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Wu J, Wu JN, Chen T, Cai J, Ren R. Protein Aggregation and its Affecting Mechanisms in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Neurochem Int 2024:105880. [PMID: 39396709 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2024] [Revised: 10/09/2024] [Accepted: 10/11/2024] [Indexed: 10/15/2024]
Abstract
Protein aggregation serves as a critical pathological marker in a spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), including the formation of amyloid β (Aβ) and Tau neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease, as well as α-Synuclein (α-Syn) aggregates in Parkinson's disease, Parkinson's disease-related dementia (PDD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and multiple system atrophy (MSA). A significant proportion of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) exhibit TDP-43 aggregates. Moreover, a confluence of brain protein pathologies, such as Aβ, Tau, α-Syn, and TDP-43, has been identified in individual NDs cases, highlighting the intricate interplay among these proteins that is garnering heightened scrutiny. Importantly, protein aggregation is modulated by an array of factors, with burgeoning evidence suggesting that it frequently results from perturbations in protein homeostasis, influenced by the cellular membrane milieu, metal ion concentrations, post-translational modifications, and genetic mutations. This review delves into the pathological underpinnings of protein aggregation across various NDs and elucidates the intercommunication among disparate proteins within the same disease context. Additionally, we examine the pathogenic mechanisms by which diverse factors impinge upon protein aggregation, offering fresh perspectives for the future therapeutic intervention of NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyun Wu
- Neuroscience Care Unit, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Jia Nan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Neuroscience Care Unit, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Jing Cai
- Neuroscience Care Unit, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China.
| | - Reng Ren
- Neuroscience Care Unit, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China.
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2
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Yang Y, Zhang Z. α-Synuclein pathology from the body to the brain: so many seeds so close to the central soil. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1463-1472. [PMID: 38051888 PMCID: PMC10883481 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.387967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT α-Synuclein is a protein that mainly exists in the presynaptic terminals. Abnormal folding and accumulation of α-synuclein are found in several neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease. Aggregated and highly phosphorylated α-synuclein constitutes the main component of Lewy bodies in the brain, the pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease. For decades, much attention has been focused on the accumulation of α-synuclein in the brain parenchyma rather than considering Parkinson's disease as a systemic disease. Recent evidence demonstrates that, at least in some patients, the initial α-synuclein pathology originates in the peripheral organs and spreads to the brain. Injection of α-synuclein preformed fibrils into the gastrointestinal tract triggers the gut-to-brain propagation of α-synuclein pathology. However, whether α-synuclein pathology can occur spontaneously in peripheral organs independent of exogenous α-synuclein preformed fibrils or pathological α-synuclein leakage from the central nervous system remains under investigation. In this review, we aimed to summarize the role of peripheral α-synuclein pathology in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. We also discuss the pathways by which α-synuclein pathology spreads from the body to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunying Yang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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3
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Monteiro Neto JR, Lima VDA, Follmer C. Fibrillation of α-synuclein triggered by bacterial endotoxin and lipid vesicles is modulated by N-terminal acetylation and familial Parkinson's disease mutations. FEBS J 2024; 291:1151-1167. [PMID: 38069536 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that --Parkinson's disease (PD) may be initiated in the gastrointestinal tract, before manifesting in the central nervous system. In this respect, it was demonstrated that lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an endotoxin from gram-negative bacteria, accelerates the in vitro formation of α-synuclein (aSyn) fibrils, whose intracellular deposits is a histological hallmark of the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in PD. Herein, N-terminal acetylation and missense mutations of aSyn (A30P, A53T, E46K, H50Q and G51D) linked to rare, early-onset forms of familial PD were investigated regarding their effect on aSyn aggregation stimulated by either LPS or small unilamellar lipid vesicles (SUVs). Our findings indicated that LPS as well as SUVs induce the fibrillation of N-terminally acetylated wild-type aSyn (Ac-aSyn-WT) more remarkably than the non-acetylated protein, while the LPS-free protein alone did not undergo fibrillation under our assay conditions. In addition, with the exception of A30P, PD mutations increased the fibrillation of Ac-aSyn in the presence of LPS compared with Ac-aSyn-WT. The most pronounced effect of LPS was noticed for A53T, as observed when either Thioflavin-T or JC-1 were used as fluorescent probes for fibrils. Overall, our results suggest for the first time the existence of a synergy between LPS and PD mutations/N-terminal acetylation toward aSyn fibrillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Raphael Monteiro Neto
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vanderlei de Araújo Lima
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cristian Follmer
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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4
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Morimoto K, Juma KM, Yamagata M, Takita T, Kojima K, Suzuki K, Yanagihara I, Fujiwara S, Yasukawa K. Increase in the solubility of uvsY using a site saturation mutagenesis library for application in a lyophilized reagent for recombinase polymerase amplification. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:367. [PMID: 38411701 PMCID: PMC10899321 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09367-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recombinase uvsY from bacteriophage T4, along with uvsX, is a key enzyme for recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), which is used to amplify a target DNA sequence at a constant temperature. uvsY, though essential, poses solubility challenges, complicating the lyophilization of RPA reagents. This study aimed to enhance uvsY solubility. METHODS Our hypothesis centered on the C-terminal region of uvsY influencing solubility. To test this, we generated a site-saturation mutagenesis library for amino acid residues Lys91-Glu134 of the N-terminal (His)6-tagged uvsY. RESULTS Screening 480 clones identified A116H as the variant with superior solubility. Lyophilized RPA reagents featuring the uvsY variant A116H demonstrated enhanced performance compared to those with wild-type uvsY. CONCLUSIONS The uvsY variant A116H emerges as an appealing choice for RPA applications, offering improved solubility and heightened lyophilization feasibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Morimoto
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kevin Maafu Juma
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Masaya Yamagata
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Teisuke Takita
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kenji Kojima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University, Himeji, Hyogo, 670-8524, Japan
| | - Koichiro Suzuki
- The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Itaru Yanagihara
- Department of Developmental Medicine, Research Institute, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Izumi-Shi, Osaka, 594-1101, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Fujiwara
- Department of Biosciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei-Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1330, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Yasukawa
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
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5
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Chlebowicz J, Russ W, Chen D, Vega A, Vernino S, White CL, Rizo J, Joachimiak LA, Diamond MI. Saturation mutagenesis of α-synuclein reveals monomer fold that modulates aggregation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh3457. [PMID: 37889966 PMCID: PMC10610913 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh3457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
α-Synuclein (aSyn) aggregation underlies neurodegenerative synucleinopathies. aSyn seeds are proposed to replicate and propagate neuronal pathology like prions. Seeding of aSyn can be recapitulated in cellular systems of aSyn aggregation; however, the mechanism of aSyn seeding and its regulation are not well understood. We developed an mEos-based aSyn seeding assay and performed saturation mutagenesis to identify with single-residue resolution positive and negative regulators of aSyn aggregation. We not only found the core regions that govern aSyn aggregation but also identified mutants outside of the core that enhance aggregation. We identified local structure within the N terminus of aSyn that hinders the fibrillization propensity of its aggregation-prone core. Based on the screen, we designed a minimal aSyn fragment that shows a ~4-fold enhancement in seeding activity and enabled discrimination of synucleinopathies. Our study expands the basic knowledge of aSyn aggregation and advances the design of cellular systems of aSyn aggregation to diagnose synucleinopathies based on protein conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julita Chlebowicz
- Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - William Russ
- Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Evozyne Inc., Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dailu Chen
- Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Anthony Vega
- Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Steven Vernino
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Charles L. White
- Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Josep Rizo
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Lukasz A. Joachimiak
- Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Marc I. Diamond
- Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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6
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Roeters SJ, Strunge K, Pedersen KB, Golbek TW, Bregnhøj M, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Dong M, Nielsen J, Otzen DE, Schiøtt B, Weidner T. Elevated concentrations cause upright alpha-synuclein conformation at lipid interfaces. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5731. [PMID: 37723164 PMCID: PMC10507035 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39843-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The amyloid aggregation of α-synuclein (αS), related to Parkinson's disease, can be catalyzed by lipid membranes. Despite the importance of lipid surfaces, the 3D-structure and orientation of lipid-bound αS is still not known in detail. Here, we report interface-specific vibrational sum-frequency generation (VSFG) experiments that reveal how monomeric αS binds to an anionic lipid interface over a large range of αS-lipid ratios. To interpret the experimental data, we present a frame-selection method ("ViscaSelect") in which out-of-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations are used to generate structural hypotheses that are compared to experimental amide-I spectra via excitonic spectral calculations. At low and physiological αS concentrations, we derive flat-lying helical structures as previously reported. However, at elevated and potentially disease-related concentrations, a transition to interface-protruding αS structures occurs. Such an upright conformation promotes lateral interactions between αS monomers and may explain how lipid membranes catalyze the formation of αS amyloids at elevated protein concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Roeters
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Kris Strunge
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kasper B Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Thaddeus W Golbek
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Bregnhøj
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Yuge Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Yin Wang
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mingdong Dong
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Janni Nielsen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Daniel E Otzen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Birgit Schiøtt
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Tobias Weidner
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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7
