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Amari C, Carletti M, Yan S, Michaud M, Salvaing J. Lipid droplets degradation mechanisms from microalgae to mammals, a comparative overview. Biochimie 2024:S0300-9084(24)00216-5. [PMID: 39299537 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are organelles composed of a hydrophobic core (mostly triacylglycerols and steryl esters) delineated by a lipid monolayer and found throughout the tree of life. LDs were seen for a long time as simple energy storage organelles but recent works highlighted their versatile roles in several fundamental cellular processes, particularly during stress response. LDs biogenesis occurs in the ER and their number and size can be dynamically regulated depending on their function, e.g. during development or stress. Understanding their biogenesis and degradation mechanisms is thus essential to better apprehend their roles. LDs degradation can occur in the cytosol by lipolysis or after their internalization into lytic compartments (e.g. vacuoles or lysosomes) using diverse mechanisms that depend on the considered organism, tissue, developmental stage or environmental condition. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge on the different LDs degradation pathways in several main phyla of model organisms, unicellular or pluricellular, photosynthetic or not (budding yeast, mammals, land plants and microalgae). We highlight the conservation of the main degradation pathways throughout evolution, but also the differences between organisms, or inside an organism between different organs. Finally, we discuss how this comparison can help to shed light on relationships between LDs degradation pathways and LDs functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chems Amari
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et Aux Energies Alternatives, IRIG, CEA-Grenoble, 17 Rue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France; Department of Chemistry, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Marta Carletti
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et Aux Energies Alternatives, IRIG, CEA-Grenoble, 17 Rue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Siqi Yan
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et Aux Energies Alternatives, IRIG, CEA-Grenoble, 17 Rue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Morgane Michaud
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et Aux Energies Alternatives, IRIG, CEA-Grenoble, 17 Rue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Juliette Salvaing
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et Aux Energies Alternatives, IRIG, CEA-Grenoble, 17 Rue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France.
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Koenig AB, Tan A, Abdelaal H, Monge F, Younossi ZM, Goodman ZD. Review article: Hepatic steatosis and its associations with acute and chronic liver diseases. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2024; 60:167-200. [PMID: 38845486 DOI: 10.1111/apt.18059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic steatosis is a common finding in liver histopathology and the hallmark of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), formerly known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), whose global prevalence is rising. AIMS To review the histopathology of hepatic steatosis and its mechanisms of development and to identify common and rare disease associations. METHODS We reviewed literature on the basic science of lipid droplet (LD) biology and clinical research on acute and chronic liver diseases associated with hepatic steatosis using the PubMed database. RESULTS A variety of genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of chronic hepatic steatosis or steatotic liver disease, which typically appears macrovesicular. Microvesicular steatosis is associated with acute mitochondrial dysfunction and liver failure. Fat metabolic processes in hepatocytes whose dysregulation leads to the development of steatosis include secretion of lipoprotein particles, uptake of remnant lipoprotein particles or free fatty acids from blood, de novo lipogenesis, oxidation of fatty acids, lipolysis and lipophagy. Hepatic insulin resistance is a key feature of MASLD. Seipin is a polyfunctional protein that facilitates LD biogenesis. Assembly of hepatitis C virus takes place on LD surfaces. LDs make important, functional contact with the endoplasmic reticulum and other organelles. CONCLUSIONS Diverse liver pathologies are associated with hepatic steatosis, with MASLD being the most important contributor. The biogenesis and dynamics of LDs in hepatocytes are complex and warrant further investigation. Organellar interfaces permit co-regulation of lipid metabolism to match generation of potentially toxic lipid species with their LD depot storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron B Koenig
- Beatty Liver and Obesity Research Program, Inova Health System, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
| | - Albert Tan
- Beatty Liver and Obesity Research Program, Inova Health System, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
- Center for Liver Diseases, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
| | - Hala Abdelaal
- Beatty Liver and Obesity Research Program, Inova Health System, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
- Center for Liver Diseases, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
| | - Fanny Monge
- Beatty Liver and Obesity Research Program, Inova Health System, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
- Center for Liver Diseases, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
| | - Zobair M Younossi
- Beatty Liver and Obesity Research Program, Inova Health System, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
- The Global NASH Council, Center for Outcomes Research in Liver Diseases, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Zachary D Goodman
- Beatty Liver and Obesity Research Program, Inova Health System, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
- Center for Liver Diseases, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
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Xing Z, Zhang Y, Kang H, Dong H, Zhu D, Liu Y, Sun C, Guo P, Hu B, Tan A. ABHD5 regulates midgut-specific lipid homeostasis in Bombyx mori. INSECT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 38841829 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Lipids are an important energy source and are utilized as substrates for various physiological processes in insects. Comparative gene identification 58 (CGI-58), also known as α/β hydrolase domain-containing 5 (ABHD5), is a highly conserved and multifunctional gene involved in regulating lipid metabolism and cellular energy balance in many organisms. However, the biological functions of ABHD5 in insects are poorly understood. In the current study, we describe the identification and characterization of the ABHD5 gene in the lepidopteran model insect, Bombyx mori. The tissue expression profile investigated using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) reveals that BmABHD5 is widely expressed in all tissues, with particularly high levels found in the midgut and testis. A binary transgenic CRISPR/Cas9 system was employed to conduct a functional analysis of BmABHD5, with the mutation of BmABHD5 leading to the dysregulation of lipid metabolism and excessive lipid accumulation in the larval midgut. Histological and physiological analysis further reveals a significant accumulation of lipid droplets in the midgut of mutant larvae. RNA-seq and RT-qPCR analysis showed that genes related to metabolic pathways were significantly affected by the absence of BmABHD5. Altogether, our data prove that BmABHD5 plays an important role in regulating tissue-specific lipid metabolism in the silkworm midgut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Xing
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hongxia Kang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hui Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dalin Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yutong Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chenxin Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Peilin Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Anjiang Tan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
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Guerrero-Santoro J, Morizane M, Oh SY, Mishima T, Goff JP, Bildirici I, Sadovsky E, Ouyang Y, Tyurin VA, Tyurina YY, Kagan VE, Sadovsky Y. The lipase cofactor CGI58 controls placental lipolysis. JCI Insight 2023; 8:168717. [PMID: 37212279 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.168717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In eutherians, the placenta plays a critical role in the uptake, storage, and metabolism of lipids. These processes govern the availability of fatty acids to the developing fetus, where inadequate supply has been associated with substandard fetal growth. Whereas lipid droplets are essential for the storage of neutral lipids in the placenta and many other tissues, the processes that regulate placental lipid droplet lipolysis remain largely unknown. To assess the role of triglyceride lipases and their cofactors in determining placental lipid droplet and lipid accumulation, we assessed the role of patatin like phospholipase domain containing 2 (PNPLA2) and comparative gene identification-58 (CGI58) in lipid droplet dynamics in the human and mouse placenta. While both proteins are expressed in the placenta, the absence of CGI58, not PNPLA2, markedly increased placental lipid and lipid droplet accumulation. These changes were reversed upon restoration of CGI58 levels selectively in the CGI58-deficient mouse placenta. Using co-immunoprecipitation, we found that, in addition to PNPLA2, PNPLA9 interacts with CGI58. PNPLA9 was dispensable for lipolysis in the mouse placenta yet contributed to lipolysis in human placental trophoblasts. Our findings establish a crucial role for CGI58 in placental lipid droplet dynamics and, by extension, in nutrient supply to the developing fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Guerrero-Santoro
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mayumi Morizane
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Soo-Young Oh
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Takuya Mishima
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Julie P Goff
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ibrahim Bildirici
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Elena Sadovsky
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yingshi Ouyang
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vladimir A Tyurin
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health
| | - Yulia Y Tyurina
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health
| | - Valerian E Kagan
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health
- Department of Chemistry
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology
- Department of Radiation Oncology; and
| | - Yoel Sadovsky
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Shu Q, Pan Y, Hu H. CGI-58 Protein Acts as a Positive Regulator of Triacylglycerol Accumulation in Phaeodactylum tricornutum. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 33:242-250. [PMID: 36524337 PMCID: PMC9998212 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2209.09029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Comparative gene identification-58 (CGI-58) is an activating protein of triacylglycerol (TAG) lipase. It has a variety of catalytic activities whereby it may play different roles in diverse organisms. In this study, a homolog of CGI-58 in Phaeodactylum tricornutum (PtCGI-58) was identified. PtCGI-58 was localized in mitochondria by GFP fusion protein analysis, which is different from the reported subcellular localization of CGI-58 in animals and plants. Respectively, PtCGI-58 overexpression resulted in increased neutral lipid content and TAG accumulation by 42-46% and 21-32%. Likewise, it also increased the relative content of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and in particular, the EPA content in TAGs almost doubled. Transcript levels of genes involved in de novo fatty acid synthesis and mitochondrial β-oxidation were significantly upregulated in PtCGI-58 overexpression strains compared with wild-type cells. Our findings suggest that PtCGI-58 may mediate the breakdown of lipids in mitochondria and the recycling of acyl chains derived from mitochondrial β-oxidation into TAG biosynthesis. Moreover, this study potentially illuminates new functions for CGI-58 in lipid homeostasis and provides a strategy to enrich EPA in algal TAGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Shu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Yufang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, P.R. China
| | - Hanhua Hu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, P.R. China
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Schratter M, Lass A, Radner FPW. ABHD5-A Regulator of Lipid Metabolism Essential for Diverse Cellular Functions. Metabolites 2022; 12:1015. [PMID: 36355098 PMCID: PMC9694394 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12111015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The α/β-Hydrolase domain-containing protein 5 (ABHD5; also known as comparative gene identification-58, or CGI-58) is the causative gene of the Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome (CDS), a disorder mainly characterized by systemic triacylglycerol accumulation and a severe defect in skin barrier function. The clinical phenotype of CDS patients and the characterization of global and tissue-specific ABHD5-deficient mouse strains have demonstrated that ABHD5 is a crucial regulator of lipid and energy homeostasis in various tissues. Although ABHD5 lacks intrinsic hydrolase activity, it functions as a co-activating enzyme of the patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing (PNPLA) protein family that is involved in triacylglycerol and glycerophospholipid, as well as sphingolipid and retinyl ester metabolism. Moreover, ABHD5 interacts with perilipins (PLINs) and fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs), which are important regulators of lipid homeostasis in adipose and non-adipose tissues. This review focuses on the multifaceted role of ABHD5 in modulating the function of key enzymes in lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Schratter
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Achim Lass
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Franz P. W. Radner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Kiener S, Wiener DJ, Hopke K, Diesel AB, Jagannathan V, Mauldin EA, Casal ML, Leeb T. ABHD5 frameshift deletion in Golden Retrievers with ichthyosis. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2022; 12:6428539. [PMID: 34791225 PMCID: PMC9210301 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ichthyoses are hereditary skin disorders characterized by the formation of scales and defects in the outermost layer of the epidermis. In dogs, at least six different breed-specific ichthyoses including a relatively common PNPLA1-related autosomal recessive ichthyosis in Golden Retrievers are known. In this study, we investigated 14 Golden Retrievers with scales that were not homozygous for the mutant PNPLA1 allele suggesting a genetically distinct new form of ichthyosis. Histopathological examinations showed lamellar, orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis, and mildly hyperplastic epidermis that led to the diagnosis of a nonepidermolytic ichthyosis. Combined linkage and homozygosity mapping in 14 cases and 30 nonaffected family members delimited a critical interval of ∼12.7 Mb on chromosome 23. Whole-genome sequencing of an affected dog revealed a single protein-changing variant within this region that was not present in 795 control genomes. The identified variant is a 14 bp deletion in the ABHD5 gene (c.1006_1019del), leading to a frameshift and altering the last 14 codons p.(Asp336Serfs*6). The genotypes at this variant showed perfect cosegregation with the ichthyosis phenotype in a large family comprising 14 cases and 72 controls. ABHD5 encodes an acyltransferase required for lipid metabolism. In humans, variants in ABHD5 cause Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome, a neutral lipid storage disease with ichthyosis. Our data in dogs together with the knowledge on the effects of ABHD5 variants in humans strongly suggest ABHD5:c.1006_1019del as candidate causative genetic variant for a new canine form of ichthyosis, which we propose to designate as Golden Retriever ichthyosis type 2 (ICH2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kiener
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
- Dermfocus, University of Bern, Bern 3001, Switzerland
| | - Dominique J Wiener
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX 77843-4467, USA
| | - Kaitlin Hopke
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
| | - Alison B Diesel
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
| | - Vidhya Jagannathan
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Elizabeth A Mauldin
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Margret L Casal
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tosso Leeb
- Corresponding author: Institute of Genetics, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3001 Bern, Switzerland.
