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Zhang XZ, Mo XC, Wang ZT, Sun R, Sun DQ. N-glycosylation of Wnt3 regulates the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma by affecting Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2024; 16:2769-2780. [PMID: 38994173 PMCID: PMC11236237 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v16.i6.2769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wnt/FZD-mediated signaling pathways are activated in more than 90% of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines. As a well-known secretory glycoprotein, Wnt3 can interact with FZD receptors on the cell surface, thereby activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. However, the N-glycosylation modification site of Wnt3 and the effect of this modification on the biological function of the protein are still unclear. AIM To investigate the effect of Wnt3 N-glycosylation on the biological function of HCC cells. METHODS Site-directed mutagenesis was used to verify the Wnt3 N-glycosylation sites, actinomycin D treatment was used to detect the stability of Wnt3 after site-directed mutation, the binding of the N-glycosylation site-directed mutant Wnt3 to FZD7 was observed by laser confocal microscopy, and the effects of the N-glycosylation site-directed mutation of Wnt3 on the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and the progression of HCC cells were detected by western blot and cell function experiments. RESULTS Wnt3 has two N-glycosylation-modified sites (Asn90 and Asn301); when a single site at amino acid 301 is mutated, the stability of Wnt3 is weakened; the binding ability of Wnt3 to FZD7 decreases when both sites are mutated simultaneously; and the level of proteins related to the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is downregulated. Cell proliferation, migration and invasion are also weakened in the case of single 301 site and double-site mutations. CONCLUSION These results indicate that by inhibiting the N-glycosylation of Wnt3, the proliferation, migration, invasion and colony formation abilities of liver cancer cells can be weakened, which might provide new therapeutic strategies for clinical liver cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Zhan Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology & Research Center for Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Xiao-Chuan Mo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology & Research Center for Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Zhu-Ting Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology & Research Center for Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Rong Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology & Research Center for Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Da-Quan Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology & Research Center for Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
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2
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Fan Z, Hao Y, Huo Y, Cao F, Li L, Xu J, Song Y, Yang K. Modulators for palmitoylation of proteins and small molecules. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 271:116408. [PMID: 38621327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
As an essential form of lipid modification for maintaining vital cellular functions, palmitoylation plays an important role in in the regulation of various physiological processes, serving as a promising therapeutic target for diseases like cancer and neurological disorders. Ongoing research has revealed that palmitoylation can be categorized into three distinct types: N-palmitoylation, O-palmitoylation and S-palmitoylation. Herein this paper provides an overview of the regulatory enzymes involved in palmitoylation, including palmitoyltransferases and depalmitoylases, and discusses the currently available broad-spectrum and selective inhibitors for these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeshuai Fan
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Yuchen Hao
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Yidan Huo
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Fei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China; Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, China
| | - Longfei Li
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China; Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, China
| | - Jianmei Xu
- Department of hematopathology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Yali Song
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China; Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, China
| | - Kan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China; Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, China.
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3
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Lin Y, Lubman DM. The role of N-glycosylation in cancer. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:1098-1110. [PMID: 38486989 PMCID: PMC10935144 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in understanding the development and progression of cancer in recent years, there remains a lack of comprehensive characterization of the cancer glycoproteome. Glycoproteins play an important role in medicine and are involved in various human disease conditions including cancer. Glycan-moieties participate in fundamental cancer processes like cell signaling, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Aberrant N-glycosylation significantly impacts cancer processes and targeted therapies in clinic. Therefore, understanding N-glycosylation in a tumor is essential for comprehending disease progression and discovering anti-cancer targets and biomarkers for therapy monitoring and diagnosis. This review presents the fundamental process of protein N-glycosylation and summarizes glycosylation changes in tumor cells, including increased terminal sialylation, N-glycan branching, and core-fucosylation. Also, the role of N-glycosylation in tumor signaling pathways, migration, and metabolism are discussed. Glycoproteins and glycopeptides as potential biomarkers for early detection of cancer based on site specificity have been introduced. Collectively, understanding and exploring the cancer glycoproteome, along with its role in medicine, implication in cancer and other human diseases, highlights the significance of N-glycosylation in tumor processes, necessitating further research for potential anti-cancer targets and biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lin
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - David M. Lubman
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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4
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de Almeida Magalhaes T, Liu J, Chan C, Borges KS, Zhang J, Kane AJ, Wierbowski BM, Ge Y, Liu Z, Mannam P, Zeve D, Weiss R, Breault DT, Huang P, Salic A. Extracellular carriers control lipid-dependent secretion, delivery, and activity of WNT morphogens. Dev Cell 2024; 59:244-261.e6. [PMID: 38154460 PMCID: PMC10872876 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
WNT morphogens trigger signaling pathways fundamental for embryogenesis, regeneration, and cancer. WNTs are modified with palmitoleate, which is critical for binding Frizzled (FZD) receptors and activating signaling. However, it is unknown how WNTs are released and spread from cells, given their strong lipid-dependent membrane attachment. We demonstrate that secreted FZD-related proteins and WNT inhibitory factor 1 are WNT carriers, potently releasing lipidated WNTs and forming active soluble complexes. WNT release occurs by direct handoff from the membrane protein WNTLESS to the carriers. In turn, carriers donate WNTs to glypicans and FZDs involved in WNT reception and to the NOTUM hydrolase, which antagonizes WNTs by lipid moiety removal. WNT transfer from carriers to FZDs is greatly facilitated by glypicans that serve as essential co-receptors in Wnt signaling. Thus, an extracellular network of carriers dynamically controls secretion, posttranslational regulation, and delivery of WNT morphogens, with important practical implications for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Charlene Chan
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kleiton Silva Borges
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jiuchun Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrew J Kane
- Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Bradley M Wierbowski
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yunhui Ge
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhiwen Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Prabhath Mannam
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel Zeve
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ron Weiss
- Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - David T Breault
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Pengxiang Huang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Adrian Salic
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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5
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Dehghanbanadaki N, Mehralitabar H, Sotoudeh R, Naderi-Manesh H. The role of Wnt palmitoleylated loop conserved disulfide bonds in Wnt-frizzled complex structural dynamics: Insights from molecular dynamics simulations. Comput Biol Med 2023; 167:107703. [PMID: 37979393 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.107703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Wnts are lipid-modified proteins rich in cysteine, regulating developmental processes, and are involved in various pathological conditions. Wnts structure resembles a hand, with a palmitoleylated thumb and an index finger-like domain interacting with frizzled (FZ) receptors. Previous research shows the palmitoleyl group and the disulfides importance in Wnt folding, secretion, and function, but the structural basis is not fully understood. Here, we utilized classical molecular dynamics simulation (800-ns in total) to investigate how the thumb palmitoleyl and its close conserved disulfides (183-190, 181-195) regulated Wnt-FZ interaction and structural dynamics. Using Steered molecular dynamics experiment followed by a relaxing procedure, we also explored if these disulfides are important in Wnt-FZ complex formation. According to our results, the palmitoleyl group contributes significantly to stabilize Wnt-FZ interaction, and the disulfides modulate this contribution. We also demonstrated that disulfide 183-190 regulates the Wnt thumb fluctuation, hydrogen bond network, and secondary structure. The DCCM analysis depicted disulfide 183-190 roles in regulating native-like collective movement in the palmitoleylated loop, which changed after this disulfide removal. The pulling-relaxing experiment showed that both the disulfides, and especially, the disulfide 183-190, are highly important for long-range salt-bridge interaction establishment between Wnt Lys182 and FZ Glu64, led palmitoleyl group appropriate positioning to FZ, suggested this disulfide essential role in Wnt-FZ complex formation. Together, our findings provide new insights to how thumb-positioned disulfides contribute to Wnt-FZ complex formation, structural dynamics, and stability, introducing disulfide 183-190 as a consequential element to target in drug design and development against Wnt signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Dehghanbanadaki
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, PO Box: 14115-154, Tehran, Iran
| | - H Mehralitabar
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Animal Science and Fisheries, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, PO Box. 48181 68984, Sari, Iran
| | - R Sotoudeh
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, PO Box: 14115-154, Tehran, Iran
| | - H Naderi-Manesh
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, PO Box: 14115-154, Tehran, Iran.