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Xu B, Fan F, Liu Y, Liu Y, Zhou L, Yu H. Distinct Effects of Familial Parkinson's Disease-Associated Mutations on α-Synuclein Phase Separation and Amyloid Aggregation. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050726. [PMID: 37238596 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites are key pathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD). Single-point mutations associated with familial PD cause α-synuclein (α-Syn) aggregation, leading to the formation of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites. Recent studies suggest α-Syn nucleates through liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) to form amyloid aggregates in a condensate pathway. How PD-associated mutations affect α-Syn LLPS and its correlation with amyloid aggregation remains incompletely understood. Here, we examined the effects of five mutations identified in PD, A30P, E46K, H50Q, A53T, and A53E, on the phase separation of α-Syn. All other α-Syn mutants behave LLPS similarly to wild-type (WT) α-Syn, except that the E46K mutation substantially promotes the formation of α-Syn condensates. The mutant α-Syn droplets fuse to WT α-Syn droplets and recruit α-Syn monomers into their droplets. Our studies showed that α-Syn A30P, E46K, H50Q, and A53T mutations accelerated the formation of amyloid aggregates in the condensates. In contrast, the α-Syn A53E mutant retarded the aggregation during the liquid-to-solid phase transition. Finally, we observed that WT and mutant α-Syn formed condensates in the cells, whereas the E46K mutation apparently promoted the formation of condensates. These findings reveal that familial PD-associated mutations have divergent effects on α-Syn LLPS and amyloid aggregation in the phase-separated condensates, providing new insights into the pathogenesis of PD-associated α-Syn mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingkuan Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fengshuo Fan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yunpeng Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yinghui Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Nanjing Normal University Taizhou College, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Haijia Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
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8
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Ezzat K, Espay AJ. The allure and pitfalls of the prion-like aggregation in neurodegeneration. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 193:17-22. [PMID: 36803809 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-85555-6.00004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative disorders where the formation of amyloids is thought to be infectious by templating their conformation on to natively-folded counterparts. Postulated nearly four decades ago, the search for the mechanism behind the conformational templating has proceeded to no avail. Here, we extend the thermodynamic hypothesis of protein folding (Anfinsen's dogma) to the amyloid phenomenon and illustrate that the amyloid conformation (cross-β) is one of two conformational states that are thermodynamically accessible to any protein sequence depending on concentration. A protein spontaneously assumes its native conformation below supersaturation and the amyloid cross-β conformation above supersaturation. The information to adopt the native conformation and the amyloid conformation is present in the primary sequence and the backbone of the protein, respectively, and does not require templating. The rate-limiting step for proteins to adopt the cross-β conformation of amyloid is termed nucleation, which can be catalyzed by surfaces (heterogeneous nucleation) or preformed amyloid fragments (seeding). Irrespective of the nucleation pathway, once triggered, amyloid formation proceeds spontaneously in fractal-like fashion, where the surfaces of the growing fibrils act as heterogeneous nucleation catalysts for new fibrils, a phenomenon known as secondary nucleation. This pattern is in contrast to the linear growth assumptions that the prion hypothesis necessitates for faithful prion strain replication. Additionally, the cross-β conformation buries the majority of the protein side chain inside the fibrils, making the fibrils inert, generic, and extremely stable. As such, the source of toxicity in prion disorders may come to a greater extent from the loss of proteins in their normal, soluble, and therefore functional state rather than from their transformation into stable, insoluble, nonfunctioning amyloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kariem Ezzat
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Alberto J Espay
- James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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9
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Canever JB, Soares ES, de Avelar NCP, Cimarosti HI. Targeting α-synuclein post-translational modifications in Parkinson's disease. Behav Brain Res 2023; 439:114204. [PMID: 36372243 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway. Although the exact mechanisms underlying PD are still not completely understood, it is well accepted that α-synuclein plays key pathophysiological roles as the main constituent of the cytoplasmic inclusions known as Lewy bodies. Several post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as the best-known phosphorylation, target α-synuclein and are thus implicated in its physiological and pathological functions. In this review, we present (1) an overview of the pathophysiological roles of α-synuclein, (2) a descriptive analysis of α-synuclein PTMs, including phosphorylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, acetylation, glycation, truncation, and O-GlcNAcylation, as well as (3) a brief summary on α-synuclein PTMs as potential biomarkers for PD. A better understanding of α-synuclein PTMs is of paramount importance for elucidating the mechanisms underlying PD and can thus be expected to improve early detection and monitoring disease progression, as well as identify promising new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaquelini B Canever
- Post-Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Laboratory of Aging, Resources and Rheumatology, UFSC, Araranguá, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Ericks Sousa Soares
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmacology, UFSC, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Núbia C P de Avelar
- Laboratory of Aging, Resources and Rheumatology, UFSC, Araranguá, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Helena I Cimarosti
- Post-Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Pharmacology, UFSC, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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10
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Pedersen KB, Flores-Canales JC, Schiøtt B. Predicting molecular properties of α-synuclein using force fields for intrinsically disordered proteins. Proteins 2023; 91:47-61. [PMID: 35950933 PMCID: PMC10087257 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Independent force field validation is an essential practice to keep track of developments and for performing meaningful Molecular Dynamics simulations. In this work, atomistic force fields for intrinsically disordered proteins (IDP) are tested by simulating the archetypical IDP α-synuclein in solution for 2.5 μs. Four combinations of protein and water force fields were tested: ff19SB/OPC, ff19SB/TIP4P-D, ff03CMAP/TIP4P-D, and a99SB-disp/TIP4P-disp, with four independent repeat simulations for each combination. We compare our simulations to the results of a 73 μs simulation using the a99SB-disp/TIP4P-disp combination, provided by D. E. Shaw Research. From the trajectories, we predict a range of experimental observations of α-synuclein and compare them to literature data. This includes protein radius of gyration and hydration, intramolecular distances, NMR chemical shifts, and 3 J-couplings. Both ff19SB/TIP4P-D and a99SB-disp/TIP4P-disp produce extended conformational ensembles of α-synuclein that agree well with experimental radius of gyration and intramolecular distances while a99SB-disp/TIP4P-disp reproduces a balanced α-synuclein secondary structure content. It was found that ff19SB/OPC and ff03CMAP/TIP4P-D produce overly compact conformational ensembles and show discrepancies in the secondary structure content compared to the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Birgit Schiøtt
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
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11
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Pancoe SX, Wang YJ, Shimogawa M, Perez RM, Giannakoulias S, Petersson EJ. Effects of Mutations and Post-Translational Modifications on α-Synuclein In Vitro Aggregation. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167859. [PMID: 36270580 PMCID: PMC9922159 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Fibrillar aggregates of the α-synuclein (αS) protein are the hallmark of Parkinson's Disease and related neurodegenerative disorders. Characterization of the effects of mutations and post-translational modifications (PTMs) on the αS aggregation rate can provide insight into the mechanism of fibril formation, which remains elusive in spite of intense study. A comprehensive collection (375 examples) of mutant and PTM aggregation rate data measured using the fluorescent probe thioflavin T is presented, as well as a summary of the effects of fluorescent labeling on αS aggregation (20 examples). A curated set of 131 single mutant de novo aggregation experiments are normalized to wild type controls and analyzed in terms of structural data for the monomer and fibrillar forms of αS. These tabulated data serve as a resource to the community to help in interpretation of aggregation experiments and to potentially be used as inputs for computational models of aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha X Pancoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yanxin J Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Marie Shimogawa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ryann M Perez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sam Giannakoulias
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - E James Petersson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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12
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Buell AK. Stability matters, too - the thermodynamics of amyloid fibril formation. Chem Sci 2022; 13:10177-10192. [PMID: 36277637 PMCID: PMC9473512 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06782f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid fibrils are supramolecular homopolymers of proteins that play important roles in biological functions and disease. These objects have received an exponential increase in attention during the last few decades, due to their role in the aetiology of a range of severe disorders, most notably some of a neurodegenerative nature. While an overwhelming number of experimental studies exist that investigate how, and how fast, amyloid fibrils form and how their formation can be inhibited, a much more limited body of experimental work attempts to answer the question as to why these types of structures form (i.e. the thermodynamic driving force) and how stable they actually are. In this review, I attempt to give an overview of the types of experiments that have been performed to-date to answer these questions, and to summarise our current understanding of amyloid thermodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander K Buell
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine Søltofts Plads, Building 227 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
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13
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Xu B, Chen J, Liu Y. Curcumin Interacts with α-Synuclein Condensates To Inhibit Amyloid Aggregation under Phase Separation. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:30281-30290. [PMID: 36061735 PMCID: PMC9434619 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The amyloid aggregation of α-synuclein (α-Syn) is highly associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). Discovering α-Syn amyloid inhibitors is one of the strategies for PD therapies. Recent studies suggested that α-Syn undergoes phase separation to accelerate amyloid aggregation. Molecules modulating α-Syn phase separation or transition have the potential to regulate amyloid aggregation. Here, we discovered that curcumin, a small natural molecule, interacts with α-Syn during phase separation. Our study showed that curcumin neither affects the formation of α-Syn condensates nor influences the initial morphology of α-Syn condensates. However, curcumin decreases the fluidity of α-Syn inside the condensates and efficiently inhibits α-Syn from turning into an amyloid. It also inhibits the amyloid aggregations of PD disease-related α-Syn E46K and H50Q mutants under phase separation. Furthermore, curcumin can destabilize preformed α-Syn amyloid aggregates in the condensates. Together, our findings demonstrate that curcumin regulates α-Syn amyloid formation during protein phase separation and reveal that α-Syn amyloid aggregation under phase separation can be modulated by small molecules.
