation accompanied by enhanced MLCT (metal to ligand charge-transfer) luminescence of both the bis-Ru(dppz) chelator and non-radioactive indium-loaded complex was observed in the presence of a TT mismatch-containing duplex compared to matched DNA. The radioactive construct [111In]In-bisRu(dppz) ([111In][In-2]4+) targets cell nuclei and is radiotoxic towards MMR-deficient human colorectal cancer cells showing substantially less detrimental effects in a paired cell line with restored MMR function. Additional cell line studies revealed that [111In][In-2]4+ is preferentially radiotoxic towards MMR-deficient colorectal cancer cells accompanied by increased DNA damage due to 111In decay. The biodistribution of [111In][In-2]4+ in live mice was demonstrated using SPECT. These results illustrate how a Ru(ii) polypyridyl complex can incorporate mismatch DNA binding and radiometal chelation in a single molecule, generating a DNA-targeting AE radiopharmaceutical that displays selective radiotoxicity towards MMR-deficient cancer cells and is compatible with whole organism SPECT imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin R Gill
- Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology , Department of Oncology , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK .
- Department of Chemistry , Swansea University , Swansea , Wales , UK .
| | - Michael G Walker
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Sheffield , UK
| | - Sarah Able
- Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology , Department of Oncology , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK .
| | - Ole Tietz
- Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology , Department of Oncology , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK .
| | - Abirami Lakshminarayanan
- Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology , Department of Oncology , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK .
- Chemistry Research Laboratory , Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA , UK
| | - Rachel Anderson
- Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology , Department of Oncology , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK .
| | - Rod Chalk
- Structural Genomics Consortium , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Afaf H El-Sagheer
- Chemistry Research Laboratory , Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA , UK
- Chemistry Branch , Department of Science and Mathematics , Faculty of Petroleum and Mining Engineering , Suez University , Suez 43721 , Egypt
| | - Tom Brown
- Chemistry Research Laboratory , Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA , UK
| | - Jim A Thomas
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Sheffield , UK
| | - Katherine A Vallis
- Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology , Department of Oncology , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK .
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35
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Smitten KL, Scattergood PA, Kiker C, Thomas JA, Elliott PIP. Triazole-based osmium(ii) complexes displaying red/near-IR luminescence: antimicrobial activity and super-resolution imaging. Chem Sci 2020; 11:8928-8935. [PMID: 34123147 PMCID: PMC8163367 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03563g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular uptake, luminescence imaging and antimicrobial activity against clinically relevant methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) bacteria are reported. The osmium(ii) complexes [Os(N^N)3]2+ (N^N = 1-benzyl-4-(pyrid-2-yl)-1,2,3-triazole (1 2+); 1-benzyl-4-(pyrimidin-2-yl)-1,2,3-triazole (2 2+); 1-benzyl-4-(pyrazin-2-yl)-1,2,3-triazole (3 2+)) were prepared and isolated as the chloride salts of their meridional and facial isomers. The complexes display prominent spin-forbidden ground state to triplet metal-to-ligand charge transfer (3MLCT) state absorption bands enabling excitation as low as 600 nm for fac/mer-3 2+ and observation of emission in aqueous solution in the deep-red/near-IR regions of the spectrum. Cellular uptake studies within MRSA cells show antimicrobial activity for 1 2+ and 2 2+ with greater toxicity for the meridional isomers in each case and mer-1 2+ showing the greatest potency (32 μg mL-1 in defined minimal media). Super-resolution imaging experiments demonstrate binding of mer- and fac-1 2+ to bacterial DNA with high Pearson's colocalisation coefficients (up to 0.95 using DAPI). Phototoxicity studies showed the complexes exhibited a higher antimicrobial activity upon irradiation with light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty L Smitten
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield Brook Hill Sheffield S3 7HF UK
| | - Paul A Scattergood
- Department of Chemistry & Centre for Functional Materials, University of Huddersfield Queensgate Huddersfield HD1 3DH UK
| | - Charlotte Kiker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield Brook Hill Sheffield S3 7HF UK
| | - Jim A Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield Brook Hill Sheffield S3 7HF UK
| | - Paul I P Elliott
- Department of Chemistry & Centre for Functional Materials, University of Huddersfield Queensgate Huddersfield HD1 3DH UK
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36
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Karges J, Chao H, Gasser G. Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Evaluation of the Polymeric Encapsulation of a Ruthenium(II) Polypyridine Complex with Pluronic F‐127/Poloxamer‐407 for Photodynamic Therapy Applications. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Karges
- Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS 75005 Paris France
| | - Hui Chao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry Sun Yat‐Sen University 510275 Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS 75005 Paris France
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37