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Quelhas da Costa R, Laranjeira F, Duarte Ribeiro I, Santos AF, Nery F. Dorfman-Chanarin Syndrome: A Rare Cause of Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease Related to Homozygosity of the Nonsense Mutation c.934C>T (p.R312*). GE-PORTUGUESE JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2021; 29:284-290. [PMID: 35979251 PMCID: PMC9274987 DOI: 10.1159/000517103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic associated fatty liver disease became the most common form of chronic liver disease, in the vast majority of the cases related to increased insulin resistance or metabolic dysregulation. Yet, other causes may be implied. We report the late diagnosis of Dorfman-Chanarin syndrome in a non-alcoholic steatohepatitis previously labeled cirrhotic middle-aged man, with consanguineous parents, complicated with hepatocellular carcinoma. Congenital ichthyosis, neurosensory hearing loss and elevated muscular enzymes hit on the track of Dorfman-Chanarin syndrome. The genetic analysis uncovered a first-time described homozygotic nonsense mutation in the ABHD5 gene, responsible for coding the ABHD5 protein. The patient was successfully submitted to liver transplantation. Inborn errors of metabolism are a rare cause of metabolic associated fatty liver disease, but they need to be kept in consideration in all patients who present with atypical clinical features. This shall raise the awareness of physicians to rare forms of presentation since it may imply not only a different prognosis, but also other actions, like particular therapies as liver transplantation due to related complications of cirrhosis, or familial screening.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco Laranjeira
- Unidade de Bioquímica Genética, Centro de Genética Médica Doutor Jacinto Magalhães, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Isaura Duarte Ribeiro
- Unidade de Bioquímica Genética, Centro de Genética Médica Doutor Jacinto Magalhães, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Filipe Santos
- Serviço de Hematologia Laboratorial, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipe Nery
- Serviço de Cuidados Intensivos − Unidade de Cuidados Intermédios Médico-Cirúrgica, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- EpiUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- *Filipe Nery,
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Bononi G, Tuccinardi T, Rizzolio F, Granchi C. α/β-Hydrolase Domain (ABHD) Inhibitors as New Potential Therapeutic Options against Lipid-Related Diseases. J Med Chem 2021; 64:9759-9785. [PMID: 34213320 PMCID: PMC8389839 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Much of the experimental evidence in the literature has linked altered lipid metabolism to severe diseases such as cancer, obesity, cardiovascular pathologies, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, targeting key effectors of the dysregulated lipid metabolism may represent an effective strategy to counteract these pathological conditions. In this context, α/β-hydrolase domain (ABHD) enzymes represent an important and diversified family of proteins, which are involved in the complex environment of lipid signaling, metabolism, and regulation. Moreover, some members of the ABHD family play an important role in the endocannabinoid system, being designated to terminate the signaling of the key endocannabinoid regulator 2-arachidonoylglycerol. This Perspective summarizes the research progress in the development of ABHD inhibitors and modulators: design strategies, structure-activity relationships, action mechanisms, and biological studies of the main ABHD ligands will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Bononi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Tiziano Tuccinardi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Flavio Rizzolio
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy.,Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University, 30123 Venezia, Italy
| | - Carlotta Granchi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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Landini A, Yu S, Gnecchi‐Ruscone GA, Abondio P, Ojeda‐Granados C, Sarno S, De Fanti S, Gentilini D, Di Blasio AM, Jin H, Nguyen TT, Romeo G, Prata C, Bortolini E, Luiselli D, Pettener D, Sazzini M. Genomic adaptations to cereal-based diets contribute to mitigate metabolic risk in some human populations of East Asian ancestry. Evol Appl 2021; 14:297-313. [PMID: 33664777 PMCID: PMC7896717 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoption of diets based on some cereals, especially on rice, signified an iconic change in nutritional habits for many Asian populations and a relevant challenge for their capability to maintain glucose homeostasis. Indeed, rice shows the highest carbohydrates content and glycemic index among the domesticated cereals and its usual ingestion represents a potential risk factor for developing insulin resistance and related metabolic diseases. Nevertheless, type 2 diabetes and obesity epidemiological patterns differ among Asian populations that rely on rice as a staple food, with higher diabetes prevalence and increased levels of central adiposity observed in people of South Asian ancestry rather than in East Asians. This may be at least partly due to the fact that populations from East Asian regions where wild rice or other cereals such as millet have been already consumed before their cultivation and/or were early domesticated have relied on these nutritional resources for a period long enough to have possibly evolved biological adaptations that counteract their detrimental side effects. To test such a hypothesis, we compared adaptive evolution of these populations with that of control groups from regions where the adoption of cereal-based diets occurred many thousand years later and which were identified from a genome-wide dataset including 2,379 individuals from 124 East Asian and South Asian populations. This revealed selective sweeps and polygenic adaptive mechanisms affecting functional pathways involved in fatty acids metabolism, cholesterol/triglycerides biosynthesis from carbohydrates, regulation of glucose homeostasis, and production of retinoic acid in Chinese Han and Tujia ethnic groups, as well as in people of Korean and Japanese ancestry. Accordingly, long-standing rice- and/or millet-based diets have possibly contributed to trigger the evolution of such biological adaptations, which might represent one of the factors that play a role in mitigating the metabolic risk of these East Asian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Landini
- Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology & Centre for Genome BiologyDepartment of Biological, Geological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
- Centre for Global Health ResearchUsher Institute of Population Health Sciences and InformaticsUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Shaobo Yu
- Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology & Centre for Genome BiologyDepartment of Biological, Geological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | | | - Paolo Abondio
- Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology & Centre for Genome BiologyDepartment of Biological, Geological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Claudia Ojeda‐Granados
- Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology & Centre for Genome BiologyDepartment of Biological, Geological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
- Department of Molecular Biology in MedicineCivil Hospital of Guadalajara “Fray Antonio Alcalde” and Health Sciences CenterUniversity of GuadalajaraGuadalajaraMexico
| | - Stefania Sarno
- Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology & Centre for Genome BiologyDepartment of Biological, Geological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Sara De Fanti
- Interdepartmental Centre Alma Mater Research Institute on Global Challenges and Climate ChangeUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Davide Gentilini
- Department of Brain and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of PaviaPaviaItaly
- Italian Auxologic Institute IRCCSCusano Milanino, MilanItaly
| | | | - Hanjun Jin
- Department of Biological SciencesCollege of Natural ScienceDankook UniversityCheonanSouth Korea
| | | | - Giovanni Romeo
- Medical Genetics UnitS. Orsola HospitalUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
- European School of Genetic MedicineItaly
| | - Cecilia Prata
- Department of Pharmacy and BiotechnologyUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | | | - Donata Luiselli
- Department of Cultural HeritageUniversity of BolognaRavennaItaly
| | - Davide Pettener
- Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology & Centre for Genome BiologyDepartment of Biological, Geological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Marco Sazzini
- Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology & Centre for Genome BiologyDepartment of Biological, Geological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
- Interdepartmental Centre Alma Mater Research Institute on Global Challenges and Climate ChangeUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
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11
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Adipocyte lipolysis: from molecular mechanisms of regulation to disease and therapeutics. Biochem J 2020; 477:985-1008. [PMID: 32168372 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) are stored safely in the form of triacylglycerol (TAG) in lipid droplet (LD) organelles by professional storage cells called adipocytes. These lipids are mobilized during adipocyte lipolysis, the fundamental process of hydrolyzing TAG to FAs for internal or systemic energy use. Our understanding of adipocyte lipolysis has greatly increased over the past 50 years from a basic enzymatic process to a dynamic regulatory one, involving the assembly and disassembly of protein complexes on the surface of LDs. These dynamic interactions are regulated by hormonal signals such as catecholamines and insulin which have opposing effects on lipolysis. Upon stimulation, patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 2 (PNPLA2)/adipocyte triglyceride lipase (ATGL), the rate limiting enzyme for TAG hydrolysis, is activated by the interaction with its co-activator, alpha/beta hydrolase domain-containing protein 5 (ABHD5), which is normally bound to perilipin 1 (PLIN1). Recently identified negative regulators of lipolysis include G0/G1 switch gene 2 (G0S2) and PNPLA3 which interact with PNPLA2 and ABHD5, respectively. This review focuses on the dynamic protein-protein interactions involved in lipolysis and discusses some of the emerging concepts in the control of lipolysis that include allosteric regulation and protein turnover. Furthermore, recent research demonstrates that many of the proteins involved in adipocyte lipolysis are multifunctional enzymes and that lipolysis can mediate homeostatic metabolic signals at both the cellular and whole-body level to promote inter-organ communication. Finally, adipocyte lipolysis is involved in various diseases such as cancer, type 2 diabetes and fatty liver disease, and targeting adipocyte lipolysis is of therapeutic interest.
