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Gorbunova M, Ovcharuk A, Lemkina L. Biocide physically cross-linked hydrogels based on carrageenan and guanidinium polyampholytes for wound healing applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 278:134948. [PMID: 39178769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
Over last years, hydrogels based on natural polymers have attracted considerable interest as materials for wound healing. Herein, hydrogel films based on kappa-carrageenan and guanidinium polyampholytes were prepared by the in situ physical cross-linking with potassium chloride and borax, respectively. The polyampholytes were obtained by a free radical copolymerization of 2,2-diallyl-1,1,3,3-tetraethylguanidinium chloride and unsaturated acids. To characterize the composite films, NMR, FTIR, SEM, TGA, XRD, element analysis and tensile test were used. Ampicillin was incorporated into the hydrogels to enhance wound healing potential. The healing-related characteristics, including swelling ratio, drug release and antimicrobial activity, were assessed. The equilibrium swelling ratios were in the range of 3.9-6.5 depending on the polyampholyte composition. According to the in vitro ampicillin release studies, 30-43 % of ampicillin was released from the hydrogels after 5 h at 37 °C and pH 7.4, with drug release being temperature and pH dependent. The ampicillin-loaded films showed a remarkable antimicrobial effect. The inhibition sizes for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were 1.10-1.85 and 1.95-2.60 cm, respectively. Although the bi-polymeric hydrogels were thoroughly characterized, with the in vitro study of their biocidal effects carried out in this work, the in vivo drug release assessment needs to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Gorbunova
- Institute of Technical Chemistry of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Korolev str., 3, Perm 614013, Russia.
| | - Andrey Ovcharuk
- Perm State University, Bukirev str., 15, Perm 614068, Russia
| | - Larisa Lemkina
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Golev str., 13, Perm 614090, Russia
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2
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Shih KY, Chang YT, Wang YJ, Huang JM. Ouabain, ATPase inhibitor, potentially enhances the effect of polyhexamethylene biguanide on Acanthamoeba castellanii. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2024; 25:100550. [PMID: 38821038 PMCID: PMC11177127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2024.100550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba, a free-living amoeba, is commonly found in various natural environments, such as rivers and soil, as well as in public baths, swimming pools, and sewers. Acanthamoeba can cause severe illness such as granulomatous amoebic encephalitis and Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) in humans. AK, the most recognized disease, can cause permanent visual impairment or blindness by affecting the cornea. AK commonly affects contact lens wearers who neglect proper cleaning habits. The symptoms of AK include epithelial and stromal destruction, corneal infiltrate, and intense ocular pain, occasionally necessitating surgical removal of the entire eyeball. Current AK treatment involves the hourly application of eye drops containing polyhexamethylene biocide (PHMB). However, studies have revealed their ineffectiveness against drug-resistant strains. Acanthamoeba can form cysts as a survival mechanism in adverse environments, though the exact mechanism remains unknown. Our experiments revealed that sodium P-type ATPase (ACA1_065450) is closely linked to encystation. In addition, various encystation buffers, such as MgCl2 or NaCl, induced the expression of P-type ATPase. Furthermore, we used ouabain, an ATPase inhibitor, to inhibit the Na+/K+ ion pump, consequently decreasing the encystation rate of Acanthamoeba. Our primary objective is to develop an advanced treatment for AK. We anticipate that the combination of ouabain and PHMB may serve as an effective therapeutic approach against AK in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Yi Shih
- Department of Life Science, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
| | - Yao-Tsung Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Jen Wang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Jian-Ming Huang
- School of Medicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Department of Medical Science, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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3
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Maillard JY, Pascoe M. Disinfectants and antiseptics: mechanisms of action and resistance. Nat Rev Microbiol 2024; 22:4-17. [PMID: 37648789 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00958-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Chemical biocides are used for the prevention and control of infection in health care, targeted home hygiene or controlling microbial contamination for various industrial processes including but not limited to food, water and petroleum. However, their use has substantially increased since the implementation of programmes to control outbreaks of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridioides difficile and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Biocides interact with multiple targets on the bacterial cells. The number of targets affected and the severity of damage will result in an irreversible bactericidal effect or a reversible bacteriostatic one. Most biocides primarily target the cytoplasmic membrane and enzymes, although the specific bactericidal mechanisms vary among different biocide chemistries. Inappropriate usage or low concentrations of a biocide may act as a stressor while not killing bacterial pathogens, potentially leading to antimicrobial resistance. Biocides can also promote the transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes. In this Review, we explore our current understanding of the mechanisms of action of biocides, the bacterial resistance mechanisms encompassing both intrinsic and acquired resistance and the influence of bacterial biofilms on resistance. We also consider the impact of bacteria that survive biocide exposure in environmental and clinical contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Yves Maillard
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Wales, UK.
| | - Michael Pascoe
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Wales, UK
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4
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Spiteri D, Griffin S, Karatzas KA, Scerri C, Valdramidis VP. Escherichia coli K-12 Transcriptomics for Assessing the Mechanism of Action of High-Power Ultrasound. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2768. [PMID: 38004779 PMCID: PMC10673019 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
An investigation into the mechanisms of action on bacteria involving exposure to stress factors was conducted in this study. The effects of ultrasound on Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655 and its isogenic mutant, ∆gadW, under high power ultrasound treatments (26 kHz) were screened and identified by analysing their transcriptome differences between primary and secondary sequential treatments using RNA-Seq. This also helped to assess any developed protection for cells between different generations. According to our results, 1825 genes of all tested conditions were expressed, playing different roles in the cell. The expression of these genes is associated with DNA damage, cell membrane integrity, and also metabolic effects. The studied strains also showed different differential expressed genes (DEGs), with some genes being directly responsible for defence mechanisms, while others play an indirect effect due to cell damage. A gradual decrease in the expression of the genes, as we moved from just one cycle of ultrasound treatment to sequential treatment, was evident from a heat map analysis of the results. Overall, E. coli K-12 builds a self-protection mechanism by increasing the expression of genes involved in the respiration for increased growth, and production of flagellum and pili. It can be concluded that high power ultrasound is a technology that triggers several different defence mechanisms which directly link to E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Spiteri
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta; (D.S.); (S.G.)
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta;
| | - Sholeem Griffin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta; (D.S.); (S.G.)
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta;
| | | | - Christian Scerri
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta;
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta
| | - Vasilis P. Valdramidis
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta; (D.S.); (S.G.)
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 34400 Psachna, Greece
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5
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Fungal cell barriers and organelles are disrupted by polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB). Sci Rep 2023; 13:2790. [PMID: 36797386 PMCID: PMC9935507 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29756-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The similarities between fungal and mammalian cells pose inherent challenges for the development of treatments for fungal infections, due to drug crossover recognition of host drug targets by antifungal agents. Thus, there are a limited number of drug classes available for treatment. Treatment is further limited by the acquisition and dissemination of antifungal resistance which contributes to the urgent need of new therapies. Polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) is a cationic antimicrobial polymer with bactericidal, parasiticidal and fungicidal activities. The antifungal mechanism of action appears to involve preferential mechanical disruption of microbial cell structures, offering an alternative to conventional antifungals. However, the antifungal mechanisms have been little studied. The aim of this study was to characterise PHMB's activities on selected yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans) and filamentous fungal species (Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium glabrum). Fungal membrane disruption, cell entry and intracellular localisation activities of PHMB were evaluated using viability probe entry and polymer localisation studies. We observed that PHMB initially permeabilises fungal cell membranes and then accumulates within the cytosol. Once in the cytosol, it disrupts the nuclear membrane, leading to DNA binding and fragmentation. The electrostatic interaction of PHMB with membranes suggests other intracellular organelles could be potential targets of its action. Overall, the results indicate multiple antifungal mechanisms, which may help to explain its broad-spectrum efficacy. A better understanding of PHMB's mechanism(s) of action may aid the development of improved antifungal treatment strategies.
