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Ballal NV, Ray AB, Narkedamalli R, Urala AS, Patel V, Harris M, Bergeron BE, Tay FR. Effect of continuous vs sequential chelation on the mechanical properties of root dentin: An ex vivo study. J Dent 2024; 148:105214. [PMID: 38950767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2024.105214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the mechanical properties of root canal dentin treated with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) in combination with hydroxyethylidene diphosphonic acid (HEDP) or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). METHODS For testing fracture resistance, 45 single-rooted teeth were instrumented and irrigated with NaOCl/HEDP, NaOCl/EDTA, or distilled water. Fifteen untreated teeth served as control. After obturation, specimens from the experimental groups were thermocycled, dynamically-loaded, and then statically-loaded in a universal testing machine until failure. For flexural strength analysis, 15 teeth were instrumented and irrigated with NaOCl/HEDP or NaOCl/EDTA. Root segments were sectioned into dentin bars and tested for flexural strength using a universal testing machine. For microhardness evaluation, 20 teeth were instrumented and irrigated with NaOCl/HEDP or NaOCl/EDTA. Dentin disks from the coronal-third of each root segment were prepared, one before and one after irrigation, for microhardness testing with a Knoop hardness tester. RESULTS The highest fracture resistance was recorded in the untreated group, and the lowest in the EDTA group. Although the HEDP group had higher fracture resistance than the EDTA group, the distilled water group demonstrated even greater fracture resistance than the HEDP group. Specimens treated with HEDP had significantly higher flexural strength and microhardness values when compared with those treated with EDTA. CONCLUSION The fracture resistance, flexural strength, and microhardness of root canal dentin were higher when root canals were irrigated with NaOCl/HEDP, when compared with NaOCl/EDTA. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Irrigating root canals with NaOCl combined with HEDP significantly improves the mechanical integrity of root canal dentin compared to the use of NaOCl with EDTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidambur Vasudev Ballal
- Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
| | - Ayan Bhadra Ray
- Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajkumar Narkedamalli
- Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Arun S Urala
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Vineet Patel
- Department of Endodontics, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Mark Harris
- Department of Endodontics, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Brian E Bergeron
- Department of Endodontics, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Franklin R Tay
- Department of Endodontics, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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Macedo FPG, Soares ADJ, Marceliano-Alves MFV, Martinez E, Lopes R, Bastos LF, Nascimento WM, Limoeiro AG, Dos Frozoni M. The effect of root canal preparation tapers on planktonic bacteria and biofilm reduction in the apical third: A correlative microtomography and microbiological laboratory study. Int Endod J 2024; 57:700-712. [PMID: 38404175 DOI: 10.1111/iej.14052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the influence of different preparation tapers on the reduction in planktonic bacteria and biofilms of Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans in the apical third (4 mm) of the mesial roots of mandibular molars, correlating decontamination with canal shape. METHODOLOGY After microtomography analysis for morphological standardization of the canals, 48 mandibular molar roots, each containing two canals (96 canals), were contaminated with E. faecalis and C. albicans and divided into four groups (n = 11) for canal instrumentation using ProDesign Logic 2 files with different tapers G (.03): # 25.03; G (.04): # 25.04; G (.05): # 25.05; and G (.06): # 25.06 and irrigation with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite. Four roots were examined under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to qualitatively assess biofilm formation. Eight roots were used as the negative control group (samples were not contaminated). Bacteriological samples were taken exclusively from the apical third of the roots before and after chemical-mechanical preparation and bacterial counts were determined (CFU/mL). The final micro-CT scan was used to quantify the volume variation and unprepared canal area in the apical third. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis, Student-Newman-Keuls and Wilcoxon tests for analysis of microbiological data. anova and the Tukey or Games-Howell test were used for analysis of micro-CT data and Spearman's test for correlations (α = 5%). RESULTS All groups showed a significant reduction in bacteria (p < .05), with no statistically significant difference between groups. There was no significant difference in per cent volume increase between groups. The unprepared area (Δ%) was affected by the file used (p = .026) and was significantly lower for G (.06) compared to G (.03). There was no statistically significant correlation among bacterial reduction, volume and unprepared area (p > .05). CONCLUSION The different preparation tapers influenced root canal shaping in the apical third but did not improve decontamination in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adriana de Jesus Soares
- Department of Endodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, Campinas State University, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marília Fagury Videira Marceliano-Alves
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Iguaçu University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT - Biomaterials Research group & UZ Leuven (University Hospitals Leuven), KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Orofacial Pathologies, Imaging and Biotherapies, School of Dentistry, Laboratoire d'Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Cité, Montrouge, France