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Privat C, Madurga S, Mas F, Rubio-Martinez J. Molecular dynamics simulations of an α-synuclein NAC domain fragment with a ff14IDPSFF IDP-specific force field suggest β-sheet intermediate states of fibrillation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:18841-18853. [PMID: 35912724 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02042d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
For the discovery of treatments against synucleinopathies, it is necessary to unravel and fully understand the mechanism of fibrillation of proteins involved. Among them, α-synuclein (αS) plays a key role in the development of these diseases through its aggregation into oligomers found in Lewy bodies. However, its structural disorder as an intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) makes its characterization by experimental techniques arduously difficult. Atomistic simulations aim to provide insights into this blank canvas and, fortunately, some studies have already suggested promising mechanisms. Still, it is urgent to consider the IDP features in simulations, so recently a lot of force fields designed to deal with IDPs have been developed. In this study, we have carried out a total of 12 μs simulations of an αS core fragment using a popular ff14SB AMBER force field and the ff14IDPSFF variation that includes a grid-based energy correction map (CMAP) method. The predicted chemical shifts from the simulations and those measured from the αS protein in the NMR solution indicate that ff14IDPSFF reproduces the experimental data more accurately. Moreover, structural analysis exhibits opposite trends between secondary structure propensities. The ff14SB force field preserves the α-helices found in the micelle-bound αS structure, which is used as an initial conformation, while ff14IDPSFF stands out with increased structural disorder and the formation of β-sheets, which suggests that the IDP-specific force field can capture more suitable conformations representing the possible intermediate states of the fibrillation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Privat
- Department of Material Science and Physical Chemistry & Research Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTCUB), University of Barcelona, C/Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Sergio Madurga
- Department of Material Science and Physical Chemistry & Research Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTCUB), University of Barcelona, C/Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Francesc Mas
- Department of Material Science and Physical Chemistry & Research Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTCUB), University of Barcelona, C/Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jaime Rubio-Martinez
- Department of Material Science and Physical Chemistry & Research Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTCUB), University of Barcelona, C/Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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15
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Hua P, Zhao Y, Zeng Q, Li L, Ren J, Guo J, Tang B, Liu W. Genetic Analysis of Patients With Early-Onset Parkinson’s Disease in Eastern China. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:849462. [PMID: 35645773 PMCID: PMC9131032 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.849462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of early-onset Parkinson’s disease (EOPD). To date, more than 20 pathogenic genes associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD) have been identified. This study aims to explore the mutation spectrum of EOPD and the clinical characteristics of mutation carriers in eastern China. Methods We recruited 155 unrelated EOPD patients, including 8 familial and 147 sporadic EOPD (age at onset ≤ 50 years). Overall, 24 known PD-associated genes were detected by whole exome sequencing and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) from patient samples. The genetic and clinical characteristics of pathogenic/likely pathogenic (P/LP) loci in this cohort were analyzed. Results Overall, 14 (9.03%) patients were detected with P/LP variants distributed in seven genes. The most frequent mutation occurred in PRKN (7/155, 4.52%), followed by LRRK2 (2/155, 1.29%), SNCA, CHCHD2, TMEM230, DNAJC13 and PLA2G6 (1/155, 0.64%, respectively). Exon rearrangement mutations accounted for 57.9% (11/19) of all mutations in PRKN. Four novel variants were detected: c.14T > C (p.M5T) in SNCA, c.297C > A (p.Y99X) in CHCHD2, c.2578C > T (p.R860C) in DNAJC13 and c.4C > T (p.Q2X) in TMEM230. We found the first case of LRRK2 c.6055G > A (p.G2019S) mutation in Chinese population. The median onset age of patients with P/LP mutations in autosomal recessive genes (PRKN and PLA2G6) was about 18.0 years earlier than patients without mutation. The proportion of patients with mutations were 63.64%, 27.03% and 9.68% when patients were stratified according to the age of onset at ≤ 30, ≤ 40 and ≤ 50 years, respectively. Conclusion Early-onset Parkinson’s disease patients from eastern China present a regional specific mutation spectrum. Analysis of larger patient cohorts is required to support these findings, and mechanistic studies of the four novel missense/non-sense mutations will clarify their role in the pathogenicity of EOPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Hua
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuwen Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qian Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lanting Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingru Ren
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jifeng Guo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Centre for Medical Genetics, Xiangya Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Centre for Medical Genetics, Xiangya Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Beisha Tang,
| | - Weiguo Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Weiguo Liu,
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16
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Ezzat K, Sturchio A, Espay AJ. Proteins Do Not Replicate, They Precipitate: Phase Transition and Loss of Function Toxicity in Amyloid Pathologies. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11040535. [PMID: 35453734 PMCID: PMC9031251 DOI: 10.3390/biology11040535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protein aggregation into amyloid fibrils affects many proteins in a variety of diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, and cancer. Physicochemically, amyloid formation is a phase transition process, where soluble proteins are transformed into solid fibrils with the characteristic cross-β conformation responsible for their fibrillar morphology. This phase transition proceeds via an initial, rate-limiting nucleation step followed by rapid growth. Several well-defined nucleation pathways exist, including homogenous nucleation (HON), which proceeds spontaneously; heterogeneous nucleation (HEN), which is catalyzed by surfaces; and seeding via preformed nuclei. It has been hypothesized that amyloid aggregation represents a protein-only (nucleic-acid free) replication mechanism that involves transmission of structural information via conformational templating (the prion hypothesis). While the prion hypothesis still lacks mechanistic support, it is also incompatible with the fact that proteins can be induced to form amyloids in the absence of a proteinaceous species acting as a conformational template as in the case of HEN, which can be induced by lipid membranes (including viral envelopes) or polysaccharides. Additionally, while amyloids can be formed from any protein sequence and via different nucleation pathways, they invariably adopt the universal cross-β conformation; suggesting that such conformational change is a spontaneous folding event that is thermodynamically favorable under the conditions of supersaturation and phase transition and not a templated replication process. Finally, as the high stability of amyloids renders them relatively inert, toxicity in some amyloid pathologies might be more dependent on the loss of function from protein sequestration in the amyloid state rather than direct toxicity from the amyloid plaques themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kariem Ezzat
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 57 Stockholm, Sweden
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrea Sturchio
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuro Svenningsson, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden;
- James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA;
| | - Alberto J. Espay
- James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA;
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17
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Stress-inducible phosphoprotein 1 (HOP/STI1/STIP1) regulates the accumulation and toxicity of α-synuclein in vivo. Acta Neuropathol 2022; 144:881-910. [PMID: 36121476 PMCID: PMC9547791 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-022-02491-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The predominantly pre-synaptic intrinsically disordered protein α-synuclein is prone to misfolding and aggregation in synucleinopathies, such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Molecular chaperones play important roles in protein misfolding diseases and members of the chaperone machinery are often deposited in Lewy bodies. Here, we show that the Hsp90 co-chaperone STI1 co-immunoprecipitated α-synuclein, and co-deposited with Hsp90 and Hsp70 in insoluble protein fractions in two mouse models of α-synuclein misfolding. STI1 and Hsp90 also co-localized extensively with filamentous S129 phosphorylated α-synuclein in ubiquitin-positive inclusions. In PD human brains, STI1 transcripts were increased, and in neurologically healthy brains, STI1 and α-synuclein transcripts correlated. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analyses revealed direct interaction of α-synuclein with STI1 and indicated that the STI1 TPR2A, but not TPR1 or TPR2B domains, interacted with the C-terminal domain of α-synuclein. In vitro, the STI1 TPR2A domain facilitated S129 phosphorylation by Polo-like kinase 3. Moreover, mice over-expressing STI1 and Hsp90ß presented elevated α-synuclein S129 phosphorylation accompanied by inclusions when injected with α-synuclein pre-formed fibrils. In contrast, reduced STI1 function decreased protein inclusion formation, S129 α-synuclein phosphorylation, while mitigating motor and cognitive deficits as well as mesoscopic brain atrophy in α-synuclein-over-expressing mice. Our findings reveal a vicious cycle in which STI1 facilitates the generation and accumulation of toxic α-synuclein conformers, while α-synuclein-induced proteostatic stress increased insoluble STI1 and Hsp90.