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Jaén-Luchoro D, Karlsson R, Busquets A, Piñeiro-Iglesias B, Karami N, Marathe NP, Moore ERB. Knockout of Targeted Plasmid-Borne β-Lactamase Genes in an Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Strain: Impact on Resistance and Proteomic Profile. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0386722. [PMID: 36622237 PMCID: PMC9927464 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03867-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to β-lactams is known to be multifactorial, although the underlying mechanisms are not well established. The aim of our study was to develop a system for assessing the phenotypic and proteomic responses of bacteria to antibiotic stress as a result of the loss of selected antimicrobial resistance genes. We applied homologous recombination to knock out plasmid-borne β-lactamase genes (blaOXA-1, blaTEM-1, and blaCTX-M15) in Escherichia coli CCUG 73778, generating knockout clone variants lacking the respective deleted β-lactamases. Quantitative proteomic analyses were performed on the knockout variants and the wild-type strain, using bottom-up liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), after exposure to different concentrations of cefadroxil. Loss of the blaCTX-M-15 gene had the greatest impact on the resulting protein expression dynamics, while losses of blaOXA-1 and blaTEM-1 affected fewer proteins' expression levels. Proteins involved in antibiotic resistance, cell membrane integrity, stress, and gene expression and unknown function proteins exhibited differential expression. The present study provides a framework for studying protein expression in response to antibiotic exposure and identifying the genomic, proteomic, and phenotypic impacts of resistance gene loss. IMPORTANCE The critical situation regarding antibiotic resistance requires a more in-depth effort for understanding underlying mechanisms involved in antibiotic resistance, beyond just detecting resistance genes. The methodology presented in this work provides a framework for knocking out selected resistance factors, to study the adjustments of the bacterium in response to a particular antibiotic stress, elucidating the genetic response and proteins that are mobilized. The protocol uses MS-based determination of the proteins that are expressed in response to an antibiotic, enabling the selection of strong candidates representing putative resistance factors or mechanisms and providing a basis for future studies to understand their implications in antibiotic resistance. This allows us to better understand how the cell responds to the presence of the antibiotic when a specific gene is lost and, consequently, identify alternative targets for possible future treatment development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Jaén-Luchoro
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy of the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Culture Collection University of Gothenburg, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland and Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Roger Karlsson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Nanoxis Consulting AB, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Antonio Busquets
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Beatriz Piñeiro-Iglesias
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy of the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Culture Collection University of Gothenburg, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland and Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nahid Karami
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy of the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Edward R. B. Moore
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy of the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Culture Collection University of Gothenburg, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland and Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Zharkova MS, Komlev AS, Filatenkova TA, Sukhareva MS, Vladimirova EV, Trulioff AS, Orlov DS, Dmitriev AV, Afinogenova AG, Spiridonova AA, Shamova OV. Combined Use of Antimicrobial Peptides with Antiseptics against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria: Pros and Cons. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:291. [PMID: 36678918 PMCID: PMC9863607 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are acknowledged as a promising template for designing new antimicrobials. At the same time, existing toxicity issues and limitations in their pharmacokinetics make topical application one of the less complicated routes to put AMPs-based therapeutics into actual medical practice. Antiseptics are one of the common components for topical treatment potent against antibiotic-resistant pathogens but often with toxicity limitations of their own. Thus, the interaction of AMPs and antiseptics is an interesting topic that is also less explored than combined action of AMPs and antibiotics. Herein, we analyzed antibacterial, antibiofilm, and cytotoxic activity of combinations of both membranolytic and non-membranolytic AMPs with a number of antiseptic agents. Fractional concentration indices were used as a measure of possible effective concentration reduction achievable due to combined application. Cases of both synergistic and antagonistic interaction with certain antiseptics and surfactants were identified, and trends in the occurrence of these types of interaction were discussed. The data may be of use for AMP-based drug development and suggest that the topic requires further attention for successfully integrating AMPs-based products in the context of complex treatment. AMP/antiseptic combinations show promise for creating topical formulations with improved activity, lowered toxicity, and, presumably, decreased chances of inducing bacterial resistance. However, careful assessment is required to avoid AMP neutralization by certain antiseptic classes in either complex drug design or AMP application alongside other therapeutics/care products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria S. Zharkova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, WCRC “Center for Personalized Medicine”, 12 Academic Pavlov Street, St. Petersburg 197022, Russia
| | - Aleksey S. Komlev
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, WCRC “Center for Personalized Medicine”, 12 Academic Pavlov Street, St. Petersburg 197022, Russia
| | - Tatiana A. Filatenkova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, WCRC “Center for Personalized Medicine”, 12 Academic Pavlov Street, St. Petersburg 197022, Russia
| | - Maria S. Sukhareva
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, WCRC “Center for Personalized Medicine”, 12 Academic Pavlov Street, St. Petersburg 197022, Russia
| | - Elizaveta V. Vladimirova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, WCRC “Center for Personalized Medicine”, 12 Academic Pavlov Street, St. Petersburg 197022, Russia
| | - Andrey S. Trulioff
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, WCRC “Center for Personalized Medicine”, 12 Academic Pavlov Street, St. Petersburg 197022, Russia
| | - Dmitriy S. Orlov
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, WCRC “Center for Personalized Medicine”, 12 Academic Pavlov Street, St. Petersburg 197022, Russia
| | - Alexander V. Dmitriev
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, WCRC “Center for Personalized Medicine”, 12 Academic Pavlov Street, St. Petersburg 197022, Russia
| | - Anna G. Afinogenova
- St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 14 Mira Street, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Anna A. Spiridonova
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, 6/8 Lev Tolstoy Street, St. Petersburg 197022, Russia
| | - Olga V. Shamova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, WCRC “Center for Personalized Medicine”, 12 Academic Pavlov Street, St. Petersburg 197022, Russia
- Department of Biochemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Embankment, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
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8
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Rippon MG, Rogers AA, Ousey K. Polyhexamethylene biguanide and its antimicrobial role in wound healing: a narrative review. J Wound Care 2023; 32:5-20. [PMID: 36630111 DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2023.32.1.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A wound offers an ideal environment for the growth and proliferation of a variety of microorganisms which, in some cases, may lead to localised or even systemic infections that can be catastrophic for the patient; the development of biofilms exacerbates these infections. Over the past few decades, there has been a progressive development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in microorganisms across the board in healthcare sectors. Such resistant microorganisms have arisen primarily due to the misuse and overuse of antimicrobial treatments, and the subsequent ability of microorganisms to rapidly change and mutate as a defence mechanism against treatment (e.g., antibiotics). These resistant microorganisms are now at such a level that they are of grave concern to the World Health Organization (WHO), and are one of the leading causes of illness and mortality in the 21st century. Treatment of such infections becomes imperative but presents a significant challenge for the clinician in that treatment must be effective but not add to the development of new microbes with AMR. The strategy of antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) has stemmed from the need to counteract these resistant microorganisms and requires that current antimicrobial treatments be used wisely to prevent amplification of AMR. It also requires new, improved or alternative methods of treatment that will not worsen the situation. Thus, any antimicrobial treatment should be effective while not causing further development of resistance. Some antiseptics fall into this category and, in particular, polyhexamethylene hydrochloride biguanide (PHMB) has certain characteristics that make it an ideal solution to this problem of AMR, specifically within wound care applications. PHMB is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial that kills bacteria, fungi, parasites and certain viruses with a high therapeutic index, and is widely used in clinics, homes and industry. It has been used for many years and has not been shown to cause development of resistance; it is safe (non-cytotoxic), not causing damage to newly growing wound tissue. Importantly there is substantial evidence for its effective use in wound care applications, providing a sound basis for evidence-based practice. This review presents the evidence for the use of PHMB treatments in wound care and its alignment with AMS for the prevention and treatment of wound infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark G Rippon