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12
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FSH1 encodes lysophospholipase activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol Lett 2020; 43:279-286. [PMID: 32920715 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-020-03004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To elucidate the role of FSH1 (family of serine hydrolase) in lipid homeostasis. RESULTS Proteins in various species containing alpha/beta hydrolase domain are known to be involved in lipid metabolism. In silico analysis of the FSH1 gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed the presence of alpha/beta hydrolase domain (ABHD) and a lipase motif (GXSXG), however its function in lipid metabolism remained elusive. The overexpression of FSH1 in WT and fsh1Δ cells showed a significant reduction in the cellular phospholipid levels and an increase in the triacylglycerol levels and lipid droplet (LD) number. Furthermore, the purified recombinant protein Fsh1p was identified as a lysophospholipase that specifically acts on lysophosphatidylserine (LPS) and impacts the lipid homeostasis in S. cerevisiae. CONCLUSIONS These results depicted that Fsh1p has a role on lipid homeostasis and is a lysophospholipase that hydrolyzes lysophosphatidylserine (LPS).
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13
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Lu M, Tian X, Tian AL, Li C, Yan R, Xu L, Song X, Li X. A Novel α/β Hydrolase Domain Protein Derived From Haemonchus contortus Acts at the Parasite-Host Interface. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1388. [PMID: 32695121 PMCID: PMC7338770 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The α/β-hydrolase domain (ABHD) proteins belonging to α/β-hydrolase (ABH) superfamily are ubiquitously distributed throughout all the organisms, and their functional roles have been implicated in energy metabolism, cell signaling, growth and development. In our preliminary work, we identified a novel ABHD protein derived from Haemonchus contortus excretory-secretory (ES) proteins (HcESPs) that interacted with host T cells. Here, we demonstrated that H. contortus ABHD (HcABHD) protein, expressed in all life-cycle stages of H. contortus, is a mammalian ABHD17 homolog with immunodiagnostic utility and lipase activity. Given its catalytic activities and immunomodulatory potentials, we further investigated the functional diversity of HcABHD as an individual ES protein in parasite-host interactions. HcABHD protein may serve as depalmitoylase or thioesterase to suppress cell viability, inhibit cell proliferation, induce intrinsic and extrinsic T cell apoptosis, and cause cell cycle arrested at G1 phase. Moreover, recombinant HcABHD stimuli exerted critical controls on T cell cytokine production profiles, predominantly by inhibiting the secretions of interleukin (IL)-4, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) 1, and promoting IL-10 production. As the immunomodulator acting at the parasite-host interface, HcABHD protein may have potential applications for the vaccine development of therapeutic intervention. Together, these findings may help illuminate the molecular and particularly immunomodulatory aspects of ES proteins and contribute to an enhanced understanding of parasite immune evasion in H. contortus-host biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingmin Lu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaowei Tian
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ai-Ling Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Charles Li
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lixin Xu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaokai Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangrui Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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14
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White HM. ADSA Foundation Scholar Award: Influencing hepatic metabolism: Can nutrient partitioning be modulated to optimize metabolic health in the transition dairy cow? J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:6741-6750. [PMID: 32505406 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-18119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic de novo production of glucose and oxidation of fatty acids are critical in supporting milk production during the transition to lactation period. During this period of metabolic challenge, there is an increase in fatty acids taken up by the liver. Although the primary fate for these fatty acids is complete oxidation, alternative fates include incomplete oxidation via ketogenesis, storage within the liver as triglycerides (TG), and secretion of TG within very low density lipoproteins. Influencing the relative capacity of these pathways, and thus shifting nutrient partitioning, may allow for improved hepatic efficiency and metabolic health. Hepatic nutrient partitioning reflects complex regulation of key metabolic pathways by factors such as fatty acids and other substrates. Relative flux of fatty acid through oxidation or re-esterification to TG leads to the onset of metabolic disorders that are associated with negative production outcomes, such as hyperketonemia and fatty liver. Although recent work has focused on understanding how stored TG are lipolyzed for subsequent oxidation, the mechanism and regulation of this remains unclear. The source of mobilized fatty acids is similarly important, both in terms of amount and profile of fatty acids mobilized. There is likely a complex, coordinated whole-body response, given that fatty acids mobilized from adipose tissue affect hepatic regulation. Fatty acids mobilized from adipose tissue have regulatory effects on genes such as pyruvate carboxylase; however, in vivo work suggests there may also be other influences resulting in differential regulation between cows that subsequently develop sub-clinical ketosis and those that do not. Optimizing nutrient partitioning between critical metabolic pathways may allow for nutritional opportunities to reduce incidence of metabolic challenges and improve feed efficiency. Although further research is needed to continue refining our understanding of the intricate balance regulating hepatic metabolism, shifting nutrient partitioning may be key in supporting both efficiency and metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M White
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706.
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15
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Lundquist PK, Shivaiah KK, Espinoza-Corral R. Lipid droplets throughout the evolutionary tree. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 78:101029. [PMID: 32348789 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular lipid droplets are utilized for lipid storage and metabolism in organisms as evolutionarily diverse as animals, fungi, plants, bacteria, and archaea. These lipid droplets demonstrate great diversity in biological functions and protein and lipid compositions, yet fundamentally share common molecular and ultrastructural characteristics. Lipid droplet research has been largely fragmented across the diversity of lipid droplet classes and sub-classes. However, we suggest that there is great potential benefit to the lipid community in better integrating the lipid droplet research fields. To facilitate such integration, we survey the protein and lipid compositions, functional roles, and mechanisms of biogenesis across the breadth of lipid droplets studied throughout the natural world. We depict the big picture of lipid droplet biology, emphasizing shared characteristics and unique differences seen between different classes. In presenting the known diversity of lipid droplets side-by-side it becomes necessary to offer for the first time a consistent system of categorization and nomenclature. We propose a division into three primary classes that reflect their sub-cellular location: i) cytoplasmic lipid droplets (CYTO-LDs), that are present in the eukaryotic cytoplasm, ii) prokaryotic lipid droplets (PRO-LDs), that exist in the prokaryotic cytoplasm, and iii) plastid lipid droplets (PL-LDs), that are found in plant plastids, organelles of photosynthetic eukaryotes. Within each class there is a remarkable array of sub-classes displaying various sizes, shapes and compositions. A more integrated lipid droplet research field will provide opportunities to better build on discoveries and accelerate the pace of research in ways that have not been possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Lundquist
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Kiran-Kumar Shivaiah
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Roberto Espinoza-Corral
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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16
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The Puzzling Conservation and Diversification of Lipid Droplets from Bacteria to Eukaryotes. Results Probl Cell Differ 2020; 69:281-334. [PMID: 33263877 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-51849-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Membrane compartments are amongst the most fascinating markers of cell evolution from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, some being conserved and the others having emerged via a series of primary and secondary endosymbiosis events. Membrane compartments comprise the system limiting cells (one or two membranes in bacteria, a unique plasma membrane in eukaryotes) and a variety of internal vesicular, subspherical, tubular, or reticulated organelles. In eukaryotes, the internal membranes comprise on the one hand the general endomembrane system, a dynamic network including organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, the nuclear envelope, etc. and also the plasma membrane, which are linked via direct lateral connectivity (e.g. between the endoplasmic reticulum and the nuclear outer envelope membrane) or indirectly via vesicular trafficking. On the other hand, semi-autonomous organelles, i.e. mitochondria and chloroplasts, are disconnected from the endomembrane system and request vertical transmission following cell division. Membranes are organized as lipid bilayers in which proteins are embedded. The budding of some of these membranes, leading to the formation of the so-called lipid droplets (LDs) loaded with hydrophobic molecules, most notably triacylglycerol, is conserved in all clades. The evolution of eukaryotes is marked by the acquisition of mitochondria and simple plastids from Gram-positive bacteria by primary endosymbiosis events and the emergence of extremely complex plastids, collectively called secondary plastids, bounded by three to four membranes, following multiple and independent secondary endosymbiosis events. There is currently no consensus view of the evolution of LDs in the Tree of Life. Some features are conserved; others show a striking level of diversification. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the architecture, dynamics, and multitude of functions of the lipid droplets in prokaryotes and in eukaryotes deriving from primary and secondary endosymbiosis events.
