1
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Zhao Y, Li X, Zhou P, Han X, Zhang C, Liang T, Zhao S, Zhang Z. Rh-Catalyzed C-H Alkynylation of Indole Derivatives with Silver(I)-Controlled Regiodivergence. Org Lett 2024; 26:7285-7290. [PMID: 39178150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2024]
Abstract
We have disclosed silver(I)-induced switching of regioselectivity in rhodium-catalyzed C-H alkynylation of indole derivatives with the help of a pivaloyl directing group by tuning C-H metalation modes. The judicious choice of AgOAc, Ag2O, and Ag2CO3 affords an array of C2-alkynylated indoles, C4-alkynylated indoles, and C2,C4-dialkynylated indoles, respectively. The synthetic utility of the alkyne fragment is demonstrated by derivatization into valuable indole-based compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaokun Zhao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Xingchi Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Pengfei Zhou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Xing Han
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Chenjie Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Taoyuan Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Shuangliang Zhao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Zhuan Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
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2
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Chen JZ, Wang ZX. Ruthenium-catalyzed C-H functionalization of indoles and indolines with 7-azabenzonorbornadienes: access to aminodihydronaphthyl indoles and indolines. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:5159-5169. [PMID: 38860854 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00678j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Indoles, indolines and hydronaphthylamines are ubiquitous structural motifs in natural products, pharmaceuticals, and biologically active molecules. In this paper, we report the synthesis of aminodihydronaphthyl-substituted indoles and indolines via a Ru-catalyzed carbamoyl-directed C-H functionalization of indoles and indolines with 7-azabenzonorbornadienes. In the presence of Cu(OAc)2 and AgSbF6, [Ru(p-cymene)Cl2]2 catalyzes the reaction of 1-carbamoylindoles with 7-azabenzonorbornadienes to produce 2-(1-amino-1,2-dihydronaphthalen-2-yl)indoles. Under the same conditions, the reaction of 1-carbamoylindolines with 7-azabenzonorbornadienes affords 7-(1-amino-1,2-dihydronaphthalen-2-yl)indolines. In both cases, the reactions yield cis-configured products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Zhen Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China.
| | - Zhong-Xia Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China.
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3
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Nanjegowda MV, Basak S, Paul T, Punniyamurthy T. Palladium-Catalyzed Weak Chelation-Assisted Site-Selective C-H Arylation of N-Aryl Pyridones via 2-fold C-H Activation. J Org Chem 2024; 89:6564-6574. [PMID: 38630989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed weak chelation-assisted oxidative cross-dehydrogenative coupling of arenes has been accomplished. The use of medicinally important pyridones as the intrinsic directing group, regioselectivity, 2-fold C-H activation, and late-stage modification of bioactive compounds are the important practical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maniya V Nanjegowda
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Shubhajit Basak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Tripti Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
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4
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Shah TA, Sarkar T, Kar S, Maharana PK, Talukdar K, Punniyamurthy T. Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Directed C-H Functionalization in/on Water. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202300815. [PMID: 37932013 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Directing group assisted C-H bond functionalization using transition-metal-catalysis has emerged as a reliable synthetic tool for the construction of regioselective carbon-carbon/heteroatom bonds. Off late, "in/on water directed transition-metal-catalysis", though still underdeveloped, has appeared as one of the prominent themes in sustainable organic chemistry. This article covers the advancements, mechanistic insights and application of the sustainable directed C-H bond functionalization of (hetero)arenes in/on water in the presence of transition-metal-catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq A Shah
- Department of Chemistry and Advanced Material Chemistry Center (AMCC), Khalifa University, PO Box, 127788, Abu Dhabi, U.A.E
| | - Tanumay Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, India
| | - Subhradeep Kar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, India
| | - Prabhat Kumar Maharana
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, India
| | - Kangkan Talukdar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, India
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5
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Shi Q, Hu H, Du M, Sun Y, Li Y, Li Y. Boron-Assisted Cobalt-Catalyzed C-H Methylation Using CO 2 and H 2. Org Lett 2023; 25:7100-7104. [PMID: 37767977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
C-H methylation of heteroarenes (e.g., indoles, pyrroles, etc.) is frequently applied in the synthesis of drug/biorelated compounds. We herein report the use of CO2/H2 as a methylation reagent for selective C-H methylation of indoles and pyrroles in the presence of cobalt/B(C6F5)3 cocatalysts. The Lewis acidic additive B(C6F5)3 is essential to achieving good reactivity for a broad scope of substituted indoles and pyrroles (20 examples, up to 92% yields). The C-H methylation is accomplished via the CO2 reduction/C-C bond formation/reduction sequence. Water is the only byproduct. This system based on the use of non-noble metal catalysts features an environmentally benign alternative for C-H methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Minxing Du
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yajun Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yudong Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Trace Chemicals Sensing, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, P. R. China
| | - Yuehui Li
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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6
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Cui J, Wang T. B(C 6F 5) 3-mediated direct intramolecular C7-alkenylation of N-propargylindoles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:10279-10282. [PMID: 37539546 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02599c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
B(C6F5)3-mediated direct C7-alkenylation of N-propargylindoles without directing groups was developed. This reaction proceeds via the π-activation of the alkynyl group with B(C6F5)3/Friedel-Crafts alkenylation/proton transfer reaction sequence. Interestingly, C7-alkenylation products could further convert into the fused indoles by deprotonation and finally polyaromatic N-heterocycles by the hydride abstraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cui
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Tongdao Wang