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18
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Bhattacharya S, Xu L, Thompson D. Characterization of Amyloidogenic Peptide Aggregability in Helical Subspace. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2340:401-448. [PMID: 35167084 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1546-1_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Prototypical amyloidogenic peptides amyloid-β (Aβ) and α-synuclein (αS) can undergo helix-helix associations via partially folded helical conformers, which may influence pathological progression to Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), respectively. At the other extreme, stable folded helical conformers have been reported to resist self-assembly and amyloid formation. Experimental characterisation of such disparities in aggregation profiles due to subtle differences in peptide stabilities is precluded by the conformational heterogeneity of helical subspace. The diverse physical models used in molecular simulations allow sampling distinct regions of the phase space and are extensive in capturing the ensemble of rich helical subspace. Robust and powerful computational predictive methods utilizing network theory and free energy mapping can model the origin of helical population shifts in amyloidogenic peptides, which highlight their inherent aggregability. In this chapter, we discuss computational models, methods, design rules, and strategies to identify the driving force behind helical self-assembly and the molecular origin of aggregation resistance in helical intermediates of Aβ42 and αS. By extensive multiscale mapping of intrapeptide interactions, we show that the computational models can capture features that are otherwise imperceptible to experiments. Our models predict that targeting terminal residues may allow modulation and control of initial pathogenic aggregability of amyloidogenic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayon Bhattacharya
- Department of Physics, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Liang Xu
- Department of Physics, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Damien Thompson
- Department of Physics, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
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19
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Teng X, Sheveleva A, Tuna F, Willison KR, Ying L. Acetylation Rather than H50Q Mutation Impacts the Kinetics of Cu(II) Binding to α-Synuclein. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:2413-2419. [PMID: 34617653 PMCID: PMC9293329 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between α‐synuclein (αSyn) and Cu2+ has been suggested to be closely linked to brain copper homeostasis. Disruption of copper levels could induce misfolding and aggregation of αSyn, and thus contribute to the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). Understanding the molecular mechanism of αSyn‐Cu2+ interaction is important and controversies in Cu2+ coordination geometry with αSyn still exists. Herein, we find that the pathological H50Q mutation has no impact on the kinetics of Cu2+ binding to the high‐affinity site of wild type αSyn (WT‐αSyn), indicating the non‐involvement of His50 in high‐affinity Cu2+ binding to WT‐αSyn. In contrast, the physiological N‐terminally acetylated αSyn (NAc‐αSyn) displays several orders of magnitude weaker Cu2+ binding affinity than WT‐αSyn. Cu2+ coordination mode to NAc‐αSyn has also been proposed based on EPR spectrum. In addition, we find that Cu2+ coordinated WT‐αSyn is reduction‐active in the presence of GSH, but essentially inactive towards ascorbate. Our work provides new insights into αSyn‐Cu2+ interaction, which may help understand the multifaceted normal functions of αSyn as well as pathological consequences of αSyn aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Teng
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Alena Sheveleva
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Floriana Tuna
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Keith R Willison
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Liming Ying
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London, W12 0BZ, UK
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20
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Haque ME, Akther M, Azam S, Kim IS, Lin Y, Lee YH, Choi DK. Targeting α-synuclein aggregation and its role in mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:23-45. [PMID: 34528272 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lewy bodies that contain aggregated α-synuclein (α-syn) in the dopaminergic (DA) neuron are the main culprit behind neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). Besides, mitochondrial dysfunction has a well established and prominent role in the pathogenesis of PD. However, the exact mechanism by which α-syn causes dopaminergic neuronal loss was unclear. Recent evidence suggests that aggregated α-syn localises in the mitochondria and contributes to oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis in neurons. Therefore, the involvement of aggregated α-syn in mitochondrial dysfunction-mediated neuronal loss has made it an emerging drug target for the treatment of PD. However, the exact mechanism by which α-syn permeabilises through the mitochondrial membrane and affects the electron transport chain remains under investigation. In the present study, we describe mitochondria-α-syn interactions and how α-syn aggregation modulates mitochondrial homeostasis in PD pathogenesis. We also discuss recent therapeutic interventions targeting α-syn aggregation that may help researchers to design novel therapeutic treatments for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ezazul Haque
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, BK21 Program, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mahbuba Akther
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, BK21 Program, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea
| | - Shofiul Azam
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, BK21 Program, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Su Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Research Institute of Inflammatory Disease (RID), Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuxi Lin
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, Chung Buk, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ho Lee
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, Chung Buk, Republic of Korea.,Department of Bio-analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Research Headquarters, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kug Choi
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, BK21 Program, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Research Institute of Inflammatory Disease (RID), Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea
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21
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Genetics of synucleins in neurodegenerative diseases. Acta Neuropathol 2021; 141:471-490. [PMID: 32740728 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-020-02202-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The SNCA locus currently has an indisputable role in Parkinson's disease and other synucleinopathies. The role of genetic variability in the other members of the synuclein family (SNCB and SNCG) in disease is far less clear. In this review, we critically assess the pathogenicity, main characteristics, and roles of genetic variants in these genes reported to be causative of synucleinopathies. We also summarize the different association signals identified in the SNCA locus that have been associated with risk for disease. We take a bird's eye view of the variability currently reported in the general population for the three genes and use these data to infer on the potential relationship between each of the genes and human disease.