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Smitten KL, Thick EJ, Southam HM, Bernardino de la Serna J, Foster SJ, Thomas JA. Mononuclear ruthenium(ii) theranostic complexes that function as broad-spectrum antimicrobials in therapeutically resistant pathogens through interaction with DNA. Chem Sci 2020; 11:8828-8838. [PMID: 34123136 PMCID: PMC8163430 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03410j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Six luminescent, mononuclear ruthenium(ii) complexes based on the tetrapyridophenazine (tpphz) and dipyridophenazine (dppz) ligands are reported. The therapeutic activities of the complexes against Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli, A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa) and Gram-positive bacteria (E. faecalis and S. aureus) including pathogenic multi- and pan-drug resistant strains were assessed. Estimated minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations show the activity of the lead compound is comparable to ampicillin and oxacillin in therapeutically sensitive strains and this activity was retained in resistant strains. Unlike related dinuclear analogues the lead compound does not damage bacterial membranes but is still rapidly taken up by both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in a glucose independent manner. Direct imaging of the complexes through super-resolution nanoscopy and transmission electron microscopy reveals that once internalized the complexes' intracellular target for both Gram-negative and Gram-positive strains is bacterial DNA. Model toxicity screens showed the compound is non-toxic to Galleria mellonella even at exposure concentrations that are orders of magnitude higher than the bacterial MIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty L Smitten
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield Brook Hill Sheffield S3 7HF UK
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield Western Bank Sheffield UK
| | - Eleanor J Thick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield Brook Hill Sheffield S3 7HF UK
| | - Hannah M Southam
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield Western Bank Sheffield UK
| | - Jorge Bernardino de la Serna
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus London SW7 2AZ UK
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Central Laser Facility, United Kingdom Research and Innovation OX11 0FA UK
| | - Simon J Foster
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield Western Bank Sheffield UK
| | - Jim A Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield Brook Hill Sheffield S3 7HF UK
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38
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Roy S, Colombo E, Vinck R, Mari C, Rubbiani R, Patra M, Gasser G. Increased Lipophilicity of Halogenated Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complexes Leads to Decreased Phototoxicity in vitro when Used as Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy. Chembiochem 2020; 21:2966-2973. [PMID: 32473056 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In the fight against cancer, photodynamic therapy is generating great interest thanks to its ability to selectively kill cancer cells without harming healthy tissues. In this field, ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes, and more specifically, complexes with dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine (dppz) as a ligand are of particular interest due to their DNA-binding and photocleaving properties. However, ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes can sometimes suffer from low lipophilicity, which hampers cellular internalisation through passive diffusion. In this study, four new [Ru(dppz-X2 )3 ]2+ complexes (X=H, F, Cl, Br, I) were synthesized and their lipophilicity (logP), cytotoxicity and phototoxicity on cancerous and noncancerous cell lines were assessed. This study shows that, counterintuitively, the phototoxicity of these complexes decreases as their lipophilicity increases; this could be due solely to the atomic radius of the halogen substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saonli Roy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Colombo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Robin Vinck
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Cristina Mari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Riccardo Rubbiani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Malay Patra
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of fundamental Research, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Cell Biology, Homi Bhabha Road, Navy nagar, 400005, Mumbai, India
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005, Paris, France
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39
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Liu C, Liu J, Zhang W, Wang Y, Liu Q, Song B, Yuan J, Zhang R. "Two Birds with One Stone" Ruthenium(II) Complex Probe for Biothiols Discrimination and Detection In Vitro and In Vivo. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2000458. [PMID: 32714756 PMCID: PMC7375222 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202000458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a "two birds with one stone" ruthenium(II) complex probe, Ru-NBD, is proposed as an effective tool for biothiols detection and discrimination in vitro and in vivo. Ru-NBD is nonluminescent due to the quenching of Ru(II) complex emission by photoinduced electron transfer (PET) from Ru(II) center to NBD and the quenching of NBD emission through 4-substitution with "O" ether bond. Ru-NBD is capable of reacting with Cys/Hcy to form long-lived red-emitting Ru-OH and short-lived green-emitting NBD-NR, while reacting with GSH to produce Ru-OH and nonemissive NBD-SR. The long lifetime emission of Ru(II) complex allows elimination of short lifetime background and NBD-NR fluorescence for total biothiols detection ("bird" one) by time-gated luminescence (TGL) analysis, and the remarkable difference in luminescence color response allows discrimination GSH and Cys/Hcy ("bird" two) through steady-state luminescence analysis. Ru-NBD features high sensitivity and selectivity, rapid luminescence response, and low cytotoxicity, which enables it to be used as the probe for luminescence and background-free TGL detection and visualization of biothiols in live cells, zebrafish, and mice. The successful development of this probe is anticipated to contribute to the future biological studies of biothiols roles in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaolong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsSchool of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of TechnologyDalian116024China