- Huddersfield University, Huddersfield, UK.,Dane River Consultancy Ltd, Cheshire, UK
| | | | - Karen Ousey
- University of Huddersfield Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Huddersfield, UK.,School of Nursing, Faculty of Health at the Queensland University of Technology, Australia.,RCSI, Dublin, Eire
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Basiry D, Entezari Heravi N, Uluseker C, Kaster KM, Kommedal R, Pala-Ozkok I. The effect of disinfectants and antiseptics on co- and cross-selection of resistance to antibiotics in aquatic environments and wastewater treatment plants. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1050558. [PMID: 36583052 PMCID: PMC9793094 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1050558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic led to increased use of disinfectants and antiseptics (DAs), resulting in higher concentrations of these compounds in wastewaters, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents and receiving water bodies. Their constant presence in water bodies may lead to development and acquisition of resistance against the DAs. In addition, they may also promote antibiotic resistance (AR) due to cross- and co-selection of AR among bacteria that are exposed to the DAs, which is a highly important issue with regards to human and environmental health. This review addresses this issue and provides an overview of DAs structure together with their modes of action against microorganisms. Relevant examples of the most effective treatment techniques to increase the DAs removal efficiency from wastewater are discussed. Moreover, insight on the resistance mechanisms to DAs and the mechanism of DAs enhancement of cross- and co-selection of ARs are presented. Furthermore, this review discusses the impact of DAs on resistance against antibiotics, the occurrence of DAs in aquatic systems, and DA removal mechanisms in WWTPs, which in principle serve as the final barrier before releasing these compounds into the receiving environment. By recognition of important research gaps, research needs to determine the impact of the majority of DAs in WWTPs and the consequences of their presence and spread of antibiotic resistance were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Basiry
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Nooshin Entezari Heravi
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Cansu Uluseker
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Krista Michelle Kaster
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Roald Kommedal
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Ilke Pala-Ozkok
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
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10
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Niro A, Pignatelli F, Fallico M, Sborgia A, Passidomo F, Gigliola S, Nacucchi A, Sborgia G, Boscia G, Alessio G, Boscia F, Addabbo G, Reibaldi M, Avitabile T. Polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride (PHMB)-properties and application of an antiseptic agent. A narrative review. Eur J Ophthalmol 2022; 33:11206721221124684. [PMID: 36083163 DOI: 10.1177/11206721221124684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
The prevention and management of ocular surface infections is still one of the great challenges for ophthalmologists. The spread of antimicrobial resistance makes it necessary to use antiseptic substances with a broad antimicrobial spectrum. Polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride (Polyhexanide, PHMB) is a broad-spectrum antiseptic with excellent tolerance and a low-risk profile. Its physicochemical action on the phospholipid membrane and DNA replication or repair mechanism, prevents or impedes the development of resistant bacterial strains. PHMB revealed its effective against numerous organisms like viruses, Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, and fungi. Polyhexanide is commonly used as preservative in commercially available disinfecting solutions for contact lens care and in ophthalmic formulations at different concentrations ranging from 1 µg/ml to 50 µg/ml. The administration of 0.02% (200 µg/ml) PHMB is often the first-line therapy of Acanthamoeba keratitis. However, to date, only one close-out randomized controlled study tested the efficacy of 0.02% PHMB in Acanthamoeba keratitis and a phase III study is still ongoing. This paper reviews the antiseptic agent PHMB, focusing on biochemical mechanisms, safety profile and applications in ophthalmology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Niro
- Eye Clinic, Hospital "SS. Annunziata", ASL Taranto, Taranto, Italy
| | | | - Matteo Fallico
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Fedele Passidomo
- Eye Clinic, Hospital "SS. Annunziata", ASL Taranto, Taranto, Italy
| | - Samuele Gigliola
- Eye Clinic, Hospital "SS. Annunziata", ASL Taranto, Taranto, Italy
| | | | - Giancarlo Sborgia
- Eye Clinic, Department of Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, 9295University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Giacomo Boscia
- Eye Clinic Section, Department of Surgical Sciences, 9314University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanni Alessio
- Eye Clinic, Department of Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, 9295University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Boscia
- Eye Clinic, Department of Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, 9295University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Addabbo
- Eye Clinic, Hospital "SS. Annunziata", ASL Taranto, Taranto, Italy
| | - Michele Reibaldi
- Eye Clinic Section, Department of Surgical Sciences, 9314University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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11
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Palma F, Radomski N, Guérin A, Sévellec Y, Félix B, Bridier A, Soumet C, Roussel S, Guillier L. Genomic elements located in the accessory repertoire drive the adaptation to biocides in Listeria monocytogenes strains from different ecological niches. Food Microbiol 2022; 106:103757. [PMID: 35690455 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In response to the massive use of biocides for controlling Listeria monocytogenes (hereafter Lm) contaminations along the food chain, strains showing biocide tolerance emerged. Here, accessory genomic elements were associated with biocide tolerance through pangenome-wide associations performed on 197 Lm strains from different lineages, ecological, geographical and temporal origins. Mobile elements, including prophage-related loci, the Tn6188_qacH transposon and pLMST6_emrC plasmid, were widespread across lineage I and II food strains and associated with tolerance to benzalkonium-chloride (BC), a quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) widely used in food processing. The pLMST6_emrC was also associated with tolerance to another QAC, the didecyldimethylammonium-chloride, displaying a pleiotropic effect. While no associations were detected for chemically reactive biocides (alcohols and chlorines), genes encoding for cell-surface proteins were associated with BC or polymeric biguanide tolerance. The latter was restricted to lineage I strains from animal and the environment. In conclusion, different genetic markers, with polygenic nature or not, appear to have driven the Lm adaptation to biocide, especially in food strains but also from animal and the environment. These markers could aid to monitor and predict the spread of biocide tolerant Lm genotypes across different ecological niches, finally reducing the risk of such strains in food industrial settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Palma
- Maisons-Alfort Laboratory of food safety, University Paris-Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Nicolas Radomski
- Maisons-Alfort Laboratory of food safety, University Paris-Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Alizée Guérin
- Fougères Laboratory, Antibiotics, Biocides, Residues and Resistance Unit, ANSES, Fougères, France
| | - Yann Sévellec
- Maisons-Alfort Laboratory of food safety, University Paris-Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Benjamin Félix
- Maisons-Alfort Laboratory of food safety, University Paris-Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Arnaud Bridier
- Fougères Laboratory, Antibiotics, Biocides, Residues and Resistance Unit, ANSES, Fougères, France
| | - Christophe Soumet
- Fougères Laboratory, Antibiotics, Biocides, Residues and Resistance Unit, ANSES, Fougères, France
| | - Sophie Roussel
- Maisons-Alfort Laboratory of food safety, University Paris-Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Laurent Guillier
- Maisons-Alfort Laboratory of food safety, University Paris-Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France; Maisons-Alfort Risk Assessment Department, University Paris-Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
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12
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Evaluation of the Biocontrol Potential of a Commercial Yeast Starter against Fuel-Ethanol Fermentation Contaminants. FERMENTATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8050233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and Brettanomyces bruxellensis are the main contaminants of bioethanol fermentations. Those contaminations affect Saccharomyces cerevisiae performance and reduce ethanol yields and productivity, leading to important economic losses. Currently, chemical treatments such as acid washing and/or antibiotics are used to control those contaminants. However, these control measures carry environmental risks, and more environmentally friendly methods are required. Several S. cerevisiae wine strains were found to secrete antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) during alcoholic fermentation that are active against LAB and B. bruxellensis strains. Thus, in the present study, we investigated if the fuel-ethanol commercial starter S. cerevisiae Ethanol Red (ER) also secretes those AMPs and evaluated its biocontrol potential by performing alcoholic fermentations with mixed-cultures of ER and B. bruxellensis strains and growth assays of LAB in ER pre-fermented supernatants. Results showed that all B. bruxellensis strains were significantly inhibited by the presence of ER, although LAB strains were less sensitive to ER fermentation metabolites. Peptides secreted by ER during alcoholic fermentation were purified by gel-filtration chromatography, and a bioactive fraction was analyzed by ELISA and mass spectrometry. Results confirmed that ER secretes the AMPs previously identified. That bioactive fraction was used to determine minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against several LAB and B. bruxellensis strains. MICs of 1–2 mg/mL were found for B. bruxellensis strains and above 2 mg/mL for LAB. Our study demonstrates that the AMPs secreted by ER can be used as a natural preservative in fuel-ethanol fermentations.