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6
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Gurriaran-Rodriguez U, Datzkiw D, Radusky LG, Esper M, Xiao F, Ming H, Fisher S, Rojas MA, De Repentigny Y, Kothary R, Rojas AL, Serrano L, Hierro A, Rudnicki MA. Wnt binding to Coatomer proteins directs secretion on exosomes independently of palmitoylation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.30.542914. [PMID: 37398399 PMCID: PMC10312507 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.30.542914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Wnt proteins are secreted hydrophobic glycoproteins that act over long distances through poorly understood mechanisms. We discovered that Wnt7a is secreted on extracellular vesicles (EVs) following muscle injury. Structural analysis identified the motif responsible for Wnt7a secretion on EVs that we term the Exosome Binding Peptide (EBP). Addition of the EBP to an unrelated protein directed secretion on EVs. Disruption of palmitoylation, knockdown of WLS, or deletion of the N-terminal signal peptide did not affect Wnt7a secretion on purified EVs. Bio-ID analysis identified Coatomer proteins as candidates responsible for loading Wnt7a onto EVs. The crystal structure of EBP bound to the COPB2 coatomer subunit, the binding thermodynamics, and mutagenesis experiments, together demonstrate that a dilysine motif in the EBP mediates binding to COPB2. Other Wnts contain functionally analogous structural motifs. Mutation of the EBP results in a significant impairment in the ability of Wnt7a to stimulate regeneration, indicating that secretion of Wnt7a on exosomes is critical for normal regeneration in vivo . Our studies have defined the structural mechanism that mediates binding of Wnt7a to exosomes and elucidated the singularity of long-range Wnt signalling.
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7
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Chua K, Sim AYL, Yeo EYM, Bin Masroni MS, Naw WW, Leong SM, Lee KW, Lim HJ, Virshup DM, Lee VKM. ETC-159, an Upstream Wnt inhibitor, Induces Tumour Necrosis via Modulation of Angiogenesis in Osteosarcoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054759. [PMID: 36902186 PMCID: PMC10003732 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing urgency in the search for new drugs to target high-grade cancers such as osteosarcomas (OS), as these have limited therapeutic options and poor prognostic outlook. Even though key molecular events leading to tumorigenesis are not well understood, it is widely agreed that OS tumours are Wnt-driven. ETC-159, a PORCN inhibitor that inhibits the extracellular secretion of Wnt, has recently progressed on to clinical trials. In vitro and in vivo murine and chick chorioallantoic membrane xenograft models were established to examine the effect of ETC-159 on OS. Consistent with our hypothesis, we noted that ETC-159 treatment not only resulted in markedly decreased β-catenin staining in xenografts, but also increased tumour necrosis and a significant reduction in vascularity-a hereby yet undescribed phenotype following ETC-159 treatment. Through further understanding the mechanism of this new window of vulnerability, therapies can be developed to potentiate and maximize the effectiveness of ETC-159, further increasing its clinical utility for the treatment of OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenon Chua
- Programme in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169608, Singapore
- Programme in Musculoskeletal Sciences Academic Clinical Program, SingHealth/Duke-NUS, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Arthur Yi Loong Sim
- Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Level 3 NUH Main Building, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Eric Yew Meng Yeo
- Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Level 3 NUH Main Building, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Muhammad Sufyan Bin Masroni
- Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Level 3 NUH Main Building, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Wah Wah Naw
- Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Level 3 NUH Main Building, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Sai Mun Leong
- Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Level 3 NUH Main Building, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Kee Wah Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD10, 4 Medical Drive, Singapore 117594, Singapore
| | - Huey Jin Lim
- Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Level 3 NUH Main Building, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - David M. Virshup
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Victor Kwan Min Lee
- Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Level 3 NUH Main Building, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074, Singapore
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-6772-4381
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8
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Abstract
Intercellular communication by Wnt proteins governs many essential processes during development, tissue homeostasis and disease in all metazoans. Many context-dependent effects are initiated in the Wnt-producing cells and depend on the export of lipidated Wnt proteins. Although much focus has been on understanding intracellular Wnt signal transduction, the cellular machinery responsible for Wnt secretion became better understood only recently. After lipid modification by the acyl-transferase Porcupine, Wnt proteins bind their dedicated cargo protein Evi/Wntless for transport and secretion. Evi/Wntless and Porcupine are conserved transmembrane proteins, and their 3D structures were recently determined. In this Review, we summarise studies and structural data highlighting how Wnts are transported from the ER to the plasma membrane, and the role of SNX3-retromer during the recycling of its cargo receptor Evi/Wntless. We also describe the regulation of Wnt export through a post-translational mechanism and review the importance of Wnt secretion for organ development and cancer, and as a future biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Wolf
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Signalling and Functional Genomics and Heidelberg University, BioQuant and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Boutros
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Signalling and Functional Genomics and Heidelberg University, BioQuant and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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9
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Alvarez-Rodrigo I, Willnow D, Vincent JP. The logistics of Wnt production and delivery. Curr Top Dev Biol 2023; 153:1-60. [PMID: 36967191 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Wnts are secreted proteins that control stem cell maintenance, cell fate decisions, and growth during development and adult homeostasis. Wnts carry a post-translational modification not seen in any other secreted protein: during biosynthesis, they are appended with a palmitoleoyl moiety that is required for signaling but also impairs solubility and hence diffusion in the extracellular space. In some contexts, Wnts act only in a juxtacrine manner but there are also instances of long range action. Several proteins and processes ensure that active Wnts reach the appropriate target cells. Some, like Porcupine, Wntless, and Notum are dedicated to Wnt function; we describe their activities in molecular detail. We also outline how the cell infrastructure (secretory, endocytic, and retromer pathways) contribute to the progression of Wnts from production to delivery. We then address how Wnts spread in the extracellular space and form a signaling gradient despite carrying a hydrophobic moiety. We highlight particularly the role of lipid-binding Wnt interactors and heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Finally, we briefly discuss how evolution might have led to the emergence of this unusual signaling pathway.
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10
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Gone with the Wnt(less): a mechanistic perspective on the journey of Wnt. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:1763-1772. [PMID: 36416660 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Wnts are short-range signaling proteins, expressed in all metazoans from sponges to humans, critical for cell development and fate. There are 19 different Wnts in the human genome with varying expression levels and patterns, and post-translational modifications. Common to essentially all Wnts is the palmitoleation of a conserved serine by the O-acyltransferase PORCN in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). All lipidated Wnts then bind a dedicated carrier Wntless (WLS), endowed with the task of transporting them from the ER to the plasma membrane, and ultimately facilitating their release to receptors on the Wnt-receiving cell to initiate signaling. Here, we will focus on the WLS-mediated transport step. There are currently two published structures, both obtained by single-particle cryo-electron microscopy of the Wnt/WLS complex: human Wnt8A-bound and human Wnt3A-bound WLS. We analyze the two Wnt/WLS structures - remarkably similar despite the sequence similarity between Wnt8A and Wnt3A being only ∼39% - to begin to understand the conserved nature of this binding mechanism, and ultimately how one carrier can accommodate a family of 19 different Wnts. By comparing how Wnt associates with WLS with how it binds to PORCN and FZD receptors, we can begin to speculate on mechanisms of Wnt transfer from PORCN to WLS, and from WLS to FZD, thus providing molecular-level insight into these essential steps of the Wnt signaling pathway.
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11
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Functional regulation of Wnt protein through post-translational modifications. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:1797-1808. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20220735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Wnts are lipid-modified signaling glycoproteins present in all metazoans that play key roles in development and homeostasis. Post-translational modifications of Wnts regulate their function. Wnts have a unique post-translational modification, O-linked palmitoleation, that is absolutely required for their function. This Wnt-specific modification occurs during Wnt biosynthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), catalyzed by the O-acyltransferase Porcupine (PORCN). Palmitoleation is required for Wnt to bind to its transporter Wntless (WLS/Evi) as well as to its receptor Frizzled (FZD). Recent structural studies have illustrated how PORCN recognizes its substrates, and how drugs inhibit this. The abundance of WLS is tightly regulated by intracellular recycling and ubiquitylation-mediated degradation in the ER. The function of Wnt glycosylation is less well understood, and the sites and types of glycosylation are not largely conserved among different Wnts. In polarized tissues, the type of glycans can determine whether the route of trafficking is apical or basolateral. In addition, pairing of the 24 highly conserved cysteines in Wnts to form disulfide bonds is critical in maintaining proper structure and activities. Extracellularly, the amino terminus of a subset of Wnts can be cleaved by a dedicated glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored metalloprotease TIKI, resulting in the inactivation of these Wnt proteins. Additionally, NOTUM is a secreted extracellular carboxylesterase that removes the palmitoleate moiety from Wnt, antagonizing its activity. In summary, Wnt signaling activity is controlled at multiple layers by post-translational modifications.