| | - Jianping Liu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of Queensland, St. LuciaBrisbaneQLD4072Australia
| | - Wenzhu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsSchool of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of TechnologyDalian116024China
| | - Yong‐Lei Wang
- Department of Materials and Environmental ChemistryStockholm UniversityStockholmSE‐10691Sweden
| | - Qi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsSchool of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of TechnologyDalian116024China
| | - Bo Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsSchool of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of TechnologyDalian116024China
| | - Jingli Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsSchool of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of TechnologyDalian116024China
| | - Run Zhang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of Queensland, St. LuciaBrisbaneQLD4072Australia
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40
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Wen Y, Ouyang C, Li Q, Rees TW, Qiu K, Ji L, Chao H. Synthesis, characterization and anticancer mechanism studies of fluorinated cyclometalated ruthenium(ii) complexes. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:7044-7052. [PMID: 32406463 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01412e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The drug-resistance of cancer cells has become a major obstacle to the development of clinical drugs for chemotherapy. In order to overcome cisplatin-resistance, seven cyclometalated ruthenium(ii) complexes were synthesized with a varying degree of fluorine substitution, for use as anticancer agents. A cytotoxicity assay testified that the complexes possessed a more cytotoxic effect than cisplatin towards the cisplatin-resistant cell line A549R. The number of fluorine atoms regulated the lipophilicity of the complexes, but the relationship was not linear. Ru1 containing one fluorine atom had the highest lipophilicity and the best therapeutic effect. The complexes enter cells through an energy-dependent pathway and then localize in the nuclei and mitochondria. The complexes induced nuclear dysfunction by the inhibition of DNA replication as well as mitochondrial dysfunction by the loss of membrane potential. The damage to these vital organelles leads to cell apoptosis via the caspase 3/7 pathway. Our results indicated that the modulation of the number of fluorine atoms in therapeutic agents can have a profound effect and Ru1 is a complex with a high potential as a drug for the treatment of cisplatin-resistant cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Wen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Cheng Ouyang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Quanwen Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Thomas W Rees
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Kangqiang Qiu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Liangnian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Hui Chao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China. and MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 400201, P. R. China
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41
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Shakirova JR, Sadeghi A, Koblova AA, Chelushkin PS, Toropainen E, Tavakoli S, Kontturi LS, Lajunen T, Tunik SP, Urtti A. Design and synthesis of lipid-mimetic cationic iridium complexes and their liposomal formulation for in vitro and in vivo application in luminescent bioimaging. RSC Adv 2020; 10:14431-14440. [PMID: 35498460 PMCID: PMC9051922 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra01114b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two iridium [Ir(N^C)2(N^N)]+ complexes with the diimine N^N ligand containing a long polymethylene hydrophobic chain were synthesized and characterized by using NMR and ESI mass-spectrometry: N^N - 2-(1-hexadecyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)pyridine, N^C - methyl-2-phenylquinoline-4-carboxylate (Ir1) and 2-phenylquinoline-4-carboxylic acid (Ir2). These complexes were used to prepare the luminescent PEGylated DPPC liposomes (DPPC/DSPE-PEG2000/Ir-complex = 95/4.5/1 mol%) using a thin film hydration method. The narrowly dispersed liposomes had diameters of about 110 nm. The photophysics of the complexes and labeled liposomes were carefully studied. Ir1 and Ir2 give red emission (λ em = 667 and 605 nm) with a lifetime in the microsecond domain and quantum yields of 4.8% and 10.0% in degassed solution. Incorporation of the complexes into the liposome lipid bilayer results in shielding of the emitters from interaction with molecular oxygen and partial suppression of excited state nonradiative relaxation due to the effect of the relatively rigid bilayer matrix. Delivery of labeled liposomes to the cultured ARPE-19 cells demonstrated the usefulness of Ir1 and Ir2 in cellular imaging. Labeled liposomes were then injected intravitreally into rat eyes and imaged successfully with optical coherence tomography and funduscopy. In conclusion, iridium complexes enabled the successful labeling and imaging of liposomes in cells and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia R Shakirova