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17
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Hehlert P, Hofferek V, Heier C, Eichmann TO, Riedel D, Rosenberg J, Takaćs A, Nagy HM, Oberer M, Zimmermann R, Kühnlein RP. The α/β-hydrolase domain-containing 4- and 5-related phospholipase Pummelig controls energy storage in Drosophila. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1365-1378. [PMID: 31164391 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m092817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Triglycerides (TGs) are the main energy storage form that accommodates changing organismal energy demands. In Drosophila melanogaster, the TG lipase Brummer is centrally important for body fat mobilization. Its gene brummer (bmm) encodes the ortholog of mammalian adipose TG lipase, which becomes activated by α/β-hydrolase domain-containing 5 (ABHD5/CGI-58), one member of the paralogous gene pair, α/β-hydrolase domain-containing 4 (ABHD4) and ABHD5 In Drosophila, the pummelig (puml) gene encodes the single sequence-related protein to mammalian ABHD4/ABHD5 with unknown function. We generated puml deletion mutant flies, that were short-lived as a result of lipid metabolism changes, stored excess body fat at the expense of glycogen, and exhibited ectopic fat storage with altered TG FA profile in the fly kidneys, called Malpighian tubules. TG accumulation in puml mutants was not associated with increased food intake but with elevated lipogenesis; starvation-induced lipid mobilization remained functional. Despite its structural similarity to mammalian ABHD5, Puml did not stimulate TG lipase activity of Bmm in vitro. Rather, Puml acted as a phospholipase that localized on lipid droplets, mitochondria, and peroxisomes. Together, these results show that the ABHD4/5 family member Puml is a versatile phospholipase that regulates Drosophila body fat storage and energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Hehlert
- Research Group Molecular Physiology Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Vinzenz Hofferek
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie Potsdam, Germany
| | - Christoph Heier
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas O Eichmann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dietmar Riedel
- Department of Structural Dynamics, Electron Microscopy, Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jonathan Rosenberg
- Research Group Molecular Physiology Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anna Takaćs
- Research Group Molecular Physiology Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Harald M Nagy
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Monika Oberer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed-Graz Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed-Graz Graz, Austria
| | - Ronald P Kühnlein
- Research Group Molecular Physiology Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Göttingen, Germany .,Institute of Molecular Biosciences University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed-Graz Graz, Austria
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18
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Yang A, Mottillo EP, Mladenovic-Lucas L, Zhou L, Granneman JG. Dynamic interactions of ABHD5 with PNPLA3 regulate triacylglycerol metabolism in brown adipocytes. Nat Metab 2019; 1:560-569. [PMID: 31497752 PMCID: PMC6730670 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-019-0066-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Patatin-Like Phospholipase Domain Containing 2 (PNPLA2)/Adipose Triglyceride Lipase (ATGL) and PNPLA3/Adiponutrin are close paralogs that appear to have opposite functions on triacylglycerol (TAG) mobilization and storage. PNPLA2/ATGL is a major triglyceride lipase in adipose tissue and liver, whereas a common human variant of PNPLA3, I148M, greatly increases risk of hepatosteatosis. Nonetheless, the function of PNPLA3 and the mechanism by which the I148M variant promotes TAG accumulation are poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that PNPLA3 strongly interacts with α/β hydrolase domain-containing 5 (ABHD5/CGI-58), an essential co-activator of PNPLA2/ATGL. Molecular imaging experiments demonstrate that PNPLA3 effectively competes with PNPLA2/ATGL for ABHD5, and that PNPLA3 I148M is more effective in this regard. Inducible overexpression of PNPLA3 I148M greatly suppressed PNPLA2/ATGL-dependent lipolysis and triggered massive TAG accumulation in brown adipocytes, and these effects were dependent on ABHD5. The interaction of PNPLA3 and ABHD5 can be regulated by fatty acid supplementation and synthetic ABHD5 ligands, raising the possibility that this interaction might be targeted for treatment of fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Yang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA 48201
- Co-first authors
| | - Emilio P. Mottillo
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA 48201
- Co-first authors
- Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to E.P.M. or J.G.G. (J.G.G.), (E.P.M.)
| | - Ljiljana Mladenovic-Lucas
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA 48201
| | - Li Zhou
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA 48201
| | - James G. Granneman
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA 48201
- Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to E.P.M. or J.G.G. (J.G.G.), (E.P.M.)
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19
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Xu J, Gu W, Ji K, Xu Z, Zhu H, Zheng W. Sequence analysis and structure prediction of ABHD16A and the roles of the ABHD family members in human disease. Open Biol 2019; 8:rsob.180017. [PMID: 29794032 PMCID: PMC5990648 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abhydrolase domain containing 16A (ABHD16A) is a member of the α/β hydrolase domain-containing (ABHD) protein family and is expressed in a variety of animal cells. Studies have shown that ABHD16A has acylglycerol lipase and phosphatidylserine lipase activities. Its gene location in the main histocompatibility complex (MHC) III gene cluster suggests that this protein may participate in the immunomodulation of the body. The results of studies investigating nearly 20 species of ABHDs reveal that the ABHD proteins are key factors in metabolic regulation and disease occurrence and development. In this paper, we summarize the related progress regarding the function of ABHD16A and other ABHD proteins. A prediction of the active sites and structural domains of ABHD16A and an analysis of the amino acid sites are included. Moreover, we analysed the amino acid sequences of the ABHD16A molecules in different species and provide an overview of the related functions and diseases associated with these proteins. The functions and diseases related to ABHD are systematically summarized and highlighted. Future research directions for studies investigating the functions and mechanisms of these proteins are also suggested. Further studies investigating the function of ABHD proteins may further confirm their positions as important determinants of lipid metabolism and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Weizhen Gu
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Ji
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Haihua Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China.,Henan Business Research Institute Co. Ltd, Zhengzhou, He'nan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenming Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
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20
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Kind L, Kursula P. Structural properties and role of the endocannabinoid lipases ABHD6 and ABHD12 in lipid signalling and disease. Amino Acids 2018; 51:151-174. [PMID: 30564946 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2682-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid (eCB) system is an important part of both the human central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral tissues. It is involved in the regulation of various physiological and neuronal processes and has been associated with various diseases. The eCB system is a complex network composed of receptor molecules, their cannabinoid ligands, and enzymes regulating the synthesis, release, uptake, and degradation of the signalling molecules. Although the eCB system and the molecular processes of eCB signalling have been studied extensively over the past decades, the involved molecules and underlying signalling mechanisms have not been described in full detail. An example pose the two poorly characterised eCB-degrading enzymes α/β-hydrolase domain protein six (ABHD6) and ABHD12, which have been shown to hydrolyse 2-arachidonoyl glycerol-the main eCB in the CNS. We review the current knowledge about the eCB system and the role of ABHD6 and ABHD12 within this important signalling system and associated diseases. Homology modelling and multiple sequence alignments highlight the structural features of the studied enzymes and their similarities, as well as the structural basis of disease-related ABHD12 mutations. However, homologies within the ABHD family are very low, and even the closest homologues have widely varying substrate preferences. Detailed experimental analyses at the molecular level will be necessary to understand these important enzymes in full detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kind
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Petri Kursula
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. .,Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
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21
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Zhang S, Wang L, Li S, Zhang W, Ma X, Cheng G, Yang W, Zan L. Identification of Potential Key Genes Associated with Adipogenesis through Integrated Analysis of Five Mouse Transcriptome Datasets. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113557. [PMID: 30424473 PMCID: PMC6274731 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is the most important energy metabolism and secretion organ, and these functions are conferred during the adipogenesis process. However, the cause and the molecular events underlying adipogenesis are still unclear. In this study, we performed integrated bioinformatics analyses to identify vital genes involved in adipogenesis and reveal potential molecular mechanisms. Five mouse high-throughput expression profile datasets were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database; these datasets contained 24 samples of 3T3-L1 cells during adipogenesis, including 12 undifferentiated samples and 12 differentiated samples. The five datasets were reanalyzed and integrated to select differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during adipogenesis via the robust rank aggregation (RRA) method. Functional annotation of these DEGs and mining of key genes were then performed. We also verified the expression levels of some potential key genes during adipogenesis. A total of 386 consistent DEGs were identified, with 230 upregulated genes and 156 downregulated genes. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis showed that the biological functions of the DEGs primarily included fat cell differentiation, lipid metabolic processes, and cell adhesion. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that these DEGs were mainly associated with metabolic pathways, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway, regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes, the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway, and the FoxO signaling pathway. The 30 most closely related genes among the DEGs were identified from the protein⁻protein interaction (PPI) network and verified by real-time quantification during 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation. In conclusion, we obtained a list of consistent DEGs during adipogenesis through integrated analysis, which may offer potential targets for the regulation of adipogenesis and treatment of adipose dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Li Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Shijun Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Wenzhen Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Xueyao Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Gong Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Wucai Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Linsen Zan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
- National Beef Cattle Improvement Center, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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22
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Zan X, Tang X, Chu L, Song Y. Dual Functions of Lip6 and Its Regulation of Lipid Metabolism in the Oleaginous Fungus Mucor circinelloides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:2796-2804. [PMID: 29486557 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b06024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although multiple roles of lipases have been reported in yeasts and microalgae, the functions of lipases have not been studied in oleaginous filamentous fungi. Lipase Lip6 has been reported in the oleaginous filamentous fungus Mucor circinelloides with the consensus lipase motif GXSXG and the typical acyltransferase motif of H-(X)4-D. To demonstrate that Lip6 might play dual roles as a lipase and an acyltransferase, we performed site-directed mutagenesis in the lipase motif and the acyltransferase motif of Lip6. Mutation in the lipase motif increased cell biomass by 12%-18% and promoted lipid accumulation by 9%-24%, while mutation in the acyltransferase motif induced lipid degradation. In vitro, purified Lip6 had a slight lipase activity but had a stronger phospholipid:DAG acyltransferase activity. Enzyme activity assays in vivo and phospholipid synthesis pathway analysis suggested that phosphatidyl serine and phosphatidyl ethanolamine can be the supplier of a fatty acyl moiety to form TAG in M. circinelloides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Zan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , P.R. China
| | - Xin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , P.R. China
| | - Linfang Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , P.R. China
| | - Yuanda Song
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , P.R. China
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science , Shandong University of Technology , Zibo 255000 , P.R. China
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PrLPAAT4, a Putative Lysophosphatidic Acid Acyltransferase from Paeonia rockii, Plays an Important Role in Seed Fatty Acid Biosynthesis. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101694. [PMID: 28994730 PMCID: PMC6151692 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferases (LPAATs) are essential for the acylation of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and the synthesis of phosphatidic acid (PA), a key intermediate in the synthesis of membrane phospholipids and storage lipids. Here, a putative lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase gene, designated PrLPAAT4, was isolated from seed unsaturated fatty acid (UFA)-rich P. rockii. The complete PrLPAAT4 cDNA contained a 1116-bp open reading frame (ORF), encoding a 42.9 kDa protein with 371 amino acid residues. Bioinformatic analysis indicates that PrLPAAT4 is a plasma membrane protein belonging to acyl-CoA:1-acylglycerol-sn-3-phosphate acyltranferases (AGPAT) family. PrLPAAT4 shared high sequence similarity with its homologs from Citrus clementina, Populus trichocarpa, Manihot esculenta, and Ricinus communis. In Arabidopsis, overexpression of PrLPAAT4 resulted in a significant increase in the content of oleic acid (OA) and total fatty acids (FAs) in seeds. AtDGAT1, AtGPAT9, and AtOleosin, involved in TAG assembly, were upregulated in PrLPAAT4-overexpressing lines. These results indicated that PrLPAAT4 functions may be as a positive regulator in seed FA biosynthesis.