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12
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Arredondo SB, Valenzuela-Bezanilla D, Santibanez SH, Varela-Nallar L. Wnt signaling in the adult hippocampal neurogenic niche. Stem Cells 2022; 40:630-640. [PMID: 35446432 DOI: 10.1093/stmcls/sxac027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) is a neurogenic niche of the adult brain that contains neural stem cells (NSCs) able to generate excitatory glutamatergic granule neurons, which integrate into the DG circuit and contribute to hippocampal plasticity, learning, and memory. Thus, endogenous NSCs could be harnessed for therapeutic purposes. In this context, it is critical to characterize the molecular mechanisms controlling the generation and functional integration of adult-born neurons. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is tightly controlled by both cell-autonomous mechanisms and the interaction with the complex niche microenvironment, which harbors the NSCs and provides the signals to support their maintenance, activation, and differentiation. Among niche-derived factors, Wnt ligands play diverse roles. Wnts are secreted glycoproteins that bind to Frizzled receptors and co-receptors to trigger the Wnt signaling pathway. Here, we summarize the current knowledge about the roles of Wnts in the regulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. We discuss the possible contribution of the different niche cells to the regulation of local Wnt signaling activity, and how Wnts derived from different cell types could induce differential effects. Finally, we discuss how the effects of Wnt signaling on hippocampal network activity might contribute to neurogenesis regulation. Although the evidence supports relevant roles for Wnt signaling in adult hippocampal neurogenesis, defining the cellular source and the mechanisms controlling secretion and diffusion of Wnts will be crucial to further understand Wnt signaling regulation of adult NSCs, and eventually, to propose this pathway as a therapeutic target to promote neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian B Arredondo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Echaurren 183, 8370071, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Valenzuela-Bezanilla
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Echaurren 183, 8370071, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastian H Santibanez
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Echaurren 183, 8370071, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lorena Varela-Nallar
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Echaurren 183, 8370071, Santiago, Chile
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13
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Chatterjee S, Sil PC. ROS-Influenced Regulatory Cross-Talk With Wnt Signaling Pathway During Perinatal Development. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:889719. [PMID: 35517861 PMCID: PMC9061994 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.889719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Over a century ago, it was found that a rapid burst of oxygen is needed and produced by the sea urchin oocyte to activate fertilization and block polyspermy. Since then, scientific research has taken strides to establish that Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), besides being toxic effectors of cellular damage and death, also act as molecular messengers in important developmental signaling cascades, thereby modulating them. Wnt signaling pathway is one such developmental pathway, which has significant effects on growth, proliferation, and differentiation of cells at the earliest embryonic stages of an organism, apart from being significant role-players in the instances of cellular transformation and cancer when this tightly-regulated system encounters aberrations. In this review, we discuss more about the Wnt and ROS signaling pathways, how they function, what roles they play overall in animals, and mostly about how these two major signaling systems cross paths and interplay in mediating major cellular signals and executing the predestined changes during the perinatal condition, in a systematic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Parames C. Sil
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
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14
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Khurana C, Bedi O. Proposed hypothesis of GSK-3 β inhibition for stimulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway which triggers liver regeneration process. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2022; 395:377-380. [PMID: 35076714 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-022-02207-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Almost every human organ has a poor ability to regenerate, notable exceptions are liver, skin, gut, etc. Molecular and cellular underpinnings of liver regeneration might pave the way for novel treatments concerned with chronic liver disorder. Such treatments would eliminate the disadvantages of liver transplantation, such as a scarcity of donor organs, a lengthy waitlist, significant medical expenses, surgical complications, and the necessity for lifelong immunosuppressive medications. Advancement in the development of regenerative therapy is giving hope to those suffering from end-stage liver disorder. The regeneration process is unique, intricate, and well coordinated, which involve the interaction of numerous signaling pathways, cytokines, and growth factor. Various signaling pathways for liver regeneration are HO-1/BER pathway, Tweak/Fn14 signaling pathway, Hippo pathway, Wnt/beta-catenin pathway, Hedgehog signaling pathway, bile acids repairing pathway, serotonin (5HT) pathway, estrogen pathway, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) pathway, insulin repairing pathway, etc. The in vitro scientific literature revealed that numerous GSK-3 β inhibitors (LY 2090314, AR-A014418, Tideglusib, Solasodine, CHIR99021, 9-ING-41, SB-216763) play an important role in stimulating the liver regeneration process. Similarly, from the above discussion, the direction is highlighted to emphasize the proposed molecular Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway which is associated with GSK-3 β inhibition for the induction of the repairing and regeneration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirag Khurana
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Onkar Bedi
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
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15
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Houschyar KS, Borrelli MR, Rein S, Tapking C, Popp D, Puladi B, Ooms M, Schulz T, Maan ZN, Branski LK, Siemers F, Philipp-Dormston WG, Yazdi AS, Duscher D. Wnt ligand expression in malignant melanoma: new insights. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLASTIC SURGERY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00238-022-01941-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Canonical Wnt Signaling in the Pathology of Iron Overload-Induced Oxidative Stress and Age-Related Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:7163326. [PMID: 35116092 PMCID: PMC8807048 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7163326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Iron accumulates in the vital organs with aging. This is associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction leading to age-related disorders. Abnormal iron levels are linked to neurodegenerative diseases, liver injury, cancer, and ocular diseases. Canonical Wnt signaling is an evolutionarily conserved signaling pathway that regulates many cellular functions including cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell migration, and stem cell renewal. Recent evidences indicate that iron regulates Wnt signaling, and iron chelators like deferoxamine and deferasirox can inhibit Wnt signaling and cell growth. Canonical Wnt signaling is implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases, and there are significant efforts ongoing to develop innovative therapies targeting the aberrant Wnt signaling. This review examines how intracellular iron accumulation regulates Wnt signaling in various tissues and their potential contribution in the progression of age-related diseases.
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17
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An itch for things remote: The journey of Wnts. Curr Top Dev Biol 2022; 150:91-128. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Lipids in Pathophysiology and Development of the Membrane Lipid Therapy: New Bioactive Lipids. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11120919. [PMID: 34940418 PMCID: PMC8708953 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11120919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Membranes are mainly composed of a lipid bilayer and proteins, constituting a checkpoint for the entry and passage of signals and other molecules. Their composition can be modulated by diet, pathophysiological processes, and nutritional/pharmaceutical interventions. In addition to their use as an energy source, lipids have important structural and functional roles, e.g., fatty acyl moieties in phospholipids have distinct impacts on human health depending on their saturation, carbon length, and isometry. These and other membrane lipids have quite specific effects on the lipid bilayer structure, which regulates the interaction with signaling proteins. Alterations to lipids have been associated with important diseases, and, consequently, normalization of these alterations or regulatory interventions that control membrane lipid composition have therapeutic potential. This approach, termed membrane lipid therapy or membrane lipid replacement, has emerged as a novel technology platform for nutraceutical interventions and drug discovery. Several clinical trials and therapeutic products have validated this technology based on the understanding of membrane structure and function. The present review analyzes the molecular basis of this innovative approach, describing how membrane lipid composition and structure affects protein-lipid interactions, cell signaling, disease, and therapy (e.g., fatigue and cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, tumor, infectious diseases).