| | - Elizabeth Martinez
- Department of Endodontics, São Leopoldo Mandic Dental Research Center, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Lopes
- Nuclear Instrumentation Department, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luan Ferreira Bastos
- Nuclear Instrumentation Department, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wayne Martins Nascimento
- Department of Endodontics, São Leopoldo Mandic Dental Research Center, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Grasiela Limoeiro
- Department of Endodontics, São Leopoldo Mandic Dental Research Center, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos Dos Frozoni
- Department of Endodontics, São Leopoldo Mandic Dental Research Center, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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La Rosa GRM, Plotino G, Nagendrababu V, Pedullà E. Effectiveness of continuous chelation irrigation protocol in endodontics: a scoping review of laboratory studies. Odontology 2024; 112:1-18. [PMID: 37433927 PMCID: PMC10776731 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-023-00835-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
This scoping review aimed to synthesize and explore the current boundaries and limitations of laboratory research on the effectiveness of continuous chelation irrigation protocol in endodontics. This scoping review was reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Extension for Scoping Reviews. Literature search was conducted on Pubmed and Scopus to identify all laboratory studies evaluating smear layer and hard-tissue debris removal or, antimicrobial efficacy, or dentine erosion induced by continuous chelation. Two independent reviewers performed the all review steps and the relevant items were recorded. Seventy-seven potentially relevant studies were identified. Finally, 23 laboratory studies met the eligibility criteria for qualitative synthesis. Seven studies focused on the smear layer/debris removal outcome, 10 on antimicrobial activity, and 10 on dentine erosion. In general, the continuous chelation protocol was equally or more effective in the cleanliness of root canals and antimicrobial activity compared with traditional sequential protocol. In addition, etidronate solutions seemed to be milder chelating agents compared to those with EDTA, thus resulting in reduced or no dentine erosion and roughness modification. Yet, the methodological differences among the included studies limit the results' generalizability. The continuous chelation seems to be equally or more effective in all investigated outcomes when compared with the traditional sequential protocol. The methodological variability among the studies and shortcomings in the methods employed limit the generalizability and clinical relevance of the results. Standardized laboratory conditions combined with reliable three-dimensional investigation approaches are necessary to obtain clinically informative findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusy Rita Maria La Rosa
- Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
| | | | - Venkateshbabu Nagendrababu
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Eugenio Pedullà
- Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Weissheimer T, Pinto KP, da Silva EJNL, Hashizume LN, da Rosa RA, Só MVR. Disinfectant effectiveness of chlorhexidine gel compared to sodium hypochlorite: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Restor Dent Endod 2023; 48:e37. [PMID: 38053784 PMCID: PMC10695732 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2023.48.e37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the disinfectant ability of chlorhexidine (CHX) gel and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). Systematic searches were conducted from inception until December 8th, 2022 (MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, and Grey Literature databases). Only randomized clinical trials were included. The revised Cochrane risk of bias tools for randomized trials were used to assess the quality of studies. Meta-analyses were performed. The overall quality of evidence was assessed through the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation tool. Six studies were included. Five had a low risk of bias and 1 had some concerns. Three studies assessed bacterial reduction. Two were included in the meta-analysis for bacterial reduction (mean difference, 75.03 [confidence interval, CI, -271.15, 421.22], p = 0.67; I2 = 74%); and 3 in the meta-analysis for cultivable bacteria after chemomechanical preparation (odds ratio, 1.03 [CI, 0.20, 5.31], P = 0.98; I2 = 49%). Five studies assessed endotoxin reduction. Three were included in a meta-analysis (mean difference, 20.59 [CI, -36.41, 77.59], p = 0.48; I2 = 74%). There seems to be no difference in the disinfectant ability of CHX gel and NaOCl, but further research is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoro Weissheimer
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Karem Paula Pinto
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Emmanuel João Nogueira Leal da Silva
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Grande Rio University (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lina Naomi Hashizume
- Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Abreu da Rosa
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinicius Reis Só