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
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7
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Pang Q, Zuo WF, Zhang Y, Li X, Han B. Recent Advances on Direct Functionalization of Indoles in Aqueous Media. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202200289. [PMID: 36722727 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Indoles and their derivatives have dominated a significant proportion of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds and play an essential role in synthetic and medicinal chemistry, pesticides, and advanced materials. Compared with conventional synthetic strategies, direct functionalization of indoles provides straightforward access to construct diverse indole scaffolds. As we enter an era emphasizing green and sustainable chemistry, utilizing environment-friendly solvents represented by water demonstrates great potential in synthesizing valuable indole derivatives. This review aims to depict the critical aspects of aqueous-mediated indoles functionalization over the past decade and discusses the future challenges and prospects in this fast-growing field. For the convenience of readers, this review is classified into three parts according to the bonding modes (C-C, C-N, and C-S bonds), which focus on the diversity of indole derivatives, the prominent role of water in the chemical process, and the types of catalyst systems and mechanisms. We hope this review can promote the sustainable development of the direct functionalization of indoles and their derivatives and the discovery of novel and practical organic methods in aqueous phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwen Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Wei-Fang Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
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8
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Han XQ, Liu JY, Lu JB, Liang RX, Jia YX. Dearomatizing [2+2+1] Spiroannulation of Indoles with Alkynes. Org Lett 2023; 25:261-266. [PMID: 36546773 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed dearomatizing [2+2+1] spiroannulation of indoles with two molecular internal alkynes is developed in the presence of Cu(OAc)2/O2 as the oxidant, in which a domino sequence including C-H activation of indole followed by consecutive Heck reactions is involved. A range of 3,3'-spiroindolines bearing tetrasubstituted cyclopentadiene moieties and exocyclic C═C bonds at C2 are obtained in moderate to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qing Han
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Chaowang Road 18#, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jing-Yuan Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Chaowang Road 18#, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jin-Bo Lu
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Chaowang Road 18#, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Ren-Xiao Liang
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Chaowang Road 18#, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yi-Xia Jia
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Chaowang Road 18#, Hangzhou 310014, China.,Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
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9
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Sandeep K, Kumar AS, Kumara Swamy KC. Rhodium‐Catalyzed Vinyl Sulfonylation of 3‐Carbonyl‐Substituted Indoles with Ethenesulfonyl Fluoride by Cross‐Dehydrogenative Coupling: An Application in (3+2) Cycloaddition. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202201037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Sandeep
- School of Chemistry University of Hyderabad Gachibowli Hyderabad 5000046 Telangana State India
| | - A. Sanjeeva Kumar
- School of Chemistry University of Hyderabad Gachibowli Hyderabad 5000046 Telangana State India
| | - K. C. Kumara Swamy
- School of Chemistry University of Hyderabad Gachibowli Hyderabad 5000046 Telangana State India
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10
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Byun Y, Moon K, Park J, Ghosh P, Mishra NK, Kim IS. Methylene Thiazolidinediones as Alkylation Reagents in Catalytic C–H Functionalization: Rapid Access to Glitazones. Org Lett 2022; 24:8578-8583. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youjung Byun
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeongwon Moon
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Park
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Prithwish Ghosh
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | | | - In Su Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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11
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Copper-promoted C1−H amination of pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline with N‑fluorobenzenesulfonimide. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Jiang H, Li K, Zeng M, Tan C, Chen Z, Yin G. Pd(II)/Lewis Acid Catalyzed Intramolecular Annulation of Indolecarboxamides with Dioxygen through Dual C-H Activation. J Org Chem 2022; 87:13919-13934. [PMID: 36205496 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Transition-metal ion catalyzed intramolecular dual C-H activation to construct polycyclic heteroarene skeletons is merited for its step and atom-economic advantages in organic synthesis. However, in most cases, stoichiometric oxidants, elevated temperature, and other harsh conditions were commonly faced for this reaction, which apparently block the synthetic applications. Herein, we report a Pd(II)/LA (LA: Lewis acid) catalyzed intramolecular dual C-H activation to construct indoloquinolinone derivatives under mild conditions with dioxygen as the sole oxidant. It was found that adding LA such as Sc3+ to Pd(OAc)2 sharply improved its catalytic efficiency, whereas Pd(OAc)2 alone was very sluggish. The activity improvement was attributed to the linkage of the Sc3+ cation to the Pd(II) species through a diacetate bridge that significantly enhanced the electrophilic properties of Pd(II) for dual C-H activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Kaiwen Li
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Miao Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Chen Tan
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Zhuqi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Guochuan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
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13
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Zhang YY, Li L, Zhang XZ, Peng JB. Brønsted acid catalyzed remote C6 functionalization of 2,3-disubstituted indoles with β,γ-unsaturated α-ketoester. Front Chem 2022; 10:992398. [PMID: 36176896 PMCID: PMC9513241 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.992398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A metal-free catalytic approach for the remote C6-functionalization of 2,3-disubstituted indoles has been developed. In the presence of catalytic amounts of Brønsted acid, the β,γ-unsaturated α-ketoesters react with 2,3-disubstituted indoles at the C6 position selectively. Under mild reaction conditions, a range of C6-functionalized indoles were prepared with good yields and excellent regioselectivity. This methodology provides a concise and efficient route for the synthesis of C6-functionalized indole derivatives.