- St. Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry Universitetskii pr., 26 198504 St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Amir Sadeghi
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland Yliopistonranta 1C 70211 Kuopio Finland
| | - Alla A Koblova
- St. Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry Universitetskii pr., 26 198504 St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Pavel S Chelushkin
- St. Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry Universitetskii pr., 26 198504 St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Elisa Toropainen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland Yliopistonranta 1C 70211 Kuopio Finland
| | - Shirin Tavakoli
- Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki Viikinkaari 5 E 00710 Helsinki Finland
| | - Leena-Stiina Kontturi
- Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki Viikinkaari 5 E 00710 Helsinki Finland
| | - Tatu Lajunen
- Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki Viikinkaari 5 E 00710 Helsinki Finland
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy & Life Sciences 1432-1 Hachioji 192-0392 Tokyo Japan
| | - Sergey P Tunik
- St. Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry Universitetskii pr., 26 198504 St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Arto Urtti
- St. Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry Universitetskii pr., 26 198504 St. Petersburg Russia
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland Yliopistonranta 1C 70211 Kuopio Finland
- Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki Viikinkaari 5 E 00710 Helsinki Finland
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Munteanu AC, Notaro A, Jakubaszek M, Cowell J, Tharaud M, Goud B, Uivarosi V, Gasser G. Synthesis, Characterization, Cytotoxic Activity, and Metabolic Studies of Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complexes Containing Flavonoid Ligands. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:4424-4434. [PMID: 32191449 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b03562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Four novel monocationic Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes were synthesized with the general formula [Ru(DIP)2flv]X, where DIP is 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline, flv stands for the flavonoid ligand (5-hydroxyflavone in [Ru(DIP)2(5-OHF)](PF6), genistein in [Ru(DIP)2(gen)](PF6), chrysin in [Ru(DIP)2(chr)](OTf), and morin in [Ru(DIP)2(mor)](OTf)), and X is the counterion, PF6-, and OTf ̅ (triflate, CF3SO3̅), respectively. Following the chemical characterization of the complexes by 1H and 13C NMR, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis, their cytotoxicity was tested against several cancer cell lines. The most promising complex, [Ru(DIP)2(gen)](PF6), was further investigated for its biological activity. Metabolic studies revealed that this complex severely impaired mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis processes, contrary to its precursor, Ru(DIP)2Cl2, which showed a prominent effect only on the mitochondrial respiration. In addition, its preferential accumulation in MDA-MB-435S cells (a human melanoma cell line previously described as mammary gland/breast; derived from metastatic site: pleural effusion), which are used for the study of metastasis, explained the better activity in this cell line compared to MCF-7 (human, ductal carcinoma).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra-Cristina Munteanu
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anna Notaro
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Marta Jakubaszek
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, F-75005 Paris, France.,Institut Curie, PSL University, CNRS UMR 144, Paris, France
| | - Joseph Cowell
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Mickaël Tharaud
- Université de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Bruno Goud
- Institut Curie, PSL University, CNRS UMR 144, Paris, France
| | - Valentina Uivarosi
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, F-75005 Paris, France
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Saeed HK, Sreedharan S, Jarman PJ, Archer SA, Fairbanks SD, Foxon SP, Auty AJ, Chekulaev D, Keane T, Meijer AJHM, Weinstein JA, Smythe CGW, Bernardino de la Serna J, Thomas JA. Making the Right Link to Theranostics: The Photophysical and Biological Properties of Dinuclear Ru II-Re I dppz Complexes Depend on Their Tether. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:1101-1111. [PMID: 31846306 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of new dinuclear complexes containing linked RuII(dppz) and ReI(dppz) moieties is reported. The photophysical and biological properties of the new complex, which incorporates a N,N'-bis(4-pyridylmethyl)-1,6-hexanediamine tether ligand, are compared to a previously reported RuII/ReI complex linked by a simple dipyridyl alkane ligand. Although both complexes bind to DNA with similar affinities, steady-state and time-resolved photophysical studies reveal that the nature of the linker affects the excited state dynamics of the complexes and their DNA photocleavage properties. Quantum-based DFT calculations on these systems offer insights into these effects. While both complexes are live cells permeant, their intracellular localizations are significantly affected by the nature of the linker. Notably, one of the complexes displayed concentration-dependent localization and possesses photophysical properties that are compatible with SIM and STED nanoscopy. This allowed the dynamics of its intracellular localization to be tracked at super resolutions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Simon P Foxon
- ZapGo, Limited , Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell , Oxford OX11 0FA , United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jorge Bernardino de la Serna
- Central Laser Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory , Research Complex at Harwell, Science and Technology Facilities Council , Harwell-Oxford , Didcot OX11 0QX , United Kingdom