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Mikheikina A, Novozhilova N, Polyakova M, Sokhova I, Mun A, Zaytsev A, Babina K, Makeeva I. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice towards Chelating Agents in Endodontic Treatment among Dental Practitioners. Dent J (Basel) 2023; 11:156. [PMID: 37504222 PMCID: PMC10378705 DOI: 10.3390/dj11070156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of chelating agents (CAs) in the endodontic irrigation protocol is required to dissolve the inorganic components of the smear layer. We aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of dental professionals regarding the use of CAs during root canal treatment. A cross-sectional anonymous online survey was conducted among specialized endodontists and general dentists who routinely perform endodontic treatment and work in government-funded or private clinics in Moscow. The 8 min survey consisted of four parts: basic demographic data, knowledge (five items), attitude (four items), and practice (five items). We collected 376 completed questionnaires; a majority of the respondents were general dentists (87.5%) and worked in private clinics (77.4%). Most respondents (83.5%) showed a fair knowledge of the CAs used in endodontics, while 16.5% showed a poor knowledge of the topic. Small yet significant differences were found between endodontists and general practitioners and between dentists employed by private and government-funded clinics. A majority of dental practitioners (83%) demonstrated a positive attitude towards the use of CAs in endodontic treatment, and there were no differences among the study subgroups. Almost a third of the respondents always used chelating solutions during endodontic treatment, while 17% of the respondents did not use them at all. There were significant differences in this parameter between dentists working in private and government-funded clinics. Practice significantly correlated with attitude towards chelating agents and with knowledge of the topic. In conclusion, dental practitioners demonstrated a fair knowledge of CAs. Despite a positive attitude, 71% of the respondents did not use CAs for all endodontic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mikheikina
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nina Novozhilova
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Polyakova
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Inna Sokhova
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia Mun
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandr Zaytsev
- Institute of Linguistics and Intercultural Communication, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ksenia Babina
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina Makeeva
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Ballal NV, Narkedamalli R, Gandhi P, Arias-Moliz MT, Baca P, Das S, Varghese J, Gaonkar SL, Rao BSS, Frazier J, Bergeron BE, Tay FR. Biological and Chemical Properties of 2-in-1 Calcium-chelating and Antibacterial Root Canal Irrigants. J Dent 2023; 134:104526. [PMID: 37100165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2023.104526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the capacity of canal wall smear layer removal, precipitation caused by irrigant interaction, antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity of three 2-in-1 root canal irrigating solutions METHODS: Forty single-rooted teeth were mechanically instrumented and irrigated with QMix, SmearOFF, Irritrol or 0.9% saline. Each tooth was evaluated for smear layer removal using scanning electron microscopy. Precipitation after interaction of the irrigating solutions with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) was evaluated with 1H nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the irrigants against Enterococcus faecalis biofilms. Neutral red and clonogenic assays were performed on Chinese hamster V79 cells to evaluate the short-term and long-term cytotoxicity of the irrigants RESULTS: There was no significant difference between QMix and SmearOFF in eliminating smear layers from the coronal-third and middle-third of the canal spaces. In the apical-third, SmearOFF removed smear layers effectively. Irritrol incompletely removed smear layers from all the canal-thirds. When mixed with NaOCl, precipitation was evident only with Irritrol. QMix demonstrated a higher E. faecalis cell death percentage and a smaller biovolume. SmearOFF exhibited a larger decrease in biovolume compared with Irritrol, although Irritrol had a higher death percentage. Irritrol was more cytotoxic than the other irrigants on a short-term interval. In terms of long-term cytotoxicity, both Irritrol and QMix were cytotoxic CONCLUSION: QMix and SmearOFF performed better in smear layer removal and antimicrobial activity. QMix and Irritrol were cytotoxic when compared to SmearOFF. Irritrol was associated with precipitation after interacting with NaOCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidambur Vasudev Ballal
- Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajkumar Narkedamalli
- Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Poornika Gandhi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Maria Teresa Arias-Moliz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Pilar Baca
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain; Department of Stomatology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Shubhankar Das
- Department of Radiation Biology and Toxicology, School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Jothi Varghese
- Department of Periodontology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Santosh Laxman Gaonkar
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Bola Sadashiva Satish Rao
- Department of Radiation Biology and Toxicology, School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Joshua Frazier
- Department of Endodontics, The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Brian E Bergeron
- Department of Endodontics, The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Franklin R Tay