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14
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Liu L, Fan X, Wang B, Deng H, Wang T, Zheng J, Chen J, Shi Z, Wang H. P
III
‐Directed Late‐Stage Ligation and Macrocyclization of Peptides with Olefins by Rhodium Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206177. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center of Nanjing University Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University No. 163 Xianlin Ave Nanjing 210093 China
| | - Xinlong Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center of Nanjing University Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University No. 163 Xianlin Ave Nanjing 210093 China
| | - Boning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center of Nanjing University Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University No. 163 Xianlin Ave Nanjing 210093 China
| | - Hong Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center of Nanjing University Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University No. 163 Xianlin Ave Nanjing 210093 China
| | - Tianhang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center of Nanjing University Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University No. 163 Xianlin Ave Nanjing 210093 China
| | - Jie Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center of Nanjing University Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University No. 163 Xianlin Ave Nanjing 210093 China
| | - Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center of Nanjing University Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University No. 163 Xianlin Ave Nanjing 210093 China
| | - Zhuangzhi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center of Nanjing University Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University No. 163 Xianlin Ave Nanjing 210093 China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
| | - Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center of Nanjing University Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University No. 163 Xianlin Ave Nanjing 210093 China
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15
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Aslam M, Devkota S, Jamshaid S, Lee YR. Palladium‐Catalyzed Regioselective C4 Functionalization of Indoles with Quinones. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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16
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Taskesenligil Y, Aslan M, Cogurcu T, Saracoglu N. Directed C-H Functionalization of C3-Aldehyde, Ketone, and Acid/Ester-Substituted Free (NH) Indoles with Iodoarenes via a Palladium Catalyst System. J Org Chem 2022; 88:1299-1318. [PMID: 35609297 PMCID: PMC9903333 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Pd(II)-catalyzed C-H arylations of free (NH) indoles including different carbonyl directing groups on C3-position with aryl iodides are demonstrated. Importantly, the reactions are carried out using the same catalyst system without any additional transient directing group (TDG). In this study, the formyl group as a directing group gave the C4-arylated indoles versus C2-arylation. Using this catalyst system, C-H functionalization of 3-acetylindoles provided domino C4-arylation/3,2-carbonyl migration products. This transformation involves the unusual migration of the acetyl group to the C2-position following C4-arylation in one pot. Meanwhile, migration of the acetyl group could be simply controlled and N-protected 3-acetylindoles afforded C4-arylation products without migration of the acetyl group. Functionalization of indole-3-carboxylic acid (or methyl ester) with aryl iodides using the present Pd(II)-catalyst system resulted in decarboxylation followed by the formation of C2-arylated indoles. Based on the control experiments and the literature, plausible mechanisms are proposed. The synthetic utilities of these acetylindole derivatives have also been demonstrated. Remarkably, C4-arylated acetylindoles have allowed the construction of functionalized pityiacitrin (a natural product).
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17
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LIU LEI, FAN XINLONG, WANG BONING, DENG HONG, WANG TIANHANG, ZHENG JIE, CHEN JUN, SHI ZHUANGZHI, Wang H. P(III)‐Directed Late‐Stage Ligation and Macrocyclization of Peptides with Olefins by Rhodium Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- LEI LIU
- Nanjing University CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING CHINA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - JUN CHEN
- Nanjing University CHEMISTRY CHINA
| | | | - Huan Wang
- Nanjing University Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 163 Xianlin Ave.Chemistry Building, E504 210023 Nanjing CHINA
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18
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Wu J, Liu Y, Qian B, Yang H, Lu L, Zhang J, Shang Y. Catalytic Ring Expansion of Indole toward Dibenzoazepine Analogues Enabled by Cationic Palladium(II) Complexes. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c06021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids (Ministry of Education), Anhui Key Laboratory of Molecular Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Yanfei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids (Ministry of Education), Anhui Key Laboratory of Molecular Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Baiyang Qian
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids (Ministry of Education), Anhui Key Laboratory of Molecular Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Haitao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids (Ministry of Education), Anhui Key Laboratory of Molecular Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Lili Lu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids (Ministry of Education), Anhui Key Laboratory of Molecular Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Jitan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids (Ministry of Education), Anhui Key Laboratory of Molecular Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Yongjia Shang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids (Ministry of Education), Anhui Key Laboratory of Molecular Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
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19
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Li H, Zhu Y, Jiang C, Wei J, Liu P, Sun P. HOAc catalyzed three-component reaction for the synthesis of 3,3'-(arylmethylene)bis(1 H-indoles). Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:3365-3374. [PMID: 35355039 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00395c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient HOAc catalyzed three-component reaction of 2-(arylethynyl)anilines with arylaldehydes has been achieved, which leads to the generation of 3,3'-(arylmethylene)bis(1H-indoles) with good to excellent yields and high regioselectivity under transition-metal-free conditions. Four new C-C and C-N bonds were effectively formed in a one-pot procedure. Subsequent research on the reaction mechanism indicated that the reaction likely involved the processes of intramolecular cyclization and cascade intermolecular dehydration condensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Material Cycle Processes and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Material Cycle Processes and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Cong Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Material Cycle Processes and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jia Wei
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Material Cycle Processes and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Ping Liu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Material Cycle Processes and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Peipei Sun
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Material Cycle Processes and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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20
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Singh A, Dey A, Pal K, Dash OP, Volla CMR. Pd(II)-Catalyzed Transient Directing Group-Assisted Regioselective Diverse C4-H Functionalizations of Indoles. Org Lett 2022; 24:1941-1946. [PMID: 35261251 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of a rational strategy for achieving site-selective C4-H halogenation of indoles is an appealing yet challenging task. Herein, we disclose a Pd(II)-catalyzed transient directing group (TDG)-assisted methodology for realizing C4 chlorination/bromination of indoles employing glycine as the TDG and NFSI as a bystanding oxidant. The use of inexpensive and commercially available CuX2 as the halide source is the key highlight of this protocol. Furthermore, the TDG methodology was also extended to accessing C4 acetoxylated indoles employing acetic acid as the acetate source and 1-fluoro-2,4,6-trimethylpyridinium triflate as the oxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Arnab Dey
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Kuntal Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Om Prakash Dash
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Chandra M R Volla
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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21
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Pan X, Liu Q, Nong Y. 2-Alkylation of 3-Alkyindoles With Unactivated Alkenes. Front Chem 2022; 10:860764. [PMID: 35281568 PMCID: PMC8907451 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.860764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An acid-catalyzed 2-alkylation of indole molecules is developed. Only catalytic amount of the commercially available, inexpensive and traceless HI is used as the sole reaction promoter. 2,3-Disubstituted indole molecules bearing congested tertiary carbon centers are afforded as the final products in moderate to excellent yields.