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19
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Yu F, Yu C, Li F, Zuo Y, Wang Y, Yao L, Wu C, Wang C, Ye L. Wnt/β-catenin signaling in cancers and targeted therapies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:307. [PMID: 34456337 PMCID: PMC8403677 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00701-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin signaling has been broadly implicated in human cancers and experimental cancer models of animals. Aberrant activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling is tightly linked with the increment of prevalence, advancement of malignant progression, development of poor prognostics, and even ascendence of the cancer-associated mortality. Early experimental investigations have proposed the theoretical potential that efficient repression of this signaling might provide promising therapeutic choices in managing various types of cancers. Up to date, many therapies targeting Wnt/β-catenin signaling in cancers have been developed, which is assumed to endow clinicians with new opportunities of developing more satisfactory and precise remedies for cancer patients with aberrant Wnt/β-catenin signaling. However, current facts indicate that the clinical translations of Wnt/β-catenin signaling-dependent targeted therapies have faced un-neglectable crises and challenges. Therefore, in this study, we systematically reviewed the most updated knowledge of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in cancers and relatively targeted therapies to generate a clearer and more accurate awareness of both the developmental stage and underlying limitations of Wnt/β-catenin-targeted therapies in cancers. Insights of this study will help readers better understand the roles of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in cancers and provide insights to acknowledge the current opportunities and challenges of targeting this signaling in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanyuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Endodontics, West China Stomatology Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Changhao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Endodontics, West China Stomatology Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Feifei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanqin Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Endodontics, West China Stomatology Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yitian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Endodontics, West China Stomatology Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chenzhou Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chenglin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Endodontics, West China Stomatology Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
- Department of Endodontics, West China Stomatology Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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20
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Davis TR, Pierce MR, Novak SX, Hougland JL. Ghrelin octanoylation by ghrelin O-acyltransferase: protein acylation impacting metabolic and neuroendocrine signalling. Open Biol 2021; 11:210080. [PMID: 34315274 PMCID: PMC8316800 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The acylated peptide hormone ghrelin impacts a wide range of physiological processes but is most well known for controlling hunger and metabolic regulation. Ghrelin requires a unique posttranslational modification, serine octanoylation, to bind and activate signalling through its cognate GHS-R1a receptor. Ghrelin acylation is catalysed by ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT), a member of the membrane-bound O-acyltransferase (MBOAT) enzyme family. The ghrelin/GOAT/GHS-R1a system is defined by multiple unique aspects within both protein biochemistry and endocrinology. Ghrelin serves as the only substrate for GOAT within the human proteome and, among the multiple hormones involved in energy homeostasis and metabolism such as insulin and leptin, acts as the only known hormone in circulation that directly stimulates appetite and hunger signalling. Advances in GOAT enzymology, structural modelling and inhibitor development have revolutionized our understanding of this enzyme and offered new tools for investigating ghrelin signalling at the molecular and organismal levels. In this review, we briefly summarize the current state of knowledge regarding ghrelin signalling and ghrelin/GOAT enzymology, discuss the GOAT structural model in the context of recently reported MBOAT enzyme superfamily member structures, and highlight the growing complement of GOAT inhibitors that offer options for both ghrelin signalling studies and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasha R Davis
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA
| | - Mariah R Pierce
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA
| | - Sadie X Novak
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA
| | - James L Hougland
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA.,BioInspired Syracuse, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA
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21
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Galli LM, Anderson MO, Gabriel Fraley J, Sanchez L, Bueno R, Hernandez DN, Maddox EU, Lingappa VR, Burrus LW. Determination of the membrane topology of PORCN, an O-acyl transferase that modifies Wnt signalling proteins. Open Biol 2021; 11:200400. [PMID: 34186010 PMCID: PMC8241489 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt gradients elicit distinct cellular responses, such as proliferation, specification, differentiation and survival in a dose-dependent manner. Porcupine (PORCN), a membrane-bound O-acyl transferase (MBOAT) that resides in the endoplasmic reticulum, catalyses the addition of monounsaturated palmitate to Wnt proteins and is required for Wnt gradient formation and signalling. In humans, PORCN mutations are causal for focal dermal hypoplasia (FDH), an X-linked dominant syndrome characterized by defects in mesodermal and endodermal tissues. PORCN is also an emerging target for cancer therapeutics. Despite the importance of this enzyme, its structure remains poorly understood. Recently, the crystal structure of DltB, an MBOAT family member from bacteria, was solved. In this report, we use experimental data along with homology modelling to DltB to determine the membrane topology of PORCN. Our studies reveal that PORCN has 11 membrane domains, comprising nine transmembrane spanning domains and two reentrant domains. The N-terminus is oriented towards the lumen while the C-terminus is oriented towards the cytosol. Like DltB, PORCN has a funnel-like structure that is encapsulated by multiple membrane-spanning helices. This new model for PORCN topology allows us to map residues that are important for biological activity (and implicated in FDH) onto its three-dimensional structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Galli
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Marc O Anderson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - J Gabriel Fraley
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Luis Sanchez
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Raymund Bueno
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - David N Hernandez
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Eva U Maddox
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | | | - Laura W Burrus
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
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22
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Sándor GO, Soós AÁ, Lörincz P, Rojkó L, Harkó T, Bogyó L, Tölgyes T, Bursics A, Buzás EI, Moldvay J, Wiener Z. Wnt Activity and Cell Proliferation Are Coupled to Extracellular Vesicle Release in Multiple Organoid Models. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:670825. [PMID: 34249925 PMCID: PMC8264557 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.670825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) are considered as a potential tool for early disease diagnosis; however, factors modifying EV release remain partially unknown. By using patient-derived organoids that capture the cellular heterogeneity of epithelial tissues, here we studied the connection between the Wnt-producing microniche and EV secretion in multiple tissues. Although nearly all cells in pancreatic ductal (PD) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) samples expressed porcupine (PORCN), an enzyme critical for Wnt secretion, only a subpopulation of lung bronchiolar (NL) and lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) organoid cells produced active Wnt. The microniche for proliferating cells was shaped not only by PORCN + cells in NL and LUAD organoids but also by fibroblast-derived EVs. This effect could be blocked by using Wnt secretion inhibitors. Whereas inhibiting Wnt secretion in PD NL or LUAD organoids critically changed both cell proliferation and EV release, these were uncoupled from each other in PDAC. Sorting for CD133 identified a cell population in the LUAD microniche that produced organoids with a high percentage of PORCN + and proliferating cells and an elevated EV secretion, which may explain that CD133 marks LUAD cells with malignant behavior. Collectively, we show here that high cell proliferation rate, induced by Wnt pathway activation, is coupled to a higher EV release, a critical finding that may be considered when developing EV-based diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - András Áron Soós
- Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Lörincz
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,Premium Postdoctoral Research Program, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lívia Rojkó
- 1st Department of Pulmonology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tünde Harkó
- Department of Pathology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Levente Bogyó
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Semmelweis University and National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Tölgyes
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Uzsoki Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Bursics
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Uzsoki Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Edit I Buzás
- Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,ELKH-SE Immune-Proteogenomics Extracellular Vesicle Research Group, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,HCEMM-SE Extracellular Vesicle Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Moldvay
- 1st Department of Pulmonology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary.,SE-NAP Brain Metastasis Research Group, 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Wiener
- Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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23
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Dhasmana D, Veerapathiran S, Azbazdar Y, Nelanuthala AVS, Teh C, Ozhan G, Wohland T. Wnt3 Is Lipidated at Conserved Cysteine and Serine Residues in Zebrafish Neural Tissue. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:671218. [PMID: 34124053 PMCID: PMC8189181 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.671218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt proteins are a family of hydrophobic cysteine-rich secreted glycoproteins that regulate a gamut of physiological processes involved in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. Wnt ligands are post-translationally lipidated in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a step essential for its membrane targeting, association with lipid domains, secretion and interaction with receptors. However, at which residue(s) Wnts are lipidated remains an open question. Initially it was proposed that Wnts are lipid-modified at their conserved cysteine and serine residues (C77 and S209 in mWnt3a), and mutations in either residue impedes its secretion and activity. Conversely, some studies suggested that serine is the only lipidated residue in Wnts, and substitution of serine with alanine leads to retention of Wnts in the ER. In this work, we investigate whether in zebrafish neural tissues Wnt3 is lipidated at one or both conserved residues. To this end, we substitute the homologous cysteine and serine residues of zebrafish Wnt3 with alanine (C80A and S212A) and investigate their influence on Wnt3 membrane organization, secretion, interaction and signaling activity. Collectively, our results indicate that Wnt3 is lipid modified at its C80 and S212 residues. Further, we find that lipid addition at either C80 or S212 is sufficient for its secretion and membrane organization, while the lipid modification at S212 is indispensable for receptor interaction and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Dhasmana
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sapthaswaran Veerapathiran
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yagmur Azbazdar
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Cathleen Teh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gunes Ozhan
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Thorsten Wohland
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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24
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Azbazdar Y, Karabicici M, Erdal E, Ozhan G. Regulation of Wnt Signaling Pathways at the Plasma Membrane and Their Misregulation in Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:631623. [PMID: 33585487 PMCID: PMC7873896 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.631623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling is one of the key signaling pathways that govern numerous physiological activities such as growth, differentiation and migration during development and homeostasis. As pathway misregulation has been extensively linked to pathological processes including malignant tumors, a thorough understanding of pathway regulation is essential for development of effective therapeutic approaches. A prominent feature of cancer cells is that they significantly differ from healthy cells with respect to their plasma membrane composition and lipid organization. Here, we review the key role of membrane composition and lipid order in activation of Wnt signaling pathway by tightly regulating formation and interactions of the Wnt-receptor complex. We also discuss in detail how plasma membrane components, in particular the ligands, (co)receptors and extracellular or membrane-bound modulators, of Wnt pathways are affected in lung, colorectal, liver and breast cancers that have been associated with abnormal activation of Wnt signaling. Wnt-receptor complex components and their modulators are frequently misexpressed in these cancers and this appears to correlate with metastasis and cancer progression. Thus, composition and organization of the plasma membrane can be exploited to develop new anticancer drugs that are targeted in a highly specific manner to the Wnt-receptor complex, rendering a more effective therapeutic outcome possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yagmur Azbazdar
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, İzmir, Turkey.,Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Karabicici
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, İzmir, Turkey.,Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Esra Erdal
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, İzmir, Turkey.,Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Gunes Ozhan
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, İzmir, Turkey.,Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey
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25
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Zhong ZA, Michalski MN, Stevens PD, Sall EA, Williams BO. Regulation of Wnt receptor activity: Implications for therapeutic development in colon cancer. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100782. [PMID: 34000297 PMCID: PMC8214085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperactivation of Wnt/β-catenin (canonical) signaling in colorectal cancers (CRCs) was identified in the 1990s. Most CRC patients have mutations in genes that encode components of the Wnt pathway. Inactivating mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene, which encodes a protein necessary for β-catenin degradation, are by far the most prevalent. Other Wnt signaling components are mutated in a smaller proportion of CRCs; these include a FZD-specific ubiquitin E3 ligase known as ring finger protein 43 that removes FZDs from the cell membrane. Our understanding of the genetic and epigenetic landscape of CRC has grown exponentially because of contributions from high-throughput sequencing projects such as The Cancer Genome Atlas. Despite this, no Wnt modulators have been successfully developed for CRC-targeted therapies. In this review, we will focus on the Wnt receptor complex, and speculate on recent discoveries about ring finger protein 43regulating Wnt receptors in CRCs. We then review the current debate on a new APC-Wnt receptor interaction model with therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhendong A Zhong
- Department of Cell Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Megan N Michalski
- Department of Cell Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Payton D Stevens
- Department of Cell Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Emily A Sall
- Department of Cell Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Bart O Williams
- Department of Cell Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA.