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22
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Jakubec M, Bariås E, Furse S, Govasli ML, George V, Turcu D, Iashchishyn IA, Morozova-Roche LA, Halskau Ø. Cholesterol-containing lipid nanodiscs promote an α-synuclein binding mode that accelerates oligomerization. FEBS J 2021; 288:1887-1905. [PMID: 32892498 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the biosynthesis of cholesterol and other lipids has been implicated in many neurological diseases, including Parkinson's disease. Misfolding of α-synuclein (α-Syn), the main actor in Parkinson's disease, is associated with changes in a lipid environment. However, the exact molecular mechanisms underlying cholesterol effect on α-Syn binding to lipids as well as α-Syn oligomerization and fibrillation remain elusive, as does the relative importance of cholesterol compared to other factors. We probed the interactions and fibrillation behaviour of α-Syn using styrene-maleic acid nanodiscs, containing zwitterionic and anionic lipid model systems with and without cholesterol. Surface plasmon resonance and thioflavin T fluorescence assays were employed to monitor α-Syn binding, as well as fibrillation in the absence and presence of membrane models. 1 H-15 N-correlated NMR was used to monitor the fold of α-Syn in response to nanodisc binding, determining individual residue apparent affinities for the nanodisc-contained bilayers. The addition of cholesterol inhibited α-Syn interaction with lipid bilayers and, however, significantly promoted α-Syn fibrillation, with a more than a 20-fold reduction of lag times before fibrillation onset. When α-Syn bilayer interactions were analysed at an individual residue level by solution-state NMR, we observed two different effects of cholesterol. In nanodiscs made of DOPC, the addition of cholesterol modulated the NAC part of α-Syn, leading to stronger interaction of this region with the lipid bilayer. In contrast, in the nanodiscs comprising DOPC, DOPE and DOPG, the NAC part was mostly unaffected by the presence of cholesterol, while the binding of the N and the C termini was both inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Jakubec
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Norway
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Espen Bariås
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Norway
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Samuel Furse
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Morten L Govasli
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Norway
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Norway
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Vinnit George
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Diana Turcu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Norway
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Igor A Iashchishyn
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Sweden
| | | | - Øyvind Halskau
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Norway
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Norway
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23
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Rawat P, Prabakaran R, Kumar S, Gromiha MM. AggreRATE-Pred: a mathematical model for the prediction of change in aggregation rate upon point mutation. Bioinformatics 2020; 36:1439-1444. [PMID: 31599925 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btz764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Protein aggregation is a major unsolved problem in biochemistry with implications for several human diseases, biotechnology and biomaterial sciences. A majority of sequence-structural properties known for their mechanistic roles in protein aggregation do not correlate well with the aggregation kinetics. This limits the practical utility of predictive algorithms. RESULTS We analyzed experimental data on 183 unique single point mutations that lead to change in aggregation rates for 23 polypeptides and proteins. Our initial mathematical model obtained a correlation coefficient of 0.43 between predicted and experimental change in aggregation rate upon mutation (P-value <0.0001). However, when the dataset was classified based on protein length and conformation at the mutation sites, the average correlation coefficient almost doubled to 0.82 (range: 0.74-0.87; P-value <0.0001). We observed that distinct sequence and structure-based properties determine protein aggregation kinetics in each class. In conclusion, the protein aggregation kinetics are impacted by local factors and not by global ones, such as overall three-dimensional protein fold, or mechanistic factors such as the presence of aggregation-prone regions. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION The web server is available at http://www.iitm.ac.in/bioinfo/aggrerate-pred/. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Rawat
- Protein Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600036, India
| | - R Prabakaran
- Protein Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600036, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Biotherapeutics Discovery, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceutical Inc. Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - M Michael Gromiha
- Protein Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600036, India.,Advanced Computational Drug Discovery Unit (ACDD), Tokyo Tech World Research Hub Initiative (WRHI), Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Japan
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24
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Adão R, Cruz PF, Vaz DC, Fonseca F, Pedersen JN, Ferreira-da-Silva F, Brito RM, Ramos CH, Otzen D, Keller S, Bastos M. DIBMA nanodiscs keep α-synuclein folded. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183314. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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25
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Tira R, De Cecco E, Rigamonti V, Santambrogio C, Barracchia CG, Munari F, Romeo A, Legname G, Prosperi D, Grandori R, Assfalg M. Dynamic molecular exchange and conformational transitions of alpha-synuclein at the nano-bio interface. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 154:206-216. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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26
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Raimondi S, Mangione PP, Verona G, Canetti D, Nocerino P, Marchese L, Piccarducci R, Mondani V, Faravelli G, Taylor GW, Gillmore JD, Corazza A, Pepys MB, Giorgetti S, Bellotti V. Comparative study of the stabilities of synthetic in vitro and natural ex vivo transthyretin amyloid fibrils. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:11379-11387. [PMID: 32571879 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic amyloidosis caused by extracellular deposition of insoluble fibrils derived from the pathological aggregation of circulating proteins, such as transthyretin, is a severe and usually fatal condition. Elucidation of the molecular pathogenic mechanism of the disease and discovery of effective therapies still represents a challenging medical issue. The in vitro preparation of amyloid fibrils that exhibit structural and biochemical properties closely similar to those of natural fibrils is central to improving our understanding of the biophysical basis of amyloid formation in vivo and may offer an important tool for drug discovery. Here, we compared the morphology and thermodynamic stability of natural transthyretin fibrils with those of fibrils generated in vitro either using the common acidification procedure or primed by limited selective cleavage by plasmin. The free energies for fibril formation were -12.36, -8.10, and -10.61 kcal mol-1, respectively. The fibrils generated via plasmin cleavage were more stable than those prepared at low pH and were thermodynamically and morphologically similar to natural fibrils extracted from human amyloidotic tissue. Determination of thermodynamic stability is an important tool that is complementary to other methods of structural comparison between ex vivo fibrils and fibrils generated in vitro Our finding that fibrils created via an in vitro amyloidogenic pathway are structurally similar to ex vivo human amyloid fibrils does not necessarily establish that the fibrillogenic pathway is the same for both, but it narrows the current knowledge gap between in vitro models and in vivo pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Raimondi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - P Patrizia Mangione
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Wolfson Drug Discovery Unit, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Guglielmo Verona
- Wolfson Drug Discovery Unit, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Canetti
- Wolfson Drug Discovery Unit, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paola Nocerino
- Wolfson Drug Discovery Unit, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Loredana Marchese
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Rebecca Piccarducci
- Wolfson Drug Discovery Unit, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Valentina Mondani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Wolfson Drug Discovery Unit, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giulia Faravelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Graham W Taylor
- Wolfson Drug Discovery Unit, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julian D Gillmore
- National Amyloidosis Centre, University College London and Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandra Corazza
- Wolfson Drug Discovery Unit, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Udine, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Rome, Italy
| | - Mark B Pepys
- Wolfson Drug Discovery Unit, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,National Amyloidosis Centre, University College London and Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sofia Giorgetti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy .,Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Rome, Italy
| | - Vittorio Bellotti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy .,Wolfson Drug Discovery Unit, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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27
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Salient Features of Monomeric Alpha-Synuclein Revealed by NMR Spectroscopy. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030428. [PMID: 32164323 PMCID: PMC7175124 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidating the structural details of proteins is highly valuable and important for the proper understanding of protein function. In the case of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs), however, obtaining the structural details is quite challenging, as the traditional structural biology tools have only limited use. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a unique experimental tool that provides ensemble conformations of IDPs at atomic resolution, and when studying IDPs, a slightly different experimental strategy needs to be employed than the one used for globular proteins. We address this point by reviewing many NMR investigations carried out on the α-synuclein protein, the aggregation of which is strongly correlated with Parkinson’s disease.
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28
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Vettore N, Buell AK. Thermodynamics of amyloid fibril formation from chemical depolymerization. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:26184-26194. [PMID: 31755512 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp04524d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid fibrils are homo-molecular protein polymers that play an important role in disease and biological function. While much is known about their kinetics and mechanisms of formation, the origin and magnitude of their thermodynamic stability has received significantly less attention. This is despite the fact that the thermodynamic stability of amyloid fibrils is an important determinant of their lifetimes and processing in vivo. Here we use depolymerization by chemical denaturants of amyloid fibrils of two different proteins (PI3K-SH3 and glucagon) at different concentrations and show that the previously applied isodesmic linear polymerization model is an oversimplification that does not capture the concentration dependence of chemical depolymerization of amyloid fibrils. We show that cooperative polymerization, which is compatible with the picture of amyloid formation as a nucleated polymerization process, is able to quantitatively describe the thermodynamic data. We use this combined experimental and conceptual framework in order to probe the ionic strength dependence of amyloid fibril stability. In combination with previously published data on the ionic strength dependence of amyloid fibril growth kinetics, our results provide strong evidence for the product-like nature of the transition state of amyloid fibril growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Vettore
- Institut for Physical Biology, Heinrich-Heine-Universitaet Duesseldorf, Universitaetstrasse 1, Duesseldorf, Germany
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29
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Structures of fibrils formed by α-synuclein hereditary disease mutant H50Q reveal new polymorphs. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2019; 26:1044-1052. [PMID: 31695184 PMCID: PMC6907165 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-019-0322-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Deposits of amyloid fibrils of α-synuclein are the histological hallmarks of Parkinson’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy, with hereditary mutations in α-synuclein linked to the first two of these conditions. Seeing the changes to the structures of amyloid fibrils bearing these mutations may help to understand these diseases. To this end, we determined the cryo-EM structures of α-synuclein fibrils containing the H50Q hereditary mutation. We find that the H50Q mutation results in two previously unobserved polymorphs of α-synuclein: Narrow and Wide Fibrils, formed from either one or two protofilaments, respectively. These structures recapitulate conserved features of the wild-type fold but reveal new structural elements including a previously unobserved hydrogen bond network and surprising new protofilament arrangements. The structures of the H50Q polymorphs help to rationalize the faster aggregation kinetics, higher seeding capacity in biosensor cells, and greater cytotoxicity we observe for H50Q compared to wild-type α-synuclein.