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22
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Rossi R, Ciofalo M. Palladium-Catalysed Intermolecular Direct C–H Bond Arylation of Heteroarenes with Reagents Alternative to Aryl Halides: Current State of the Art. CURR ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272826666220201124008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
Abstract: This unprecedented review with 322 references provides a critical up-to-date picture of the Pd-catalysed intermolecular direct C–H bond arylation of heteroarenes with arylating reagents alternative to aryl halides that include aryl sulfonates (aryl triflates, tosylates, mesylates, and imidazole-1-sulfonates), diaryliodonium salts, [(diacetoxy)iodo]arenes, arenediazonium salts, 1-aryltriazenes, arylhydrazines and N’-arylhydrazides, arenesulfonyl chlorides, sodium arenesulfinates, arenesulfinic acids, and arenesulfonohydrazides. Particular attention has been paid to summarise the preparation of the various arylating reagents and to highlight the practicality, versatility, and limitations of the various developed arylation protocols, also comparing their results with those achieved in analogous Pd-catalysed arylation reactions involving the use of aryl halides as electrophiles. Mechanistic proposals have also been briefly summarised and discussed. However, data concerning Pd-catalysed direct C–H bond arylations involving the C–H bonds of aryl substituents of the examined heteroarene derivatives have not been taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzo Rossi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 3, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ciofalo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 4, I-90128, Palermo, Italy
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23
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Huang W, Chen Z, Li‐Xia L, Zhou Y, Bo W, Jiang G. A Facile Synthesis of Pyrrolo[2,3‐
j
]phenanthridines
via
the Cascade Reaction of Indoleanilines and Aldehydes. J Heterocycl Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen‐Jun Huang
- Advanced Catalytic Engineer Research Center of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University Changsha China
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian China
| | - Zhi‐Peng Chen
- Advanced Catalytic Engineer Research Center of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University Changsha China
| | - Liu Li‐Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian China
| | - Yong‐Gui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian China
| | - Wu Bo
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian China
| | - Guo‐Fang Jiang
- Advanced Catalytic Engineer Research Center of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University Changsha China
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24
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Hao D, Yang Z, Liu Y, Li Y, Li C, Gu Y, Vaccaro L, Liu J, Liu P. Pd-Catalyzed direct C-H arylation of pyrrolo[1,2- a]quinoxalines. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:847-851. [PMID: 34994375 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02248b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
An efficient Pd-catalyzed direct C-H arylation of pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxalines with aryl iodides is described, providing a selective route toward a series of 1-arylated and 1,3-diarylated pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxalines in good yields. This method features a broad substrate scope, good functional group tolerance and gram-scale synthesis. Furthermore, the C3-thiocyanation of the arylated product is also achieved. We believe that these novel aryl-substituted pyrrolo [1,2-a]quinoxalines will have a variety of applications in organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Hao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, the Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi City, 832004, China.
| | - Zhen Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, the Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi City, 832004, China.
| | - Yali Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, the Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi City, 832004, China.
| | - Yang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, the Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi City, 832004, China.
| | - Chuntian Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, the Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi City, 832004, China.
| | - Yanlong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan City, 430074, China
| | - Luigi Vaccaro
- Laboratory of Green S.O.C., Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Jichang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, the Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi City, 832004, China.
| | - Ping Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, the Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi City, 832004, China.
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25
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Niu Y, Yan CX, Yang XX, Bai PB, Zhou PP, Yang SD. Solvent-controlled regioselective arylation of indoles and mechanistic explorations. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01454d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A new reaction for the regioselective arylation of indoles at C2 or C3 positions achieved by adjusting the solvent and with P(O)tBu2 as an auxiliary group is reported. And the experimental results and DFT confirmed the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chao-Xian Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xin-Xin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Peng-Bo Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Pan-Pan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shang-Dong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
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26
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Basak S, Paul T, Punniyamurthy T. Palladium-Catalyzed 2-fold C-H Activation/C-C Coupling for C4-Arylation of Indoles Using Weak Chelation. Org Lett 2021; 24:554-558. [PMID: 34968057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed weak chelation-assisted regioselective C4-arylation of indoles has been accomplished using a readily available arene at moderate temperature. The C4-arylation, weak chelating benzoyl (Bz) directing group, cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC), broad substrate scope, and late-stage diversifications are the important practical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhajit Basak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Tripti Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
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27
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Hore S, Singh RP. Phosphorylation of arenes, heteroarenes, alkenes, carbonyls and imines by dehydrogenative cross-coupling of P(O)-H and P(R)-H. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 20:498-537. [PMID: 34904988 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02003j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorous compounds have recently emerged as a powerful class of compounds with widespread applications, such as in bioactive natural products, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and organic materials, and as ligands in catalysis. The preparation of these compounds requires synthetic techniques with novel catalytic systems varying from transition metal, photo- and electrochemical catalysis to transformations without metal catalysts. Over the past few decades, the addition of P-H bonds to alkenes, alkynes, arenes, heteroarenes and other unsaturated substrates in hydrophosphination and other related reactions via the above-mentioned catalytic processes has emerged as an atom economical approach to obtain organophosphorus compounds. In most of the catalytic cycles, the P-H bond is cleaved to yield a phosphorus-based radical, which adds onto the unsaturated substrate followed by reduction of the corresponding radical yielding the product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumyadip Hore
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016, India.
| | - Ravi P Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016, India.