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Huang JM, Ko PJ, Huang CL, Wen PW, Chen CH, Shih MH, Lin WC, Huang FC. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase of Acanthamoeba castellanii participates in resistance to polyhexamethylene biguanide treatment. Parasite 2021; 28:77. [PMID: 34762043 PMCID: PMC8582484 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2021074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acanthamoeba spp. are free-living parasites that can cause severe infections such as granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE) and amoebic keratitis (AK). Polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) is a topical application for AK treatment. However, PHMB is not entirely effective against all Acanthamoeba strains or isolates. The mechanisms by which Acanthamoeba protects itself against extreme drug conditions without encystation are still unknown. According to a previous study, cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP450MO) plays an important role in the oxidative biotransformation of numerous drugs related to metabolism. In this study, a CYP450MO fragment was inserted into the pGAPDH-EGFP vector and transfected into Acanthamoeba castellanii. We found that CYP450MO-overexpressing Acanthamoeba had higher survival rates than those of the control cells after PHMB treatment. Moreover, we also found that encystation-related genes such as cellulose synthase I (CSI), encystation-mediating serine proteinase (EMSP), and autophagy-related protein 8 (ATG8) expression levels were not significantly different between Acanthamoeba transfected by pGAPDH-EGFP or pGAPDH-EGFP-CYP450MO. We suggest that Acanthamoeba transfected by pGAPDH-EGFP-CYP450MO may not induce encystation-related genes to resist PHMB treatment. In conclusion, these findings indicate that CYP450MO may be an additional target when PHMB is used for treatment of amoebic keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ming Huang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Ju Ko
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Li Huang
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Po-Wei Wen
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsien Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Min-Hsiu Shih
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chen Lin
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan - Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan - Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Chin Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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14
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Yamamoto T, Alimu Y, Takahashi H, Kusuya Y, Hosoya K, Shigemune N, Nagai S, Yaguchi T. Isolation and Characterization of the Polyhexamethylene Biguanide Hydrochloride-Resistant Fungus, Purpureocillium lilacinum. Biocontrol Sci 2021; 26:157-166. [PMID: 34556618 DOI: 10.4265/bio.26.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
We isolated a fungus from a 20% (= 200,000 µg/mL) aqueous solution of polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride (PHMB), a widely used antimicrobial and examined its morphology and drug resistance profile. Based on the sequence of the internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA, the fungus was identified as Purpureocillium lilacinum. Although the P. lilacinum type and resistant strains showed similar morphology, the latter had extremely low PHMB susceptibility and was able to grow in 20% aqueous solution of PHMB, which eliminated the type strain. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of PHMB for the resistant strain was significantly higher than that of the type strain and other pathogenic filamentous fungi and yeasts. The susceptibility to antimicrobial agents and antifungal agents other than PHMB was similar to that of the type strain, therefore the drug resistance of the isolate was specific to PHMB. Furthermore, we sequenced the genome of the isolate to predict PHMB resistance-related genes. Despite its high resistance to PHMB, no well-known genes homologous to fungal PHMB-resistant genes were detected in the genome of the resistant strain. In summary, P. lilacinum was found to be significantly more resistant to PHMB than previously reported, via an unidentified mechanism of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hiroki Takahashi
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University.,Molecular Chirality Research Center, Chiba University.,Plant Molecular Science Center, Chiba University
| | - Yoko Kusuya
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University
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Bradley CS, Sicks LA, Pucker AD. Common Ophthalmic Preservatives in Soft Contact Lens Care Products: Benefits, Complications, and a Comparison to Non-Preserved Solutions. CLINICAL OPTOMETRY 2021; 13:271-285. [PMID: 34522149 PMCID: PMC8434857 DOI: 10.2147/opto.s235679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Preservatives are essential for preventing contact lens (CL)-related microbial keratitis (MK). The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge related to the use of common ophthalmic preservatives in CL care products with respect to both safety and efficacy. METHODS Manuscripts written in English were obtained by searching PubMed.gov with the term contact lens plus antimicrobial, benzalkonium chloride, biguanide, Aldox, polyquaternium, preservative, thimerosal, EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), chlorhexidine, or blister pack. RESULTS This review found that first-generation preservatives are no longer used in CL multipurpose solutions (MPS) due to their high levels of ocular toxicity. Modern, high-molecular-weight preservatives, including polyquaternium-1 (PQ-1) and biguanides (PHMB), are generally effective against bacteria, minimally effective against fungi, and not effective against Acanthamoeba. PQ-1 and PHMB are likely safe when used with CLs, but they may cause ocular adverse events, with roughly equal risk between the two preservatives. Some CL MPS contain both PQ-1 and PHMB, but no increased risk of adverse events has been reported when combining the two. Hydrogen-peroxide (H2O2) solutions are effective against all common ocular microbes, including Acanthamoeba, and they have been proven safe with proper compliance. Povidone-iodine (P-I) solutions are not currently commercially available in North America, but they have been shown in other countries to be safe and effective. CONCLUSION Patients should be monitored when using PQ-1 or PHMB-containing solutions since they have been associated with ocular adverse events. If events are detected, patients should be switched to an alternative solution. H2O2 or P-I solutions are preferred for any patient who may expose their CLs to water because they are the only solution categories effective against Acanthamoeba.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew D Pucker
- School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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16
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Olmedo GM, Baigorria CG, Ramallo AC, Sepulveda M, Ramallo J, Volentini SI, Rapisarda VA, Cerioni L. Inhibition of the lemon brown rot causal agent Phytophthora citrophthora by low-toxicity compounds. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:3613-3619. [PMID: 33275277 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytophthora spp., soil-borne oomycetes, cause brown rot (BR) on postharvest lemons. The management of this disease is based on cultural practices and chemical control using inorganic salts of limited efficacy. In the search for new alternatives, the aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of low-toxicity compounds to inhibit the growth of P. citrophthora and to control BR disease on lemons. Sodium bicarbonate, potassium sorbate, polyhexamethylene guanidine, Ascophyllum nodosum extract and a formulation containing phosphite salts plus A. nodosum (P+An) were evaluated. RESULTS All tested products inhibited mycelial growth, sporangia formation and zoospore germination of P. citrophthora in vitro. In postharvest applications on artificially inoculated lemons, only P+An exhibited a BR curative effect, with incidence reduction of around 60%. When this formulation was applied in field treatments, BR incidence was reduced by 40% on lemons harvested and inoculated up to 30 days post application. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate the in vitro direct anti-oomycete effect of low-toxicity compounds and the in vivo efficacy of P+An formulation to control BR, encouraging the incorporation of the latter in the management of citrus BR. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela M Olmedo
- Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNT, CONICET-UNT, and Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), and Instituto de Química Biológica 'Dr Bernabé Bloj', San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Carina G Baigorria
- Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNT, CONICET-UNT, and Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), and Instituto de Química Biológica 'Dr Bernabé Bloj', San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Ana C Ramallo
- Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNT, CONICET-UNT, and Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), and Instituto de Química Biológica 'Dr Bernabé Bloj', San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Milena Sepulveda
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo e Investigación, SA San Miguel, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Jacqueline Ramallo
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo e Investigación, SA San Miguel, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Sabrina I Volentini
- Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNT, CONICET-UNT, and Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), and Instituto de Química Biológica 'Dr Bernabé Bloj', San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Viviana A Rapisarda
- Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNT, CONICET-UNT, and Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), and Instituto de Química Biológica 'Dr Bernabé Bloj', San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Luciana Cerioni
- Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNT, CONICET-UNT, and Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), and Instituto de Química Biológica 'Dr Bernabé Bloj', San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
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17
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Vereshchagin AN, Frolov NA, Egorova KS, Seitkalieva MM, Ananikov VP. Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QACs) and Ionic Liquids (ILs) as Biocides: From Simple Antiseptics to Tunable Antimicrobials. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6793. [PMID: 34202677 PMCID: PMC8268321 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) belong to a well-known class of cationic biocides with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. They are used as essential components in surfactants, personal hygiene products, cosmetics, softeners, dyes, biological dyes, antiseptics, and disinfectants. Simple but varied in their structure, QACs are divided into several subclasses: Mono-, bis-, multi-, and poly-derivatives. Since the beginning of the 20th century, a significant amount of work has been dedicated to the advancement of this class of biocides. Thus, more than 700 articles on QACs were published only in 2020, according to the modern literature. The structural variability and diverse biological activity of ionic liquids (ILs) make them highly prospective for developing new types of biocides. QACs and ILs bear a common key element in the molecular structure-quaternary positively charged nitrogen atoms within a cyclic or acyclic structural framework. The state-of-the-art research level and paramount demand in modern society recall the rapid development of a new generation of tunable antimicrobials. This review focuses on the main QACs exhibiting antimicrobial and antifungal properties, commercial products based on QACs, and the latest discoveries in QACs and ILs connected with biocide development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly N. Vereshchagin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.A.F.); (K.S.E.); (M.M.S.)
| | | | | | | | - Valentine P. Ananikov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.A.F.); (K.S.E.); (M.M.S.)
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18
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Jones IA, Joshi LT. Biocide Use in the Antimicrobial Era: A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082276. [PMID: 33919993 PMCID: PMC8071000 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocides are widely used in healthcare and industry to control infections and microbial contamination. Ineffectual disinfection of surfaces and inappropriate use of biocides can result in the survival of microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses on inanimate surfaces, often contributing to the transmission of infectious agents. Biocidal disinfectants employ varying modes of action to kill microorganisms, ranging from oxidization to solubilizing lipids. This review considers the main biocides used within healthcare and industry environments and highlights their modes of action, efficacy and relevance to disinfection of pathogenic bacteria. This information is vital for rational use and development of biocides in an era where microorganisms are becoming resistant to chemical antimicrobial agents.
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Kathuria D, Raul AD, Wanjari P, Bharatam PV. Biguanides: Species with versatile therapeutic applications. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 219:113378. [PMID: 33857729 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Biguanides are compounds in which two guanidine moieties are fused to form a highly conjugated system. Biguanides are highly basic and hence they are available as salts mostly hydrochloride salts, these cationic species have been found to exhibit many therapeutic properties. This review covers the research and development carried out on biguanides and accounts the various therapeutic applications of drugs containing biguanide group-such as antimalarial, antidiabetic, antiviral, anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-tubercular, antifilarial, anti-HIV, as well as other biological activities. The aim of this review is to compile all the medicinal chemistry applications of this class of compounds so as to pave way for the accelerated efforts in finding the drug action mechanisms associated with this class of compounds. Importance has been given to the organic chemistry of these biguanide derivatives also.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Kathuria
- University Center for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Punjab, 140413, India
| | - Akshay D Raul
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S. A. S. Nagar, 160 062, Punjab, India
| | - Pravin Wanjari
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S. A. S. Nagar, 160 062, Punjab, India
| | - Prasad V Bharatam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S. A. S. Nagar, 160 062, Punjab, India.