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30
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Dong C, Garen CR, Mercier P, Petersen NO, Woodside MT. Characterizing the inhibition of α-synuclein oligomerization by a pharmacological chaperone that prevents prion formation by the protein PrP. Protein Sci 2019; 28:1690-1702. [PMID: 31306510 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation of the disordered protein α-synuclein into amyloid fibrils is a central feature of synucleinopathies, neurodegenerative disorders that include Parkinson's disease. Small, pre-fibrillar oligomers of misfolded α-synuclein are thought to be the key toxic entities, and α-synuclein misfolding can propagate in a prion-like way. We explored whether a compound with anti-prion activity that can bind to unfolded parts of the protein PrP, the cyclic tetrapyrrole Fe-TMPyP, was also active against α-synuclein aggregation. Observing the initial stages of aggregation via fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy, we found that Fe-TMPyP inhibited small oligomer formation in a dose-dependent manner. Fe-TMPyP also inhibited the formation of mature amyloid fibrils in vitro, as detected by thioflavin T fluorescence. Isothermal titration calorimetry indicated Fe-TMPyP bound to monomeric α-synuclein with a stoichiometry of 2, and two-dimensional heteronuclear single quantum coherence NMR spectra revealed significant interactions between Fe-TMPyP and the C-terminus of the protein. These results suggest commonalities among aggregation mechanisms for α-synuclein and the prion protein may exist that can be exploited as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Dong
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Craig R Garen
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Pascal Mercier
- National High Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Centre (NANUC), Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nils O Petersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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31
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Yeboah F, Kim TE, Bill A, Dettmer U. Dynamic behaviors of α-synuclein and tau in the cellular context: New mechanistic insights and therapeutic opportunities in neurodegeneration. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 132:104543. [PMID: 31351173 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (αS) and tau have a lot in common. Dyshomeostasis and aggregation of both proteins are central in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases: Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, multi-system atrophy and other 'synucleinopathies' in the case of αS; Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, progressive supranuclear palsy and other 'tauopathies' in the case of tau. The aggregated states of αS and tau are found to be (hyper)phosphorylated, but the relevance of the phosphorylation in health or disease is not well understood. Both tau and αS are typically characterized as 'intrinsically disordered' proteins, while both engage in transient interactions with cellular components, thereby undergoing structural changes and context-specific folding. αS transiently binds to (synaptic) vesicles forming a membrane-induced amphipathic helix; tau transiently interacts with microtubules forming an 'extended structure'. The regulation and exact nature of the interactions are not fully understood. Here we review recent and previous insights into the dynamic, transient nature of αS and tau with regard to the mode of interaction with their targets, the dwell-time while bound, and the cis and trans factors underlying the frequent switching between bound and unbound states. These aspects are intimately linked to hypotheses on how subtle changes in the transient behaviors may trigger the earliest steps in the pathogenesis of the respective brain diseases. Based on a deeper understanding of transient αS and tau conformations in the cellular context, new therapeutic strategies may emerge, and it may become clearer why existing approaches have failed or how they could be optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Yeboah
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tae-Eun Kim
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anke Bill
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Ulf Dettmer
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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32
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Riederer P, Berg D, Casadei N, Cheng F, Classen J, Dresel C, Jost W, Krüger R, Müller T, Reichmann H, Rieß O, Storch A, Strobel S, van Eimeren T, Völker HU, Winkler J, Winklhofer KF, Wüllner U, Zunke F, Monoranu CM. α-Synuclein in Parkinson's disease: causal or bystander? J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 126:815-840. [PMID: 31240402 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-02025-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) comprises a spectrum of disorders with differing subtypes, the vast majority of which share Lewy bodies (LB) as a characteristic pathological hallmark. The process(es) underlying LB generation and its causal trigger molecules are not yet fully understood. α-Synuclein (α-syn) is a major component of LB and SNCA gene missense mutations or duplications/triplications are causal for rare hereditary forms of PD. As typical sporadic PD is associated with LB pathology, a factor of major importance is the study of the α-syn protein and its pathology. α-Syn pathology is, however, also evident in multiple system atrophy (MSA) and Lewy body disease (LBD), making it non-specific for PD. In addition, there is an overlap of these α-synucleinopathies with other protein-misfolding diseases. It has been proven that α-syn, phosphorylated tau protein (pτ), amyloid beta (Aβ) and other proteins show synergistic effects in the underlying pathogenic mechanisms. Multiple cell death mechanisms can induce pathological protein-cascades, but this can also be a reverse process. This holds true for the early phases of the disease process and especially for the progression of PD. In conclusion, while rare SNCA gene mutations are causal for a minority of familial PD patients, in sporadic PD (where common SNCA polymorphisms are the most consistent genetic risk factor across populations worldwide, accounting for 95% of PD patients) α-syn pathology is an important feature. Conversely, with regard to the etiopathogenesis of α-synucleinopathies PD, MSA and LBD, α-syn is rather a bystander contributing to multiple neurodegenerative processes, which overlap in their composition and individual strength. Therapeutic developments aiming to impact on α-syn pathology should take this fact into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Riederer
- Clinic and Policlinic for Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080, Würzburg, Germany. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of South Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Daniela Berg
- Department of Neurology, UKHS, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nicolas Casadei
- NGS Competence Center Tübingen, Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Fubo Cheng
- NGS Competence Center Tübingen, Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Joseph Classen
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Dresel
- Department of Neurology, Center for Movement Disorders, Neuroimaging Center Mainz, Clinical Neurophysiology, Forschungszentrum Translationale Neurowissenschaften (FTN), Rhein-Main-Neuronetz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Rejko Krüger
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, LCSB (Luxembourg Centre for Systems, Biomedicine), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette and Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg (CHL), Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,National Center for Excellence in Research, Parkinson's disease (NCER-PD), Parkinson Research Clinic, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Thomas Müller
- Department of Neurology, Alexianer St. Joseph Berlin-Weißensee, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heinz Reichmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Olaf Rieß
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Storch
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.,German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sabrina Strobel
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thilo van Eimeren
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Winkler
- Department Kopfkliniken, Molekulare Neurologie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Konstanze F Winklhofer
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ullrich Wüllner
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE Bonn), Bonn, Germany
| | - Friederike Zunke
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Camelia-Maria Monoranu
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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33
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Bhattacharya S, Xu L, Thompson D. Molecular Simulations Reveal Terminal Group Mediated Stabilization of Helical Conformers in Both Amyloid-β42 and α-Synuclein. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:2830-2842. [PMID: 30917651 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of partially structured helices in natively unfolded amyloid-β42 (Aβ42) and α-synuclein (αS) has been shown to accelerate fibrillation in the onset of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, respectively. At the other extreme, folded stable helical conformers have also been reported to resist amyloid formation. Recent studies indicate that amyloidogenic aggregation can be impeded using small molecules that stabilize the α-helical monomers and switch off the neurotoxic pathway. We predict a common intrapeptide route to stabilization based on the plasticity of helical conformations of Aβ42 and αS as assessed through extensive atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) computer simulations (∼36 μs) across ten distinct protein force field and water model combinations. Computed free energies and interaction maps (not obtainable from experiments alone) show that flexible terminal groups (N-terminus of Aβ42 and C-terminus of αS) show a tendency to stabilize folded helical conformations in both peptides via primary hydrophobic interactions with central hydrophobic domains, and secondary salt bridges with other domains. These interactions confer aggregation resistance by decreasing the population of partially structured helices and are absent in control simulations of complete unfolding. Computed helical stability is also significantly reduced in terminal-deleted variants. The models suggest new strategies to tackle neurodegeneration by rationally re-engineering terminal groups to optimize their predicted ability to deactivate helical monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayon Bhattacharya
- Department of Physics, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Liang Xu
- Department of Physics, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Damien Thompson
- Department of Physics, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
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34
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Abeyawardhane DL, Heitger DR, Fernández RD, Forney AK, Lucas HR. C-Terminal Cu II Coordination to α-Synuclein Enhances Aggregation. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:1402-1410. [PMID: 30384594 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The structurally dynamic amyloidogenic protein α-synuclein (αS) is universally recognized as a key player in Parkinson's disease (PD). Copper, which acts as a neuronal signaling agent, is also an effector of αS structure, aggregation, and localization in vivo. In humans, αS is known to carry an acetyl group on the starting methionine residue, capping the N-terminal free amine which was a known high-affinity CuII binding site. We now report the first detailed characterization data using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy to describe the CuII coordination modes of N-terminally acetylated αS (NAcαS). Through use of EPR hyperfine structure analyses and the Peisach-Blumberg correlation, an N3O1 binding mode was established that involves the single histidine residue at position 50 and a lower population of a second CuII-binding mode that may involve a C-terminal contribution. We additionally generated an N-terminally acetylated disease-relevant variant, NAcH50Q, that promotes a shift in the CuII binding site to the C-terminus of the protein. Moreover, fibrillar NAcH50Q-CuII exhibits enhanced parallel β-sheet character and increased hydrophobic surface area compared to NAcαS-CuII and to both protein variants that lack a coordinated cupric ion. The results presented herein demonstrate the differential impact of distinct CuII binding sites within NAcαS, revealing that C-terminal CuII binding exacerbates the structural consequences of the H50Q missense mutation. Likewise, the global structural modifications that result from N-terminal capping augment the properties of CuII coordination. Hence, consideration of the effect of CuII on NAcαS and NAcH50Q misfolding may shed light on the extrinsic or environmental factors that influence PD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Denver R. Heitger