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine , Imperial College London , Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Exhibition Road , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
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Saeed HK, Sreedharan S, Thomas JA. Photoactive metal complexes that bind DNA and other biomolecules as cell probes, therapeutics, and theranostics. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:1464-1480. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc09312e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Using selected transition metal centres and linking ligand “building blocks” a modular approach to the development of cellular imaging agents and therapeutics is discussed and illustrated with examples from research by the Thomas group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiwa K Saeed
- Department of Chemistry
- Brooklyn College
- The City University of New York
- Brooklyn
- USA
| | - Sreejesh Sreedharan
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology University of Oxford
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Jim A Thomas
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Sheffield
- Sheffield S10 2TN
- UK
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King AP, Wilson JJ. Endoplasmic reticulum stress: an arising target for metal-based anticancer agents. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:8113-8136. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00259c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Metal anticancer agents are rapidly emerging as selective, potent therapeutics that exhibit anticancer activity by inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Paden King
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- Cornell University
- Ithaca
- USA
| | - Justin J. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- Cornell University
- Ithaca
- USA
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Tris-heteroleptic ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes: Synthesis, structural characterization, photophysical, electrochemistry and biological properties. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 203:110903. [PMID: 31683124 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.110903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Three water-soluble tris-heteroleptic ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes [Ru(bpy)(phen)(bpg)]2+ (1), [Ru(bpy)(dppz)(bpg)]2+ (2), and [Ru(phen)(dppz)(bpg)]2+ (3) (where bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, dppz = dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c] phenazine, bpg = 4b,5,7,7a-tetrahydro-4b,7a-epiminomethanoimino-6H-imidazo[4,5-f] [1,10] phenanthroline-6,13-dione) have been synthesized and characterized. Molecular structures of complexes 1 and 3 are confirmed by single crystal X-ray structure determination. Interaction of complexes 1-3 with DNA is explored by various spectroscopic techniques. The complexes 1-3 show solvent dependent photophysical properties. Complexes 2 and 3 show extensive "molecular light switch" effect for DNA. The complexes 1-3 are low toxic towards HeLa (human cervical cancer) and HL-60 (human promyelocytic leukemia) cell lines. Further, the cellular uptake of complexes 2 and 3 by cells shows that complexes mainly localised on the nucleus of the cells.
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Wang L, Tu Y, Valkonen A, Rissanen K, Jiang W. Selective Recognition of Phenazine by 2,6‐Dibutoxylnaphthalene‐Based Tetralactam Macrocycle. CHINESE J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201900233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Li‐Li Wang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of ChemistrySouthern University of Science and Technology, Xueyuan Blvd 1088 Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Yi‐Kuan Tu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of ChemistrySouthern University of Science and Technology, Xueyuan Blvd 1088 Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Arto Valkonen
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience CenterUniversity of Jyvaskyla, P. O. Box 35 Jyväskylä 40014 Finland
| | - Kari Rissanen
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience CenterUniversity of Jyvaskyla, P. O. Box 35 Jyväskylä 40014 Finland
| | - Wei Jiang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of ChemistrySouthern University of Science and Technology, Xueyuan Blvd 1088 Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
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Bakthadoss M, Srinivasan J, Hussain MA, Sharada DS. Two step, one-pot sequential synthesis of functionalized hybrid polyheterocyclic scaffolds via a solid state melt reaction (SSMR). RSC Adv 2019; 9:24314-24318. [PMID: 35527912 PMCID: PMC9069754 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02590a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new one pot assembly of highly functionalized benzo[a]phenazinone fused chromene/bicyclic scaffolds via a domino Knoevenagel intramolecular hetero-Diels-Alder (IMHDA) strategy using a solid state melt reaction (SSMR) of 2-hydroxynaphthalene 1,4-dione, o-phenylenediamine, O-allyl salicylaldehyde/O-vinyl salicylaldehyde derivatives is reported. The formation of five new bonds (two C-C bonds and three C-O bonds), three six-membered rings, and three stereogenic centers in a one-pot manner is very attractive. Ease of reaction with short time, good yields with water as the only byproduct and work up free procedure are some of the excellent features of the present protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mir Ashiq Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, Pondicherry University Pondicherry-605 014 India
| | - Duddu S Sharada
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad Kandi 502285 Sangareddy Telangana India
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