1
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Kessel D. Critical PDT Theory X: The continuing saga of ruthenium. Photochem Photobiol 2024; 100:1200-1203. [PMID: 38073449 DOI: 10.1111/php.13899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- David Kessel
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigen, USA
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2
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Coombs KM, Glover KKM, Russell R, Kaspler P, Roufaiel M, Graves D, Pelka P, Kobasa D, DuMoulin-White R, Mandel A. Nanomolar concentrations of the photodynamic compound TLD-1433 effectively inactivate numerous human pathogenic viruses. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32140. [PMID: 38882312 PMCID: PMC11176859 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The anti-viral properties of a small (≈1 kDa), novel Ru(II) photo dynamic compound (PDC), referred to as TLD-1433 (Ruvidar™), are presented. TLD-1433 had previously been demonstrated to exert strong anti-bacterial and anti-cancer properties. We evaluated the capacity of TLD-1433 to inactivate several human pathogenic viruses. TLD-1433 that was not photo-activated was capable of effectively inactivating 50 % of influenza H1N1 virus (ID50) at a concentration of 117 nM. After photo-activation, the ID50 was reduced to <10 nM. The dose of photo-activated TLD-1433 needed to reduce H1N1 infectivity >99 % (ID99) was approximately 170 nM. Similarly, the ID99 of photo-activated TLD-1433 was determined to range from about 20 to 120 nM for other tested enveloped viruses; specifically, a human coronavirus, herpes simplex virus, the poxvirus Vaccinia virus, and Zika virus. TLD-1433 also inactivated two tested non-enveloped viruses; specifically, adenovirus type 5 and mammalian orthoreovirus, but at considerably higher concentrations. Analyses of TLD-1433-treated membranes suggested that lipid peroxidation was a major contributor to enveloped virus inactivation. TLD-1433-mediated virus inactivation was temperature-dependent, with approximately 10-fold more efficient virucidal activity when viruses were treated at 37 °C than when treated at room temperature (∼22 °C). The presence of fetal bovine serum and virus solution turbidity reduced TLD-1433-mediated virucidal efficiency. Immunoblots of TLD-1433-treated human coronavirus indicated the treated spike protein remained particle-associated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Coombs
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0J9, Canada
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Kathleen K M Glover
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0J9, Canada
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Raquel Russell
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0J9, Canada
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Pavel Kaspler
- Theralase® Technologies Inc., 41 Hollinger Road, Toronto, Ontario, M4B 3G4, Canada
| | - Mark Roufaiel
- Theralase® Technologies Inc., 41 Hollinger Road, Toronto, Ontario, M4B 3G4, Canada
| | - Drayson Graves
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Peter Pelka
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Darwyn Kobasa
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Roger DuMoulin-White
- Theralase® Technologies Inc., 41 Hollinger Road, Toronto, Ontario, M4B 3G4, Canada
| | - Arkady Mandel
- Theralase® Technologies Inc., 41 Hollinger Road, Toronto, Ontario, M4B 3G4, Canada
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3
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Denison M, Garcia SP, Ullrich A, Podgorski I, Gibson H, Turro C, Kodanko JJ. Ruthenium-Cathepsin Inhibitor Conjugates for Green Light-Activated Photodynamic Therapy and Photochemotherapy. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:7973-7983. [PMID: 38616353 PMCID: PMC11066580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Dysregulated cathepsin activity is linked to various human diseases including metabolic disorders, autoimmune conditions, and cancer. Given the overexpression of cathepsin in the tumor microenvironment, cathepsin inhibitors are promising pharmacological agents and drug delivery vehicles for cancer treatment. In this study, we describe the synthesis and photochemical and biological assessment of a dual-action agent based on ruthenium that is conjugated with a cathepsin inhibitor, designed for both photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photochemotherapy (PCT). The ruthenium-cathepsin inhibitor conjugate was synthesized through an oxime click reaction, combining a pan-cathepsin inhibitor based on E64d with the Ru(II) PCT/PDT fragment [Ru(dqpy)(dppn)], where dqpy = 2,6-di(quinoline-2-yl)pyridine and dppn = benzo[i]dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine. Photochemical investigations validated the conjugate's ability to release a triazole-containing cathepsin inhibitor for PCT and to generate singlet oxygen for PDT upon exposure to green light. Inhibition studies demonstrated the conjugate's potent and irreversible inactivation of purified and intracellular cysteine cathepsins. Two Ru(II) PCT/PDT agents based on the [Ru(dqpy)(dppn)] moiety were evaluated for photoinduced cytotoxicity in 4T1 murine triple-negative breast cancer cells, L929 fibroblasts, and M0, M1, and M2 macrophages. The cathepsin inhibitor conjugate displayed notable selectivity for inducing cell death under irradiation compared to dark conditions, mitigating toxicity in the dark observed with the triazole control complex [Ru(dqpy)(dppn)(MeTz)]2+ (MeTz = 1-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole). Notably, our lead complex is among a limited number of dual PCT/PDT agents activated with green light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Denison
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Santana P Garcia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Alexander Ullrich
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Izabela Podgorski
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Heather Gibson
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Jeremy J Kodanko
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
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4
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Bright SA, Erby M, Poynton FE, Monteyne D, Pérez-Morga D, Gunnlaugsson T, Williams DC, Elmes RBP. Tracking the cellular uptake and phototoxicity of Ru(ii)-polypyridyl-1,8-naphthalimide Tröger's base conjugates. RSC Chem Biol 2024; 5:344-359. [PMID: 38576718 PMCID: PMC10989513 DOI: 10.1039/d3cb00206c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Ruthenium(ii) complexes are attracting significant research attention as a promising class of photosensitizers (PSs) in photodynamic therapy (PDT). Having previously reported the synthesis of two novel Ru(ii)-polypyridyl-1,8-naphthalimide Tröger's base compounds 1 and 2 with interesting photophysical properties, where the emission from either the Ru(ii) polypyridyl centres or the naphthalimide moieties could be used to monitor binding to nucleic acids, we sought to use these compounds to investigate further and in more detail their biological profiling, which included unravelling their mechanism of cellular uptake, cellular trafficking and cellular responses to photoexcitation. Here we demonstrate that these compounds undergo rapid time dependent uptake in HeLa cells that involved energy dependent, caveolae and lipid raft-dependent mediated endocytosis, as demonstrated by confocal imaging, and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Following endocytosis, both compounds were shown to localise to mostly lysosomal and Golgi apparatus compartments with some accumulation in mitochondria but no localisation was found to the nucleus. Upon photoactivation, the compounds increased ROS production and induced ROS-dependent apoptotic cell death. The photo-activated compounds subsequently induced DNA damage and altered tubulin, but not actin structures, which was likely to be an indirect effect of ROS production and induced apoptosis. Furthermore, by changing the concentration of the compounds or the laser used to illuminate the cells, the mechanism of cell death could be changed from apoptosis to necrosis. This is the first detailed biological study of Ru(ii)-polypyridyl Tröger's bases and clearly suggests caveolae-dependent endocytosis is responsible for cell uptake - this may also explain the lack of nuclear uptake for these compounds and similar results observed for other Ru(ii)-polypyridyl complexes. These conjugates are potential candidates for further development as PDT agents and may also be useful in mechanistic studies on cell uptake and trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra A Bright
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin 2 Ireland +353 1 8962596
- School of Chemistry, Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland +353 1 8963459
| | - MariaLuisa Erby
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin 2 Ireland +353 1 8962596
| | - Fergus E Poynton
- School of Chemistry, Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland +353 1 8963459
| | - Daniel Monteyne
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Moléculaire, IBMM-DBM Université Libre de Bruxelles Gosselies Belgium
| | - David Pérez-Morga
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Moléculaire, IBMM-DBM Université Libre de Bruxelles Gosselies Belgium
- Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging CMMI Université Libre de Bruxelles Gosselies Belgium
| | - Thorfinnur Gunnlaugsson
- School of Chemistry, Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland +353 1 8963459
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), University of Limerick Ireland
| | - D Clive Williams
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin 2 Ireland +353 1 8962596
| | - Robert B P Elmes
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), University of Limerick Ireland
- Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland Maynooth Co. Kildare Ireland +353 1708 4615
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University Maynooth Co. Kildare Ireland
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5
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Vinck R, Dömötör O, Karges J, Jakubaszek M, Seguin J, Tharaud M, Guérineau V, Cariou K, Mignet N, Enyedy ÉA, Gasser G. In Situ Bioconjugation of a Maleimide-Functionalized Ruthenium-Based Photosensitizer to Albumin for Photodynamic Therapy. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:15510-15526. [PMID: 37708255 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Maleimide-containing prodrugs can quickly and selectively react with circulating serum albumin following their injection in the bloodstream. The drug-albumin complex then benefits from longer blood circulation times and better tumor accumulation. Herein, we have applied this strategy to a previously reported highly phototoxic Ru polypyridyl complex-based photosensitizer to increase its accumulation at the tumor, reduce off-target cytotoxicity, and therefore improve its pharmacological profile. Specifically, two complexes were synthesized bearing a maleimide group: one complex with the maleimide directly incorporated into the bipyridyl ligand, and the other has a hydrophilic linker between the ligand and the maleimide group. Their interaction with albumin was studied in-depth, revealing their ability to efficiently bind both covalently and noncovalently to the plasma protein. A crucial finding is that the maleimide-functionalized complexes exhibited significantly lower cytotoxicity in noncancerous cells under dark conditions compared to the nonfunctionalized complex, which is a highly desirable property for a photosensitizer. The binding to albumin also led to a decrease in the phototoxicity of the Ru bioconjugates in comparison to the nonfunctionalized complex, probably due to a decreased cellular uptake. Unfortunately, this decrease in phototoxicity was not compensated by a dramatic increase in tumor accumulation, as was demonstrated in a tumor-bearing mouse model using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) studies. Consequently, this study provides valuable insight into the future design of in situ albumin-binding complexes for photodynamic therapy in order to maximize their effectiveness and realize their full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Vinck
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Orsolya Dömötör
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, Department of Molecular and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7. H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Johannes Karges
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Marta Jakubaszek
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Johanne Seguin