- Department of Endodontics, The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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Boutsioukis C, Arias-Moliz MT. Present status and future directions - irrigants and irrigation methods. Int Endod J 2022; 55 Suppl 3:588-612. [PMID: 35338652 PMCID: PMC9321999 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Irrigation is considered the primary means of cleaning and disinfection of the root canal system. The purpose of this review was to set the framework for the obstacles that irrigation needs to overcome, to critically appraise currently used irrigants and irrigation methods, to highlight knowledge gaps and methodological limitations in the available studies and to provide directions for future developments. Organization of bacteria in biofilms located in anatomic intricacies of the root canal system and the difficulty to eliminate them is the main challenge for irrigants. Sodium hypochlorite remains the primary irrigant of choice, but it needs to be supplemented by a chelator. Delivery of the irrigants using a syringe and needle and activation by an ultrasonic file are the most popular irrigation methods. There is no evidence that any adjunct irrigation method, including ultrasonic activation, can improve the long‐term outcome of root canal treatment beyond what can be achieved by instrumentation and syringe irrigation. It is necessary to redefine the research priorities in this field and investigate in greater depth the penetration of the irrigants, their effect on the biofilm and the long‐term treatment outcome. New studies must also focus on clinically relevant comparisons, avoid methodological flaws and have sufficiently large sample sizes to reach reliable conclusions. Future multidisciplinary efforts combining the knowledge from basic sciences such as Chemistry, Microbiology and Fluid Dynamics may lead to more effective antimicrobials and improved activation methods to bring them closer to the residual biofilm in the root canal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Boutsioukis
- Department of Endodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M T Arias-Moliz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Ordinola‐Zapata R, Mansour D, Saavedra F, Staley C, Chen R, Fok A. In vitro efficacy of a non‐instrumentation technique to remove intracanal multispecies biofilm. Int Endod J 2022; 55:495-504. [PMID: 35152445 PMCID: PMC9314631 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Aim The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of a non‐instrumentation technique to disinfect root canals infected by a human dental plaque‐derived multispecies biofilm. Methodology Twenty‐two mandibular incisors were accessed, autoclaved and inoculated with dental plaque. The Center for Disease Control biofilm reactor was used to promote contamination of the root canal space. In the conventional technique (control), the specimens were instrumented until size 35/04 and irrigated with 6% NaOCl. In the non‐instrumentation technique, a glide path was established using K‐files size 10–20 and specimens were immediately cleaned with the GentleWave System. Samples were obtained for culture and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Differences in abundances of genera were evaluated using Kruskal–Wallis test, and differences in alpha diversity were compared using anova. Alpha and beta diversity indices were calculated using mothur. The Shannon and Chao1 indices were used to measure alpha diversity. The Bray–Curtis dissimilarity was used to measure beta diversity. Differences in community composition were evaluated using analysis of similarity with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. Results The total numbers of reads in biological samples ranged from 126 to 45 286. Significantly fewer reads were obtained from samples following cleaning by either method (p < .0001), and significantly fewer reads were obtained in post‐cleaning samples following conventional versus non‐instrumentation cleaning regiment (p = .002). Communities in pre‐treatment samples were similar in both groups; however, significantly greater relative abundances of Streptococcus, Veillonella and Campylobacter were observed following cleaning using non‐instrumentation technique (Kruskal–Wallis p = .009, .033, and .001, respectively). Whilst no significant differences were observed in Shannon alpha diversity, the Chao1 index was significantly lower in post‐cleaning samples. Conclusions Significant shifts in composition were observed following cleaning by using both regimens, but the impact of this change was greater following a conventional cleaning technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Ordinola‐Zapata
- Division of Endodontics School of Dentistry University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN USA
| | - D. Mansour
- Division of Endodontics School of Dentistry University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN USA
| | - F. Saavedra
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences School of Dentistry University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN USA
| | - C. Staley
- Division of Basic & Translational Research Department of Surgery University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN USA
| | - R. Chen
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences School of Dentistry University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN USA
| | - A.S. Fok
- Minnesota Dental Research Center for Biomaterials and Biomechanics (MDRCBB) School of Dentistry University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN USA
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Claudino Ribeiro JR, da Silveira Bueno CE, Bruno KF, Dos Reis S, de Martin AS, Fontana CE, Pelegrine RA. Impact of sodium hypochlorite on organic tissue dissolution in the periapical region of immature permanent teeth: an ex vivo study. J Endod 2022; 48:555-560. [PMID: 35032539 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To evaluate the impact of different sodium hypochlorite irrigation protocols on organic tissue dissolution in the periapical region of simulated immature permanent teeth. METHODS Eight single-rooted premolars and 48 samples of porcine palatal mucosa were used. Acrylic resin prototypes were constructed, placing the tissue in close contact with the dental apices. Specimens were then divided into six groups (n=8): two control groups, of saline irrigation with (NS/WA) or without (NS/NA) ultrasonic activation, and four experimental groups, of 1.5% and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite irrigation, with (NaOCl 1.5%/WA and NaOCl 2.5%/WA) or without (NaOCl 1.5%/NA and NaOCl 2.5%/NA) activation. Root canals were irrigated with 20 mL of the