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26
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Li B, Niswander LA. TMEM132A, a Novel Wnt Signaling Pathway Regulator Through Wntless (WLS) Interaction. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:599890. [PMID: 33324648 PMCID: PMC7726220 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.599890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling pathway plays indispensable roles in embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis. However, the regulatory mechanisms involved in Wnt ligand trafficking within and secretion from the signal sending cells is still relatively uncharacterized. Here, we discover a novel regulator of Wnt signaling pathway called transmembrane protein 132A (TMEM132A). Our evidence shows a physical and functional interaction of TMEM132A with the Wnt ligand transporting protein Wntless (WLS). We show that TMEM132A stabilizes Wnt ligand, enhances WLS–Wnt ligand interaction, and activates the Wnt signaling pathway. Our results shed new light on the cellular mechanism underlying the fundamental aspect of WNT secretion from Wnt signal sending cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Li
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Lee A Niswander
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
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27
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Mukherjee A, Stathos ME, Varner C, Arsiwala A, Frey S, Hu Y, Smalley DM, Schaffer DV, Kane RS. One-pot synthesis of heterodimeric agonists that activate the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:3685-3688. [PMID: 32119023 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc00920b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fragment antigen-binding domains (Fabs) from anti-Frizzled and anti-LRP6 monoclonal antibodies were conjugated using SpyTag-SpyCatcher chemistry via a one-pot reaction. The resulting synthetic heterodimeric agonist outperformed the natural ligand, Wnt-3a, in activating canonical Wnt signaling in mammalian cells. This approach should be broadly applicable to activate receptor-mediated cellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhirup Mukherjee
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| | - Mark E Stathos
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Chad Varner
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| | - Ammar Arsiwala
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| | - Steven Frey
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| | - Yuge Hu
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| | - David M Smalley
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - David V Schaffer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Bioengineering, and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ravi S Kane
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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Ayewoh EN, Czuba LC, Nguyen TT, Swaan PW. S-acylation status of bile acid transporter hASBT regulates its function, metabolic stability, membrane expression, and phosphorylation state. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1863:183510. [PMID: 33189717 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The human apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (hASBT, SLC10A2) is the rate-limiting step of intestinal bile acid absorption in the enterohepatic circulation system of bile acids. Therefore, the regulation and stability of hASBT is vital in maintaining bile acid and cholesterol homeostasis and may serve as a potential target for cholesterol-related disorders. We hypothesized that post-translational mechanisms that govern hASBT function and regulation will provide novel insight on intestinal bile acid transport and homeostasis. In this study, we confirm the S-acylation status of hASBT via acyl biotin exchange in COS-1 cells and its impact on hASBT expression, function, kinetics, and protein stability. Using the acylation inhibitor, 2-bromopalmitate, we show that S-acylation is an important modification which modulates the function, surface expression, and maximal transporter flux (Jmax) of hASBT. By means of proteasome inhibitors, S-acylated hASBT was found to be cleared via the proteasome whereas a reduction in the palmitoylation status of hASBT resulted in rapid proteolytic degradation compared to the unmodified transporter. Screening of cysteine mutants in and or near transmembrane domains, some of which are exposed to the cytosol, confirmed Cys314 to be the predominate S-acylated residue. Lastly, we show that S-acylation was reduced in a mutant form of hASBT devoid of cytosolic facing tyrosine residues, suggestive of crosstalk between acylation and phosphorylation post-translational modification mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebehiremen N Ayewoh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Lindsay C Czuba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Thao T Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Peter W Swaan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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29
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Reynolds K, Zhang S, Sun B, Garland M, Ji Y, Zhou CJ. Genetics and signaling mechanisms of orofacial clefts. Birth Defects Res 2020; 112:1588-1634. [PMID: 32666711 PMCID: PMC7883771 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Craniofacial development involves several complex tissue movements including several fusion processes to form the frontonasal and maxillary structures, including the upper lip and palate. Each of these movements are controlled by many different factors that are tightly regulated by several integral morphogenetic signaling pathways. Subject to both genetic and environmental influences, interruption at nearly any stage can disrupt lip, nasal, or palate fusion and result in a cleft. Here, we discuss many of the genetic risk factors that may contribute to the presentation of orofacial clefts in patients, and several of the key signaling pathways and underlying cellular mechanisms that control lip and palate formation, as identified primarily through investigating equivalent processes in animal models, are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Reynolds
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) graduate group, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Shuwen Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Michael Garland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Yu Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) graduate group, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Chengji J. Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) graduate group, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
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30
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Glia and Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells of the Healthy and Ischemic Brain: The Workplace for the Wnt Signaling Pathway. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11070804. [PMID: 32708801 PMCID: PMC7397164 DOI: 10.3390/genes11070804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling plays an important role in the self-renewal, fate-commitment and survival of the neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) of the adult central nervous system (CNS). Ischemic stroke impairs the proper functioning of the CNS and, therefore, active Wnt signaling may prevent, ameliorate, or even reverse the negative effects of ischemic brain injury. In this review, we provide the current knowledge of Wnt signaling in the adult CNS, its status in diverse cell types, and the Wnt pathway’s impact on the properties of NS/PCs and glial cells in the context of ischemic injury. Finally, we summarize promising strategies that might be considered for stroke therapy, and we outline possible future directions of the field.