- Université Paris Cité, UTCBS, INSERM, CNRS, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Mickaël Tharaud
- Biogéochimie à l'Anthropocène des Eléments et Contaminants Emergents, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Vincent Guérineau
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR2301, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Kevin Cariou
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Mignet
- Université Paris Cité, UTCBS, INSERM, CNRS, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Éva A Enyedy
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, Department of Molecular and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7. H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, F-75005 Paris, France
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6
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Karges J. Encapsulation of Ru(II) Polypyridine Complexes for Tumor-Targeted Anticancer Therapy. BME FRONTIERS 2023; 4:0024. [PMID: 37849670 PMCID: PMC10392611 DOI: 10.34133/bmef.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ru(II) polypyridine complexes have attracted much attention as anticancer agents because of their unique photophysical, photochemical, and biological properties. Despite their promising therapeutic profile, the vast majority of compounds are associated with poor water solubility and poor cancer selectivity. Among the different strategies employed to overcome these pharmacological limitations, many research efforts have been devoted to the physical or covalent encapsulation of the Ru(II) polypyridine complexes into nanoparticles. This article highlights recent developments in the design, preparation, and physicochemical properties of Ru(II) polypyridine complex-loaded nanoparticles for their potential application in anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Karges
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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7
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Zhou XQ, Wang P, Ramu V, Zhang L, Jiang S, Li X, Abyar S, Papadopoulou P, Shao Y, Bretin L, Siegler MA, Buda F, Kros A, Fan J, Peng X, Sun W, Bonnet S. In vivo metallophilic self-assembly of a light-activated anticancer drug. Nat Chem 2023; 15:980-987. [PMID: 37169984 PMCID: PMC10322715 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01199-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembling molecular drugs combine the easy preparation typical of small-molecule chemotherapy and the tumour-targeting properties of drug-nanoparticle conjugates. However, they require a supramolecular interaction that survives the complex environment of a living animal. Here we report that the metallophilic interaction between cyclometalated palladium complexes generates supramolecular nanostructures in living mice that have a long circulation time (over 12 h) and efficient tumour accumulation rate (up to 10.2% of the injected dose per gram) in a skin melanoma tumour model. Green light activation leads to efficient tumour destruction due to the type I photodynamic effect generated by the self-assembled palladium complexes, as demonstrated in vitro by an up to 96-fold cytotoxicity increase upon irradiation. This work demonstrates that metallophilic interactions are well suited to generating stable supramolecular nanotherapeutics in vivo with exceptional tumour-targeting properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Quan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, People's Republic of China
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Universiteit Leiden, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Peiyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Vadde Ramu
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Universiteit Leiden, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Liyan Zhang
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Universiteit Leiden, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Suhua Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuezhao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Selda Abyar
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Universiteit Leiden, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Yang Shao
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Universiteit Leiden, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ludovic Bretin
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Universiteit Leiden, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Maxime A Siegler
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Francesco Buda
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Universiteit Leiden, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander Kros
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Universiteit Leiden, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jiangli Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, People's Republic of China.
| | - Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Universiteit Leiden, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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8
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Kessel D. Critical PDT Theory VII: The Saga of Ruthenium. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023:103615. [PMID: 37201769 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies involving photosensitizing agents containing ruthenium (Ru) are interpreted as an indication that this approach might be useful for treatment of bladder cancer. The absorbance spectrum of such agents tends to be limited to wavelengths < 600 nm. While this can spare underlying tissues from photodamage, this will limit applications to instances where only a thin layer of malignant cells is present. Among the more potentially interesting results is a protocol that uses only Ru nanoparticles. Other issues in Ru-based photodynamic therapy are discussed including the limited absorbance spectrum, questions relating to methodology and a general lack of details concerning localization and death pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kessel
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University; Detroit, MI 48201 USA.
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9
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Wei F, Chen Z, Shen XC, Ji L, Chao H. Recent progress in metal complexes functionalized nanomaterials for photodynamic therapy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023. [PMID: 37184685 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc01355c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Metal complexes have shown promise as photosensitizers for cancer diagnosis and therapeutics. However, the vast majority of metal photosensitizers are not ideal and associated with several limitations including pharmacokinetic limitations, off-target toxicity, fast systemic clearance, poor membrane permeability, and hypoxic tumour microenvironments. Metal complex functionalized nanomaterials have the potential to construct multifunctional systems, which not only overcome the above defects of metal complexes but are also conducive to modulating the tumour microenvironment (TME) and employing combination therapies to boost photodynamic therapy (PDT) efficacy. In this review, we first introduce the current challenges of photodynamic therapy and summarize the recent research strategies (such as metal coordination bonds, self-assembly, π-π stacking, physisorption, and so on) used for preparing metal complexes functionalized nanomaterials in the application of PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangmian Wei
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, MOE Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, P. R. China.
| | - Zhuoli Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Xing-Can Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, MOE Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, P. R. China.
| | - Liangnian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Hui Chao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.
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10
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Qin J, Liang Q, Wang G, Hao L, Liu X, Wang X, Hu Z, Fang G, Xue L, Zhao Y, Li R, Lv Q, Wen J, Yang G, Han C, Shi Z. Targeted delivery of nuclear targeting probe for bladder cancer using cyclic pentapeptide c(RGDfK) and acridine orange. CLINICAL & TRANSLATIONAL ONCOLOGY : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE FEDERATION OF SPANISH ONCOLOGY SOCIETIES AND OF THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE OF MEXICO 2023; 25:375-383. [PMID: 36100735 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-022-02938-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Both cyclic pentapeptide c(RGDfK) and acridine orange (AO) exhibit antitumor effects and cell permeability. This study aimed to evaluate the nuclear targeting efficiency and safety of the nuclear targeting probe for bladder cancer (BCa) synthesized by c(RGDfK) and AO. METHODS The nuclear targeting probe AO-(cRGDfK)2 was synthesized from AO hydrochloride, azided c(RGDfK), and a near-infrared skeleton synthesized via click chemistry reactions. The effect of the AO-(cRGDfK)2 probe on cell viability was assessed in BCa 5637 cells. The tumor cell targeting efficacy of the AO-(cRGDfK)2 probe was evaluated in BCa cells in vitro and in tumor-bearing mice in vivo. Nuclear-specific accumulation of fluorescence probe in BCa tumor cells was evaluated using laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM). Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed to detect histopathological changes in the spleen, heart, liver, and kidney. RESULTS The AO-(cRGDfK)2 probe did not cause a significant reduction in cell viability. LSCM analysis showed that AO-(cRGDfK)2 exhibited nuclear-specific ambulation in BCa cells and was not accumulated in 293T cells. Also, this probe efficiently targeted tumor cells in the serum and urine samples. In vivo imaging system of tumor-bearing mice showed that ~ 80% percent of fluorescence signal was accumulated in the tumor sites. The probe did not change histopathology in the heart, liver, spleen, and kidney in tumor-bearing mice after the 21-day treatment. CONCLUSIONS The AO-(cRGDfK)2 probe exhibited nuclear-specific accumulation in BCa cells without cytotoxicity, which provides an innovative alternative to improve anticancer therapy for BCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Qin
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiefang South Road, No. 199, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qing Liang
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiefang South Road, No. 199, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guangyue Wang
- Graduate School of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, China
| | - Lin Hao
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiefang South Road, No. 199, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiefang South Road, No. 199, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinlei Wang
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiefang South Road, No. 199, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhengxiang Hu
- Graduate School of Jinzhou Medical College, Liaoning, China
| | - Gaochuan Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liang Xue
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiefang South Road, No. 199, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiefang South Road, No. 199, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui Li
- Central Laboratory, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qian Lv
- Central Laboratory, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiling Wen
- Department of Urology, Shanghai East Hospital Ji'an Hospital, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.,Department of Urology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Guosheng Yang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai East Hospital Ji'an Hospital, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.,Department of Urology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Conghui Han
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiefang South Road, No. 199, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China. .,Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China. .,School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Jiangsu, China. .,Department of Urology, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Zhenduo Shi
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiefang South Road, No. 199, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China. .,Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China. .,School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Jiangsu, China.