solution for 5 minutes, distributed over four irrigation cycles. In each cycle, after irrigation, the solution was either kept stagnant or activated for 30 seconds and then replaced. Specimens were weighed on a precision balance before and after the irrigation protocols. Tissue dissolution was measured by the difference between the initial and final weights. One-way ANOVA was applied, followed by Tukey's HSD test (α=0.05). RESULTS The NS/NA and NS/WA groups had mean weight reductions similar to the 1.5% NaOCl/NA group (p>0.05) and lower than the others (p<0.05). The 2.5% NaOCl/NA and 2.5% NaOCl/WA groups had the highest mean weight loss (p<0.05), while the 1.5% NaOCl/WA group had intermediate values (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Periapical tissue dissolution occurred in all groups, with greater impact observed with 2.5% NaOCl, with or without ultrasonic activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ricardo Claudino Ribeiro
- Endodontics, Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Instituto de Pesquisa São Leopoldo, Mandic, R. Dr. José Rocha Junqueira, 13, 13045755, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Eduardo da Silveira Bueno
- Endodontics, Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Instituto de Pesquisa São Leopoldo, Mandic, R. Dr. José Rocha Junqueira, 13, 13045755, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Kely Firmino Bruno
- Endodontics, Faculdade Sul Americana, BR-153, Km 502, Jardim da Luz, 74850370, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Samuel Dos Reis
- Endodontics, Faculdade Sul Americana, BR-153, Km 502, Jardim da Luz, 74850370, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Sigrist de Martin
- Endodontics, Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Instituto de Pesquisa São Leopoldo, Mandic, R. Dr. José Rocha Junqueira, 13, 13045755, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Fontana
- Center for Life Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Pontifícia, Universidade Católica de Campinas (PUC-CAMPINAS), Rua Professor Doutor Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini, 1516, CampusI/ Av. John Boyd Dunlop, s/n, 13087571, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rina Andréa Pelegrine
- Endodontics, Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Instituto de Pesquisa São Leopoldo, Mandic, R. Dr. José Rocha Junqueira, 13, 13045755, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Viola KS, Coaguila-Llerena H, Rodrigues EM, Santos CS, Chávez-Andrade GM, Magro MG, Tanomaru-Filho M, Guerreiro-Tanomaru JM, Faria G. Different formulations of peracetic acid: effects on smear layer removal, dentine erosion, cytotoxicity and antibiofilm activity. J Appl Oral Sci 2022; 30:e20210575. [PMID: 35352771 PMCID: PMC8963393 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2021-0575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Methodology: Results: Conclusions:
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11
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Pellerin G, Bazinet L, Grenier D. Effect of cranberry juice deacidification on its antibacterial activity against periodontal pathogens and its anti-inflammatory properties in an oral epithelial cell model. Food Funct 2021; 12:10470-10483. [PMID: 34554173 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo01552d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cranberries are widely recognized as a functional food that can promote oral health. However, the high concentration of organic acids in cranberry juice can cause tooth enamel erosion. Electrodialysis with bipolar membrane (EDBM) is a process used for the deacidification of cranberry juice. The present study investigated whether the removal of organic acids (0%, 19%, 42%, 60%, and 79%) from cranberry juice by EDBM affects its antibacterial activity against major periodontopathogens as well as its anti-inflammatory properties in an oral epithelial cell model. A deacidification rate ≥60% attenuated the bactericidal effect against planktonic and biofilm-embedded Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans but had no impact on Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Cranberry juice increased the adherence of A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis to oral epithelial cells, but reduced the adherence of F. nucleatum by half regardless of the deacidification rate. F. nucleatum produced more hydrogen sulfide when it was exposed to deacidified cranberry juice with a deacidification rate ≥42% compared to the raw beverage. Interestingly, the removal of organic acids from cranberry juice lowered the cytotoxicity of the beverage for oral epithelial cells. Deacidification attenuated the anti-inflammatory effect of cranberry juice in an in vitro oral epithelial cell model. The secretion of IL-6 by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated oral epithelial cells exposed to cranberry juice increased proportionally with the deacidification rate. No such effect was observed with respect to the production of IL-8. This study provided evidence that organic acids, just like phenolic compounds, might contribute to the health benefits of cranberry juice against periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Pellerin
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF) and Department of Food Sciences, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada G1V 0A6.,Laboratoire de Transformation Alimentaire et Procédés Électro-Membranaires (LTAPEM, Laboratory of Food Processing and Electromembrane Processes), Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada G1V 0A6.
| | - Laurent Bazinet
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF) and Department of Food Sciences, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada G1V 0A6.,Laboratoire de Transformation Alimentaire et Procédés Électro-Membranaires (LTAPEM, Laboratory of Food Processing and Electromembrane Processes), Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada G1V 0A6.
| | - Daniel Grenier
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada G1V 0A6.