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31
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Deng M, Chen Z, Tan J, Liu H. Down-regulation of SLC35C1 induces colon cancer through over-activating Wnt pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:3079-3090. [PMID: 31961998 PMCID: PMC7077602 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The canonical Wnt signalling pathway is a critical pathway involved in the proliferation of cells. It has been well-established that it plays the central role during colorectal carcinogenesis and development. Yet the exact molecular mechanism of how the canonical Wnt pathway is fine-tuned remains elusive. We found that SLC35C1, a GDP-fucose transporter, negatively regulates the Wnt signalling pathway. We show here that SLC35C1 is reduced in all colon cancer by both immunohistochemistry images and TCGA data, whereas β-catenin is increased. Down-regulation of SLC35C1 is also detected by real-time PCR in stage 3 and stage 4 colorectal cancer tissues. Moreover, analysing the TCGA database with cBioPortal reveals the negative correlation of SLC35C1 mRNA level to the expression of β-catenin. Reduced SLC35C1 significantly promotes cell proliferation and colony formation of HEK293 cells. Meanwhile, in HEK293 cells silencing SLC35C1 activates canonical Wnt pathway, whereas overexpressing SLC35C1 inhibits it. Consistently, the reduction of SLC35C1 in HEK293 cells also elevated the mRNA level of Wnt target genes C-myc, Axin2 and Cyclin D1, as well as the secretion of Wnt3a. In conclusion, we identified SLC35C1 as a negative regulator of the Wnt signalling pathway in colon cancer. Decreased SLC35C1 may cause over-activation of Wnt signalling in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minzi Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha, China
| | - Zhihong Chen
- Department of Pathology, The People's Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Jieqiong Tan
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Heli Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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32
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Sada R, Kimura H, Fukata Y, Fukata M, Yamamoto H, Kikuchi A. Dynamic palmitoylation controls the microdomain localization of the DKK1 receptors CKAP4 and LRP6. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/608/eaat9519. [PMID: 31744930 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aat9519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dickkopf1 (DKK1) was originally identified as an antagonist of Wnt signaling that binds to and induces the clathrin-mediated endocytosis of the Wnt coreceptors low-density lipoprotein receptor-related proteins 5 and 6 (LRP5/6). DKK1 also binds to cytoskeleton-associated protein 4 (CKAP4), which was originally identified as an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein but also functions at the plasma membrane as a receptor for various ligands. The DKK1-CKAP4 pathway is activated in several human cancers and promotes cell proliferation by activating signaling through the kinases PI3K and AKT. We found that both CKAP4 and LRP6 primarily localized to detergent-resistant membrane (DRM) fractions of the plasma membrane in a palmitoylation-dependent manner and that palmitoylation of CKAP4 was required for it to promote cell proliferation. DKK1 induced the depalmitoylation of both CKAP4 and LRP6 by acylprotein thioesterases (APTs), resulting in their translocation to the non-DRM fractions. Moreover, DKK1-dependent depalmitoylation of both receptors required activation of the PI3K-AKT pathway. DKK1 simultaneously bound CKAP4 and LRP6, resulting in the formation of a ternary complex. LRP5/6 knockdown decreased DKK1-dependent AKT activation and cancer cell proliferation through CKAP4, whereas CKAP4 knockdown did not affect DKK1-dependent inhibition of Wnt signaling through LRP5/6. These results indicate that the palmitoylation states of CKAP4 and LRP6 play important roles in their signaling and that LRP5/6 enhance DKK1-CKAP4 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Sada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kimura
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuko Fukata
- Division of Membrane Physiology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institute of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Masaki Fukata
- Division of Membrane Physiology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institute of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Hideki Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akira Kikuchi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan.
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Azbazdar Y, Ozalp O, Sezgin E, Veerapathiran S, Duncan AL, Sansom MSP, Eggeling C, Wohland T, Karaca E, Ozhan G. More Favorable Palmitic Acid Over Palmitoleic Acid Modification of Wnt3 Ensures Its Localization and Activity in Plasma Membrane Domains. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:281. [PMID: 31803740 PMCID: PMC6873803 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While the lateral organization of plasma membrane components has been shown to control binding of Wnt ligands to their receptors preferentially in the ordered membrane domains, the role of posttranslational lipid modification of Wnt on this selective binding is unknown. Here, we identify that the canonical Wnt is presumably acylated by palmitic acid, a saturated 16-carbon fatty acid, at a conserved serine residue. Acylation of Wnt3 is dispensable for its secretion and binding to Fz8 while it is essential for Wnt3's proper binding and domain-like diffusion in the ordered membrane domains. We further unravel that non-palmitoylated Wnt3 is unable to activate Wnt/β-catenin signaling either in zebrafish embryos or in mammalian cells. Based on these results, we propose that the lipidation of canonical Wnt, presumably by a saturated fatty acid, determines its competence in interacting with the receptors in the appropriate domains of the plasma membrane, ultimately keeping the signaling activity under control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yagmur Azbazdar
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Inciralti-Balcova, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti-Balcova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ozgun Ozalp
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Inciralti-Balcova, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti-Balcova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Erdinc Sezgin
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sapthaswaran Veerapathiran
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anna L. Duncan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mark S. P. Sansom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Eggeling
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Super-Resolution Microscopy, Institute for Applied Optics and Biophysics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Department of Biophysical Imaging, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology e.V., Jena, Germany
| | - Thorsten Wohland
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ezgi Karaca
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Inciralti-Balcova, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti-Balcova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gunes Ozhan
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Inciralti-Balcova, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti-Balcova, Izmir, Turkey
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Hung CC, Chaya A, Liu K, Verdelis K, Sfeir C. The role of magnesium ions in bone regeneration involves the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. Acta Biomater 2019; 98:246-255. [PMID: 31181262 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg)-based implants have become of interest to both academia and the medical industry. The attraction largely is due to Mg's biodegradability and ability to enhance bone healing and formation. However, the underlying mechanism of how Mg regulates osteogenesis is still unclear. Based on our previous in vivo and molecular signaling work demonstrating the osteogenic effect of Mg, the current study aims to extend this work at the molecular level especially that we also observed and quantified mineral deposits in the bone marrow space in a rabbit ulna fracture model with Mg plates and screws. Histological analysis and quantitative results of micro-CT showed mineralized deposition and a significant increase in bone volume at 8 weeks and 16 weeks post-operative. These in vivo results led us to focus on studying the effect of Mg2+ on human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs). The data presented in this manuscript demonstrate the activation of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway in hBMSCs when treated with 10 mM Mg2+. With additional Mg2+ present, the protein expression of active β-catenin was significantly increased to a level similar to that of the positive control. Immunocytochemistry and the increased expression of LEF1 and Dkk1, downstream target genes that are controlled directly by active β-catenin, demonstrated the protein translocation and the activation of transcription. Taken together, these data suggest that Mg2+ induces an osteogenic effect in the bone marrow space by activating the canonical Wnt signaling pathway, which in turn causes BMSCs to differentiate toward the osteoblast lineage. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Magnesium (Mg)-based alloys are being studied to be used in the field of implantable medical devices due to its natural biodegradability and the potential ability to promote bone regeneration. Despite many in vivo studies that demonstrated an increased new bone growth by implanting Mg-based devices, the underlying mechanism of this effect is still unclear. In order to safely use Mg-based implants on human and better control the osteogenic effect, it is necessary to understand the corresponding cellular response in the targeted area. The present study provides the rationale to study Mg ions on bone marrow stromal cells and shows the activation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway that promotes osteogenesis by in vivo and in vitro approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Chih Hung
- The Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; The McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Amy Chaya
- The Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kai Liu
- The Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Konstantinos Verdelis
- The Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; The McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Endodontics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Charles Sfeir
- The Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; The McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Periodontics and Preventive Dentistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Nie CH, Wan SM, Liu YL, Liu H, Wang WM, Gao ZX. Development of Teleost Intermuscular Bones Undergoing Intramembranous Ossification Based on Histological-Transcriptomic-Proteomic Data. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4698. [PMID: 31546739 PMCID: PMC6801895 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermuscular bones (IBs) specially exist in lower teleost fish and the molecular mechanism for its development remains to be clarified. In this study, different staining methods and comparative proteomics were conducted to investigate the histological structure and proteome of IB development in Megalobrama amblycephala, including four key IB developmental stages (S1-IBs have not emerged in the tail part; S2-several small IBs started to ossify in the tail part; S3-IBs appeared rapidly; S4-all the IBs appeared with mature morphology). Alcian blue and alizarin red S stained results indicated that IBs were gradually formed from S2 to S4, undergoing intramembranous ossification without a cartilaginous phase. A total of 3368 proteins were identified by using the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) approach. Functional annotation showed that proteins which were differentially expressed among stages were involved in calcium, MAPK, Wnt, TGF-β, and osteoclast pathways which played a critical role in bone formation and differentiation. Three proteins (collagen9α1, stat1, tnc) associated with chondrocytes did not exhibit significant changes through S2 to S4; however, proteins (entpd5, casq1a, pvalb, anxa2a, anxa5) which associated with osteoblasts and bone formation and differentiation showed significantly a higher expression level from S1 to S2, as well as to S3 and S4. These further demonstrated that development of IBs did not go through a cartilaginous phase. The inhibitors of TGF-β and Wnt pathways were tested on zebrafish (sp7/eGFP) and the results indicated that both inhibitors significantly delayed IB development. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the IB ossification pattern, which will help further elucidate the molecular mechanisms for IB development in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hong Nie
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education/Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Fish Breeding and Culture in Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Shi-Ming Wan
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education/Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Fish Breeding and Culture in Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Yu-Long Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Han Liu
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education/Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Fish Breeding and Culture in Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Wei-Min Wang
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education/Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Fish Breeding and Culture in Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Ze-Xia Gao
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education/Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Fish Breeding and Culture in Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China.