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28
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Jadhav PP, Kahar NM, Dawande SG. Ruthenium(II)-Catalyzed Highly Chemo- and Regioselective Oxidative C6 Alkenylation of Indole-7-carboxamides. Org Lett 2021; 23:8673-8677. [PMID: 34723545 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We disclosed the first efficient method for highly chemo- and regioselective C6 alkenylation of indole-7-carboxamides using inexpensive Ru(II) catalyst through chelation assisted C-H bond activation. Electronically diverse indole-7-carboxamides and alkenes react efficiently to produce a wide range of C6 alkenyl indole derivatives. Further the C6 alkenyl indole-7-carboxamides modified to their derivatives through simple chemical transformations. The observed regioselectivity and kinetics has been evidenced by deuterium incorporation and intermolecular competitive studies. In addition, for mechanistic insights, the intermediates were analyzed by HRMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj P Jadhav
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400019, India
| | - Nilesh M Kahar
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400019, India
| | - Sudam G Dawande
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400019, India
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29
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Prabagar B, Yang Y, Shi Z. Site-selective C-H functionalization to access the arene backbone of indoles and quinolines. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:11249-11269. [PMID: 34486584 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00334d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The site-selective C-H bond functionalization of heteroarenes can eventually provide chemists with great techniques for editing and building complex molecular scaffolds. During the past decade, benzo-fused N-heterocycles such as indoles and quinolines have been among the most widely investigated organic templates. Early developments have led to site-selective C-H bond functionalization on the pyrrole and pyridine cores of indoles and quinolines; however, C-H functionalization on the benzenoid ring has remained a great challenge in catalysis. In this review, we elaborate on recent developments in the highly challenging functionalization of C-H bonds on the less-reactive benzenoid core of indoles and quinolines. These findings are mainly described as selective directing group assisted strategies, remote C-H functionalization techniques and their reaction mechanisms. The underlying principle in each strategy is elucidated, which aims to facilitate the design of a more advanced structure of heterocycles based on bioactive molecules, synthetic drugs, and material aspects. Moreover, the challenges and perspectives for catalytic C-H functionalization to access the arene backbone of indoles and quinolines are also proposed in the conclusion section.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Prabagar
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Youqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Zhuangzhi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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30
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Son SH, Shin JW, Won HJ, Yoo HS, Cho YY, Kim SL, Jang YH, Park BY, Kim NJ. Synthesis of meta-(Indol-3-yl)phenols from Indoles and Cyclohexenone via Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Oxidative Heck Reaction and Dehydrogenative Aromatization in a One-Step Sequence. Org Lett 2021; 23:7467-7471. [PMID: 34523938 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Facile construction of a meta-(indol-3-yl)phenol framework with a wide substrate scope (a total of 25 compounds) via a palladium(II)-catalyzed oxidative Heck reaction and dehydrogenative aromatization in a one-step sequence is reported. This methodology affords a novel route for the privileged structures that are challenging to access via a direct link between indole and phenol, in a highly efficient and atom-economical manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hwan Son
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Won Shin
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuck-Jae Won
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Seok Yoo
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Yil Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Lim Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Hu Jang
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Boyoung Y Park
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Jung Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.,Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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31
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Ghosh P, Das S. The C-H functionalization of N-alkoxycarbamoyl indoles by transition metal catalysis. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:7949-7969. [PMID: 34490862 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01121a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Indole and its congeners are ubiquitous nitrogen-containing organic scaffolds present in a plethora of natural products, marketed drugs, and other organic functional molecules. Recent years have witnessed tremendous advances in the diversification of this motif and its biological applications via transition-metal-catalyzed auxiliary assisted site-selective inert C-H functionalization. In this burgeoning field, N-methoxy/ethoxy/pivaloxy amide functionality has emerged as a most potent auxiliary/DG (directing group) for a wide range of C-C and C-heteroatom bond formations, providing a new advance for forging structurally fabricated polycyclic indole frameworks. This review aims to highlight evolved transformations, like arylation, alkylation, alkenylation, allylation, amidation, difluorovinylation, deuteration, hydroarylation, etc., and the applications of N-alkoxycarbamoyl indole derivatives made within the period of 2014-August 2021. Additionally, explicit mechanistic underpinnings have also been provided in the appropriate places.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanjit Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling - 734013, India.
| | - Sajal Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling - 734013, India.