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Tilakchand M, Hegde S, Naik B. Evaluation of the efficacy of a novel antibiotic-steroid paste versus conventionally used intracanal antibiotic pastes and irrigating solutions against a 3-week-old biofilm of Enterococcus faecalis. J Conserv Dent 2021; 23:436-440. [PMID: 33911349 PMCID: PMC8066661 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_304_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Intracanal medicaments have been used during endodontic regenerative procedures to eradicate endodontic pathogens. Aims The aim of our study was (1) to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of a novel antibiotic-steroid paste over the regularly used calcium hydroxide (Ca (OH)2), double antibiotic paste (DAP), and modified triple antibiotic paste (M-TAP) and (2) to check the antimicrobial efficacy of irrigating solutions, Chlorhexidine (CHX), and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) against a 3-week-old Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) biofilm. Materials and Methods A total of 112 human extracted teeth were contaminated with E. faecalis for a period of 21 days. A novel antibiotic-steroid paste, Ca (OH) 2, DAP, M-TAP, and a placebo were placed inside the canal, sealed, and incubated in an aerobic environment at 37°C. For irrigating solutions, each prepared sample was immersed in 1 ml of sterile saline for 1 min, followed by irrigating and immersion with 1.5% NaOCl and 2% CHX for 5 min. An antimicrobial assessment was performed at the end of 2 days and 7 days, with seven teeth from each group, for each time interval. Dentin debris collected was transferred to the respective medium for culture. After 24 h, colonies were counted using classical bacterial counting technique as colony-forming units. Results Statistical analysis revealed that the novel antibiotic-steroid paste showed a statistically insignificant difference when compared to DAP, which had the highest antimicrobial properties. Conclusion This novel functional paste has antimicrobial efficacy comparable with that of DAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahima Tilakchand
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SDM College of Dental Science, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - Sannidhi Hegde
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SDM College of Dental Science, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - Balaram Naik
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SDM College of Dental Science, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
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Rath PP, Yiu CKY, Matinlinna JP, Kishen A, Neelakantan P. The effects of sequential and continuous chelation on dentin. Dent Mater 2020; 36:1655-1665. [PMID: 33162115 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2020.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Proteolytic and demineralizing agents have a profound influence on the dentin ultrastructure, which plays a key role in the mechanical integrity of the tooth and integrity of dentin-biomaterial interfaces. In-depth characterization of dentin treated with a novel root canal irrigation protocol comprising sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and etidronate (HEDP) is lacking. This study comprehensively characterized and compared the effects of the continuous chelation (NaOCl/HEDP) and sequential chelation (NaOCl/EDTA) protocols on dentin. METHODS Dentin blocks, dentin powder and root canals of mandibular premolars were distributed into Group 1, Saline (control); Group 2, NaOCl/EDTA; and Group 3, NaOCl/HEDP. Ultrastructural characteristics of the treated dentin were investigated using electron microscopy and light microscopy, while the surface roughness was analyzed using atomic force microscopy. Chemical compositional changes were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and energy-dispersive-X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), while collagen degradation was determined using ninhydrin assay. Data were statistically analyzed using multiple-factor one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests (P = 0.05). RESULTS NaOCl/HEDP resulted in partially degraded, yet mineralized collagen fibers, with minimal alteration to the subsurface matrix. Conversely, NaOCl/EDTA dissolved the hydroxyapaptite encapsulation, exposing collagen fibre bundles. There was no significant difference in the surface roughness between the two protocols (P > 0.05). NaOCl/HEDP resulted in homogenous distribution of organic and inorganic components on the treated surface. SIGNIFICANCE This study highlighted that continuous chelation (NaOCl/HEDP) resulted in a frail surface collagen layer while sequential chelation (NaOCl/EDTA) exposed bare collagen fibres. These surface and sub-surface effects potentially contribute to structural failures of dentin and/or dentin-biomaterial interfacial failures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti P Rath
- Discipline of Endodontology, Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Cynthia K Y Yiu
- Discipline of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Jukka P Matinlinna
- Dental Materials Science, Department of Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Anil Kishen
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Toronto, Dentistry; Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Prasanna Neelakantan
- Discipline of Endodontology, Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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14
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Rath PP, Yiu CKY, Matinlinna JP, Kishen A, Neelakantan P. The effect of root canal irrigants on dentin: a focused review. Restor Dent Endod 2020; 45:e39. [PMID: 32839720 PMCID: PMC7431934 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2020.45.e39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the vast literature on the effects of root canal irrigants on the dentin characteristics, the precise effects of clinically relevant irrigation sequences remain unclear. In this review, we systematically dissect the role of different sequential irrigation approaches that are used in clinical endodontics. Using a systematic search strategy, we attempt to answer the question: ‘Which irrigating sequence has the most deleterious effects on dentin structure and properties?’ The effect of irrigants on the dentin composition and mechanical properties have been reviewed. A wide variety of concentrations, duration and techniques have been employed to characterize the effects of chemicals on dentin properties, thus making it impossible to draw guidelines or recommendations of irrigant sequences to be followed clinically. It was apparent that all the studied irrigation sequences potentially result in some deleterious effects on dentin such as decrease in the flexural strength, microhardness, modulus of elasticity and inorganic content and organic-inorganic ratio of the dentin. However, the literature still lacks comprehensive investigations to compare the deleterious effect of different irrigation sequences, using a wide variety of qualitative and quantitative methods. Such investigations are essential to make clinical recommendations and strategize efforts to minimize chemically-induced damage to dentin characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti Pragati Rath
- Discipline of Endodontology, Division of Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Cynthia Kar Yung Yiu
- Discipline of Pediatric Dentistry, Division of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Jukka Pekka Matinlinna
- Dental Materials Science, Division of Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Anil Kishen
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Dentistry, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Prasanna Neelakantan
- Discipline of Endodontology, Division of Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
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Time-Dependent Effect of Chitosan Nanoparticles as Final Irrigation on the Apical Sealing Ability and Push-Out Bond Strength of Root Canal Obturation. Int J Dent 2020; 2020:8887593. [PMID: 32733565 PMCID: PMC7378618 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8887593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Materials and Methods Fifty-six premolars were used in this study and divided by two evaluations: 28 teeth for apical sealing ability and 28 others for bond strength. Each study was assigned randomly into two groups of fourteen teeth: Group-1, final irrigation with 17% EDTA; Group-2, with 0.5% chitosan nanoparticles. Each group was further divided into two groups of 7 each: Group-A, final irrigation was applied for 1 minute; Group-B, for 3 minutes. All teeth were obturated with epoxy resin-based sealer and gutta-percha. In the apical sealing ability study, the obturated teeth were immersed in 2% methylene blue and observed under a stereomicroscope (8x magnification). In the bond strength study, the teeth were tested using the push-out technique and observed under a stereomicroscope (40x magnification) to determine the failure type. Data from each evaluation were analysed with two-way ANOVA followed by the LSD test. Results Final irrigation using 0.5% chitosan nanoparticles produced the same apical sealing ability and bond strength as 17% EDTA (p > 0.05). A significant difference occurred between application times (p < 0.05). The failure type was observed predominantly as cohesive, and the least was adhesive. Conclusion Regardless of the final irrigation solution used, 3-minute application time produced greater apical sealing ability and push-out bond strength than 1-minute application time.