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11
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Munegowda MA, Manalac A, Weersink M, Cole HD, McFarland SA, Lilge L. Ru(II) CONTAINING PHOTOSENSITIZERS FOR PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY: A CRITIQUE ON REPORTING AND AN ATTEMPT TO COMPARE EFFICACY. Coord Chem Rev 2022; 470:214712. [PMID: 36686369 PMCID: PMC9850455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium(II)-based coordination complexes have emerged as photosensitizers (PSs) for photodynamic therapy (PDT) in oncology as well as antimicrobial indications and have great potential. Their modular architectures that integrate multiple ligands can be exploited to tune cellular uptake and subcellular targeting, solubility, light absorption, and other photophysical properties. A wide range of Ru(II) containing compounds have been reported as PSs for PDT or as photochemotherapy (PCT) agents. Many studies employ a common scaffold that is subject to systematic variation in one or two ligands to elucidate the impact of these modifications on the photophysical and photobiological performance. Studies that probe the excited state energies and dynamics within these molecules are of fundamental interest and are used to design next-generation systems. However, a comparison of the PDT efficacy between Ru(II) containing PSs and 1st or 2nd generation PSs, already in clinical use or preclinical/clinical studies, is rare. Even comparisons between Ru(II) containing molecular structures are difficult, given the wide range of excitation wavelengths, power densities, and cell lines utilized. Despite this gap, PDT dose metrics quantifying a PS's efficacy are available to perform qualitative comparisons. Such models are independent of excitation wavelength and are based on common outcome parameters, such as the photon density absorbed by the Ru(II) compound to cause 50% cell kill (LD50) based on the previously established threshold model. In this focused photophysical review, we identified all published studies on Ru(II) containing PSs since 2005 that reported the required photophysical, light treatment, and in vitro outcome data to permit the application of the Photodynamic Threshold Model to quantify their potential efficacy. The resulting LD50 values range from less than 1013 to above 1020 [hν cm-3], indicating a wide range in PDT efficacy and required optical energy density for ultimate clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angelica Manalac
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dept Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada
| | - Madrigal Weersink
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Houston D. Cole
- Dept of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas
at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Sherri A. McFarland
- Dept of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas
at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Lothar Lilge
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dept Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada
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12
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Kulkarni GS, Lilge L, Nesbitt M, Dumoulin-White RJ, Mandel A, Jewett MA. A Phase 1b Clinical Study of Intravesical Photodynamic Therapy in Patients with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin–unresponsive Non–muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer. EUR UROL SUPPL 2022; 41:105-111. [PMID: 35813250 PMCID: PMC9257636 DOI: 10.1016/j.euros.2022.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A phase 1b study of photosensitizer TLD-1433–mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) was performed in bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-unresponsive non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) patients. Objective The primary objectives were safety and tolerability of PDT, with secondary objectives of (1) pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of TLD-1433 and (2) efficacy, as evaluated by recurrence-free survival and complete response (CR) at 90 and 180 d for patients treated at the maximum recommended starting dose (0.35 mg/cm2 bladder surface area) and the therapeutic dose (0.70 mg/cm2). Design, setting, and participants Six BCG-unresponsive patients were enrolled in an open-label, single-arm, dose-escalating study of PDT. TLD-1433 was instilled intravesically for 60 min preoperatively. PDT was performed under general anesthesia using intravesically delivered irradiation of the bladder wall with green light (520 nm) to a dose of 90 J/cm2. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis Patients were followed by standard cystoscopy and cytology for up to 18 mo to assess time to recurrence. Results and limitations PDT was well tolerated by all patients. All patients experienced at least one grade ≤2 adverse event (AE). There were no patient deaths or light sensitivity reactions. The most common AE was moderate bladder irritability, which resolved within the first weeks after treatment. AEs were independent of the TLD-1433 dose. TLD-1433 was cleared in the urine and from the plasma within 24 and 72 h, respectively. Of three patients treated at the therapeutic dose, two achieved a CR at 180 d, which was durable at 18 mo. The other patient was diagnosed with metastatic disease at 138 d. Conclusions PDT with TLD-1433 appears safe for the treatment of BCG-unresponsive NMIBC. Early efficacy signals from full-dose photosensitizer are encouraging and warrant phase 2 trial investigation. The safety and PK results obtained support the potential for administration of consecutive PDT treatments as required. Patient summary Photodynamic therapy with TLD-1433 appears to be safe and effective for the treatment of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-unresponsive bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish S. Kulkarni
- Divisions of Urology and Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Corresponding author. 700 University Avenue, 6-824, Toronto, ON M5G 1Z5, Canada. Tel. +1 (416) 946-2246; Fax: +1 (416) 946-6590.
| | - Lothar Lilge
- Department of Medical BioPhysics, University of Toronto, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Nesbitt
- Divisions of Urology and Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Arkady Mandel
- Theralase Technologies Inc., Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael A.S. Jewett
- Divisions of Urology and Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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13
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Oxygen saturation and blood volume analysis by Photoacoustic imaging to identify pre and post-PDT vascular changes. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:103304. [PMID: 35574285 PMCID: PMC9092990 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the blood volume and oxygen saturation of tumors were measured after photoacoustic imaging (PAI) under conditions of pre-photodynamic therapy (PDT), post-PDT, and 4 hrs, and 24 hrs post-PDT. PDTs with aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and low and high doses of benzoporphyrin derivative (BPD) were conducted to observe oxygen saturation changes, and the rapid oxygen consumption in the blood detected due to the action of BPD at the vascular level resulted in the recovery of PDT completion. Likewise, blood volume changes followed by ALA-PDT and BPD-PDT at low and high doses depicted a fast expansion of the blood volume after treatment. The tumor subjected to a high dose of ALA-PDT showed a partial alteration of Hb-pO2 in the first 24 hrs, as did the tumors treated with two ALA- and BPD-mediated PDTs. The Hb-pO2 started reducing immediately post-PDT and was less than 30% after 4 hrs until 24 hrs post-PDT. Reduced vascular demand was possibly due to tumor necrosis, as shown by the permanent damage in the cancer cells' bioluminescence signal. The ALA-mediated PDT-subjected tumor showed a 50% drop in BV at 24 hrs post-PDT, which is suggestive of vascular pruning. The studied data of blood volume against BLI showed the blood volume and oxygenation variations validating the cells' metabolic activity, including cell death.