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Ricardo D. Fernández
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Ashley K. Forney
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Heather R. Lucas
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
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35
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Ruf VC, Nübling GS, Willikens S, Shi S, Schmidt F, Levin J, Bötzel K, Kamp F, Giese A. Different Effects of α-Synuclein Mutants on Lipid Binding and Aggregation Detected by Single Molecule Fluorescence Spectroscopy and ThT Fluorescence-Based Measurements. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:1649-1659. [PMID: 30605594 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Six α-synuclein (aSyn) point mutations are currently known to be associated with familial parkinsonism: A30P, E46K, H50Q, G51D, A53E, and A53T. We performed a comprehensive in vitro analysis to study the impact of all aSyn mutations on lipid binding and aggregation behavior. Markedly reduced lipid binding of A30P, moderately attenuated binding of G51D, and only very slightly reduced binding for the other mutants were observed. A30P was particularly prone to form metal ion induced oligomers, whereas A53T exhibited only weak tendencies to form oligomers. In turn, fibril formation occurred rapidly in H50Q, G51D, and A53T, but only slowly in A30P, suggesting mutants prone to form oligomers tend to form fibrils to a lesser extent. This was supported by the observation that fibril formation of wild type aSyn, A30P, and A53T was impaired in the presence of ferric iron. Additionally, we found the aggregation kinetics of mixtures of A30P or A53T and wt aSyn to be determined by the faster aggregating aSyn variant. Our results implicate differential mechanisms playing a role in aSyn pathology on the molecular level. This might contribute to a better understanding of Parkinson's disease pathogenesis and provide potential links to develop prevention strategies and disease-modifying therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria C. Ruf
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Georg S. Nübling
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich 81377, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Sophia Willikens
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Song Shi
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Felix Schmidt
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Johannes Levin
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich 81377, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Kai Bötzel
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Frits Kamp
- Biomedical Center, Metabolic Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Armin Giese
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich 81377, Germany
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36
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Abeyawardhane DL, Fernández RD, Heitger DR, Crozier MK, Wolver JC, Lucas HR. Copper Induced Radical Dimerization of α-Synuclein Requires Histidine. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:17086-17094. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b08947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ricardo D. Fernández
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Denver R. Heitger
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Madeleine K. Crozier
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Julia C. Wolver
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Heather R. Lucas
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
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37
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An in-silico method for identifying aggregation rate enhancer and mitigator mutations in proteins. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 118:1157-1167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.06.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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38
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Terada M, Suzuki G, Nonaka T, Kametani F, Tamaoka A, Hasegawa M. The effect of truncation on prion-like properties of α-synuclein. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:13910-13920. [PMID: 30030380 PMCID: PMC6130941 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.001862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that α-synuclein (αS) aggregates in brains of individuals with Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies can spread in a prion-like manner. Although the initial αS nuclei are pivotal in determining αS fibril polymorphs and resulting phenotypes, it is not clear how the initial fibril seeds are generated. Previous studies have shown that αS truncation might have an important role in αS aggregation. However, little is known about how this truncation influences αS's propagation properties. In the present study, we generated αS fibrils from a series of truncated human αS constructs, characterized their structures and conformational stabilities, and investigated their ability to convert the conformation of full-length αS in vitro, in cultured cells, and in WT mice. We show that both C- and N-terminal truncations of human αS induce fibril polymorphs and exhibit different cross-seeding activities. N-terminally 10- or 30-residue-truncated human αS fibrils induced more abundant αS pathologies than WT fibrils in mice, whereas other truncated fibrils induced less abundant pathologies. Biochemical analyses of these truncated fibrils revealed that N-terminal 10- or 30-residue truncations of human αS change the fibril conformation in a manner that increases their structural compatibility with WT mouse αS fibrils and reduces their stability. C-terminally 20-residue-truncated fibrils displayed enhanced seeding activity in vitro Our findings imply that truncation of αS can influence its prion-like pathogenicity, resulting in phenotypic diversity of α-synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Terada
- From the Department of Dementia and Higher Brain Function, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan and
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Genjiro Suzuki
- From the Department of Dementia and Higher Brain Function, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan and
| | - Takashi Nonaka
- From the Department of Dementia and Higher Brain Function, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan and
| | - Fuyuki Kametani
- From the Department of Dementia and Higher Brain Function, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan and
| | - Akira Tamaoka
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Masato Hasegawa
- From the Department of Dementia and Higher Brain Function, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan and
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Pelay‐Gimeno M, Bange T, Hennig S, Grossmann TN. In Situ Cyclization of Native Proteins: Structure-Based Design of a Bicyclic Enzyme. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:11164-11170. [PMID: 29847004 PMCID: PMC6120448 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Increased tolerance of enzymes towards thermal and chemical stress is required for many applications and can be achieved by macrocyclization of the enzyme resulting in the stabilizing of its tertiary structure. Thus far, macrocyclization approaches utilize a very limited structural diversity, which complicates the design process. Herein, we report an approach that enables cyclization through the installation of modular crosslinks into native proteins composed entirely of proteinogenic amino acids. Our stabilization procedure involves the introduction of three surface-exposed cysteine residues, which are reacted with a triselectrophile, resulting in the in situ cyclization of the protein (INCYPRO). A bicyclic version of sortase A was designed that exhibits increased tolerance towards thermal as well as chemical denaturation, and proved to be efficient in protein labeling under denaturing conditions. In addition, we applied INCYPRO to the KIX domain, resulting in up to 24 °C increased thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pelay‐Gimeno
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical SciencesVU University AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 11081081 HZAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Tanja Bange
- Department of Mechanistic Cell BiologyMax-Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyOtto-Hahn-Str. 1144227DortmundGermany
- Department for Systems ChronobiologyLMU MunichGoethe-Str. 3180336MunichGermany
| | - Sven Hennig
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical SciencesVU University AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 11081081 HZAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Tom N. Grossmann
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical SciencesVU University AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 11081081 HZAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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Pelay-Gimeno M, Bange T, Hennig S, Grossmann TN. In Situ Cyclization of Native Proteins: Structure-Based Design of a Bicyclic Enzyme. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201804506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pelay-Gimeno
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences; VU University Amsterdam; De Boelelaan 1108 1081 HZ Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Tanja Bange
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology; Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology; Otto-Hahn-Str. 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
- Department for Systems Chronobiology; LMU Munich; Goethe-Str. 31 80336 Munich Germany
| | - Sven Hennig
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences; VU University Amsterdam; De Boelelaan 1108 1081 HZ Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Tom N. Grossmann
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences; VU University Amsterdam; De Boelelaan 1108 1081 HZ Amsterdam The Netherlands
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41
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Zeng XS, Geng WS, Jia JJ, Chen L, Zhang PP. Cellular and Molecular Basis of Neurodegeneration in Parkinson Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:109. [PMID: 29719505 PMCID: PMC5913322 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been 200 years since Parkinson disease (PD) was described by Dr. Parkinson in 1817. The disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease characterized by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Although the pathogenesis of PD is still unknown, the research findings from scientists are conducive to understand the pathological mechanisms. It is well accepted that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the onset of PD. In this review, we summarize the mutations of main seven genes (α-synuclein, LRRK2, PINK1, Parkin, DJ-1, VPS35 and GBA1) linked to PD, discuss the potential mechanisms for the loss of dopaminergic neurons (dopamine metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, impaired autophagy, and deregulation of immunity) in PD, and expect the development direction for treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Si Zeng
- College of Life Sciences, Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Wen-Shuo Geng
- College of Life Sciences, Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Jin-Jing Jia
- College of Life Sciences, Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Peng-Peng Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
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42
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Alpha-synuclein: Pathology, mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s disease. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 109:249-257. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Wördehoff MM, Shaykhalishahi H, Groß L, Gremer L, Stoldt M, Buell AK, Willbold D, Hoyer W. Opposed Effects of Dityrosine Formation in Soluble and Aggregated α-Synuclein on Fibril Growth. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:3018-3030. [PMID: 28918091 PMCID: PMC5637163 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. It is characterized by aggregation of the protein α-synuclein (α-syn) in Lewy bodies, mitochondrial dysfunction, and increased oxidative stress in the substantia nigra. Oxidative stress leads to several modifications of biomolecules including dityrosine (DiY) crosslinking in proteins, which has recently been detected in α-syn in Lewy bodies from Parkinson's disease patients. Here we report that α-syn is highly susceptible to ultraviolet-induced DiY formation. We investigated DiY formation of α-syn and nine tyrosine-to-alanine mutants and monitored its effect on α-syn fibril formation in vitro. Ultraviolet irradiation of intrinsically disordered α-syn generates DiY-modified monomers and dimers, which inhibit fibril formation of unmodified α-syn by interfering with fibril elongation. The inhibition depends on both the DiY group and its integration into α-syn. When preformed α-syn fibrils are crosslinked by DiY formation, they gain increased resistance to denaturation. DiY-stabilized α-syn fibrils retain their high seeding efficiency even after being exposed to denaturant concentrations that completely depolymerize non-crosslinked seeds. Oxidative stress-associated DiY crosslinking of α-syn therefore entails two opposing effects: (i) inhibition of aggregation by DiY-modified monomers and dimers, and (ii) stabilization of fibrillar aggregates against potential degradation mechanisms, which can lead to promotion of aggregation, especially in the presence of secondary nucleation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Wördehoff