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32
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Hu W, Wang X, Yu X, Zhu X, Hao X, Song M. Rh(III)‐Catalyzed Divergent C2‐carboxymethylation of Indoles and C7‐formylmethylation of Indolines with Vinylene Carbonate. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Weinan Hu
- College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University No. 100 of Science Road Zhengzhou Henan 450001 P. R. China
| | - Xu Wang
- College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University No. 100 of Science Road Zhengzhou Henan 450001 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoni Yu
- College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University No. 100 of Science Road Zhengzhou Henan 450001 P. R. China
| | - Xinju Zhu
- College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University No. 100 of Science Road Zhengzhou Henan 450001 P. R. China
| | - Xin‐Qi Hao
- College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University No. 100 of Science Road Zhengzhou Henan 450001 P. R. China
| | - Mao‐Ping Song
- College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University No. 100 of Science Road Zhengzhou Henan 450001 P. R. China
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33
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Guo ZQ, Xu H, Wang X, Wang ZY, Ma B, Dai HX. C3-Arylation of indoles with aryl ketones via C-C/C-H activations. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:9716-9719. [PMID: 34473138 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03954g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
C3-Arylation of indoles with aryl ketones is accomplished via palladium-catalyzed ligand-promoted Ar-C(O) cleavage and subsequent C-H arylation of indole. Various (hetero)aryl ketones are compatible in this reaction, affording the corresponding 3-arylindoles in moderate to good yields. Further introduction of an indole moiety into the natural products desoxyestrone and evodiamine demonstrate the synthetic utility of this protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Qiong Guo
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Hui Xu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Xing Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Biao Ma
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Hui-Xiong Dai
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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34
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Suzuki H, Liao Y, Kawai Y, Matsuda T. Rhodium‐Catalyzed Additive‐Free C−H Ethoxycarbonylation of (Hetero)Arenes with Diethyl Dicarbonate as a CO Surrogate. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hirotsugu Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry Tokyo University of Science 1-3 Kagurazaka Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
| | - Yumeng Liao
- Department of Applied Chemistry Tokyo University of Science 1-3 Kagurazaka Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
| | - Yuya Kawai
- Department of Applied Chemistry Tokyo University of Science 1-3 Kagurazaka Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
| | - Takanori Matsuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry Tokyo University of Science 1-3 Kagurazaka Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
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35
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Catalytic C2 prenylation of unprotected indoles: Late-stage diversification of peptides and two-step total synthesis of tryprostatin B. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(20)63780-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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36
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Faarasse S, El Kazzouli S, Bourzikat O, Bourg S, Aci‐Sèche S, Bonnet P, Suzenet F, Guillaumet G. Palladium‐Catalyzed Regioselective C−H Arylation of 4‐Azaindazole at C3, C5 and C7 Positions. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202001421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Soukaina Faarasse
- Institute of Organic and Analytical Chemistry University of Orleans, UMR CNRS 7311, BP 6759 45067 Orleans Cedex 2 France
- Euromed Research Centre, School of Engineering in Biomedical and Biotechnology Euromed University of Fes (UEMF) Route de Meknès 30000 Fez Morocco
| | - Saïd El Kazzouli
- Euromed Research Centre, School of Engineering in Biomedical and Biotechnology Euromed University of Fes (UEMF) Route de Meknès 30000 Fez Morocco
| | - Otmane Bourzikat
- Institute of Organic and Analytical Chemistry University of Orleans, UMR CNRS 7311, BP 6759 45067 Orleans Cedex 2 France
- Euromed Research Centre, School of Engineering in Biomedical and Biotechnology Euromed University of Fes (UEMF) Route de Meknès 30000 Fez Morocco
| | - Stéphane Bourg
- Institute of Organic and Analytical Chemistry University of Orleans, UMR CNRS 7311, BP 6759 45067 Orleans Cedex 2 France
| | - Samia Aci‐Sèche
- Institute of Organic and Analytical Chemistry University of Orleans, UMR CNRS 7311, BP 6759 45067 Orleans Cedex 2 France
| | - Pascal Bonnet
- Institute of Organic and Analytical Chemistry University of Orleans, UMR CNRS 7311, BP 6759 45067 Orleans Cedex 2 France
| | - Franck Suzenet
- Institute of Organic and Analytical Chemistry University of Orleans, UMR CNRS 7311, BP 6759 45067 Orleans Cedex 2 France
| | - Gérald Guillaumet
- Institute of Organic and Analytical Chemistry University of Orleans, UMR CNRS 7311, BP 6759 45067 Orleans Cedex 2 France
- Euromed Research Centre, School of Engineering in Biomedical and Biotechnology Euromed University of Fes (UEMF) Route de Meknès 30000 Fez Morocco
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37
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Chai XY, Xu HB, Dong L. Cascade Reaction to Selectively Synthesize Multifunctional Indole Derivatives by Ir III -Catalyzed C-H Activation. Chemistry 2021; 27:13123-13127. [PMID: 34369008 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
An effective and condition-controlled way to synthesize with high selectivity a variety of functionalized indoles with potent biological properties has been developed. Notably, 2,4-dialkynyl indole products were obtained by direct double C-H bond alkynylation, whereas alkynyl at the C4 position could convert to carbonyl to generate 2-alkynyl-3,4-diacetyl indoles fast and effectively. Additionally, a one-pot relay catalytic reaction led to 2,5-di-alkynyl-3,4-diacetyl indoles when using a carbonyl group as the directing group and by controlling the type and quantity of additives. A possible mechanism was proposed based on many studies including deuterium-exchange experiments, the necessary conditions of product conversion, and the effect of water on the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yue Chai
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and, Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Bei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and, Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Lin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and, Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
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38
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Kona CN, Nishii Y, Miura M. Sulfur-Directed C 7-Selective Alkenylation of Indoles under Rhodium Catalysis. Org Lett 2021; 23:6252-6256. [PMID: 34351764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Regioselective direct functionalization of an indole benzenoid fragment has been a significant challenge because of its inherently lower reactivity. In this report, we introduce a Rh-catalyzed C7-selective alkenylation of indole derivatives using a new sulfur directing group N-SCy. A notable feature of this system is that the directing group is readily installed to the indoles and easily removed after the catalysis under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrababu Naidu Kona
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuji Nishii
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahiro Miura
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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39
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Chemo‐ and Regioselective Synthesis of Functionalized 1
H
‐imidazo[1,5‐
a
]indol‐3(2
H
)‐ones via a Redox‐Neutral Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed [4+1] Annulation between Indoles and Alkynes. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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40