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14
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Kumar S, Singh S, Kumar A, Murthy K, Kumar Singh A. pH-Responsive luminescence sensing, photoredox catalysis and photodynamic applications of ruthenium(II) photosensitizers bearing imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline scaffolds. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Karges J. Clinical Development of Metal Complexes as Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202112236. [PMID: 34748690 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202112236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer has emerged over the last decades as one of the deadliest diseases in the world. Among the most commonly used techniques (i.e. surgery, immunotherapy, radiotherapy or chemotherapy), increasing attention has been devoted towards photodynamic therapy. However, the vast majority of clinically applied photosensitizers are not ideal and associated with several limitations including poor aqueous solubility, poor photostability and slow clearance from the body, causing photosensitivity. In an effort to overcome these drawbacks, much attention has been devoted towards the incorporation of a metal ion. Herein, the clinical development of metal-containing compounds including Purlytin® , Lutrin® /Antrin® , Photosens® , TOOKAD® soluble or TLD-1433 is critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Karges
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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16
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Karges J. Klinische Entwicklung von Metallkomplexen als Photosensibilisatoren für die photodynamische Therapie von Krebs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202112236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Karges
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla CA 92093 USA
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17
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Mechanistic insight into photoactivation of small inorganic molecules from the biomedical applications perspectives. BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF INORGANIC PHOTOCHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adioch.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Gallardo-Villagrán M, Paulus L, Champavier Y, Leger DY, Therrien B, Liagre B. Combination of tetrapyridylporphyrins and arene ruthenium(II) complexes to treat synovial sarcoma by photodynamic therapy. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424622500018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Four tetrapyridylporphyrin and four dipyridylporphyrin arene ruthenium complexes have been synthesized and characterized. In these complexes, the porphyrin core is either metal-free or occupied by zinc, and the arene ligand of the arene ruthenium units are either the standard methyl-isopropyl-benzene ([Formula: see text]cymene) or the less common phenylpropanol (PhPrOH) derivative. The porphyrin derivatives are coordinated to four arene ruthenium units or only two, in accordance with the number of pyridyl substituents at the periphery of the porphyrins, 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-pyridyl)-21H,23H-porphine (TPyP) and 5,15-diphenyl-10,20-di(pyridin-4-yl)porphyrin (DPhDPyP). All eight complexes were evaluated as anticancer agents on synovial sarcoma cells, in the presence and absence of light, suggesting that both the arene ligand and the porphyrin core substituent can play a crucial role in fine-tuning the photodynamic activity of such organometallic photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Gallardo-Villagrán
- Laboratoire PEIRENE, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Limoges, EA 7500, F-87025 Limoges, France
- Institut de Chimie, Université de Neuchâtel, Avenue de Bellevaux 51, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Lucie Paulus
- Laboratoire PEIRENE, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Limoges, EA 7500, F-87025 Limoges, France
| | - Yves Champavier
- Laboratoire PEIRENE, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Limoges, EA 7500, F-87025 Limoges, France
- BISCEm, NMR platform, Centre de Biologie et de Recherche en Santé (CBRS), Limoges, France
| | - David Yannick Leger
- Laboratoire PEIRENE, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Limoges, EA 7500, F-87025 Limoges, France
| | - Bruno Therrien
- Institut de Chimie, Université de Neuchâtel, Avenue de Bellevaux 51, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Bertrand Liagre
- Laboratoire PEIRENE, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Limoges, EA 7500, F-87025 Limoges, France
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Wang Z, Xu FJ, Yu B. Smart Polymeric Delivery System for Antitumor and Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:783354. [PMID: 34805129 PMCID: PMC8599151 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.783354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has attracted tremendous attention in the antitumor and antimicrobial areas. To enhance the water solubility of photosensitizers and facilitate their accumulation in the tumor/infection site, polymeric materials are frequently explored as delivery systems, which are expected to show target and controllable activation of photosensitizers. This review introduces the smart polymeric delivery systems for the PDT of tumor and bacterial infections. In particular, strategies that are tumor/bacteria targeted or activatable by the tumor/bacteria microenvironment such as enzyme/pH/reactive oxygen species (ROS) are summarized. The similarities and differences of polymeric delivery systems in antitumor and antimicrobial PDT are compared. Finally, the potential challenges and perspectives of those polymeric delivery systems are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijia Wang
- Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Key Lab of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Fu-Jian Xu
- Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Key Lab of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Bingran Yu
- Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Key Lab of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
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20
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Justi FVG, Matos GA, Caminha JDSR, Roque CR, Carvalho EM, Campelo MWS, Belayev L, Lopes LGDF, Oria RB. The Role of Ruthenium Compounds in Neurological Diseases: A Minireview. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 380:47-53. [PMID: 34728560 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.000798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ruthenium (Ru) compounds, nitric oxide donors in biological systems, have emerged as a promising therapeutical alternative to conventional drugs in anticancer chemotherapy and as a potential neuroprotective agent, with less cytotoxic effects. This minireview summarizes promising studies with ruthenium complexes and their roles in cancer, neuroinflammation, neurovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases. The up-to-date evidence supports that ruthenium-based compounds have beneficial effects against gliomas, and other types of brain cancers, reduce motor symptoms in models of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, and may act in the control of nociceptive and inflammatory events, such as seen in early Alzheimer's disease. More studies are needed to fill many current knowledge gaps about the intricate and complex ruthenium biological effects and therapeutic-related mechanisms, stimulating further research. Significance Statement In our minireview, we summarize interesting studies addressing the role of ruthenium compounds on neurological illnesses, focusing on brain cancer, neurovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. No such review is available in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ludmila Belayev
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, United States
| | | | - Reinaldo B Oria
- Department of Morphology and Institute of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil
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21
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Antitumor Immune Response Triggered by Metal-Based Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy: Where Are We? Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111788. [PMID: 34834202 PMCID: PMC8620627 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal complexes based on transition metals have rich photochemical and photophysical properties that are derived from a variety of excited state electronic configurations triggered by visible and near-infrared light. These properties can be exploited to produce powerful energy and electron transfer processes that can lead to oxygen-(in)dependent photobiological activity. These principles are the basis of photodynamic therapy (PDT), which is a clinically approved treatment that offers a promising, effective, and noninvasive complementary treatment or even an alternative to treat several types of cancers. PDT is based on a reaction involving a photosensitizer (PS), light, and oxygen, which ultimately generates cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, skin photosensitivity, due to the accumulation of PSs in skin cells, has hampered, among other elements, its clinical development and application. Therefore, these is an increasing interest in the use of (metal-based) PSs that are more specific to tumor cells. This may increase efficacy and corollary decrease side-effects. To this end, metal-containing nanoparticles with photosensitizing properties have recently been developed. In addition, several studies have reported that the use of immunogenic/immunomodulatory metal-based nanoparticles increases the antitumor efficacy of immune-checkpoint inhibitor-based immunotherapy mediated by anti-PD-(L)1 or CTLA-4 antibodies. In this review, we discuss the main metal complexes used as PDT PSs. Lastly, we review the preclinical studies associated with metal-based PDT PSs and immunotherapies. This therapeutic association could stimulate PDT.
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22
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Oliveira KM, Peterson EJ, Carroccia MC, Cominetti MR, Deflon VM, Farrell NP, Batista AA, Correa RS. Ru(II)-Naphthoquinone complexes with high selectivity for triple-negative breast cancer. Dalton Trans 2021; 49:16193-16203. [PMID: 32329497 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01091j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Six new ruthenium(ii) complexes with lapachol (Lap) and lawsone (Law) with the general formula [Ru(L)(P-P)(bipy)]PF6, where L = Lap or Law, P-P = 1,2'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (dppe), 1,4'-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane (dppb), 1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (dppf) and bipy = 2,2'-bipyridine, were synthesized, fully characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductivity, NMR, cyclic voltammetry, UV-vis, IR spectroscopies and three of them by X-ray crystallography. All six complexes were active against breast (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) and prostate (DU-145) cancer cell lines with lower IC50 values than cisplatin. Complex [Ru(Lap)(dppe)(bipy)]PF6 (1a) showed significant selectivity for MDA-MB-231, a model of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), as compared to the "normal-like" human breast epithelial cell line, MCF-10A. Complex (1a) inhibited TNBC colony formation and induced loss of cellular adhesion. Furthermore, the complex (1a) induced mitochondrial dysfunction and generation of ROS, as is involved in the apoptotic cell death pathway. Preferential cellular uptake of complex (1a) was observed in MDA-MB-231 cells compared to MCF-10A cells, consistent with the observed selectivity for tumorigenic vs. non-tumorigenic cells. Taken together, these results indicate that ruthenium complexes containing lapachol and lawsone as ligands are promising candidates as chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia M Oliveira
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, Rodovia Washington Luiz, KM 235 CP 676, CEP 13561-901, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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23
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Mo J, Mai Le NP, Priefer R. Evaluating the mechanisms of action and subcellular localization of ruthenium(II)-based photosensitizers. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 225:113770. [PMID: 34403979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The identification of ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy (PDT) for the treatment of cancer is progressing rapidly. Due to their favorable photophysical and photochemical properties, Ru(II)-based photosensitizers have absorption in the visible spectrum, can be irradiated via one- and two-photon excitation within the PDT window, and yield potent oxygen-dependent and/or oxygen-independent photobiological activities. Herein, we present a current overview of the mechanisms of action and subcellular localization of Ru(II)-based photosensitizers in the treatment of cancer. These photosensitizers are highlighted from a medicinal chemistry and chemical biology perspective. However, although this field is burgeoning, challenges and limitations remain in the photosensitization strategies and clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiancheng Mo
- Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ngoc Phuong Mai Le
- Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ronny Priefer
- Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences University, Boston, MA, USA.