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24
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Zechner R, Madeo F, Kratky D. Cytosolic lipolysis and lipophagy: two sides of the same coin. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2017; 18:671-684. [DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2017.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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25
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Critical roles for α/β hydrolase domain 5 (ABHD5)/comparative gene identification-58 (CGI-58) at the lipid droplet interface and beyond. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:1233-1241. [PMID: 28827091 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding comparative gene identification 58 (CGI-58), also known as α β hydrolase domain-containing 5 (ABHD5), cause neutral lipid storage disorder with ichthyosis (NLSDI). This inborn error in metabolism is characterized by ectopic accumulation of triacylglycerols (TAG) within cytoplasmic lipid droplets in multiple cell types. Studies over the past decade have clearly demonstrated that CGI-58 is a potent regulator of TAG hydrolysis in the disease-relevant cell types. However, despite the reproducible genetic link between CGI-58 mutations and TAG storage, the molecular mechanisms by which CGI-58 regulates TAG hydrolysis are still incompletely understood. It is clear that CGI-58 can regulate TAG hydrolysis by activating the major TAG hydrolase adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), yet CGI-58 can also regulate lipid metabolism via mechanisms that do not involve ATGL. This review highlights recent progress made in defining the physiologic and biochemical function of CGI-58, and its broader role in energy homeostasis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Recent Advances in Lipid Droplet Biology edited by Rosalind Coleman and Matthijs Hesselink.
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26
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Onal G, Kutlu O, Gozuacik D, Dokmeci Emre S. Lipid Droplets in Health and Disease. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:128. [PMID: 28662670 PMCID: PMC5492776 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0521-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are essential building blocks synthesized by complex molecular pathways and deposited as lipid droplets (LDs) in cells. LDs are evolutionary conserved organelles found in almost all organisms, from bacteria to mammals. They are composed of a hydrophobic neutral lipid core surrounding by a phospholipid monolayer membrane with various decorating proteins. Degradation of LDs provide metabolic energy for divergent cellular processes such as membrane synthesis and molecular signaling. Lipolysis and autophagy are two main catabolic pathways of LDs, which regulate lipid metabolism and, thereby, closely engaged in many pathological conditons. In this review, we first provide an overview of the current knowledge on the structural properties and the biogenesis of LDs. We further focus on the recent findings of their catabolic mechanism by lipolysis and autophagy as well as their connection ragarding the regulation and function. Moreover, we discuss the relevance of LDs and their catabolism-dependent pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Onal
- Department of Medical Biology, Hacettepe University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Kutlu
- Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM) & Center of Excellence for Functional Surfaces and Interfaces for Nano Diagnostics (EFSUN), Sabanci University, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Devrim Gozuacik
- Molecular Biology, Genetics, and Bioengineering Program & Center of Excellence for Functional Surfaces and Interfaces for Nano Diagnostics (EFSUN), Sabanci University, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serap Dokmeci Emre
- Department of Medical Biology, Hacettepe University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
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27
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Arya M, Srinivasan M, Rajasekharan R. Human alpha beta hydrolase domain containing protein 11 and its yeast homolog are lipid hydrolases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 487:875-880. [PMID: 28465236 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.04.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian alpha/beta hydrolase domain (ABHD) family of proteins have emerged as key regulators of lipid metabolism and are found to be associated with human diseases. Human α/β-hydrolase domain containing protein 11 (ABHD11) has recently been predicted as a potential biomarker for human lung adenocarcinoma. In silico analyses of the ABHD11 protein sequence revealed the presence of a conserved lipase motif GXSXG. However, the role of ABHD11 in lipid metabolism is not known. To understand the biological function of ABHD11, we heterologously expressed the human ABHD11 in budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In vivo [14C]acetate labeling of cellular lipids in yeast cells overexpressing ABHD11 showed a decrease in triacylglycerol content. Overexpression of ABHD11 also alters the molecular species of triacylglycerol in yeast. Similar activity was observed in its yeast homolog, Ygr031w. The role of the conserved lipase motif in the hydrolase activity was proven by the mutation of all conserved amino acid residues of GXSXG motif. Collectively, our results demonstrate that human ABHD11 and its yeast homolog YGR031W have a pivotal role in the lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuri Arya
- Lipidomic Centre, Department of Lipid Science, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Mysore 570020, Karnataka, India
| | - Malathi Srinivasan
- Lipidomic Centre, Department of Lipid Science, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Mysore 570020, Karnataka, India
| | - Ram Rajasekharan
- Lipidomic Centre, Department of Lipid Science, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Mysore 570020, Karnataka, India.
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28
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Zhang QY, Niu LX, Yu R, Zhang XX, Bai ZZ, Duan K, Gao QH, Zhang YL. Cloning, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of a Gene Encoding a Putative Lysophosphatidic Acid Acyltransferase from Seeds of Paeonia rockii. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 182:721-741. [PMID: 27987185 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2357-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tree peony (Paeonia section Moutan DC.) is an excellent woody oil crop, and the cloning and functional analysis of genes related to fatty acid (FA) metabolism from this organism has not been reported. Lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAAT), which converts lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) to phosphatidic acid (PA), catalyzes the addition of fatty acyl moieties to the sn-2 position of the LPA glycerol backbone in triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis. This project reports a putative lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase gene PrLPAAT1 isolated from Paeonia rockii. Our data indicated that PrLPAAT1 has 1047 nucleotides and encodes a putative 38.8 kDa protein with 348 amino acid residues. Bioinformatic analysis demonstrated that PrLPAAT1 contains two transmembrane domains (TMDs). Subcellular localization analysis confirmed that PrLPAAT1 is a plasma membrane protein. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that PrLPAAT1 shared 74.3 and 65.5% amino acid sequence identities with the LPAAT1 sequences from columbine and grape, respectively. PrLPAAT1 belongs to AGPAT family, and may have acyltransferase activity. PrLPAAT1 was ubiquitously expressed in diverse tissues, and PrLPAAT1 expression was higher in the flower and developing seed. PrLPAAT1 is probably an important component in the FA accumulation process, especially during the early stages of seed development. PrLPAAT1 overexpression using a seed-specific promoter increased total FA content and the main FA accumulation in Arabidopsis transgenic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Yu Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Li-Xin Niu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Rui Yu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zhang-Zhen Bai
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Ke Duan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS), Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Qing-Hua Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS), Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Yan-Long Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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29
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Maternal obesity modulates intracellular lipid turnover in the human term placenta. Int J Obes (Lond) 2016; 41:317-323. [PMID: 27780978 PMCID: PMC5309341 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity before pregnancy is associated with impaired metabolic status of the mother and the offspring later in life. These adverse effects have been attributed to epigenetic changes in utero, but little is known about the role of placental metabolism and its contribution to fetal development. OBJECTIVES We examined the impact of maternal pre-pregnancy obesity on the expression of genes involved in placental lipid metabolism in lean and obese women. SUBJECTS/METHODS Seventy-three lean and obese women with healthy pregnancy were recruited at term elective cesarean delivery. Metabolic parameters were measured on maternal venous blood samples. Expression of 88 genes involved in lipid metabolism was measured in whole placenta tissue. Proteins of genes differently expressed in response to maternal obesity were quantified, correlated with maternal parameters and immunolocalized in placenta sections. Isolated primary trophoblasts were used for in vitro assays. RESULTS Triglyceride (TG) content was increased in placental tissue of obese (1.10, CI 1.04-1.24 mg g-1, P<0.05) vs lean (0.84, CI 0.72-1.02 mg g-1) women. Among target genes examined, six showed positive correlation (P<0.05) with maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, namely ATGL (PNPLA2), FATP1 (SLC27A1), FATP3 (SLC27A3), PLIN2, PPARG and CGI-58 (ABHD5). CGI-58 protein abundance was twofold higher (P<0.001) in placentas of obese vs lean women. CGI-58 protein levels correlated positively with maternal insulin levels and pre-pregnancy body mass index (R=0.63, P<0.001 and R=0.64, P<0.001, respectively). CGI-58 and PLIN2 were primarily located in the syncytiotrophoblast and, were upregulated (1.38- and 500-fold, respectively) upon oleic acid and insulin treatment of cultured trophoblast cells. CONCLUSION Pre-gravid obesity significantly modifies the expression of placental genes related to transport and storage of neutral lipids. We propose that the upregulation of CGI-58, a master regulator of TG hydrolysis, contributes to the turnover of intracellular lipids in placenta of obese women, and is tightly regulated by metabolic factors of the mother.