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Zhao F, Qiao J, Lu Y, Zhang X, Dai L, Liu S, Ni H, Jia X, Wu X, Lu S. Redox-Neutral Rhodium(III)-Catalyzed Chemospecific and Regiospecific [4+1] Annulation between Indoles and Alkenes for the Synthesis of Functionalized Imidazo[1,5- a]indoles. J Org Chem 2021; 86:10591-10607. [PMID: 34297561 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Exploiting internal alkenes embedded with an oxidizing function/leaving group as a rare and unconventional one-carbon unit, a redox-neutral rhodium(III)-catalyzed chemo- and regiospecific [4+1] annulation between indoles and alkenes for the synthesis of functionalized imidazo[1,5-a]indoles has been achieved. Internal alkenes employed here can fulfill an unusual [4+1] annulation rather than normal [4+2] annulation/C-H alkenylation. This method is characterized by excellent chemo- and regioselectivity, broad substrate scope, good functional group tolerance, good to high yields, and redox-neutral conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhao
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, P. R. China.,Jinhua Branch, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Jinhua 321007, P. R. China
| | - Jin Qiao
- Jinhua Branch, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Jinhua 321007, P. R. China
| | - Yangbin Lu
- Jinhua Branch, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Jinhua 321007, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoning Zhang
- Jinhua Branch, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Jinhua 321007, P. R. China
| | - Long Dai
- Jinhua Branch, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Jinhua 321007, P. R. China
| | - Siyu Liu
- Jinhua Branch, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Jinhua 321007, P. R. China
| | - Hangcheng Ni
- Jinhua Branch, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Jinhua 321007, P. R. China
| | - Xiuwen Jia
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China.,Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, the Institutes of Drug Discovery and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan 528400, P. R. China
| | - Shiyao Lu
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, P. R. China.,Jinhua Branch, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Jinhua 321007, P. R. China
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41
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Murugesan T, Sivarajan C, Jayakumari CM, Singh RK, Vennapusa SR, Kaliyamoorthy A. Palladium-Catalyzed Direct C2-Biarylation of Indoles. J Org Chem 2021; 86:10838-10851. [PMID: 34291945 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Biaryl and indole units are important structural motifs in several bioactive molecules and functional materials. We have accomplished straightforward access to C2-biarylated indole derivatives through palladium-catalyzed C-H activation strategy with a broad range of substrate scope in yields of 24 to 92%. Besides, the UV/visible absorption and fluorescence properties of the ensuing products were explored. The calculated higher dihedral angle and rotational barrier values for the selected C2-biarylated indoles show that these compounds may display atropisomerism at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamilarasu Murugesan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Kerala 695551, India
| | - Chinraj Sivarajan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Kerala 695551, India
| | - Chithra Mohan Jayakumari
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Kerala 695551, India
| | - Rajat Kumar Singh
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Kerala 695551, India
| | - Sivaranjana Reddy Vennapusa
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Kerala 695551, India
| | - Alagiri Kaliyamoorthy
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Kerala 695551, India
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42
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Regioselective 2-alkylation of indoles with α-bromo esters catalyzed by Pd/P,P=O system. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.06.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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43
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Sarkar T, Shah TA, Maharana PK, Talukdar K, Das BK, Punniyamurthy T. Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Directing Group Assisted (Hetero)aryl C-H Functionalization: Construction of C-C/C-Heteroatom Bonds. CHEM REC 2021; 21:3758-3778. [PMID: 34164920 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Transition-metal-catalyzed C-H functionalization is one of the fascinating scientific fronts in organic synthesis for the formation of conjugated arenes and has emerged as a benchmark to revolutionize the synthetic enterprise since past decades. In this realm, chelation-guided functionalization of C-H bonds using an exogenous directing group has received considerable attention recently for the expedient regioselective construction of C-C and C-heteroatom bonds as an efficient and sustainable alternative. This article outlines our contribution towards a wide variety of transformations that have been achieved by the directed C-H functionalization through the fine tuning of catalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanumay Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039
| | - Tariq A Shah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India
| | | | - Kangkan Talukdar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039
| | - Bijay Ketan Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039
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44
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Shi X, Wang Z, Li Y, Li X, Li X, Shi D. Palladium-Catalyzed Remote C-H Phosphonylation of Indoles at the C4 and C6 Positions by a Radical Approach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13871-13876. [PMID: 33851763 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202103395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed direct C-H activation of indole benzenoid moiety has been achieved in the past decade. However, palladium-catalyzed remote C-H activation of indoles is rare. Herein, we report a challenging palladium-catalyzed remote C4-H phosphonylation of indoles by a radical approach. The method provides access to a series of C4-phosphonylated indoles, including tryptophan and tryptophan-containing dipeptides, which are typically inaccessible by direct C4-H activation due to its heavy reliance on C3 directing groups. Notably, unexpected C6-phosphonylated indoles were obtained through blocking of the C4 position. The preliminary mechanistic studies indicated that the reactions may proceed via a C7-palladacycle/remote-activation process. Based on the strategy, examples of remote C4-H difluoromethylation with BrCF2 COOEt are also presented, suggesting that the strategy may offer a general blueprint for other cross-couplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Zemin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, and Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Yuxiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, and Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, and Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Xiangqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, and Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Dayong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, and Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, P. R. China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 168 Weihai Road, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, P. R. China
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45
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Shi X, Wang Z, Li Y, Li X, Li X, Shi D. Palladium‐Catalyzed Remote C−H Phosphonylation of Indoles at the C4 and C6 Positions by a Radical Approach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202103395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao 266071 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 101408 China
| | - Zemin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, and Marine Biotechnology Research Center Shandong University 72 Binhai Road Qingdao 266237 Shandong P. R. China
| | - Yuxiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, and Marine Biotechnology Research Center Shandong University 72 Binhai Road Qingdao 266237 Shandong P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, and Marine Biotechnology Research Center Shandong University 72 Binhai Road Qingdao 266237 Shandong P. R. China
| | - Xiangqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, and Marine Biotechnology Research Center Shandong University 72 Binhai Road Qingdao 266237 Shandong P. R. China
| | - Dayong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, and Marine Biotechnology Research Center Shandong University 72 Binhai Road Qingdao 266237 Shandong P. R. China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology 168 Weihai Road Qingdao 266237 Shandong P. R. China