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24
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Gou Y, Huang G, Li J, Yang F, Liang H. Versatile delivery systems for non-platinum metal-based anticancer therapeutic agents. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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25
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Chen Y, Tong S, Li W, Liu Y, Tan F, Ge M, Xie X, Sun J. Photocatalytic Oxidation of SO 2 by TiO 2: Aerosol Formation and the Key Role of Gaseous Reactive Oxygen Species. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:9784-9793. [PMID: 34232022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic materials are proved to effectively eliminate gaseous pollutants and are widely used in the environment. However, as one of the rare experiments focusing on their influence on secondary aerosol formation generated in the gas phase (SAg), our study demonstrated the high-yield SAg formation in the photocatalysis process. In this study, the photodegradation of SO2 by TiO2 under various relative humidity (RH) conditions was deeply explored with multiple methods. Unexpectedly, H2SO4 aerosols (SAg-H2SO4) in yields of 10.10-32.64% were observed under the studied RH conditions for the first time. Gaseous •OH and H2O2 generated from the oxidation of H2O and reduction of O2 by TiO2 were directly detected in the photocatalysis process, and they were identified as the determining factor for SAg-H2SO4 formation. The formation of SAg-H2SO4 was also influenced by RH, the heterogeneous reaction of SO2, and the uptake of H2SO4. The role of the released gaseous •OH and H2O2 on atmospheric chemistry was proved to be unignorable by adopting the obtained parameters into the real environment. These findings provided direct experimental evidence of secondary pollution in the photocatalysis process and are of great significance to the field of atmospheric environment and photocatalytic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shengrui Tong
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Weiran Li
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yanping Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Fang Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Maofa Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xiaofeng Xie
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
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26
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Toupin N, Steinke SJ, Nadella S, Li A, Rohrabaugh TN, Samuels ER, Turro C, Sevrioukova IF, Kodanko JJ. Photosensitive Ru(II) Complexes as Inhibitors of the Major Human Drug Metabolizing Enzyme CYP3A4. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:9191-9205. [PMID: 34110801 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and photochemical and biological characterization of the first selective and potent metal-based inhibitors of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), the major human drug metabolizing enzyme. Five Ru(II)-based derivatives were prepared from two analogs of the CYP3A4 inhibitor ritonavir, 4 and 6: [Ru(tpy)(L)(6)]Cl2 (tpy = 2,2':6',2″-terpyridine) with L = 6,6'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (Me2bpy; 8), dimethylbenzo[i]dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine (Me2dppn; 10) and 3,6-dimethyl-10,15-diphenylbenzo[i]dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine (Me2Ph2dppn; 11), [Ru(tpy)(Me2bpy)(4)]Cl2 (7) and [Ru(tpy)(Me2dppn)(4)]Cl2 (9). Photochemical release of 4 or 6 from 7-11 was demonstrated, and the spectrophotometric evaluation of 7 showed that it behaves similarly to free 4 (type II heme ligation) after irradiation with visible light but not in the dark. Unexpectedly, the intact Ru(II) complexes 7 and 8 were found to inhibit CYP3A4 potently and specifically through direct binding to the active site without heme ligation. Caged inhibitors 9-11 showed dual action properties by combining photoactivated dissociation of 4 or 6 with efficient 1O2 production. In prostate adenocarcinoma DU-145 cells, compound 9 had the best synergistic effect with vinblastine, the anticancer drug primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 in vivo. Thus, our study establishes a new paradigm in CYP inhibition using metalated complexes and suggests possible utilization of photoactive CYP3A4 inhibitory compounds in clinical applications, such as enhancement of therapeutic efficacy of anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Toupin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Sean J Steinke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Sandeep Nadella
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Ao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Thomas N Rohrabaugh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | | | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | | | - Jeremy J Kodanko
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States.,Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
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27
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Zhang Q, Zhang J, Song J, Liu Y, Ren X, Zhao Y. Protein-Based Nanomedicine for Therapeutic Benefits of Cancer. ACS NANO 2021; 15:8001-8038. [PMID: 33900074 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Proteins, a type of natural biopolymer that possess many prominent merits, have been widely utilized to engineer nanomedicine for fighting against cancer. Motivated by their ever-increasing attention in the scientific community, this review aims to provide a comprehensive showcase on the current landscape of protein-based nanomedicine for cancer therapy. On the basis of role differences of proteins in nanomedicine, protein-based nanomedicine engineered with protein therapeutics, protein carriers, enzymes, and composite proteins is introduced. The cancer therapeutic benefits of the protein-based nanomedicine are also discussed, including small-molecular therapeutics-mediated therapy, macromolecular therapeutics-mediated therapy, radiation-mediated therapy, reactive oxygen species-mediated therapy, and thermal effect-mediated therapy. Lastly, future developments and potential challenges of protein-based nanomedicine are elucidated toward clinical translation. It is believed that protein-based nanomedicine will play a vital role in the battle against cancer. We hope that this review will inspire extensive research interests from diverse disciplines to further push the developments of protein-based nanomedicine in the biomedical frontier, contributing to ever-greater medical advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhong Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Junmin Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jun Song
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yizhen Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiangzhong Ren
- International Joint Research Center for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yanli Zhao
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore
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Karges J, Díaz-García D, Prashar S, Gómez-Ruiz S, Gasser G. Ru(II) Polypyridine Complex-Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles as Photosensitizers for Cancer Targeted Photodynamic Therapy. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:4394-4405. [PMID: 35006851 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is the leading cause of death in the developed world. In the last few decades, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has augmented the number of medical techniques to treat this disease in the clinics. As the pharmacological active species to kill cancer cells are only generated upon light irradiation, PDT is associated with an intrinsic first level of selectivity. However, since PDT agents also accumulate in the surrounding, healthy tissue and since it is practically very challenging to only expose the tumor site to light, some side effects can be observed. Consequently, there is a need for a selective drug delivery system, which would give a second level of selectivity. In this work, a dual tumor targeting approach is presented based on mesoporous silica nanoparticles, which act by the enhanced permeability and retention effect, and the conjugation to folic acid, which acts as a targeting moiety for folate receptor-overexpressed cancer cells. The conjugates were found to be nontoxic in noncancerous human normal lung fibroblast cells while showing a phototoxic effect upon irradiation at 480 or 540 nm in the low nanomolar range in folate receptor overexpressing cancerous human ovarian carcinoma cells, demonstrating their potential for cancer targeted treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Karges
- Chimie ParisTech, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, PSL University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Diana Díaz-García
- COMET-NANO Group, Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Calle Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, Madrid E-28933, Spain
| | - Sanjiv Prashar
- COMET-NANO Group, Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Calle Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, Madrid E-28933, Spain
| | - Santiago Gómez-Ruiz
- COMET-NANO Group, Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Calle Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, Madrid E-28933, Spain
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, PSL University, Paris 75005, France
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Karges J, Tharaud M, Gasser G. Polymeric Encapsulation of a Ru(II)-Based Photosensitizer for Folate-Targeted Photodynamic Therapy of Drug Resistant Cancers. J Med Chem 2021; 64:4612-4622. [PMID: 33818111 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The currently used photodynamic therapy (PDT) photosensitizers (PSs) are generally associated with a poor cancer cell selectivity, which is responsible for some undesirable side effects. To overcome these problems, there is an urgent need for a selective drug delivery system for PDT PSs. Herein, the encapsulation of a promising Ru(II) polypyridine complex in a polymer with terminal folate groups to form nanoparticles is presented. While the Ru(II) complex itself has a cytotoxic effect in the dark, the encapsulation is able to overcome this drawback. Upon light exposure, the nanoparticles were found to be highly phototoxic in 2D monolayer cells as well as 3D multicellular tumor spheroids upon 480 or 595 nm irradiation. Importantly, the nanoparticles demonstrated a high selectivity for cancerous cells over noncancerous cells and were found to be active in drug resistant cancer cells lines, indicating that they are able to overcome drug resistances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Karges
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mickaël Tharaud
- Université de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France
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30
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Smithen DA, Monro S, Pinto M, Roque J, Diaz-Rodriguez RM, Yin H, Cameron CG, Thompson A, McFarland SA. Bis[pyrrolyl Ru(ii)] triads: a new class of photosensitizers for metal-organic photodynamic therapy. Chem Sci 2020; 11:12047-12069. [PMID: 33738086 PMCID: PMC7953431 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04500d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A new family of ten dinuclear Ru(ii) complexes based on the bis[pyrrolyl Ru(ii)] triad scaffold, where two Ru(bpy)2 centers are separated by a variety of organic linkers, was prepared to evaluate the influence of the organic chromophore on the spectroscopic and in vitro photodynamic therapy (PDT) properties of the compounds. The bis[pyrrolyl Ru(ii)] triads absorbed strongly throughout the visible region, with several members having molar extinction coefficients (ε) ≥ 104 at 600-620 nm and longer. Phosphorescence quantum yields (Φ p) were generally less than 0.1% and in some cases undetectable. The singlet oxygen quantum yields (Φ Δ) ranged from 5% to 77% and generally correlated with their photocytotoxicities toward human leukemia (HL-60) cells regardless of the wavelength of light used. Dark cytotoxicities varied ten-fold, with EC50 values in the range of 10-100 μM and phototherapeutic indices (PIs) as large as 5400 and 260 with broadband visible (28 J cm-2, 7.8 mW cm-2) and 625 nm red (100 J cm-2, 42 mW cm-2) light, respectively. The bis[pyrrolyl Ru(ii)] triad with a pyrenyl linker (5h) was especially potent, with an EC50 value of 1 nM and PI > 27 000 with visible light and subnanomolar activity with 625 nm light (100 J cm-2, 28 mW cm-2). The lead compound 5h was also tested in a tumor spheroid assay using the HL60 cell line and exhibited greater photocytotoxicity in this more resistant model (EC50 = 60 nM and PI > 1200 with 625 nm light) despite a lower dark cytotoxicity. The in vitro PDT effects of 5h extended to bacteria, where submicromolar EC50 values and PIs >300 against S. mutans and S. aureus were obtained with visible light. This activity was attenuated with 625 nm red light, but PIs were still near 50. The ligand-localized 3ππ* state contributed by the pyrenyl linker of 5h likely plays a key role in its phototoxic effects toward cancer cells and bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Smithen
- Department of Chemistry , Dalhousie University , P. O. Box 15000 , Halifax , NS B3H 4R2 , Canada .
| | - Susan Monro
- Department of Chemistry , Acadia University , Wolfville , NS B4P 2R6 , Canada
| | - Mitch Pinto
- Department of Chemistry , Acadia University , Wolfville , NS B4P 2R6 , Canada
| | - John Roque
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of North Carolina at Greensboro , PO Box 26170 , Greensboro , NC 27402-6170 , USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of Texas at Arlington , 700 Planetarium Pl , Arlington , TX 76019-0065 , USA .
| | - Roberto M Diaz-Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry , Dalhousie University , P. O. Box 15000 , Halifax , NS B3H 4R2 , Canada .
| | - Huimin Yin
- Department of Chemistry , Acadia University , Wolfville , NS B4P 2R6 , Canada
| | - Colin G Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of Texas at Arlington , 700 Planetarium Pl , Arlington , TX 76019-0065 , USA .
| | - Alison Thompson
- Department of Chemistry , Dalhousie University , P. O. Box 15000 , Halifax , NS B3H 4R2 , Canada .
| | - Sherri A McFarland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of Texas at Arlington , 700 Planetarium Pl , Arlington , TX 76019-0065 , USA .