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Aquaculture Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Kolluri A, Ho M. The Role of Glypican-3 in Regulating Wnt, YAP, and Hedgehog in Liver Cancer. Front Oncol 2019; 9:708. [PMID: 31428581 PMCID: PMC6688162 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glypican-3 (GPC3) is a cell-surface glycoprotein consisting of heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan chains and an inner protein core. It has important functions in cellular signaling including cell growth, embryogenesis, and differentiation. GPC3 has been linked to hepatocellular carcinoma and a few other cancers, however, the mechanistic role of GPC3 in cancer development remains elusive. Recent breakthroughs including the structural modeling of GPC3 and GPC3-Wnt complexes represent important steps toward deciphering the molecular mechanism of action for GPC3 and how it may regulate cancer signaling and tumor growth. A full understanding of the molecular basis of GPC3-mediated signaling requires elucidation of the dynamics of partner receptors, transducer complexes, and downstream players. Herein, we summarize current insights into the role of GPC3 in regulating cancer development through Wnt and other signaling pathways, including YAP and hedgehog cascades. We also highlight the growing body of work which underlies deciphering how GPC3 is a key player in liver oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Kolluri
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Mitchell Ho
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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37
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Bukhari SA, Yasmin A, Zahoor MA, Mustafa G, Sarfraz I, Rasul A. Secreted frizzled‐related protein 4 and its implication in obesity and type‐2 diabetes. IUBMB Life 2019; 71:1701-1710. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.2123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aysha Yasmin
- Department of BiochemistryGovernment College University Faisalabad Pakistan
| | | | - Ghulam Mustafa
- Department of BiochemistryGovernment College University Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Iqra Sarfraz
- Department of ZoologyGovernment College University Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Azhar Rasul
- Department of ZoologyGovernment College University Faisalabad Pakistan
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38
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Torres VI, Godoy JA, Inestrosa NC. Modulating Wnt signaling at the root: Porcupine and Wnt acylation. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 198:34-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Moon YH, Lim W, Jeong BC. Transmembrane protein 64 modulates prostate tumor progression by regulating Wnt3a secretion. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:283-290. [PMID: 31289498 PMCID: PMC6540479 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt3a is a glycosylated ligand that activates the β-catenin-dependent signaling pathway. Wnt signaling is also important in the prostate tumor microenvironment, and Wnt proteins secreted by the tumor stroma promote resistance to therapy. Bioactive Wnt3a production requires a number of dedicated factors in the secretory cell, but their coordinated functions are not fully understood. We previously reported transmembrane protein 64 (Tmem64) as a novel regulator of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, which is correlated with β-catenin regulation. In the present study, the role of Tmem64 in prostate cancer cells was investigated by modulating Wnt3a secretion. Overexpression of Tmem64 inhibited Wnt3a secretion and Lef/Tcf-sensitive transcription. By contrast, a Tmem64 mutation deleting the protein's transmembrane region restored Wnt3a secretion. Notably, Tmem64 protein and mRNA in PC3 cells were significantly overexpressed compared with that observed in LNCaP and DU145 cells. In a mouse metastasis model intracardially injected with PC3 cells, Tmem64 expression was downregulated in the metastatic spine and mandible lesions compared with in the primary injection regions. However, Wnt3a was strongly expressed in the metastatic spine and mandible lesions. Collectively, these findings suggest that Tmem64 is involved in the metastatic progression of prostate cancer cells by regulating Wnt3a secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Hee Moon
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Chodang University, Muangun, Jeollanamdo 58530, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonbong Lim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chosun University Hospital, Donggu, Gwangju 61453, Republic of Korea.,Laboratory of Orthopaedic Research, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chosun University Hospital, Donggu, Gwangju 61453, Republic of Korea.,Department of Premedical Program, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Donggu, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Chul Jeong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chosun University Hospital, Donggu, Gwangju 61453, Republic of Korea.,Laboratory of Orthopaedic Research, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chosun University Hospital, Donggu, Gwangju 61453, Republic of Korea
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Ghosh N, Hossain U, Mandal A, Sil PC. The Wnt signaling pathway: a potential therapeutic target against cancer. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1443:54-74. [PMID: 31017675 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of the evolutionarily conserved Wnt signaling pathway is well documented in several cellular processes, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, cell motility, and maintenance of the stem cell niche. The very first indication that aberrant Wnt signaling can cause carcinogenesis came from a finding that the mutation of the adenomatous polyposis coli gene (APC) predisposes a person to colorectal carcinoma. Later, with progressing research it became clear that abnormal activation or mutation of the genes related to this pathway could drive tumorigenesis. Here, we review recent advances in research regarding Wnt signaling regulation and its role in several cancer subtypes. Additionally, the utility of Wnt pathway-targeted cancer therapy intervention is also highlighted, with an overview of current approaches to target the Wnt pathway in oncogenesis and the future scopes and challenges associated with them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noyel Ghosh
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Uday Hossain
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Ankita Mandal
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Parames C Sil
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
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41
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C‑mannosylation of R‑spondin2 activates Wnt/β‑catenin signaling and migration activity in human tumor cells. Int J Oncol 2019; 54:2127-2138. [PMID: 30942431 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
R‑spondin2 (Rspo2), one of the four members of the R‑spondin family of proteins, has agonistic activity in the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway, and it is associated with normal development, as well as disease, such as cancer. The present study focused on the C‑mannosylation of Rspo2, which is a novel and unique type of glycosylation that occurs via a C‑C linkage between the tryptophan residue and an α‑mannose. Although Rspo2 has two putative C‑mannosylation sites at residues Trp150 and Trp153, it had not been reported to date whether these sites are C‑mannosylated. Firstly, results from mass spectrometry demonstrated that Rspo2 was C‑mannosylated at the Trp150 and Trp153 residues. Notably, while this C‑mannosylation of Rspo2 resulted in increased extracellular secretion in human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells, in other human tumor cell lines it inhibited secretion. However, C‑mannosylation had consistent effects on the activation of Wnt/β‑catenin signaling in PANC1 and MDA‑MB‑231 cells, as well as HT1080 cells. Furthermore, overexpression of wild‑type Rspo2 significantly increased the migratory ability of A549 and HT1080 cells, whereas overexpression of a C‑mannosylation‑defective mutant enhanced migration to a lesser degree. These results suggested that C‑mannosylation of Rspo2 may promote cancer progression and that the inhibition of C‑mannosylation may serve as a potential novel therapeutic approach for cancer therapy.
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42
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Chatterjee S, Sil PC. Targeting the crosstalks of Wnt pathway with Hedgehog and Notch for cancer therapy. Pharmacol Res 2019; 142:251-261. [PMID: 30826456 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Wnt pathway is an evolutionarily conserved signaling pathway determining patterning of animal embryos, cell fate, cell polarity, and a substantial role in the origin and maintenance of stem cells. It has been found to crosstalk with two other major developmental pathways, Hedgehog and Notch, in many embryological development cascades and in maintaining stemness of stem cells Research has shown that all the three pathways are potent in inducing tumorigenesis, driving tumor progression and aiding epithelial to mesenchymal transition in malignant cells, apart from maintaining cancer stem cells population inside the tumor tissue. Cancer stem cells are thought to aid in the process of tumor relapse, as they survive therapy by displaying drug resistance and then repopulating tumor tissues. Hence the role of these crosstalks in cancer is under intensive research. Inhibition of all the three pathways individually have resulted in tumor regression, but not optimally, as treatment failure and cancer relapse have been found to occur. Hence, instead of targeting a single pathway, targeting the crosstalk network could be a better alternative to conventional cancer treatment. Also, elimination of both tumor cells as well as cancer stem cells implies a reduced chance of relapse. Drugs developed to target these crosstalking networks, when used in combinatorial therapy, can potentially increase the efficacy of the therapy to a very large extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmistha Chatterjee
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata, 700054, India
| | - Parames C Sil
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata, 700054, India.