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30
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Grond S, Radner FPW, Eichmann TO, Kolb D, Grabner GF, Wolinski H, Gruber R, Hofer P, Heier C, Schauer S, Rülicke T, Hoefler G, Schmuth M, Elias PM, Lass A, Zechner R, Haemmerle G. Skin Barrier Development Depends on CGI-58 Protein Expression during Late-Stage Keratinocyte Differentiation. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 137:403-413. [PMID: 27725204 PMCID: PMC5551682 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and its coactivator comparative gene identification-58 (CGI-58) are limiting in cellular triglyceride catabolism. Although ATGL deficiency is compatible with normal skin development, mice globally lacking CGI-58 die postnatally and exhibit a severe epidermal permeability barrier defect, which may originate from epidermal and/or peripheral changes in lipid and energy metabolism. Here, we show that epidermis-specific disruption of CGI-58 is sufficient to provoke a defect in the formation of a functional corneocyte lipid envelope linked to impaired ω-O-acylceramide synthesis. As a result, epidermis-specific CGI-58-deficient mice show severe skin dysfunction, arguing for a tissue autonomous cause of disease development. Defective skin permeability barrier formation in global CGI-58-deficient mice could be reversed via transgenic restoration of CGI-58 expression in differentiated but not basal keratinocytes suggesting that CGI-58 is essential for lipid metabolism in suprabasal epidermal layers. The compatibility of ATGL deficiency with normal epidermal function indicated that CGI-58 may stimulate an epidermal triglyceride lipase beyond ATGL required for the adequate provision of fatty acids as a substrate for ω-O-acylceramide synthesis. Pharmacological inhibition of ATGL enzyme activity similarly reduced triglyceride-hydrolytic activities in wild-type and CGI-58 overexpressing epidermis implicating that CGI-58 participates in ω-O-acylceramide biogenesis independent of its role as a coactivator of epidermal triglyceride catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Grond
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Franz P W Radner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas O Eichmann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dagmar Kolb
- Center for Medical Research/Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gernot F Grabner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Heimo Wolinski
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Microscopy Facility, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Gruber
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter Hofer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Heier
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Silvia Schauer
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Rülicke
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gerald Hoefler
- BioTechMed-Graz, Microscopy Facility, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Schmuth
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter M Elias
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Achim Lass
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Guenter Haemmerle
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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31
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Lord CC, Ferguson D, Thomas G, Brown AL, Schugar RC, Burrows A, Gromovsky AD, Betters J, Neumann C, Sacks J, Marshall S, Watts R, Schweiger M, Lee RG, Crooke RM, Graham MJ, Lathia JD, Sakaguchi TF, Lehner R, Haemmerle G, Zechner R, Brown JM. Regulation of Hepatic Triacylglycerol Metabolism by CGI-58 Does Not Require ATGL Co-activation. Cell Rep 2016; 16:939-949. [PMID: 27396333 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and comparative gene identification 58 (CGI-58) are critical regulators of triacylglycerol (TAG) turnover. CGI-58 is thought to regulate TAG mobilization by stimulating the enzymatic activity of ATGL. However, it is not known whether this coactivation function of CGI-58 occurs in vivo. Moreover, the phenotype of human CGI-58 mutations suggests ATGL-independent functions. Through direct comparison of mice with single or double deficiency of CGI-58 and ATGL, we show here that CGI-58 knockdown causes hepatic steatosis in both the presence and absence of ATGL. CGI-58 also regulates hepatic diacylglycerol (DAG) and inflammation in an ATGL-independent manner. Interestingly, ATGL deficiency, but not CGI-58 deficiency, results in suppression of the hepatic and adipose de novo lipogenic program. Collectively, these findings show that CGI-58 regulates hepatic neutral lipid storage and inflammation in the genetic absence of ATGL, demonstrating that mechanisms driving TAG lipolysis in hepatocytes differ significantly from those in adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb C Lord
- Section on Lipid Sciences, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1040, USA; Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9077, USA
| | - Daniel Ferguson
- Section on Lipid Sciences, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1040, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Gwynneth Thomas
- Section on Lipid Sciences, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1040, USA
| | - Amanda L Brown
- Section on Lipid Sciences, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1040, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Rebecca C Schugar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Amy Burrows
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Anthony D Gromovsky
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jenna Betters
- Section on Lipid Sciences, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1040, USA
| | - Chase Neumann
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jessica Sacks
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Stephanie Marshall
- Section on Lipid Sciences, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1040, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Russell Watts
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Martina Schweiger
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Richard G Lee
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Rosanne M Crooke
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Mark J Graham
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Justin D Lathia
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Takuya F Sakaguchi
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Richard Lehner
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Guenter Haemmerle
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - J Mark Brown
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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32
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Selvaraju K, Gowsalya R, Vijayakumar R, Nachiappan V. MGL2/YMR210w encodes a monoacylglycerol lipase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:1174-86. [PMID: 26991558 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In silico analysis of the uncharacterized open reading frame YMR210w in Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed that it possesses both an α/β hydrolase domain (ABHD) and a typical lipase (GXSXG) motif. The purified protein displayed monoacylglycerol (MAG) lipase activity and preferred palmitoyl-MAG. Overexpression of YMR210w in the known MAG lipase mutant yju3Δ clearly revealed that the protein had MAG lipase activity, hence we named the ORF MGL2. Overexpression of YMR210w decreased the cellular triacylglycerol levels. Analysis of the overexpressed strains showed reduction in the lipid droplets number and size. Phenotype studies revealed that the double deletion yju3Δmgl2Δ displayed a growth defect that was partially restored by MGL2 overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kandasamy Selvaraju
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramachandran Gowsalya
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajendran Vijayakumar
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vasanthi Nachiappan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
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Vijayakumar A, Vijayaraj P, Vijayakumar AK, Rajasekharan R. The Arabidopsis ABHD11 Mutant Accumulates Polar Lipids in Leaves as a Consequence of Absent Acylhydrolase Activity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 170:180-93. [PMID: 26589672 PMCID: PMC4704602 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Alpha/beta hydrolase domain (ABHD)-containing proteins are structurally related with diverse catalytic activities. In various species, some ABHD proteins have been characterized and shown to play roles in lipid homeostasis. However, little is known about ABHD proteins in plants. Here, we characterized AT4G10030 (AtABHD11), an Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) homolog of a human ABHD11 gene. In silico analyses of AtABHD11 revealed homology with other plant species with a conserved GXSXG lipid motif. Interestingly, Arabidopsis abhd11 mutant plants exhibited an enhanced growth rate compared with wild-type plants. Quantitative analyses of the total lipids showed that the mutant abhd11 has a high amount of phospholipid and galactolipid in Arabidopsis leaves. The overexpression of AtABHD11 in Escherichia coli led to a reduction in phospholipid levels. The bacterially expressed recombinant AtABHD11 hydrolyzed lyso(phospho)lipid and monoacylglycerol. Furthermore, using whole-genome microarray and real-time PCR analyses of abhd11 and wild-type plants, we noted the up-regulation of MGD1, -2, and -3 and DGD1. Together, these findings suggested that AtABHD11 is a lyso(phospho)lipase. The disruption of AtABHD11 caused the accumulation of the polar lipids in leaves, which in turn promoted a higher growth rate compared with wild-type plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anitha Vijayakumar
- Lipidomics Centre, Department of Lipid Science (A.V., P.V., R.R.), and Fruit and Vegetable Technology Department (A.K.V.), Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, India
| | - Panneerselvam Vijayaraj
- Lipidomics Centre, Department of Lipid Science (A.V., P.V., R.R.), and Fruit and Vegetable Technology Department (A.K.V.), Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, India
| | - Arun Kumar Vijayakumar
- Lipidomics Centre, Department of Lipid Science (A.V., P.V., R.R.), and Fruit and Vegetable Technology Department (A.K.V.), Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, India
| | - Ram Rajasekharan
- Lipidomics Centre, Department of Lipid Science (A.V., P.V., R.R.), and Fruit and Vegetable Technology Department (A.K.V.), Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, India
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Mogahed EA, El-Hennawy A, El-Sayed R, El-Karaksy H. Chanarin–Dorfman syndrome: A case report and review of the literature. Arab J Gastroenterol 2015; 16:142-4. [PMID: 26520282 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajg.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Xie M, Roy R. The Causative Gene in Chanarian Dorfman Syndrome Regulates Lipid Droplet Homeostasis in C. elegans. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005284. [PMID: 26083785 PMCID: PMC4470697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) is a key regulator of many cellular mechanisms required for adjustment to various stresses induced by the changing environment. In C. elegans dauer larvae AMPK-null mutants expire prematurely due to hyperactive Adipose Triglyceride Lipase (ATGL-1) followed by rapid depletion of triglyceride stores. We found that the compromise of one of the three C. elegans orthologues of human cgi-58 significantly improves the survival of AMPK-deficient dauers. We also provide evidence that C. elegans CGI-58 acts as a co-activator of ATGL-1, while it also functions cooperatively to maintain regular lipid droplet structure. Surprisingly, we show that it also acts independently of ATGL-1 to restrict lipid droplet coalescence by altering the surface abundance and composition of long chain (C20) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Our data reveal a novel structural role of CGI-58 in maintaining lipid droplet homeostasis through its effects on droplet composition, morphology and lipid hydrolysis; a conserved function that may account for some of the ATGL-1-independent features unique to Chanarin-Dorfman Syndrome. Chanarin-Dorfman Syndrome (CDS) is a rare metabolic disease characterized by an abnormal accumulation of lipids in various tissues and organs due to a failure in lipid breakdown. Characteristic clinical features exhibited by affected patients include scaly skin (ichthyosis), enlarged liver, blurred vision among others. CDS is caused by mutation of the cgi-58 gene, which is essential for lipid breakdown, but may also have additional cellular functions. Here, we demonstrate that in C. elegans CGI-58 acts both as a key player in lipid breakdown, but it is also required to maintain the barrier that defines the size, shape and catalytic efficacy of the major lipid storage site-the lipid droplets. We provide a genetically tractable animal model of CDS that reproduces many of the defects observed in affected CDS individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xie