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16
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Giardino L, Bidossi A, Del Fabbro M, Savadori P, Maddalone M, Ferrari L, Ballal NV, Das S, Rao BSS. Antimicrobial activity, toxicity and accumulated hard‐tissue debris (AHTD) removal efficacy of several chelating agents. Int Endod J 2020; 53:1093-1110. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.13314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Giardino
- School of Dentistry University of Catanzaro Magna Graecia Catanzaro Italy
| | - A. Bidossi
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi Milano Italy
| | - M. Del Fabbro
- Department of Biomedical Surgical and Dental Sciences Università degli Studi di Milano Milano Italy
- IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi Milano Italy
| | - P. Savadori
- IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi Milano Italy
| | - M. Maddalone
- Department of Medicine and Surgery University of Milano‐Bicocca Monza Italy
| | - L. Ferrari
- Department of Medicine and Surgery University of Milano‐Bicocca Monza Italy
| | - N. V. Ballal
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka India
| | - S. Das
- Department of Radiation Biology and Toxicology Manipal School of Life Sciences Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka India
| | - B. S. S. Rao
- Department of Radiation Biology and Toxicology Manipal School of Life Sciences Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka India
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17
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Antimicrobial effectiveness of etidronate powder (Dual Rinse ® HEDP) and two EDTA preparations against Enterococcus faecalis: a preliminary laboratory study. Odontology 2020; 108:396-405. [PMID: 32112364 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-020-00499-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of two chelating agents: ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) combined or not with detergents, and etidronic acid combined with sterile saline. The bacterial inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC, respectively) were determined on Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 4083 strain. Antimicrobial tests were performed on a biofilm model after treatment with the chelating agents at different times (1, 3, and 5 min) using a biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) assays. Quantification of cell biomass and percentage of live and dead cells in the biomass was assessed for each group. The normality of the distributions for each variable was assessed using the D'Agostino and Pearson's omnibus normality test. The comparison of bacterial viability among groups and between any two groups was performed using the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance and the Dunn's test, respectively. No significant between-group difference was observed regarding biomass reduction. On the other hand, EDTA combined with detergents displayed a substantial increase of the dead bacteria ranging between 35 and 43%; whereas, the number of cells killed in the control group and in the other treated groups always ranged between 1 and 6%, at all experimental times. The addition of detergents to EDTA can improve its anti-biofilm activity by reducing EPS production and enhancing the killing of sessile bacterial cells. Clinical relevance EDTA presents a relevant antimicrobial activity when combined with surface-active agents.
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18
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Ratih DN, Enggardipta RA, Kartikaningtyas AT. The Effect of Chitosan Nanoparticle as A Final Irrigation Solution on The Smear Layer Removal, Micro-hardness and Surface Roughness of Root Canal Dentin. Open Dent J 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1874210602014010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:
Root canal irrigation is one of the most important stages during root canal treatment. One of the requirements of root canal irrigation material is that it can eradicate the smear layer but does not alter the physical properties of the root canal dentin.
Objective:
To investigate the effect of chitosan nanoparticle as a final irrigation solution on the smear layer removal, micro-hardness and surface roughness of root canal dentin.
Methods:
Seventy-two premolars used in this study and divided by three evaluations, namely smear layer removal, micro-hardness and surface roughness. Each study used 24 teeth and was assigned randomly into three groups of eight teeth. Group-1, final irrigation with 17% EDTA; group-2, with 0.2% chitosan nanoparticles; group-3, with 2.5% NaOCl. Specimens were evaluated for smear layer removal, micro-hardness and surface roughness using a Scanning Electron Microscope, Vickers hardness tester and surface roughness measuring instrument, respectively. Data obtained from smear layer removal evaluation were statically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U and data from micro-hardness and surface roughness were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test.