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43
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Moti N, Yu J, Boncompain G, Perez F, Virshup DM. Wnt traffic from endoplasmic reticulum to filopodia. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212711. [PMID: 30794657 PMCID: PMC6386245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnts are a family of secreted palmitoleated glycoproteins that play key roles in cell to cell communication during development and regulate stem cell compartments in adults. Wnt receptors, downstream signaling cascades and target pathways have been extensively studied while less is known about how Wnts are secreted and move from producing cells to receiving cells. We used the synchronization system called Retention Using Selective Hook (RUSH) to study Wnt trafficking from endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi and then to plasma membrane and filopodia in real time. Inhibition of porcupine (PORCN) or knockout of Wntless (WLS) blocked Wnt exit from the ER. Wnt-containing vesicles paused at sub-cortical regions of the plasma membrane before exiting the cell. Wnt-containing vesicles were associated with filopodia extending to adjacent cells. These data visualize and confirm the role of WLS and PORCN in ER exit of Wnts and support the role of filopodia in Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naushad Moti
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Jia Yu
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Gaelle Boncompain
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR144 “Cell Biology and Cancer”, Paris, France
| | - Franck Perez
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR144 “Cell Biology and Cancer”, Paris, France
| | - David M. Virshup
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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44
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Hosseini V, Dani C, Geranmayeh MH, Mohammadzadeh F, Nazari Soltan Ahmad S, Darabi M. Wnt lipidation: Roles in trafficking, modulation, and function. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:8040-8054. [PMID: 30341908 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway consists of various downstream target proteins that have substantial roles in mammalian cell proliferation, differentiation, and development. Its aberrant activity can lead to uncontrolled proliferation and tumorigenesis. The posttranslational connection of fatty acyl chains to Wnt proteins provides the unique capacity for regulation of Wnt activity. In spite of the past belief that Wnt molecules are subject to dual acylation, it has been shown that these proteins have only one acylation site and undergo monounsaturated fatty acylation. The Wnt monounsaturated fatty acyl chain is more than just a hydrophobic coating and appears to be critical for Wnt signaling, transport, and receptor activation. Here, we provide an overview of recent findings in Wnt monounsaturated fatty acylation and the mechanism by which this lipid moiety regulates Wnt activity from the site of production to its receptor interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Hosseini
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Hossein Geranmayeh
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Masoud Darabi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, Nice, France
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45
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Grainger S, Willert K. Mechanisms of Wnt signaling and control. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 10:e1422. [PMID: 29600540 PMCID: PMC6165711 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway is a highly conserved system that regulates complex biological processes across all metazoan species. At the cellular level, secreted Wnt proteins serve to break symmetry and provide cells with positional information that is critical to the patterning of the entire body plan. At the organismal level, Wnt signals are employed to orchestrate fundamental developmental processes, including the specification of the anterior-posterior body axis, induction of the primitive streak and ensuing gastrulation movements, and the generation of cell and tissue diversity. Wnt functions extend into adulthood where they regulate stem cell behavior, tissue homeostasis, and damage repair. Disruption of Wnt signaling activity during embryonic development or in adults results in a spectrum of abnormalities and diseases, including cancer. The molecular mechanisms that underlie the myriad of Wnt-regulated biological effects have been the subject of intense research for over three decades. This review is intended to summarize our current understanding of how Wnt signals are generated and interpreted. This article is categorized under: Biological Mechanisms > Cell Signaling Developmental Biology > Stem Cell Biology and Regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Grainger
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine University of California San Diego La Jolla California
| | - Karl Willert
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine University of California San Diego La Jolla California
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46
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Barkeer S, Chugh S, Batra SK, Ponnusamy MP. Glycosylation of Cancer Stem Cells: Function in Stemness, Tumorigenesis, and Metastasis. Neoplasia 2018; 20:813-825. [PMID: 30015157 PMCID: PMC6037882 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant glycosylation plays a critical role in tumor aggressiveness, progression, and metastasis. Emerging evidence associates cancer initiation and metastasis to the enrichment of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Several universal markers have been identified for CSCs characterization; however, a specific marker has not yet been identified for different cancer types. Specific glycosylation variation plays a major role in the progression and metastasis of different cancers. Interestingly, many of the CSC markers are glycoproteins and undergo differential glycosylation. Given the importance of CSCs and altered glycosylation in tumorigenesis, the present review will discuss current knowledge of altered glycosylation of CSCs and its application in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Barkeer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE.
| | - Seema Chugh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE.
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Moorthy P Ponnusamy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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Abstract
Head and neck cancer presents primarily as head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), a debilitating malignancy fraught with high morbidity, poor survival rates, and limited treatment options. Mounting evidence indicates that the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays important roles in the pathobiology of HNSCC. Wnt/β-catenin signaling affects multiple cellular processes that endow cancer cells with the ability to maintain and expand immature stem-like phenotypes, proliferate, extend survival, and acquire aggressive characteristics by adopting mesenchymal traits. A central component of canonical Wnt signaling is β-catenin, which balances its role as a structural component of E-cadherin junctions with its function as a transcriptional coactivator of numerous target genes. Recent genomic characterization of head and neck cancer revealed that while β-catenin is not frequently mutated in HNSCC, its activity is unchecked by more common mutations in genes encoding upstream regulators of β-catenin, NOTCH1, FAT1, and AJUBA. Wnt/β-catenin signaling affects a wide range epigenetic and transcriptional activities, mediated by the interaction of β-catenin with different transcription factors and transcriptional coactivators and corepressors. Furthermore, Wnt/β-catenin functions in a network with many signaling and metabolic pathways that modulate its activity. In addition to its effects on tumor epithelia, β-catenin activity regulates the tumor microenvironment by regulating extracellular matrix remodeling, fibrotic processes, and immune response. These multifunctional oncogenic effects of β-catenin make it an attractive bona fide target for HNSCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Alamoud
- 1 Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M A Kukuruzinska
- 1 Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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48
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Direct visualization of the Wntless-induced redistribution of WNT1 in developing chick embryos. Dev Biol 2018; 439:53-64. [PMID: 29715461 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Paracrine Wnt signals are critical regulators of cell proliferation, specification, and differentiation during embryogenesis. Consistent with the discovery that Wnt ligands are post-translationally modified with palmitoleate (a 16 carbon mono-unsaturated fatty acid), our studies show that the vast majority of bioavailable chick WNT1 (cWNT1) produced in stably transfected L cells is cell-associated. Thus, it seems unlikely that the WNT1 signal is propagated by diffusion alone. Unfortunately, the production and transport of vertebrate Wnt proteins has been exceedingly difficult to study as few antibodies are able to detect endogenous Wnt proteins and fixation is known to disrupt the architecture of cells and tissues. Furthermore, vertebrate Wnts have been extraordinarily refractory to tagging. To help overcome these obstacles, we have generated a number of tools that permit the detection of WNT1 in palmitoylation assays and the visualization of chick and zebrafish WNT1 in live cells and tissues. Consistent with previous studies in fixed cells, live imaging of cells and tissues with overexpressed cWNT1-moxGFP shows predominant localization of the protein to a reticulated network that is likely to be the endoplasmic reticulum. As PORCN and WLS are important upstream regulators of Wnt gradient formation, we also undertook the generation of mCherry-tagged variants of both proteins. While co-expression of PORCN-mCherry had no discernible effect on the localization of WNT1-moxGFP, co-expression of WLS-mCherry caused a marked redistribution of WNT1-moxGFP to the cell surface and cellular projections in cultured cells as well as in neural crest and surface ectoderm cells in developing chick embryos. Our studies further establish that the levels of WLS, and not PORCN, are rate limiting with respect to WNT1 trafficking.
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49
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Abstract
Spatial organization of membrane domains within cells and cells within tissues is key to the development of organisms and the maintenance of adult tissue. Cell polarization is crucial for correct cell-cell signalling, which, in turn, promotes cell differentiation and tissue patterning. However, the mechanisms linking internal cell polarity to intercellular signalling are just beginning to be unravelled. The Hedgehog (Hh) and Wnt pathways are major directors of development and their malfunction can cause severe disorders like cancer. Here we discuss parallel advances into understanding the mechanism of Hedgehog and Wnt signal dissemination and reception. We hypothesize that cell polarization of the signal-sending and signal-receiving cells is crucial for proper signal spreading and activation of the pathway and, thus, fundamental for development of multicellular organisms.
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50
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Rauscher B, Heigwer F, Henkel L, Hielscher T, Voloshanenko O, Boutros M. Toward an integrated map of genetic interactions in cancer cells. Mol Syst Biol 2018; 14:e7656. [PMID: 29467179 PMCID: PMC5820685 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20177656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer genomes often harbor hundreds of molecular aberrations. Such genetic variants can be drivers or passengers of tumorigenesis and create vulnerabilities for potential therapeutic exploitation. To identify genotype-dependent vulnerabilities, forward genetic screens in different genetic backgrounds have been conducted. We devised MINGLE, a computational framework to integrate CRISPR/Cas9 screens originating from different libraries building on approaches pioneered for genetic network discovery in model organisms. We applied this method to integrate and analyze data from 85 CRISPR/Cas9 screens in human cancer cells combining functional data with information on genetic variants to explore more than 2.1 million gene-background relationships. In addition to known dependencies, we identified new genotype-specific vulnerabilities of cancer cells. Experimental validation of predicted vulnerabilities identified GANAB and PRKCSH as new positive regulators of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. By clustering genes with similar genetic interaction profiles, we drew the largest genetic network in cancer cells to date. Our scalable approach highlights how diverse genetic screens can be integrated to systematically build informative maps of genetic interactions in cancer, which can grow dynamically as more data are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Rauscher
- Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian Heigwer
- Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Luisa Henkel
- Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hielscher
- Division of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oksana Voloshanenko
- Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Boutros
- Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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