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31
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Karges J, Kuang S, Ong YC, Chao H, Gasser G. One‐ and Two‐Photon Phototherapeutic Effects of Ru
II
Polypyridine Complexes in the Hypoxic Centre of Large Multicellular Tumor Spheroids and Tumor‐Bearing Mice**. Chemistry 2020; 27:362-370. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Karges
- Chimie ParisTech PSL University CNRS Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology 75005 Paris France
| | - Shi Kuang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University 510275 Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Yih Ching Ong
- Chimie ParisTech PSL University CNRS Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology 75005 Paris France
| | - Hui Chao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University 510275 Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech PSL University CNRS Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology 75005 Paris France
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32
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Gierlich P, Mata AI, Donohoe C, Brito RMM, Senge MO, Gomes-da-Silva LC. Ligand-Targeted Delivery of Photosensitizers for Cancer Treatment. Molecules 2020; 25:E5317. [PMID: 33202648 PMCID: PMC7698280 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising cancer treatment which involves a photosensitizer (PS), light at a specific wavelength for PS activation and oxygen, which combine to elicit cell death. While the illumination required to activate a PS imparts a certain amount of selectivity to PDT treatments, poor tumor accumulation and cell internalization are still inherent properties of most intravenously administered PSs. As a result, common consequences of PDT include skin photosensitivity. To overcome the mentioned issues, PSs may be tailored to specifically target overexpressed biomarkers of tumors. This active targeting can be achieved by direct conjugation of the PS to a ligand with enhanced affinity for a target overexpressed on cancer cells and/or other cells of the tumor microenvironment. Alternatively, PSs may be incorporated into ligand-targeted nanocarriers, which may also encompass multi-functionalities, including diagnosis and therapy. In this review, we highlight the major advances in active targeting of PSs, either by means of ligand-derived bioconjugates or by exploiting ligand-targeting nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Gierlich
- CQC, Coimbra Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3000-435 Coimbra, Portugal; (P.G.); (A.I.M.); (C.D.); (R.M.M.B.)
- Medicinal Chemistry, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, St. James’s Hospital, D08W9RT Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Ana I. Mata
- CQC, Coimbra Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3000-435 Coimbra, Portugal; (P.G.); (A.I.M.); (C.D.); (R.M.M.B.)
| | - Claire Donohoe
- CQC, Coimbra Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3000-435 Coimbra, Portugal; (P.G.); (A.I.M.); (C.D.); (R.M.M.B.)
- Medicinal Chemistry, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, St. James’s Hospital, D08W9RT Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Rui M. M. Brito
- CQC, Coimbra Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3000-435 Coimbra, Portugal; (P.G.); (A.I.M.); (C.D.); (R.M.M.B.)
- BSIM Therapeutics, Instituto Pedro Nunes, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- Medicinal Chemistry, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, St. James’s Hospital, D08W9RT Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Lígia C. Gomes-da-Silva
- CQC, Coimbra Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3000-435 Coimbra, Portugal; (P.G.); (A.I.M.); (C.D.); (R.M.M.B.)
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33
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Karges J, Chao H, Gasser G. Critical discussion of the applications of metal complexes for 2-photon photodynamic therapy. J Biol Inorg Chem 2020; 25:1035-1050. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-020-01829-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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34
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Roque JA, Barrett PC, Cole HD, Lifshits LM, Shi G, Monro S, von Dohlen D, Kim S, Russo N, Deep G, Cameron CG, Alberto ME, McFarland SA. Breaking the barrier: an osmium photosensitizer with unprecedented hypoxic phototoxicity for real world photodynamic therapy. Chem Sci 2020; 11:9784-9806. [PMID: 33738085 PMCID: PMC7953430 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03008b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia presents a two-fold challenge in the treatment of cancer, as low oxygen conditions induce biological changes that make malignant tissues simultaneously more aggressive and less susceptible to standard chemotherapy. This paper reports the first metal-based photosensitizer that approaches the ideal properties for a phototherapy agent. The Os(phen)2-based scaffold was combined with a series of IP-nT ligands, where phen = 1,10-phenanthroline and IP-nT = imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline tethered to n = 0-4 thiophene rings. Os-4T (n = 4) emerged as the most promising complex in the series, with picomolar activity and a phototherapeutic index (PI) exceeding 106 in normoxia. The photosensitizer exhibited an unprecedented PI > 90 (EC50 = 0.651 μM) in hypoxia (1% O2) with visible and green light, and a PI > 70 with red light. Os-4T was also active with 733 nm near-infrared light (EC50 = 0.803 μM, PI = 77) under normoxia. Both computation and spectroscopic studies confirmed a switch in the nature of the lowest-lying triplet excited state from triplet metal-to-ligand charge transfer (3MLCT) to intraligand charge transfer (3ILCT) at n = 3, with a lower energy and longer lifetime for n = 4. All compounds in the series were relatively nontoxic in the dark but became increasingly phototoxic with additional thiophenes. These normoxic and hypoxic activities are the largest reported to date, demonstrating the utility of osmium for phototherapy applications. Moreover, Os-4T had a maximum tolerated dose (MTD) in mice that was >200 mg kg-1, which positions this photosensitizer as an excellent candidate for in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Roque
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina , 27402 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , Texas , 76019 USA . ;
| | - Patrick C Barrett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina , 27402 USA
| | - Houston D Cole
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , Texas , 76019 USA . ;
| | - Liubov M Lifshits
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , Texas , 76019 USA . ;
| | - Ge Shi
- Department of Chemistry , Acadia University , Wolfville , Nova Scotia , B4P 2R6 Canada
| | - Susan Monro
- Department of Chemistry , Acadia University , Wolfville , Nova Scotia , B4P 2R6 Canada
| | - David von Dohlen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina , 27402 USA
| | - Susy Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology , Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston Salem , NC , 27157, USA
| | - Nino Russo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche , Università della Calabria , Arcavacata di Rende , 87036 Italy .
| | - Gagan Deep
- Department of Cancer Biology , Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston Salem , NC , 27157, USA
| | - Colin G Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina , 27402 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , Texas , 76019 USA . ;
| | - Marta E Alberto
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche , Università della Calabria , Arcavacata di Rende , 87036 Italy .
| | - Sherri A McFarland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina , 27402 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , Texas , 76019 USA . ;
- Department of Chemistry , Acadia University , Wolfville , Nova Scotia , B4P 2R6 Canada
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35
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Karges J, Chao H, Gasser G. Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Evaluation of the Polymeric Encapsulation of a Ruthenium(II) Polypyridine Complex with Pluronic F‐127/Poloxamer‐407 for Photodynamic Therapy Applications. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Karges
- Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS 75005 Paris France
| | - Hui Chao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry Sun Yat‐Sen University 510275 Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS 75005 Paris France
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36
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Chamberlain S, Cole HD, Roque J, Bellnier D, McFarland SA, Shafirstein G. TLD1433-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy with an Optical Surface Applicator in the Treatment of Lung Cancer Cells In Vitro. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E137. [PMID: 32605213 PMCID: PMC7407920 DOI: 10.3390/ph13070137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intra-operative photodynamic therapy (IO-PDT) in combination with surgery for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer and malignant pleural mesothelioma has shown promise in improving overall survival in patients. Here, we developed a PDT platform consisting of a ruthenium-based photosensitizer (TLD1433) activated by an optical surface applicator (OSA) for the management of residual disease. Human lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cell viability was assessed after treatment with TLD1433-mediated PDT illuminated with either 532- or 630-nm light with a micro-lens laser fiber. This TLD1433-mediated PDT induced an EC50 of 1.98 μM (J/cm2) and 4807 μM (J/cm2) for green and red light, respectively. Cells were then treated with 10 µM TLD1433 in a 96-well plate with the OSA using two 2-cm radial diffusers, each transmitted 532 nm light at 50 mW/cm for 278 s. Monte Carlo simulations of the surface light propagation from the OSA computed light fluence (J/cm2) and irradiance (mW/cm2) distribution. In regions where 100% loss in cell viability was measured, the simulations suggest that >20 J/cm2 of 532 nm was delivered. Our studies indicate that TLD1433-mediated PDT with the OSA and light simulations have the potential to become a platform for treatment planning for IO-PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Chamberlain
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Photodynamic Therapy Center, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (S.C.); (D.B.)
| | - Houston D. Cole
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019-0065, USA; (H.D.C.); (J.R.III)
| | - John Roque
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019-0065, USA; (H.D.C.); (J.R.III)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, USA
| | - David Bellnier
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Photodynamic Therapy Center, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (S.C.); (D.B.)
| | - Sherri A. McFarland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019-0065, USA; (H.D.C.); (J.R.III)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, USA
| | - Gal Shafirstein
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Photodynamic Therapy Center, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (S.C.); (D.B.)