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Asadi L, Mokhtari J, Abbasi M. An alginate-PHMB-AgNPs based wound dressing polyamide nanocomposite with improved antibacterial and hemostatic properties. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2021; 32:7. [PMID: 33471210 PMCID: PMC7817589 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-020-06484-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Wound dressing should be impenetrable against microorganisms and it should keep the wound wet. Gauze and polyamide (PA) substrate were treated with various concentrations of AgNPs (25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm), PHMB (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1% w/v), and constant concentration of alginate (0.5% W/V) using a simple dipping method. Prepared samples were characterized by various techniques including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The results indicated that the particles were successfully applied onto both substrates with an average diameter of particle size of 78 nm on gauze and 172 nm on the PA substrate surface (based on 50 nanoparticles). Antibacterial activity of the prepared nanocomposite against Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive) bacteria on PA substrate and gauze were evaluated using the disc diffusion method. The results indicated that the prepared nanocomposites offer favorable antibacterial properties and bacteria would not grow in culture media. The water uptake capacity test of the treated samples was assessed and the data demonstrated that the water absorption rate significantly increases on both treated substrates (gauze and PA substrate) due to the presence of alginate polymer. Also, observing the results of the coagulation test showed that treated samples caused blood clots on the dressing. This is due to the presence of alginate polymer. The present work demonstrates that the prepared samples offer excellent antibacterial properties and good water uptake capacity that capable of being a potential candidate for wound dressings. Due to the results, the produced PA substrate could be an appropriate replacement for the cotton gauze as a wound dressing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Asadi
- Department of Textile Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Guilan, Rasht, 41635-3756, Iran
| | - Javad Mokhtari
- Department of Textile Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Guilan, Rasht, 41635-3756, Iran.
| | - Marjan Abbasi
- Department of Textile Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Guilan, Rasht, 41635-3756, Iran
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21
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Sowlati-Hashjin S, Carbone P, Karttunen M. Insights into the Polyhexamethylene Biguanide (PHMB) Mechanism of Action on Bacterial Membrane and DNA: A Molecular Dynamics Study. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:4487-4497. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c02609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Sowlati-Hashjin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
- The Centre of Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Paola Carbone
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Mikko Karttunen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
- The Centre of Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
- Department of Applied Mathematics, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
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22
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Wang J, Yu Y, Dong Y. Disinfection of Ready-to-Eat Lettuce Using Polyhexamethylene Guanidine Hydrochloride. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E272. [PMID: 32079354 PMCID: PMC7074769 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As a novel and safe sanitizer, polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride (PHMG) has been used to inhibit the spoilage of agricultural products caused by fungi. However, little is known about its antibacterial effects on vegetables. In this study, we evaluated the disinfection efficacy of PHMG on ready-to-eat lettuce. PHMG (150-200 mg/L) treatment for 5 min was optimal for lettuce disinfection. Compared to several household sanitizers (vinegar: 1% acetic acid; kettle descaler: 1% citric acid; "84" disinfectant: 200 mg/L sodium hypochlorite), PHMG showed the greatest reductions in Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, aerobic mesophilic counts, aerobic psychrotrophic counts and molds and yeasts. Quality analysis of color (as determined by L*, a* and b*) and determination of electrolyte leakage indicated that PHMG did not cause any additional quality loss as compared to other household sanitizers. These results provide a reference for the application of PHMG as a vegetable sanitizer at the ready-to-eat stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Wang
- College of Food and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang 422000, China;
| | - Yougui Yu
- College of Food and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang 422000, China;
| | - Yuemei Dong
- Shijiashike Co., Ltd., Liaoyang 111000, China;
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Genome engineering of E. coli for improved styrene production. Metab Eng 2020; 57:74-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Said-Salman IH, Jebaii FA, Yusef HH, Moustafa ME. Global gene expression analysis of Escherichia coli K-12 DH5α after exposure to 2.4 GHz wireless fidelity radiation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14425. [PMID: 31595026 PMCID: PMC6783421 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51046-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the non-thermal effects of Wi-Fi radiofrequency radiation of 2.4 GHz on global gene expression in Escherichia coli K-12 DH5α. High-throughput RNA-sequencing of 2.4 GHz exposed and non-exposed bacteria revealed that 101 genes were differentially expressed (DEGs) at P ≤ 0.05. The up-regulated genes were 52 while the down-regulated ones were 49. QRT-PCR analysis of pgaD, fliC, cheY, malP, malZ, motB, alsC, alsK, appB and appX confirmed the RNA-seq results. About 7% of DEGs are involved in cellular component organization, 6% in response to stress stimulus, 6% in biological regulation, 6% in localization, 5% in locomotion and 3% in cell adhesion. Database for annotation, visualization and integrated discovery (DAVID) functional clustering revealed that DEGs with high enrichment score included genes for localization of cell, locomotion, chemotaxis, response to external stimulus and cell adhesion. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathways analysis showed that the pathways for flagellar assembly, chemotaxis and two-component system were affected. Go enrichment analysis indicated that the up-regulated DEGs are involved in metabolic pathways, transposition, response to stimuli, motility, chemotaxis and cell adhesion. The down-regulated DEGs are associated with metabolic pathways and localization of ions and organic molecules. Therefore, the exposure of E. coli DH5α to Wi-Fi radiofrequency radiation for 5 hours influenced several bacterial cellular and metabolic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilham H Said-Salman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon.
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Fatima A Jebaii
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hoda H Yusef
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohamed E Moustafa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Biocide Exposure Induces Changes in Susceptibility, Pathogenicity, and Biofilm Formation in Uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.01892-18. [PMID: 30642923 PMCID: PMC6395906 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01892-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is a frequent cause of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI). Biocides have been incorporated into catheter coatings to inhibit bacterial colonization while, ideally, exhibiting low cytotoxicity and mitigating the selection of resistant bacterial populations. We compared the effects of long-term biocide exposure on susceptibility, biofilm formation, and relative pathogenicity in eight UPEC isolates. MICs, minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs), minimum biofilm eradication concentrations (MBECs), and antibiotic susceptibilities were determined before and after long-term exposure to triclosan, polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB), benzalkonium chloride (BAC), and silver nitrate. Biofilm formation was quantified using a crystal violet assay, and relative pathogenicity was assessed via a Galleria mellonella waxworm model. Cytotoxicity and the resulting biocompatibility index values were determined by use of an L929 murine fibroblast cell line. Biocide exposure resulted in multiple decreases in biocide susceptibility in planktonic and biofilm-associated UPEC. Triclosan exposure induced the largest frequency and magnitude of susceptibility decreases at the MIC, MBC, and MBEC, which correlated with an increase in biofilm biomass in all isolates. Induction of antibiotic cross-resistance occurred in 6/84 possible combinations of bacteria, biocide, and antibiotic. Relative pathogenicity significantly decreased after triclosan exposure (5/8 isolates), increased after silver nitrate exposure (2/8 isolates), and varied between isolates for PHMB and BAC. The biocompatibility index ranked the antiseptic potential as PHMB > triclosan > BAC > silver nitrate. Biocide exposure in UPEC may lead to reductions in biocide and antibiotic susceptibility, changes in biofilm formation, and alterations in relative pathogenicity. These data indicate the multiple consequences of biocide adaptation that should be considered when selecting an anti-infective catheter-coating agent.
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Abstract
Biocides and formulated biocides are used worldwide for an increasing number of applications despite tightening regulations in Europe and in the United States. One concern is that such intense usage of biocides could lead to increased bacterial resistance to a product and cross-resistance to unrelated antimicrobials including chemotherapeutic antibiotics. Evidence to justify such a concern comes mostly from the use of health care-relevant bacterial isolates, although the number of studies of the resistance characteristics of veterinary isolates to biocides have increased the past few years. One problem remains the definition of "resistance" and how to measure resistance to a biocide. This has yet to be addressed globally, although the measurement of resistance is becoming more pressing, with regulators both in Europe and in the United States demanding that manufacturers provide evidence that their biocidal products will not impact on bacterial resistance. Alongside in vitro evidence of potential antimicrobial cross-resistance following biocide exposure, our understanding of the mechanisms of bacterial resistance and, more recently, our understanding of the effect of biocides to induce a mechanism(s) of resistance in bacteria has improved. This article aims to provide an understanding of the development of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria following a biocide exposure. The sections provide evidence of the occurrence of bacterial resistance and its mechanisms of action and debate how to measure bacterial resistance to biocides. Examples pertinent to the veterinary field are used where appropriate.