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46
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Tali JA, Singh D, Kumar G, Shankar R. Regioselective Base‐controlled Pd‐catalyzed Arylation of Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines: leading selectivity at C8 position by N‐chelation over O‐chelation. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javeed Ahmad Tali
- Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry (NPMC) CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu 180001 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Jammu 180001 India
| | - Davinder Singh
- Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry (NPMC) CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu 180001 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Jammu 180001 India
| | - Gulshan Kumar
- Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry (NPMC) CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu 180001 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Jammu 180001 India
| | - Ravi Shankar
- Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry (NPMC) CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu 180001 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Jammu 180001 India
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47
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Kong L, Han X, Chen H, Sun H, Lan Y, Li X. Rhodium(II)-Catalyzed Regioselective Remote C–H Alkylation of Protic Indoles. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingheng Kong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University (SNNU), Xi’an 710062, China
| | - Xi Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University (SNNU), Xi’an 710062, China
| | - Haohua Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Huaming Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University (SNNU), Xi’an 710062, China
| | - Yu Lan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xingwei Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University (SNNU), Xi’an 710062, China
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48
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Wen J, Shi Z. From C4 to C7: Innovative Strategies for Site-Selective Functionalization of Indole C-H Bonds. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:1723-1736. [PMID: 33709705 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The widespread presence of hydrocarbons makes C-H functionalization an attractive alternative to traditional cross-coupling methods. As indole is an important heteroarene in a plethora of natural products and pharmaceuticals, C-H functionalization of indole moieties has emerged as one of the most important topics in this field. Due to the presence of multiple C-H bonds in indoles, site selectivity is a long-standing challenge. Much effort has been devoted to the C-H functionalization of indoles at the C3 or C2 position, while accessing the benzene core (from C4 to C7) is considerably more challenging.This Account summarizes our recent efforts toward site-selective C-H functionalization of indoles at the benzene core based on innovative strategies. A common method to solve the issue involves the development of directing groups (DGs). Our early studies establish that the installation of the N-P(O)tBu2 group at the N position can produce C7 and C6 arylation products using palladium and copper catalysts, respectively. The developed system can also be extended to direct arylation of indoles at the C5 and C4 positions by installing a pivaloyl group at the C3 position. Further investigation of indoles bearing N-PtBu2 groups shows a more diverse reactivity for C-H functionalizations at the C7 position, including arylation, olefination, acylation, alkylation, silylation, and carbonylation with different coupling partners. Compared to the P(V) DG, the P(III) group can be easily attached to the indole substrates and detached from the products. However, these attractive reactions rely mostly on precious metal catalysts with ligands; this requirement can be a significant limitation, particularly for large-scale syntheses and the necessity of removal of toxic trace metals in pharmaceutical products. We have also uncovered a general strategy for chelation-assisted aromatic C-H borylation just using simple BBr3 under mild conditions, in which the installation of pivaloyl groups at the N1 or C3 position of indoles can selectively deliver the boron species to the unfavorable C7 or C4 positions and allow subsequent C-H borylation without any metal. This transition-metal-free strategy can be extended to synthesize C7 and C4 hydroxylated indoles by boron-mediated directed C-H hydroxylation under mild reaction conditions and with broad functional group compatibility.In this Account, we describe our contributions to this topic since 2015. These studies provide efficient and attractive methods for the divergent synthesis of valuable substituted indoles and insights into the exploration of new strategies for the site-selective C-H functionalization and directives for other important heteroarenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zhuangzhi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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49
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Zou Y, Zhang B, Wang L, Zhang H. Benzoic Acid-Promoted C2-H Borylation of Indoles with Pinacolborane. Org Lett 2021; 23:2821-2825. [PMID: 33733795 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A benzoic acid-promoted C2-H borylation of indoles with pinacolborane to afford C2-borylated indoles is developed. Preliminary mechanistic studies indicate BH3-related borane species formed via the decomposition of pinacolborane to be the probable catalyst. This transformation provides a prompt route toward the synthesis of diverse C2-functionalized indoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youliang Zou
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education and Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China.,College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Binfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education and Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China.,College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education and Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China.,College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education and Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China.,College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
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50
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Weng Y, Ding B, Liu Y, Song C, Chan LY, Chiang CW. Late-Stage Photoredox C-H Amidation of N-Unprotected Indole Derivatives: Access to N-(Indol-2-yl)amides. Org Lett 2021; 23:2710-2714. [PMID: 33749289 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The late-stage functionalization of N-unprotected indoles can be useful for modifying low-molecular-weight drugs and bioactive peptides. Whereas indole carboxamides are valuable in pharmaceutical applications, the preparation N-(indol-2-yl)amides with similar structures continues to be challenging. Herein we report on visible-light-induced late-stage photoredox C-H amidation with N-unprotected indoles and tryptophan-containing peptides, leading to the formation of N-(indol-2-yl)amide derivatives. N-Unprotected indoles and aryloxyamides that contain an electron-withdrawing group could be coupled directly to eosin Y as the photocatalyst by irradiation with a green light-emitting diode at room temperature. Mechanistic studies and density functional theory calculations indicate that the transformation might proceed through the oxidative C-H functionalization of indole with a PS* to PS•- cycle. This protocol provides a new toolkit for the late-stage modification labeling and peptide-drug conjugation of N-unprotected indole derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Weng
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecule & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - Bo Ding
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P. R. China
| | - Yunqing Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P. R. China
| | - Chunlan Song
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P. R. China
| | - Lo-Ying Chan
- Department of Chemistry, Soochow University, No. 70, Linhsi Road, Shihlin District, Taipei 111002, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Wei Chiang
- Department of Chemistry, Soochow University, No. 70, Linhsi Road, Shihlin District, Taipei 111002, Taiwan
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