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Penfield, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Richard Roy
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Penfield, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Huigen MCDG, van der Graaf M, Morava E, Dassel ACM, van Steensel MAM, Seyger MMB, Wevers RA, Willemsen MA. Cerebral lipid accumulation in Chanarin-Dorfman Syndrome. Mol Genet Metab 2015; 114:51-4. [PMID: 25468645 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chanarin-Dorfman Syndrome (CDS) is caused by a defect in the CGI-58/ABHD5 gene resulting in a deficiency of CGI-58 and in intracellular accumulation of triacylglycerol in skin and liver. Patients are mainly characterized by congenital ichthyosis, but the clinical phenotype is very heterogeneous. Distinct brain involvement has never been described. We present a clinical description of two patients with congenital ichthyosis. On suspicion of Sjögren-Larsson syndrome (SLS) single-voxel 1H-MR spectroscopy of the brain was performed and biochemical testing of fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase (FALDH) to establish this diagnosis gave normal results. Vacuolisation in a peripheral blood smear has led to the CDS suspicion. In both patients the diagnosis CDS was confirmed by ABHD5 mutation analysis. Interestingly, a clear lipid accumulation in the cerebral white matter, cortex and basal ganglia was demonstrated in both CDS-patients. These results demonstrate, for the first time, cerebral involvement in CDS and give new insights in the complex phenotype. Since the clinical implications of this abnormal cerebral lipid accumulation are still unknown, further studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen C D G Huigen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein zuid 10, route 830, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marinette van der Graaf
- Department of Radiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein zuid 10, route 766, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein zuid 10, route 804, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Morava
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein zuid 10, route 804, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Hayward Genetics Center and Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University Medical School, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - A Carin M Dassel
- Department of Pediatrics, Deventer Hospital, Nico Bolkensteinlaan 75, 7416 SE, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - Maurice A M van Steensel
- Department of Dermatology and GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Institute of Medical Biology, Immunos, Singapore
| | - Marieke M B Seyger
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein zuid 10, route 370, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A Wevers
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein zuid 10, route 830, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michèl A Willemsen
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Geert Grooteplein zuid 10, route 801, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Yamashita A, Hayashi Y, Matsumoto N, Nemoto-Sasaki Y, Oka S, Tanikawa T, Sugiura T. Glycerophosphate/Acylglycerophosphate acyltransferases. BIOLOGY 2014; 3:801-30. [PMID: 25415055 PMCID: PMC4280512 DOI: 10.3390/biology3040801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Acyl-CoA:glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) and acyl-CoA: 1-acyl-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (AGPAT) are involved in the de novo synthesis of triacylglycerol (TAG) and glycerophospholipids. Many enzymes belonging to the GPAT/AGPAT family have recently been identified and their physiological or pathophysiological roles have been proposed. The roles of GPAT/AGPAT in the synthesis of TAG and obesity-related diseases were revealed through the identification of causative genes of these diseases or analyses of genetically manipulated animals. Recent studies have suggested that some isoforms of GPAT/AGPAT family enzymes are involved in the fatty acid remodeling of phospholipids. The enzymology of GPAT/AGPAT and their physiological/pathological roles in the metabolism of glycerolipids have been described and discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Yamashita
- Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiro Hayashi
- Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
| | - Naoki Matsumoto
- Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
| | - Yoko Nemoto-Sasaki
- Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
| | - Saori Oka
- Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
| | - Takashi Tanikawa
- Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Sugiura
- Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
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Lord CC, Brown JM. Distinct roles for alpha-beta hydrolase domain 5 (ABHD5/CGI-58) and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL/PNPLA2) in lipid metabolism and signaling. Adipocyte 2014; 1:123-131. [PMID: 23145367 PMCID: PMC3492958 DOI: 10.4161/adip.20035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Catabolism of stored triacylglycerol (TAG) from cytoplasmic lipid droplets is critical for providing energy substrates, membrane building blocks and signaling lipids in most cells of the body. However, the lipolytic machinery dictating TAG hydrolysis varies greatly among different cell types. Within the adipocyte, TAG hydrolysis is dynamically regulated by hormones to ensure appropriate metabolic adaptation to nutritional and physiologic cues. In other cell types such as hepatocytes, myocytes and macrophages, mobilization of stored TAG is regulated quite differently. Within the last decade, mutations in two key genes involved in TAG hydrolysis, α-β hydrolase domain 5 (ABHD5/CGI-58) and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL/PNPLA2), were found to cause two distinct neutral lipid storage diseases (NLSD) in humans. These genetic links, along with supporting evidence in mouse models, have prompted a number of studies surrounding the biochemical function(s) of these proteins. Although both CGI-58 and ATGL have been clearly implicated in TAG hydrolysis in multiple tissues and have even been shown to physically interact with each other, recent evidence suggests that they may also have distinct roles. The purpose of this review is to summarize the most recent insights into how CGI-58 and ATGL regulate lipid metabolism and signaling.
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Zhang J, Xu D, Nie J, Han R, Zhai Y, Shi Y. Comparative gene identification-58 (CGI-58) promotes autophagy as a putative lysophosphatidylglycerol acyltransferase. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:33044-53. [PMID: 25315780 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.573857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CGI-58 is a lipid droplet-associated protein that, when mutated, causes Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome in humans, which is characterized by excessive storage of triglyceride in various tissues. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the defect remain elusive. CGI-58 was previously reported to catalyze the resynthesis of phosphatidic acid as a lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase. In addition to triglyceride, phosphatidic acid is also used a substrate for the synthesis of various mitochondrial phospholipids. In this report, we investigated the propensity of CGI-58 in the remodeling of various phospholipids. We found that the recombinant CGI-58 overexpressed in mammalian cells or purified from Sf9 insect cells catalyzed efficiently the reacylation of lysophosphatidylglycerol to phosphatidylglycerol (PG), which requires acyl-CoA as the acyl donor. In contrast, the recombinant CGI-58 was devoid of acyltransferase activity toward other lysophospholipids. Accordingly, overexpression and knockdown of CGI-58 adversely affected the endogenous PG level in C2C12 cells. PG is a substrate for the synthesis of cardiolipin, which is required for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and mitophagy. Consequently, overexpression and knockdown of CGI-58 adversely affected autophagy and mitophagy in C2C12 cells. In support for a key role of CGI-58 in mitophagy, overexpression of CGI-58 significantly stimulated mitochondrial fission and translocation of PINK1 to mitochondria, key steps involved in mitophagy. Furthermore, overexpression of CGI-58 promoted mitophagic initiation through activation of 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase and inhibition of mTORC1 mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling, the positive and negative regulators of autophagy, respectively. Together, these findings identified novel molecular mechanisms by which CGI-58 regulates lipid homeostasis, because defective autophagy is implicated in dyslipidemia and fatty liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- the Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033 From the Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development and College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China and
| | - Dan Xu
- the Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
| | - Jia Nie
- the Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
| | - Ruili Han
- the Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
| | - Yonggong Zhai
- From the Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development and College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China and
| | - Yuguang Shi
- the Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
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Lipid droplet protein LID-1 mediates ATGL-1-dependent lipolysis during fasting in Caenorhabditis elegans. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:4165-76. [PMID: 25202121 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00722-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipolysis is a delicate process involving complex signaling cascades and sequential enzymatic activations. In Caenorhabditis elegans, fasting induces various physiological changes, including a dramatic decrease in lipid contents through lipolysis. Interestingly, C. elegans lacks perilipin family genes which play a crucial role in the regulation of lipid homeostasis in other species. Here, we demonstrate that in the intestinal cells of C. elegans, a newly identified protein, lipid droplet protein 1 (C25A1.12; LID-1), modulates lipolysis by binding to adipose triglyceride lipase 1 (C05D11.7; ATGL-1) during nutritional deprivation. In fasted worms, lipid droplets were decreased in intestinal cells, whereas suppression of ATGL-1 via RNA interference (RNAi) resulted in retention of stored lipid droplets. Overexpression of ATGL-1 markedly decreased lipid droplets, whereas depletion of LID-1 via RNAi prevented the effect of overexpressed ATGL-1 on lipolysis. In adult worms, short-term fasting increased cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels, which activated protein kinase A (PKA) to stimulate lipolysis via ATGL-1 and LID-1. Moreover, ATGL-1 protein stability and LID-1 binding were augmented by PKA activation, eventually leading to increased lipolysis. These data suggest the importance of the concerted action of lipase and lipid droplet protein in the response to fasting signals via PKA to maintain lipid homeostasis.