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Lilge L, Wu J, Xu Y, Manalac A, Molenhuis D, Schwiegelshohn F, Vesselov L, Embree W, Nesbit M, Betz V, Mandel A, Jewett MAS, Kulkarni GS. Minimal required PDT light dosimetry for nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2020; 25:1-13. [PMID: 32529817 PMCID: PMC7289452 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.25.6.068001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Photodynamic therapy (PDT) could become a treatment option for nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer when the current high morbidity rate associated with red light PDT and variable PDT dose can be overcome through a combination of intravesical instillation of the photosensitizer and the use of green light creating a steep PDT dose gradient. AIM To determine how a high PDT selectivity can be maintained throughout the bladder wall considering other efficacy determining parameters, in particular, the average optical properties of the mucosal layer governing the fluence rate multiplication factor, as well as the bladder shape and the position of the emitter in relationship to the bladder wall. APPROACH We present three irradiance monitoring systems and evaluate their ability to enable selective bladder PDT considering previously determined photodynamic threshold values for the bladder cancer, mucosa and urothelium in a preclinical model, and the photosensitizer's specific uptake ratio. Monte Carlo-based light propagation simulations performed for six human bladders at the time of therapy for a range of tissue optical properties. The performance of one irradiance sensing device in a clinical phase 1B trial is presented to underline the impact of irradiance monitoring, and it is compared to the Monte Carlo-derived dose surface histogram. RESULTS Monte Carlo simulations showed that irradiance monitoring systems need to comprise at least three sensors. Light scattering inside the bladder void needs to be minimized to prevent increased heterogeneity of the irradiance. The dose surface histograms vary significantly depending on the bladder shape and bladder volume but are less dependent on tissue optical properties. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate the need for adequate irradiance monitoring independent of a photosensitizer's specific uptake ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lothar Lilge
- University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto, Department of Medical Biophysics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Address all correspondence to Lothar Lilge, E-mail:
| | - Jenny Wu
- University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yiwen Xu
- University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angelica Manalac
- University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Molenhuis
- University of Toronto, Department of Medical Biophysics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fynn Schwiegelshohn
- University of Toronto, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Wayne Embree
- Theralase Technologies Inc., Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Nesbit
- University of Toronto, Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vaughn Betz
- University of Toronto, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arkady Mandel
- Theralase Technologies Inc., Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael A. S. Jewett
- University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto, Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Girish S. Kulkarni
- University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto, Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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38
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Zhou XQ, Xiao M, Ramu V, Hilgendorf J, Li X, Papadopoulou P, Siegler MA, Kros A, Sun W, Bonnet S. The Self-Assembly of a Cyclometalated Palladium Photosensitizer into Protein-Stabilized Nanorods Triggers Drug Uptake In Vitro and In Vivo. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:10383-10399. [PMID: 32378894 PMCID: PMC7291344 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Enhanced passive
diffusion is usually considered to be the primary
cause of the enhanced cellular uptake of cyclometalated drugs because
cyclometalation lowers the charge of a metal complex and increases
its lipophilicity. However, in this work, monocationic cyclometalated
palladium complexes [1]OAc (N^N^C^N) and [2]OAc (N^N^N^C) were found
to self-assemble, in aqueous solutions, into soluble supramolecular
nanorods, while their tetrapyridyl bicationic analogue [3](OAc)2 (N^N^N^N) dissolved
as
isolated molecules. These nanorods formed via metallophilic Pd···Pd
interaction and π–π stacking and were stabilized
in the cell medium by serum proteins, in the absence of which the
nanorods precipitated. In cell cultures, these protein-stabilized
self-assembled nanorods were responsible for the improved cellular
uptake of the cyclometalated compounds, which took place via endocytosis
(i.e., an active uptake pathway). In addition to triggering self-assembly,
cyclometalation in [1]OAc also led to dramatically enhanced
photodynamic properties under blue light irradiation. These combined
penetration and photodynamic properties were observed in multicellular
tumor spheroids and in a mice tumor xenograft, demonstrating that
protein-stabilized nanoaggregation of cyclometalated drugs such as [1]OAc also allows efficient cellular uptake in 3D tumor models.
Overall, serum proteins appear to be a major element in drug design
because they strongly influence the size and bioavailability of supramolecular
drug aggregates and hence their efficacy in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Quan Zhou
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Universiteit Leiden, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ming Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Vadde Ramu
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Universiteit Leiden, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Hilgendorf
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Universiteit Leiden, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Xuezhao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Panagiota Papadopoulou
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Universiteit Leiden, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maxime A Siegler
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Alexander Kros
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Universiteit Leiden, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Universiteit Leiden, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Karges J, Heinemann F, Jakubaszek M, Maschietto F, Subecz C, Dotou M, Vinck R, Blacque O, Tharaud M, Goud B, Viñuelas Zahı́nos E, Spingler B, Ciofini I, Gasser G. Rationally Designed Long-Wavelength Absorbing Ru(II) Polypyridyl Complexes as Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:6578-6587. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b13620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Karges
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Franz Heinemann
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marta Jakubaszek
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France
- PSL University, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 144, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Federica Maschietto
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Theoretical Chemistry and Modelling, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Chloé Subecz
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mazzarine Dotou
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Robin Vinck
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Blacque
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mickaël Tharaud
- Université de Paris, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Bruno Goud
- PSL University, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 144, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Emilio Viñuelas Zahı́nos
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Bernhard Spingler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ilaria Ciofini
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Theoretical Chemistry and Modelling, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France
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40
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Lilge L, Roufaiel M, Lazic S, Kaspler P, Munegowda MA, Nitz M, Bassan J, Mandel A. Evaluation of a Ruthenium coordination complex as photosensitizer for PDT of bladder cancer: Cellular response, tissue selectivity and in vivo response. TRANSLATIONAL BIOPHOTONICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/tbio.201900032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lothar Lilge
- Princess Margaret Cancer CentreUniversity Health Network Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Medical BiophysicsUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | | | - Savo Lazic
- Theralase Technologies Inc. Toronto Ontario Canada
| | | | | | - Mark Nitz
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Jay Bassan
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
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41
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Mazuryk O, Gajda-Morszewski P, Brindell M. Versatile Impact of Serum Proteins on Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complexes Properties - Opportunities and Obstacles. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2020; 20:1052-1059. [PMID: 31092177 DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666190513090851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes have been extensively studied for the past few decades as promising anticancer agents. Despite the expected intravenous route of administration, the interaction between Ru(II) polypyridyl compounds and serum proteins is not well characterized and vast majority of the available literature data concerns determination of the binding constant. Ru-protein adducts can modify the biological effects of the Ru complexes influencing their cytotoxic and antimicrobial activity as well as introduce significant changes in their photophysical properties. More extensive research on the interaction between serum proteins and Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes is important for further development of Ru(II) polypyridyl compounds towards their application in anticancer therapy and diagnostics and can open new opportunities for already developed complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Mazuryk
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 2, 30- 387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Przemysław Gajda-Morszewski
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 2, 30- 387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Brindell
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 2, 30- 387, Krakow, Poland
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42
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TLD1433 Photosensitizer Inhibits Conjunctival Melanoma Cells in Zebrafish Ectopic and Orthotopic Tumour Models. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12030587. [PMID: 32143295 PMCID: PMC7139549 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ruthenium-based photosensitizer (PS) TLD1433 has completed a phase I clinical trial for photodynamic therapy (PDT) treatment of bladder cancer. Here, we investigated a possible repurposing of this drug for treatment of conjunctival melanoma (CM). CM is a rare but often deadly ocular cancer. The efficacy of TLD1433 was tested on several cell lines from CM (CRMM1, CRMM2 and CM2005), uveal melanoma (OMM1, OMM2.5, MEL270), epidermoid carcinoma (A431) and cutaneous melanoma (A375). Using 15 min green light irradiation (21 mW/cm2, 19 J.cm-2, 520 nm), the highest phototherapeutic index (PI) was reached in CM cells, with cell death occurring via apoptosis and necrosis. The therapeutic potential of TLD1433 was hence further validated in zebrafish ectopic and newly-developed orthotopic CM models. Fluorescent CRMM1 and CRMM2 cells were injected into the circulation of zebrafish (ectopic model) or behind the eye (orthotopic model) and 24 h later, the engrafted embryos were treated with the maximally-tolerated dose of TLD1433. The drug was administrated in three ways, either by (i) incubating the fish in drug-containing water (WA), or (ii) injecting the drug intravenously into the fish (IV), or (iii) injecting the drug retro-orbitally (RO) into the fish. Optimally, four consecutive PDT treatments were performed on engrafted embryos using 60 min drug-to-light intervals and 90 min green light irradiation (21 mW/cm2, 114 J.cm-2, 520 nm). This PDT protocol was not toxic to the fish. In the ectopic tumour model, both systemic administration by IV injection and RO injection of TLD1433 significantly inhibited growth of engrafted CRMM1 and CRMM2 cells. However, in the orthotopic model, tumour growth was only attenuated by localized RO injection of TLD1433. These data unequivocally prove that the zebrafish provides a fast vertebrate cancer model that can be used to test the administration regimen, host toxicity and anti-cancer efficacy of PDT drugs against CM. Based on our results, we suggest repurposing of TLD1433 for treatment of incurable CM and further testing in alternative pre-clinical models.