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Olmedo GM, Cerioni L, Sepulveda M, Ramallo J, Rapisarda VA, Volentini SI. Polyhexamethylene guanidine as a fungicide, disinfectant and wound protector in lemons challenged with Penicillium digitatum. Food Microbiol 2018; 76:128-134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Hébert A, Parisotto M, Ferbeyre G, Schmitzer AR. Membrane permeabilization and perturbation induced by alkyl- biguanidium salts. Supramol Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2018.1535710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Hébert
- Département de Chimie - Faculté des Arts et des Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Maxime Parisotto
- Département de Chimie - Faculté des Arts et des Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Gerardo Ferbeyre
- Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire - Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Andreea R. Schmitzer
- Département de Chimie - Faculté des Arts et des Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Shiga T, Mori H, Uemura K, Moriuchi R, Dohra H, Yamawaki-Ogata A, Narita Y, Saito A, Kotsuchibashi Y. Evaluation of the Bactericidal and Fungicidal Activities of Poly([2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethyl Ammonium Chloride)(Poly (METAC))-Based Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E947. [PMID: 30960872 PMCID: PMC6403553 DOI: 10.3390/polym10090947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly([2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethyl ammonium chloride) (METAC) and the gels were prepared and evaluated for their bactericidal and fungicidal activities. The antimicrobial properties of poly(METAC) were tested against Escherichia coli (E. coli), Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sa. cerevisiae), methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), and Candida albicans (C. albicans). Moreover, the structural forms of the linear and cross-linked poly(METAC) were investigated for their influences on bacterial aggregation, precipitation, and cell-death. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the comparison of the antimicrobial properties of poly(METAC) and poly(METAC)-gels. The bactericidal and fungicidal activities were evaluated by determining minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), UV⁻Vis spectroscopy, and fluorescence and confocal microscopies. The MICs were found to be 123 (MSSA), 123 (MRSA), 123 (P. aeruginosa), 370 (E. coli), 123 (B. subtilis), 370 (C. albicans), and 370 μg/mL (Sa. cerevisiae), as determined by broth dilution, and 370 (MSSA), 370 (MRSA), 370 (P. aeruginosa), 3300 (E. coli), 370 (B. subtilis), 1100 (C. albicans), and >10,000 μg/mL (Sa. cerevisiae), as determined by paper disc diffusion (on solid medium). The poly(METAC)-gels achieved rapid adsorption/precipitation of bacteria via the cationic surface charge. Thus, these poly(METAC)-based polymers can potentially be used as antibacterial materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Shiga
- Department of Materials and Life Science, Shizuoka Institute of Science and Technology, 2200-2 Toyosawa, Fukuroi, Shizuoka 437-8555, Japan.
| | - Hiromitsu Mori
- Department of Materials and Life Science, Shizuoka Institute of Science and Technology, 2200-2 Toyosawa, Fukuroi, Shizuoka 437-8555, Japan.
| | - Keiichi Uemura
- Chutoen-General Medical Center, 1-1 Shobugaike, Kakegawa, Shizuoka 436-8555, Japan.
| | - Ryota Moriuchi
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.
| | - Hideo Dohra
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.
| | - Aika Yamawaki-Ogata
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Yuji Narita
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Akihiro Saito
- Department of Materials and Life Science, Shizuoka Institute of Science and Technology, 2200-2 Toyosawa, Fukuroi, Shizuoka 437-8555, Japan.
| | - Yohei Kotsuchibashi
- Department of Materials and Life Science, Shizuoka Institute of Science and Technology, 2200-2 Toyosawa, Fukuroi, Shizuoka 437-8555, Japan.
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Gorbunova M, Lemkina L, Borisova I. New guanidine-containing polyelectrolytes as advanced antibacterial materials. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Wang H, Yao C, Qian K, Guo Q, Shu W, Chen P, Song W, Wang Y. Balance of disinfection and cytotoxicity of hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan with polyhexamethylene biguanide at low concentrations. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2017.1381922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huafu Wang
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Department, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Chen Yao
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Department, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Kun Qian
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Department, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Qing Guo
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Department, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Weixia Shu
- Research and Development Department, Hydron contact lens co., LTD, Danyang, P.R. China
| | - Ping Chen
- Research and Development Department, Hydron contact lens co., LTD, Danyang, P.R. China
| | - Wei Song
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Department, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Yihong Wang
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Department, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, P.R. China
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Huai W, Deng Z, Lin W, Chen Q. Enhanced killing of Escherichia coli using a combination of polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride and 1-bromo-3-chloro-5,5- dimethylimidazolidine-2,4-dione. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2017; 364:4329275. [PMID: 29029044 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnx210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The bactericidal activities of polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride (PHMB), 1-bromo-3-chloro-5,5-dimethylimidazolidine-2,4-dione (BCDMH) and the combination of the two (designated as PB) were compared using Escherichia coli as the test organism. PB exhibited strong bactericidal activity: 10 mg/L PHMB combined with 8 mg/L BCDMH resulted in approximately 5.74 log10 reduction (LR), whereas 320 mg/L PHMB or 20 mg/L BCDMH was about 5.53 and 6.56 LR, respectively. Analyses using scanning electron microscopy, flow cytometry and atomic absorption spectroscopy indicated that PB, PHMB and BCDMH disrupted cell membranes and changed membrane structure and permeability, resulting in the leakage of intracellular soluble proteins and ions. PB exerted stronger effects on potassium and magnesium leakage, membrane potential and permeability than BCDMH did. PB caused less protein leakage than PHMB did. These results suggest that at a relatively low concentration, PB exhibited good bactericidal activity and physiological effect on E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Huai
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, No. 333, Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Zhirui Deng
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, No. 333, Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Wenshu Lin
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, No. 333, Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Qin Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, No. 333, Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, PR China
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Rahman T, Yarnall B, Doyle DA. Efflux drug transporters at the forefront of antimicrobial resistance. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2017; 46:647-653. [PMID: 28710521 PMCID: PMC5599465 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-017-1238-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial antibiotic resistance is rapidly becoming a major world health consideration. To combat antibiotics, microorganisms employ their pre-existing defence mechanisms that existed long before man’s discovery of antibiotics. Bacteria utilise levels of protection that range from gene upregulation, mutations, adaptive resistance, and production of resistant phenotypes (persisters) to communal behaviour, as in swarming and the ultimate defence of a biofilm. A major part of all of these responses involves the use of antibiotic efflux transporters. At the single cell level, it is becoming apparent that the use of efflux pumps is the first line of defence against an antibiotic, as these pumps decrease the intracellular level of antibiotic while the cell activates the various other levels of protection. This frontline of defence involves a coordinated network of efflux transporters. In the future, inhibition of this efflux transporter network, as a target for novel antibiotic therapy, will require the isolation and then biochemical/biophysical characterisation of each pump against all known and new antibiotics. This depth of knowledge is required so that we can fully understand and tackle the mechanisms of developing antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahmina Rahman
- University of Southampton, Biological Sciences, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.,Wessex Kidney Centre, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Cosham, Portsmouth, PO6 3LY, UK
| | - Benjamin Yarnall
- University of Southampton, Biological Sciences, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Declan A Doyle
- University of Southampton, Biological Sciences, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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Kim HR, Hwang GW, Naganuma A, Chung KH. Adverse health effects of humidifier disinfectants in Korea: lung toxicity of polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate. J Toxicol Sci 2017; 41:711-717. [PMID: 27853099 DOI: 10.2131/jts.41.711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to humidifier disinfectants was identified in 2011 as the potential cause of an outbreak of lung disease in Korea. It is estimated that over 8 million people have been exposed to humidifier disinfectants-chemicals added to the water used in humidifiers to prevent the growth of microorganisms-since their commercial introduction. The primary component of humidifier disinfectant products involved was polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate (PHMG-P), a guanidine-based antimicrobial agent. Lesions observed in the lungs of patients were similar to those observed in laboratory animals exposed to PHMG-P. In this review, we outline the physicochemical and toxicological properties of PHMG-P, and introduce a putative mechanism for its lung toxicity based in large part on research findings to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Ryong Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular and Biochemical Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Japan
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Shlar I, Droby S, Rodov V. Modes of antibacterial action of curcumin under dark and light conditions: A toxicoproteomics approach. J Proteomics 2017; 160:8-20. [PMID: 28315482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin is a potent natural food-grade antimicrobial compound. Exposure to light further enhances its antimicrobial capacity. Proteomic methods were used in this study for investigating the mechanistic aspects of the antibacterial curcumin effects in the dark and upon illumination. Escherichia coli cells exposed to water-dispersible curcumin-methyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex under dark and light conditions were compared with the non-treated cells kept under the same illumination regimes. Curcumin treatment in the dark evoked adaptive responses aimed at mitigation of oxidative stress, DNA protection, proteostasis, modulation of redox state via changing NADH level, and gasotransmitter (H2S and NH3) biosynthesis. Although part of these phenomena were also present in E. coli treated under light, the light-induced curcumin toxicity was prevailed by maladaptive responses. The ROS burst induced upon curcumin treatment under light overrode the cellular adaptive mechanisms disrupting the iron metabolism, deregulating the iron-sulfur cluster biosynthesis and eventually leading to cell death. The toxicoproteomic findings were validated by transcriptomic analysis and by assessment of intracellular ROS, NADH, NADPH and iron levels. SIGNIFICANCE The results of this study elucidate putative mechanistic basis of antibacterial effects of curcumin, suggesting ways towards more efficient contamination control. In particular, the antimicrobial efficacy of curcumin can be potentiated by targeting bacterial systems that remediate its dark toxicity by free radical detoxification and modulation of cell redox status. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first proteomic study differentiating between the dark and light-induced antimicrobial activity of curcumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Shlar
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel; Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Samir Droby
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel
| | - Victor Rodov
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel.