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Nielsen TS, Jessen N, Jørgensen JOL, Møller N, Lund S. Dissecting adipose tissue lipolysis: molecular regulation and implications for metabolic disease. J Mol Endocrinol 2014; 52:R199-222. [PMID: 24577718 DOI: 10.1530/jme-13-0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lipolysis is the process by which triglycerides (TGs) are hydrolyzed to free fatty acids (FFAs) and glycerol. In adipocytes, this is achieved by sequential action of adipose TG lipase (ATGL), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), and monoglyceride lipase. The activity in the lipolytic pathway is tightly regulated by hormonal and nutritional factors. Under conditions of negative energy balance such as fasting and exercise, stimulation of lipolysis results in a profound increase in FFA release from adipose tissue (AT). This response is crucial in order to provide the organism with a sufficient supply of substrate for oxidative metabolism. However, failure to efficiently suppress lipolysis when FFA demands are low can have serious metabolic consequences and is believed to be a key mechanism in the development of type 2 diabetes in obesity. As the discovery of ATGL in 2004, substantial progress has been made in the delineation of the remarkable complexity of the regulatory network controlling adipocyte lipolysis. Notably, regulatory mechanisms have been identified on multiple levels of the lipolytic pathway, including gene transcription and translation, post-translational modifications, intracellular localization, protein-protein interactions, and protein stability/degradation. Here, we provide an overview of the recent advances in the field of AT lipolysis with particular focus on the molecular regulation of the two main lipases, ATGL and HSL, and the intracellular and extracellular signals affecting their activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Svava Nielsen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchSection on Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 6.6.30, DK-2200 N Copenhagen, DenmarkDepartment of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, Bldg. 3.0, 8000 Aarhus C, DenmarkDepartment of Molecular MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Brendstrupgårdsvej 100, 8200 Aarhus N, DenmarkThe Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchSection on Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 6.6.30, DK-2200 N Copenhagen, DenmarkDepartment of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, Bldg. 3.0, 8000 Aarhus C, DenmarkDepartment of Molecular MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Brendstrupgårdsvej 100, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Niels Jessen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchSection on Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 6.6.30, DK-2200 N Copenhagen, DenmarkDepartment of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, Bldg. 3.0, 8000 Aarhus C, DenmarkDepartment of Molecular MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Brendstrupgårdsvej 100, 8200 Aarhus N, DenmarkThe Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchSection on Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 6.6.30, DK-2200 N Copenhagen, DenmarkDepartment of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, Bldg. 3.0, 8000 Aarhus C, DenmarkDepartment of Molecular MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Brendstrupgårdsvej 100, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Jens Otto L Jørgensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchSection on Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 6.6.30, DK-2200 N Copenhagen, DenmarkDepartment of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, Bldg. 3.0, 8000 Aarhus C, DenmarkDepartment of Molecular MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Brendstrupgårdsvej 100, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Niels Møller
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchSection on Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 6.6.30, DK-2200 N Copenhagen, DenmarkDepartment of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, Bldg. 3.0, 8000 Aarhus C, DenmarkDepartment of Molecular MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Brendstrupgårdsvej 100, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Sten Lund
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchSection on Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 6.6.30, DK-2200 N Copenhagen, DenmarkDepartment of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, Bldg. 3.0, 8000 Aarhus C, DenmarkDepartment of Molecular MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Brendstrupgårdsvej 100, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
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McMahon D, Dinh A, Kurz D, Shah D, Han GS, Carman GM, Brasaemle DL. Comparative gene identification 58/α/β hydrolase domain 5 lacks lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase activity. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:1750-61. [PMID: 24879803 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m051151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding comparative gene identification 58 (CGI-58)/α/β hydrolase domain 5 (ABHD5) cause Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome, characterized by excessive triacylglycerol storage in cells and tissues. CGI-58 has been identified as a coactivator of adipose TG lipase (ATGL) and a lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAAT). We developed a molecular model of CGI-58 structure and then mutated predicted active site residues and performed LPAAT activity assays of recombinant WT and mutated CGI-58. When mutations of predicted catalytic residues failed to reduce LPAAT activity, we determined that LPAAT activity was due to a bacterial contaminant of affinity purification procedures, plsC, the sole LPAAT in Escherichia coli Purification protocols were optimized to reduce plsC contamination, in turn reducing LPAAT activity. When CGI-58 was expressed in SM2-1(DE3) cells that lack plsC, lysates lacked LPAAT activity. Additionally, mouse CGI-58 expressed in bacteria as a glutathione-S-transferase fusion protein and human CGI-58 expressed in yeast lacked LPAAT activity. Previously reported lipid binding activity of CGI-58 was revisited using protein-lipid overlays. Recombinant CGI-58 failed to bind lysophosphatidic acid, but interestingly, bound phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate [PI(3)P] and phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate [PI(5)P]. Prebinding CGI-58 with PI(3)P or PI(5)P did not alter its coactivation of ATGL in vitro. In summary, purified recombinant CGI-58 that is functional as an ATGL coactivator lacks LPAAT activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek McMahon
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Department of Food Science
| | - Anna Dinh
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Department of Food Science
| | - Daniel Kurz
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Department of Food Science
| | - Dharika Shah
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Department of Food Science
| | - Gil-Soo Han
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - George M Carman
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Dawn L Brasaemle
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Department of Food Science
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Zierler KA, Zechner R, Haemmerle G. Comparative gene identification-58/α/β hydrolase domain 5: more than just an adipose triglyceride lipase activator? Curr Opin Lipidol 2014; 25:102-9. [PMID: 24565921 PMCID: PMC4170181 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Comparative gene identification-58 (CGI-58) is a lipid droplet-associated protein that controls intracellular triglyceride levels by its ability to activate adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL). Additionally, CGI-58 was described to exhibit lysophosphatidic acid acyl transferase (LPAAT) activity. This review focuses on the significance of CGI-58 in energy metabolism in adipose and nonadipose tissue. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies with transgenic and CGI-58-deficient mouse strains underscored the importance of CGI-58 as a regulator of intracellular energy homeostasis by modulating ATGL-driven triglyceride hydrolysis. In accordance with this function, mice and humans that lack CGI-58 accumulate triglyceride in multiple tissues. Additionally, CGI-58-deficient mice develop an ATGL-independent severe skin barrier defect and die soon after birth. Although the premature death prevented a phenotypical characterization of adult global CGI-58 knockout mice, the characterization of mice with tissue-specific CGI-58 deficiency revealed new insights into its role in neutral lipid and energy metabolism. Concerning the ATGL-independent function of CGI-58, a recently identified LPAAT activity for CGI-58 was shown to be involved in the generation of signaling molecules regulating inflammatory processes and insulin action. SUMMARY Although the function of CGI-58 in the catabolism of cellular triglyceride depots via ATGL is well established, further studies are required to consolidate the function of CGI-58 as LPAAT and to clarify the involvement of CGI-58 in the metabolism of skin lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin A Zierler
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Abstract
The epidermis functions as a physical barrier to the external environment and works to prevent loss of water from the skin. Numerous factors have been implicated in the formation of epidermal barriers, such as cornified envelopes, corneocytes, lipids, junctional proteins, proteases, protease inhibitors, antimicrobial peptides, and transcription factors. This review illustrates human diseases (ichthyoses) and animal models in which the epidermal barrier is disrupted or dysfunctional at steady state owing to ablation of one or more of the above factors. These diseases and animal models help us to understand the complicated mechanisms of epidermal barrier formation and give further insights on epidermal development.
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Hishikawa D, Hashidate T, Shimizu T, Shindou H. Diversity and function of membrane glycerophospholipids generated by the remodeling pathway in mammalian cells. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:799-807. [PMID: 24646950 PMCID: PMC3995458 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r046094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular membranes are composed of numerous kinds of glycerophospholipids with different combinations of polar heads at the sn-3 position and acyl moieties at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions, respectively. The glycerophospholipid compositions of different cell types, organelles, and inner/outer plasma membrane leaflets are quite diverse. The acyl moieties of glycerophospholipids synthesized in the de novo pathway are subsequently remodeled by the action of phospholipases and lysophospholipid acyltransferases. This remodeling cycle contributes to the generation of membrane glycerophospholipid diversity and the production of lipid mediators such as fatty acid derivatives and lysophospholipids. Furthermore, specific glycerophospholipid transporters are also important to organize a unique glycerophospholipid composition in each organelle. Recent progress in this field contributes to understanding how and why membrane glycerophospholipid diversity is organized and maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Hishikawa
- Department of Lipid Signaling, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
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Scott SA, Mathews TP, Ivanova PT, Lindsley CW, Brown HA. Chemical modulation of glycerolipid signaling and metabolic pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1841:1060-84. [PMID: 24440821 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Thirty years ago, glycerolipids captured the attention of biochemical researchers as novel cellular signaling entities. We now recognize that these biomolecules occupy signaling nodes critical to a number of physiological and pathological processes. Thus, glycerolipid-metabolizing enzymes present attractive targets for new therapies. A number of fields-ranging from neuroscience and cancer to diabetes and obesity-have elucidated the signaling properties of glycerolipids. The biochemical literature teems with newly emerging small molecule inhibitors capable of manipulating glycerolipid metabolism and signaling. This ever-expanding pool of chemical modulators appears daunting to those interested in exploiting glycerolipid-signaling pathways in their model system of choice. This review distills the current body of literature surrounding glycerolipid metabolism into a more approachable format, facilitating the application of small molecule inhibitors to novel systems. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Tools to study lipid functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Scott
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Thomas P Mathews
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Pavlina T Ivanova
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - H Alex Brown
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
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Acyltransferases and transacylases that determine the fatty acid composition of glycerolipids and the metabolism of bioactive lipid mediators in mammalian cells and model organisms. Prog Lipid Res 2014; 53:18-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Serr J, Li X, Lee K. The Regulation of Lipolysis in Adipose Tissue. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.5187/jast.2013.55.4.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Radner FPW, Fischer J. The important role of epidermal triacylglycerol metabolism for maintenance of the skin permeability barrier function. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1841:409-15. [PMID: 23928127 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Survival in a terrestrial, dry environment necessitates a permeability barrier for regulated permeation of water and electrolytes in the cornified layer of the skin (the stratum corneum) to minimize desiccation of the body. This barrier is formed during cornification and involves a cross-linking of corneocyte proteins as well as an extensive remodeling of lipids. The cleavage of precursor lipids from lamellar bodies by various hydrolytic enzymes generates ceramides, cholesterol, and non-esterified fatty acids for the extracellular lipid lamellae in the stratum corneum. However, the important role of epidermal triacylglycerol (TAG) metabolism during formation of a functional permeability barrier in the skin was only recently discovered. Humans with mutations in the ABHD5/CGI-58 (α/β hydrolase domain containing protein 5, also known as comparative gene identification-58, CGI-58) gene suffer from a defect in TAG catabolism that causes neutral lipid storage disease with ichthyosis. In addition, mice with deficiencies in genes involved in TAG catabolism (Abhd5/Cgi-58 knock-out mice) or TAG synthesis (acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase-2, Dgat2 knock-out mice) also develop severe skin permeability barrier dysfunctions and die soon after birth due to increased dehydration. As a result of these defects in epidermal TAG metabolism, humans and mice lack ω-(O)-acylceramides, which leads to malformation of the cornified lipid envelope of the skin. In healthy skin, this epidermal structure provides an interface for the linkage of lamellar membranes with corneocyte proteins to maintain permeability barrier homeostasis. This review focuses on recent advances in the understanding of biochemical mechanisms involved in epidermal neutral lipid metabolism and the generation of a functional skin permeability barrier. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled The Important Role of Lipids in the Epidermis and their Role in the Formation and Maintenance of the Cutaneous Barrier. Guest Editors: Kenneth R. Feingold and Peter Elias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz P W Radner
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg 79106, Germany.
| | - Judith Fischer
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg 79106, Germany
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Ruggles KV, Turkish A, Sturley SL. Making, baking, and breaking: the synthesis, storage, and hydrolysis of neutral lipids. Annu Rev Nutr 2013; 33:413-51. [PMID: 23701589 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071812-161254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The esterification of amphiphilic alcohols with fatty acids is a ubiquitous strategy implemented by eukaryotes and some prokaryotes to conserve energy and membrane progenitors and simultaneously detoxify fatty acids and other lipids. This key reaction is performed by at least four evolutionarily unrelated multigene families. The synthesis of this "neutral lipid" leads to the formation of a lipid droplet, which despite the clear selective advantage it confers is also a harbinger of cellular and organismal malaise. Neutral lipid deposition as a cytoplasmic lipid droplet may be thermodynamically favored but nevertheless is elaborately regulated. Optimal utilization of these resources by lipolysis is similarly multigenic in determination and regulation. We present here a perspective on these processes that originates from studies in model organisms, and we include our thoughts on interventions that target reductions in neutral lipids as therapeutics for human diseases such as obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly V Ruggles
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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