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43
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Karges J, Jakubaszek M, Mari C, Zarschler K, Goud B, Stephan H, Gasser G. Synthesis and Characterization of an Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-Selective Ru II Polypyridyl-Nanobody Conjugate as a Photosensitizer for Photodynamic Therapy. Chembiochem 2020; 21:531-542. [PMID: 31339225 PMCID: PMC7065149 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is a current surge of interest in the development of novel photosensitizers (PSs) for photodynamic therapy (PDT), as those currently approved are not completely ideal. Among the tested compounds, we have previously investigated the use of RuII polypyridyl complexes with a [Ru(bipy)2 (dppz)]2+ and [Ru(phen)2 (dppz)]2+ scaffold (bipy=2,2'-bipyridine; dppz=dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine; phen=1,10-phenanthroline). These complexes selectively target DNA. However, because DNA is ubiquitous, it would be of great interest to increase the selectivity of our PDT PSs by linking them to a targeting vector in view of targeted PDT. Herein, we present the synthesis, characterization, and in-depth photophysical evaluation of a nanobody-containing RuII polypyridyl conjugate selective for the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in view of targeted PDT. Using ICP-MS and confocal microscopy, we could demonstrate that our conjugate has high selectivity for the EGFR receptor, which is a crucial oncological target because it is overexpressed and/or deregulated in a variety of solid tumors. However, in contrast to expectations, this conjugate was found to not produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cancer cells and is therefore not phototoxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Karges
- Chimie ParisTechPSL UniversityCNRSInstitute of Chemistry for Life and Health SciencesLaboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology75005ParisFrance
| | - Marta Jakubaszek
- Chimie ParisTechPSL UniversityCNRSInstitute of Chemistry for Life and Health SciencesLaboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology75005ParisFrance
- Institut CuriePSL UniversityCNRS UMR 14426 rue d'Ulm75005ParisFrance
| | - Cristina Mari
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ZürichWinterthurerstrasse 1908057ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Kristof Zarschler
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden–RossendorfInstitute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer ResearchBautzner Landstrasse 40001328DresdenGermany
| | - Bruno Goud
- Institut CuriePSL UniversityCNRS UMR 14426 rue d'Ulm75005ParisFrance
| | - Holger Stephan
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden–RossendorfInstitute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer ResearchBautzner Landstrasse 40001328DresdenGermany
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTechPSL UniversityCNRSInstitute of Chemistry for Life and Health SciencesLaboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology75005ParisFrance
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44
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Carvalho DEL, Oliveira KM, Bomfim LM, Soares MBP, Bezerra DP, Batista AA, Correa RS. Nucleobase Derivatives as Building Blocks to Form Ru(II)-Based Complexes with High Cytotoxicity. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:122-130. [PMID: 31956759 PMCID: PMC6963899 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Two new Ru(II)-based complexes containing 2-thiouracil derivatives, known as 2-thiouracil (2TU) and 6-methyl-2-thiouracil (6m2TU), were synthesized using cis,trans-[RuCl2(PPh3)2(bipy)] as a precursor. The obtained compounds with a general formula trans-[Ru(2TU)(PPh3)2(bipy)]PF6 (1) and trans-[Ru(6m2TU)(PPh3)2(bipy)]PF6 (2) were characterized by analytical techniques such as NMR, UV-vis, and IR spectroscopies, elementary analysis, mass spectrometry, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Moreover, the investigation of the complexes-DNA interaction were carried out using spectrophotometric titrations and showed that the complexes present a weak interaction with this biomolecule. The compounds were evaluated against HL-60, K-562, HepG2, and B16-F10 cancer cells and against noncancer cells (PBMCs). The results of the biological assay revealed that complex 2 is more promising than complex 1. Finally, the present study suggests that complexes 1 and 2 causes cell death by apoptosis, significantly increasing the percentage of apoptotic HL-60 cells, in which the compounds altered the cell cycle, reducing the cells in G1/G0, G2/M, and S phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo E L Carvalho
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas-Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto-UFOP, CEP 35400-000 Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Katia M Oliveira
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas-Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto-UFOP, CEP 35400-000 Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Larissa M Bomfim
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Gonçalo Moniz, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Candeal, CEP 40296-710 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Milena B P Soares
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Gonçalo Moniz, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Candeal, CEP 40296-710 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Daniel P Bezerra
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Gonçalo Moniz, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Candeal, CEP 40296-710 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Alzir A Batista
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos-UFSCar, Rod. Washington Luís, km 235 - SP-310, CEP 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo S Correa
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas-Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto-UFOP, CEP 35400-000 Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
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45
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Imberti C, Zhang P, Huang H, Sadler PJ. New Designs for Phototherapeutic Transition Metal Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:61-73. [PMID: 31310436 PMCID: PMC6973108 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201905171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this Minireview, we highlight recent advances in the design of transition metal complexes for photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT), and discuss the challenges and opportunities for the translation of such agents into clinical use. New designs for light-activated transition metal complexes offer photoactivatable prodrugs with novel targeted mechanisms of action. Light irradiation can provide spatial and temporal control of drug activation, increasing selectivity and reducing side-effects. The photophysical and photochemical properties of transition metal complexes can be controlled by the appropriate choice of the metal, its oxidation state, the number and types of ligands, and the coordination geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Imberti
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
| | - Pingyu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
| | - Huaiyi Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science (Shenzhen)Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou510275China
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
| | - Peter J. Sadler
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
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46
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Li L, Zhang L, Tong X, Li Y, Yang Z, Zhu D, Su Z, Xie Z. Near-infrared-emitting AIE multinuclear cationic Ir(iii) complex-assembled nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:15332-15338. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02962a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The first pure NIR-emitting AIE multinuclear Ir(iii) complex NPs obtained by self-assembly exhibit excellent cell imaging and PDT performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province
- Department of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province
- Department of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaofan Tong
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province
- Department of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Yite Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
| | - Zhiyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
| | - Dongxia Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province
- Department of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Zhongmin Su
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province
- Department of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
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47
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Ellahioui Y, Patra M, Mari C, Kaabi R, Karges J, Gasser G, Gómez-Ruiz S. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles functionalised with a photoactive ruthenium(ii) complex: exploring the formulation of a metal-based photodynamic therapy photosensitiser. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:5940-5951. [PMID: 30209497 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt02392a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of nanomaterials based on mesoporous silica have been synthesised and functionalised with a photoactive polypyridyl ruthenium(ii) complex, namely [Ru(bipy)2-dppz-7-hydroxymethyl][PF6]2 (bipy = 2,2'-bipyridine, dppz = dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine), by various methods. The functionalisation reactions were based on the covalent binding to different ligands attached to the pores of the mesoporous nanoparticles and a simple physisorption using polyamino-functionalised mesoporous silica nanoparticles. The resulting nanostructured systems have been characterised by XRD, XRF, BET, SEM and TEM, observing the incorporation of the metallodrug onto the nanostructured silica in a different way depending on the synthetic method used in the loading reactions. In our studies, we have also observed that functionalisation with the metallodrug causes changes in the structural and textural features of the materials. The phototherapeutic activity of the ruthenium-functionalised materials in HeLa cervical cancer cells has been tested and the preliminary results are presented herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younes Ellahioui
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Calle Tulipán s/n, E-28933, Móstoles (Madrid), Spain.
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48
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Zhang SQ, Meng TT, Li J, Hong F, Liu J, Wang Y, Gao LH, Zhao H, Wang KZ. Near-IR/Visible-Emitting Thiophenyl-Based Ru(II) Complexes: Efficient Photodynamic Therapy, Cellular Uptake, and DNA Binding. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:14244-14259. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Si-Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting-Ting Meng
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People’s Republic of China
- College of Science, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fan Hong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People’s Republic of China
| | - Youjun Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Hua Gao
- School of Science, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua Zhao
- School of Science, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ke-Zhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People’s Republic of China
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49
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Imberti C, Zhang P, Huang H, Sadler PJ. New Designs for Phototherapeutic Transition Metal Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201905171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Imberti
- Department of Chemistry University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Pingyu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 China
- Department of Chemistry University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Huaiyi Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science (Shenzhen) Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
- Department of Chemistry University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Peter J. Sadler
- Department of Chemistry University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
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50
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Type I photodynamic therapy by organic–inorganic hybrid materials: From strategies to applications. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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