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Wand ME. Bacterial Resistance to Hospital Disinfection. MODELING THE TRANSMISSION AND PREVENTION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-60616-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Carrijo-Carvalho LC, Sant'ana VP, Foronda AS, de Freitas D, de Souza Carvalho FR. Therapeutic agents and biocides for ocular infections by free-living amoebae of Acanthamoeba genus. Surv Ophthalmol 2016; 62:203-218. [PMID: 27836717 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba keratitis is a sight-threatening infectious disease. Resistance of the cystic form of the protozoan to biocides and the potential toxicity of chemical compounds to corneal cells are the main concerns related to long-term treatment with the clinically available ophthalmic drugs. Currently, a limited number of recognized antimicrobial agents are available to treat ocular amoebic infections. Topical application of biguanide and diamidine antiseptic solutions is the first-line therapy. We consider the current challenges when treating Acanthamoeba keratitis and review the chemical properties, toxicities, and mechanisms of action of the available biocides. Antimicrobial therapy using anti-inflammatory drugs is controversial, and aspects related to this topic are discussed. Finally, we offer our perspective on potential improvement of the effectiveness and safety of therapeutic profiles, with the focus on the quality of life and the advancement of individualized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Christian Carrijo-Carvalho
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Viviane Peracini Sant'ana
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Annette Silva Foronda
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denise de Freitas
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio Ramos de Souza Carvalho
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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The antimicrobial polymer PHMB enters cells and selectively condenses bacterial chromosomes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23121. [PMID: 26996206 PMCID: PMC4800398 DOI: 10.1038/srep23121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
To combat infection and antimicrobial resistance, it is helpful to elucidate drug mechanism(s) of action. Here we examined how the widely used antimicrobial polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) kills bacteria selectively over host cells. Contrary to the accepted model of microbial membrane disruption by PHMB, we observed cell entry into a range of bacterial species, and treated bacteria displayed cell division arrest and chromosome condensation, suggesting DNA binding as an alternative antimicrobial mechanism. A DNA-level mechanism was confirmed by observations that PHMB formed nanoparticles when mixed with isolated bacterial chromosomal DNA and its effects on growth were suppressed by pairwise combination with the DNA binding ligand Hoechst 33258. PHMB also entered mammalian cells, but was trapped within endosomes and excluded from nuclei. Therefore, PHMB displays differential access to bacterial and mammalian cellular DNA and selectively binds and condenses bacterial chromosomes. Because acquired resistance to PHMB has not been reported, selective chromosome condensation provides an unanticipated paradigm for antimicrobial action that may not succumb to resistance.
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Souza AL, Ceridório LF, Paula GF, Mattoso LH, Oliveira ON. Understanding the biocide action of poly(hexamethylene biguanide) using Langmuir monolayers of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylglycerol. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 132:117-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Llorens E, Calderón S, del Valle LJ, Puiggalí J. Polybiguanide (PHMB) loaded in PLA scaffolds displaying high hydrophobic, biocompatibility and antibacterial properties. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 50:74-84. [PMID: 25746248 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.01.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Polyhexamethylenebiguanide hydrochloride (PHMB), a low molecular weight polymer related to chlorohexidine (CHX), is a well-known antibacterial agent. In this study, polylactide (PLA) nanofibers loaded with PHMB were produced by electrospinning to obtain 3D biodegradable scaffolds with antibacterial properties. PLA fibers loaded with CHX were used as control. The electrospun fibers were studied and analyzed by SEM, FTIR, DSC and contact angle measurements. PHMB and CHX release from loaded scaffolds was evaluated, as well as their antibacterial activity and biocompatibility. The results showed that the nanofibers became smoother and their diameter smaller with increasing the amount of loaded PHMB. This feature led to an increase of both surface roughness and hydrophobicity of the scaffold. PHMB release was highly dependent on the hydrophilicity of the medium and differed from that determined for CHX. Lastly, PHMB-loaded PLA scaffolds showed antibacterial properties since they inhibited adhesion and bacterial growth, and exhibited biocompatible characteristics for the adhesion and proliferation of both fibroblast and epithelial cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Llorens
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Diagonal 647, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
| | - Silvia Calderón
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Diagonal 647, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
| | - Luis J del Valle
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Diagonal 647, Barcelona E-08028, Spain.
| | - Jordi Puiggalí
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Diagonal 647, Barcelona E-08028, Spain; Center for Research in Nano-Engineering (CrNE), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Edifici C, C/Pasqual i Vila s/n, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
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Périamé M, Pagès JM, Davin-Regli A. Enterobacter gergoviae
membrane modifications are involved in the adaptive response to preservatives used in cosmetic industry. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 118:49-61. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Périamé
- UMR-MD-1, Aix-Marseille Université; IRBA, Transporteurs Membranaires; Chimiorésistance et Drug Design; Marseille France
| | - Jean-Marie Pagès
- UMR-MD-1, Aix-Marseille Université; IRBA, Transporteurs Membranaires; Chimiorésistance et Drug Design; Marseille France
| | - Anne Davin-Regli
- UMR-MD-1, Aix-Marseille Université; IRBA, Transporteurs Membranaires; Chimiorésistance et Drug Design; Marseille France
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Díaz A, del Valle LJ, Tugushi D, Katsarava R, Puiggalí J. New poly(ester urea) derived from L-leucine: electrospun scaffolds loaded with antibacterial drugs and enzymes. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 46:450-62. [PMID: 25492010 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Electrospun scaffolds from an amino acid containing poly(ester urea) (PEU) were developed as promising materials in the biomedical field and specifically in tissue engineering applications. The selected poly(ester urea) was obtained with a high yield and molecular weight by reaction of phosgene with a bis(α-aminoacyl)-α,ω-diol-diester monomer. The polymer having L-leucine, 1,6-hexanediol and carbonic acid units had a semicrystalline character and relatively high glass transition and melting temperatures. Furthermore it was highly soluble in most organic solvents, an interesting feature that facilitated the electrospinning process and the effective incorporation of drugs with bactericidal activity (e.g. biguanide derivatives such as clorhexidine and polyhexamethylenebiguanide) and enzymes (e.g. α-chymotrypsin) that accelerated the degradation process. Continuous micro/nanofibers were obtained under a wide range of processing conditions, being diameters of electrospun fibers dependent on the drug and solvent used. Poly(ester urea) samples were degradable in media containing lipases and proteinases but the degradation rate was highly dependent on the surface area, being specifically greater for scaffolds with respect to films. The high hydrophobicity of new scaffolds had repercussions on enzymatic degradability since different weight loss rates were found depending on how samples were exposed to the medium (e.g. forced or non-forced immersion). New scaffolds were biocompatible, as demonstrated by adhesion and proliferation assays performed with fibroblast and epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Díaz
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Diagonal 647, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
| | - Luis J del Valle
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Diagonal 647, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
| | - David Tugushi
- Institute of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Agricultural University of Georgia, 13km. David Aghmashenebeli Alley, Tblisi 0131, Georgia
| | - Ramaz Katsarava
- Institute of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Agricultural University of Georgia, 13km. David Aghmashenebeli Alley, Tblisi 0131, Georgia
| | - Jordi Puiggalí
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Diagonal 647, Barcelona E-08028, Spain.
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Souza C, Watanabe E, Borgheti-Cardoso LN, De Abreu Fantini MC, Lara MG. Mucoadhesive system formed by liquid crystals for buccal administration of poly(hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:3914-3923. [PMID: 25336429 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial approaches are valuable in controlling the development of buccal diseases, but some antibacterial agents have a short duration of activity. Therefore, the development of prolonged delivery systems would be advantageous. Liquid crystalline systems comprising monoolein (GMO)/water have been considered to be a potential vehicle to deliver drugs to the buccal mucosa because of the phase properties that allow for controlled drug release as well as its mucoadhesive properties. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a GMO/water system for the slow release of poly(hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride (PHMB) on the buccal mucosa and test the properties of this system with regard to swelling, release profile, antimicrobial activity, and strength of mucoadhesion, with the overall goal of treating buccal infections. The tested systems were capable of modulating drug release, which is controlled by diffusion of the drug throughout the system. Furthermore, PHMB appeared to improve the mucoadhesive properties of the system and may synergistically act with the drug to promote antimicrobial activity against S. mutas and C. albicans, indicating that liquid crystals may be suitable for the administration of PHMB on the buccal mucosa. Therefore, this system could be proposed as a novel system for mucoadhesive drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Souza
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil.