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40204 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hamed Shaykhalishahi
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40204 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Luca Groß
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40204 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lothar Gremer
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40204 Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6), Structural Biochemistry, Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Matthias Stoldt
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40204 Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6), Structural Biochemistry, Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Alexander K Buell
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40204 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40204 Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6), Structural Biochemistry, Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hoyer
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40204 Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6), Structural Biochemistry, Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
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44
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Sanjeev A, Mattaparthi VSK. Computational investigation on the effects of H50Q and G51D mutations on the α-Synuclein aggregation propensity. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2017. [PMID: 28650719 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1347060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aggregation of α-synuclein is linked directly to the histopathology of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, several missense mutations present in the α-synuclein gene (SNCA) have been known to be associated with PD. Several studies have highlighted the effect of SNCA mutations on the α-synuclein aggregation, but their pathological roles are not completely established. In this study, we have focused on the effects of the recently discovered α-synuclein missense mutants (H50Q and G51D) on the aggregation using computational approaches. We performed all atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulation on these mutants and compared their conformational dynamics with Wild-Type (WT) α-synuclein. We noticed the solvent accessible surface area (SASA), radius of gyration, atomic fluctuations, and beta strand content to be higher in H50Q than G51D and WT. Using PDBSum online server; we analyzed the inter-molecular interactions that drive the association of monomeric units of H50Q, WT, and G51D in forming the respective homo-dimer. We noticed the interface area, number of interacting residues and binding free energy to be higher for H50Q homo-dimer than the WT and G51D homo-dimers. Our findings in this study suggest that in comparison to WT and G51D, H50Q mutation to have a positive effect on increasing the α-synuclein aggregation propensity. Hence, we see that H50Q and G51D mutation show conflicting effect on the aggregation propensity of α-synuclein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Airy Sanjeev
- a Molecular Modelling and Simulation Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology , Tezpur University , Tezpur , Assam 784 028 , India
| | - Venkata Satish Kumar Mattaparthi
- a Molecular Modelling and Simulation Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology , Tezpur University , Tezpur , Assam 784 028 , India
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45
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Mortezaei Z, Lanjanian H, Masoudi-Nejad A. Candidate novel long noncoding RNAs, MicroRNAs and putative drugs for Parkinson's disease using a robust and efficient genome-wide association study. Genomics 2017; 109:158-164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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46
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Duce JA, Wong BX, Durham H, Devedjian JC, Smith DP, Devos D. Post translational changes to α-synuclein control iron and dopamine trafficking; a concept for neuron vulnerability in Parkinson's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:45. [PMID: 28592304 PMCID: PMC5463308 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0186-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder, the aetiology of which remains elusive. The primary clinical feature of progressively impaired motor control is caused by a loss of midbrain substantia nigra dopamine neurons that have a high α-synuclein (α-syn) and iron content. α-Syn is a neuronal protein that is highly modified post-translationally and central to the Lewy body neuropathology of the disease. This review provides an overview of findings on the role post translational modifications to α-syn have in membrane binding and intracellular vesicle trafficking. Furthermore, we propose a concept in which acetylation and phosphorylation of α-syn modulate endocytic import of iron and vesicle transport of dopamine during normal physiology. Disregulated phosphorylation and oxidation of α-syn mediate iron and dopamine dependent oxidative stress through impaired cellular location and increase propensity for α-syn aggregation. The proposition highlights a connection between α-syn, iron and dopamine, three pathological components associated with disease progression in sporadic Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Duce
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK. .,Oxidation Biology Unit, the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Bruce X Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,Oxidation Biology Unit, the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Hannah Durham
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | | | - David P Smith
- Biomolecular Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield, UK
| | - David Devos
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Lille University, INSERM U1171, CHU of Lille, Lille, France
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47
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Uversky VN. Looking at the recent advances in understanding α-synuclein and its aggregation through the proteoform prism. F1000Res 2017; 6:525. [PMID: 28491292 PMCID: PMC5399969 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.10536.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite attracting the close attention of multiple researchers for the past 25 years, α-synuclein continues to be an enigma, hiding sacred truth related to its structure, function, and dysfunction, concealing mechanisms of its pathological spread within the affected brain during disease progression, and, above all, covering up the molecular mechanisms of its multipathogenicity, i.e. the ability to be associated with the pathogenesis of various diseases. The goal of this article is to present the most recent advances in understanding of this protein and its aggregation and to show that the remarkable structural, functional, and dysfunctional multifaceted nature of α-synuclein can be understood using the proteoform concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd. MDC07, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA.,Laboratory of New Methods in Biology, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, 7 Institutskaya St., 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russian Federation.,Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding Of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky Av., 194064 St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
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48
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Lucato CM, Lupton CJ, Halls ML, Ellisdon AM. Amyloidogenicity at a Distance: How Distal Protein Regions Modulate Aggregation in Disease. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:1289-1304. [PMID: 28342736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The misfolding of proteins to form amyloid is a key pathological feature of several progressive, and currently incurable, diseases. A mechanistic understanding of the pathway from soluble, native protein to insoluble amyloid is crucial for therapeutic design, and recent efforts have helped to elucidate the key molecular events that trigger protein misfolding. Generally, either global or local structural perturbations occur early in amyloidogenesis to expose aggregation-prone regions of the protein that can then self-associate to form toxic oligomers. Surprisingly, these initiating structural changes are often caused or influenced by protein regions distal to the classically amyloidogenic sequences. Understanding the importance of these distal regions in the pathogenic process has highlighted many remaining knowledge gaps regarding the precise molecular events that occur in classic aggregation pathways. In this review, we discuss how these distal regions can influence aggregation in disease and the recent technical and conceptual advances that have allowed this insight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Lucato
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Christopher J Lupton
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Michelle L Halls
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Andrew M Ellisdon
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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49
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De Franceschi G, Fecchio C, Sharon R, Schapira AHV, Proukakis C, Bellotti V, de Laureto PP. α-Synuclein structural features inhibit harmful polyunsaturated fatty acid oxidation, suggesting roles in neuroprotection. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:6927-6937. [PMID: 28232489 PMCID: PMC5409462 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.765149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (aS) is a protein abundant in presynaptic nerve terminals in Parkinson disease (PD) and is a major component of intracellular Lewy bodies, the pathological hallmark of neurodegenerative disorders such as PD. Accordingly, the relationships between aS structure, its interaction with lipids, and its involvement in neurodegeneration have attracted great interest. Previously, we reported on the interaction of aS with brain polyunsaturated fatty acids, in particular docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). aS acquires an α-helical secondary structure in the presence of DHA and, in turn, affects DHA structural and aggregative properties. Moreover, aS forms a covalent adduct with DHA. Here, we provide evidence that His-50 is the main site of this covalent modification. To better understand the role of His-50, we analyzed the effect of DHA on aS-derived species: a naturally occurring variant, H50Q; an oxidized aS in which all methionines are sulfoxides (aS4ox); a fully lysine-alkylated aS (acetyl-aS); and aS fibrils, testing their ability to be chemically modified by DHA. We show, by mass spectrometry and spectroscopic techniques, that H50Q and aS4ox are modified by DHA, whereas acetyl-aS is not. We correlated this modification with aS structural features, and we suggest a possible functional role of aS in sequestering the early peroxidation products of fatty acids, thereby reducing the level of highly reactive lipid species. Finally, we show that fibrillar aS loses almost 80% of its scavenging activity, thus lacking a potentially protective function. Our findings linking aS scavenging activity with brain lipid composition suggest a possible etiological mechanism in some neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia De Franceschi
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CRIBI, Biotechnology Centre, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Chiara Fecchio
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CRIBI, Biotechnology Centre, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Ronit Sharon
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, 9112102 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Anthony H V Schapira
- the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, NW32PF London, United Kingdom
| | - Christos Proukakis
- the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, NW32PF London, United Kingdom
| | - Vittorio Bellotti
- the Wolfson Drug Discovery Unit, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom, and.,the Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Patrizia Polverino de Laureto
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CRIBI, Biotechnology Centre, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy,
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50
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Fruhmann G, Seynnaeve D, Zheng J, Ven K, Molenberghs S, Wilms T, Liu B, Winderickx J, Franssens V. Yeast buddies helping to unravel the complexity of neurodegenerative disorders. Mech Ageing Dev 2017; 161:288-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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