| | - Evandro Watanabe
- School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Livia Neves Borgheti-Cardoso
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil
| | | | - Marilisa Guimarães Lara
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil
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Park D, Leem J, Lee K, Lim H, Choi Y, Ahn JJ, Lim S, Park J, Choi K, Lee N, Jung H, Ha J, Paek D. Exposure characteristics of familial cases of lung injury associated with the use of humidifier disinfectants. Environ Health 2014; 13:70. [PMID: 25178403 PMCID: PMC4167125 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-13-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study describes 17 families with 38 lung injury patients (14 males, 24 females; 22 preschool-age children less than six years of age and 16 individuals of 13-50 years) who used disinfectant added to humidifiers in the home. METHODS Clinical examination and humidifier disinfectant-use histories were taken, and a thorough home investigation was performed to assess exposure to humidifier disinfectant. RESULTS Nine of the patients (three pregnant females, six preschool-age children) died soon after they first developed lung damage. Six (16%) were pregnant females and 22 (58%) were preschool-aged children younger than six years. The patients used humidifier disinfectant products containing either polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate (PHMG, n = 36) or oligo(2-(2-ethoxy)ethoxyethyl guanidinium chloride (PGH, n = 2). Twenty-six patients (68%) used the brand "Oxy"®, which contains PHMG. Of the ten patients with fatal lung injury, nine were found to have used PHMG. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the use of humidifier disinfectant products containing either PGH or PHMG can cause lung injury, especially in preschool-age children younger than six years and pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donguk Park
- />Department of Environmental Health, Korea National Open University, 169 Dongsung-dong, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-791 Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghan Leem
- />Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Inha University Hospital, Incheon, Korea
| | - Kyoungmu Lee
- />Department of Environmental Health, Korea National Open University, 169 Dongsung-dong, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-791 Republic of Korea
| | - Heungkyu Lim
- />Asian Citizen’s Center for Environment and Health, Seoul, 110-460 Korea
| | - Yeyong Choi
- />Asian Citizen’s Center for Environment and Health, Seoul, 110-460 Korea
| | - Jong-Ju Ahn
- />Asian Citizen’s Center for Environment and Health, Seoul, 110-460 Korea
| | - Sinye Lim
- />Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, Kyunghee University, 130-791 Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeongim Park
- />Department of Environmental Health Science, Soon Chun Hyang University, Chuncheongnam-do, 336-745 Korea
| | - Kyungho Choi
- />School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742 Korea
| | - Naroo Lee
- />Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Expo Yuseonggu, Daejun, 305-380 Korea
| | - Hyejung Jung
- />Department of Environmental Health, Korea National Open University, 169 Dongsung-dong, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-791 Republic of Korea
| | - Jongsik Ha
- />Korea Environment Institute, Seoul, 122-706 Korea
| | - Domyung Paek
- />School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742 Korea
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46
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Condell O, Power KA, Händler K, Finn S, Sheridan A, Sergeant K, Renaut J, Burgess CM, Hinton JCD, Nally JE, Fanning S. Comparative analysis of Salmonella susceptibility and tolerance to the biocide chlorhexidine identifies a complex cellular defense network. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:373. [PMID: 25136333 PMCID: PMC4117984 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorhexidine is one of the most widely used biocides in health and agricultural settings as well as in the modern food industry. It is a cationic biocide of the biguanide class. Details of its mechanism of action are largely unknown. The frequent use of chlorhexidine has been questioned recently, amidst concerns that an overuse of this compound may select for bacteria displaying an altered susceptibility to antimicrobials, including clinically important anti-bacterial agents. We generated a Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium isolate (ST24(CHX)) that exhibited a high-level tolerant phenotype to chlorhexidine, following several rounds of in vitro selection, using sub-lethal concentrations of the biocide. This mutant showed altered suceptibility to a panel of clinically important antimicrobial compounds. Here we describe a genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and phenotypic analysis of the chlorhexidine tolerant S. Typhimurium compared with its isogenic sensitive progenitor. Results from this study describe a chlorhexidine defense network that functions in both the reference chlorhexidine sensitive isolate and the tolerant mutant. The defense network involved multiple cell targets including those associated with the synthesis and modification of the cell wall, the SOS response, virulence, and a shift in cellular metabolism toward anoxic pathways, some of which were regulated by CreB and Fur. In addition, results indicated that chlorhexidine tolerance was associated with more extensive modifications of the same cellular processes involved in this proposed network, as well as a divergent defense response involving the up-regulation of additional targets such as the flagellar apparatus and an altered cellular phosphate metabolism. These data show that sub-lethal concentrations of chlorhexidine induce distinct changes in exposed Salmonella, and our findings provide insights into the mechanisms of action and tolerance to this biocidal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orla Condell
- UCD Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College DublinBelfield, Dublin, Ireland
- European Program for Public Health Microbiology Training, European Centre for Disease Prevention and ControlStockholm, Sweden
| | - Karen A. Power
- UCD Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College DublinBelfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kristian Händler
- Department of Microbiology, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College DublinDublin, Ireland
| | - Sarah Finn
- UCD Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College DublinBelfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aine Sheridan
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research CentreAshtown, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kjell Sergeant
- Department of Environment and Agrobiotechnologies (EVA), Centre de Recherche Public-Gabriel LippmannBelvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Jenny Renaut
- Department of Environment and Agrobiotechnologies (EVA), Centre de Recherche Public-Gabriel LippmannBelvaux, Luxembourg
| | | | - Jay C. D. Hinton
- Department of Microbiology, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College DublinDublin, Ireland
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of LiverpoolLiverpool, UK
| | - Jarlath E. Nally
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College DublinBelfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Séamus Fanning
- UCD Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College DublinBelfield, Dublin, Ireland
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University BelfastBelfast, Northern Ireland
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Transient and sustained bacterial adaptation following repeated sublethal exposure to microbicides and a novel human antimicrobial peptide. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:5809-17. [PMID: 25049246 PMCID: PMC4187928 DOI: 10.1128/aac.03364-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbicides (biocides) play an important role in the prevention and treatment of infections. While there is currently little evidence for in-use treatment failures attributable to acquired reductions in microbicide susceptibility, the susceptibility of some bacteria can be reduced by sublethal laboratory exposure to certain agents. In this investigation, a range of environmental bacterial isolates (11 genera, 18 species) were repeatedly exposed to four microbicides (cetrimide, chlorhexidine, polyhexamethylene biguanide [PHMB], and triclosan) and a cationic apolipoprotein E-derived antimicrobial peptide (apoEdpL-W) using a previously validated exposure system. Susceptibilities (MICs and minimum bactericidal concentrations [MBCs]) were determined before and after 10 passages (P10) in the presence of an antimicrobial and then after a further 10 passages without an antimicrobial to determine the stability of any adaptations. Bacteria exhibiting >4-fold increases in MBCs were further examined for alterations in biofilm-forming ability. Following microbicide exposure, ≥4-fold decreases in susceptibility (MIC or MBC) occurred for cetrimide (5/18 bacteria), apoEdpL-W (7/18), chlorhexidine (8/18), PHMB (8/18), and triclosan (11/18). Of the 34 ≥4-fold increases in the MICs, 15 were fully reversible, 13 were partially reversible, and 6 were nonreversible. Of the 26 ≥4-fold increases in the MBCs, 7 were fully reversible, 14 were partially reversible, and 5 were nonreversible. Significant decreases in biofilm formation in P10 strains occurred for apoEdpL-W (1/18 bacteria), chlorhexidine (1/18), and triclosan (2/18), while significant increases occurred for apoEdpL-W (1/18), triclosan (1/18), and chlorhexidine (2/18). These data indicate that the stability of induced changes in microbicide susceptibility varies but may be sustained for some combinations of a bacterium and a microbicide.
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Antibacterial activity of THAM Trisphenylguanide against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97742. [PMID: 24840307 PMCID: PMC4026384 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the potential antibacterial activity of three series of compounds synthesized from 12 linear and branched polyamines with 2–8 amino groups, which were substituted to produce the corresponding guanides, biguanides, or phenylguanides, against Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Antibacterial activity was measured for each compound by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration against the bacteria, and the toxicity towards mammalian cells was determined. The most effective compound, THAM trisphenylguanide, was studied in time-to-kill and cytoplasmic leakage assays against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA, USA300) in comparison to chlorhexidine. Preliminary toxicity and MRSA challenge studies in mice were also conducted on this compound. THAM trisphenylguanide showed significant antibacterial activity (MIC ∼1 mg/L) and selectivity against MRSA relative to all the other bacteria examined. In time-to-kill assays it showed increased antimicrobial activity against MRSA versus chlorhexidine. It induced leakage of cytoplasmic content at concentrations that did not reduce cell viability, suggesting the mechanism of action may involve membrane disruption. Using an intraperitoneal mouse model of invasive MRSA disease, THAM trisphenylguanide reduced bacterial burden locally and in deeper tissues. This study has identified a novel guanide compound with selective microbicidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus, including a methicillin-resistant (MRSA) strain.
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Freeman PD, Kahook MY. Preservatives in topical ophthalmic medications: historical and clinical perspectives. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/17469899.4.1.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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50
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Caballero Gómez N, Grande MJ, Pérez Pulido R, Abriouel H, Gálvez A. Effect of enterocin AS-48 singly or in combination with biocides on planktonic and sessile B. cereus. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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