Results:
Final irrigation using 0.2% chitosan nanoparticles produced similar smear layer removal than 17% EDTA (P>0.05), but it was greater than 2.5% NaOCl (P<0.05). Chitosan had higher micro-hardness and lower surface roughness than EDTA (P<0.05), but it was the same as 2.5% NaOCl (P>0.05).
Conclusion:
Final irrigation using 0.2% chitosan nanoparticles had the same effect on smear layer removal compared to 17% EDTA; however, 0.2% chitosan produced higher micro-hardness and lower surface roughness of root canal dentin than 17% EDTA.
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19
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Ruiz-Linares M, Baca P, Arias-Moliz MT, Ternero FJ, Rodríguez J, Ferrer-Luque CM. Antibacterial and antibiofilm activity over time of GuttaFlow Bioseal and AH Plus. Dent Mater J 2019; 38:701-706. [PMID: 31257302 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2018-090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The sealers' antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against Enterococcus faecalis were evaluated by direct contact test (DCT) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), respectively, after 1 day, and 1 and 4 weeks of aging. Cell viability was determined by adenosin triphosphate (ATP) assay after DCT. The parameters evaluated for the antibiofilm property were total biovolume and percentage of green cells in E.faecalis biofilms. The data from the bioluminescence ATP assay as well as the total biovolume and green percentage were analyzed by non-parametric tests, Kruskal-Wallis for global comparison and Kolmogorov-Smirnov for each two variables. Results of the DCT and CLSM for all parameters evaluated show that the antimicrobial activity of AH Plus decreased over time, whereas GuttaFlow Bioseal had an opposite property, increasing its antibacterial activity as the material aged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Ruiz-Linares
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja
| | - Pilar Baca
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja
| | | | | | - Jesús Rodríguez
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja
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20
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Mancino D, Kharouf N, Hemmerlé J, Haïkel Y. Microscopic and Chemical Assessments of the Filling Ability in Oval-Shaped Root Canals Using Two Different Carrier-Based Filling Techniques. Eur J Dent 2019; 13:166-171. [PMID: 31574539 PMCID: PMC6777156 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1695661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives
The aim of this study was to assess the filling ability in oval-shaped canals using two different carrier-based filling techniques.
Materials and Methods
Twenty-four human mandibular premolars with one oval canal were selected. Canals were shaped using WaveOne Gold Primary and ProGlider. Samples were divided into two groups and filled as follows: Thermafil and GuttaCore. The proportions of gutta-percha-filled areas (GPFAs), sealer-filled areas (SFAs), and void areas (VA), at 2 and 5 mm, were analyzed using optical numeric microscope, scanning electron microscope, and energy-dispersive X-ray.
Statistical Analysis
Data were compared by Kruskal–Wallis one-way analysis of variance on ranks, with statistical significance set at α = 0.05.
Results
At 2 and 5 mm distances from the apex, this study discloses no statistically different filling ability for the two techniques. Concerning each sample treated using both filling systems, the presence of tags was visualized. At working length (WL)-5, and WL-2, the maximum tag penetration depth for the GuttaCore group into the dentinal tubules was, respectively, 96 μm and 48 μm, whereas the values in the thermafil group were 109 μm, and 55 μm, respectively.
Conclusions
Our results clearly show that Thermafil and GuttaCore can fill oval-shaped canals in appropriate way. Furthermore, we can state that the GuttaCore obturator allows to preserve the same filling ability than Thermafil obturator, in view of the fact that there was no difference, in terms of GPFA, SFA, and VA between the two different carrier-based obturation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Mancino
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France.,UMR-S 1121 Inserm, Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Strasbourg, France
| | - Naji Kharouf
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France.,UMR-S 1121 Inserm, Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Strasbourg, France
| | - Joseph Hemmerlé
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France.,UMR-S 1121 Inserm, Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Strasbourg, France
| | - Youssef Haïkel
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France.,UMR-S 1121 Inserm, Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Strasbourg, France
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Ali IAA, Cheung BPK, Yau JYY, Matinlinna JP, Lévesque CM, Belibasakis GN, Neelakantan P. The influence of substrate surface conditioning and biofilm age on the composition of
Enterococcus faecalis
biofilms. Int Endod J 2019; 53:53-61. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.13202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I. A. A. Ali
- Faculty of Dentistry The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR
| | - B. P. K. Cheung
- Faculty of Dentistry The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR
| | - J. Y. Y. Yau
- Faculty of Dentistry The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR
| | | | - C. M. Lévesque
- Faculty of Dentistry University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - G. N. Belibasakis
- Division of Oral Diseases Department of Dental Medicine Karolinska Institute Huddinge Sweden
| | - P. Neelakantan
- Faculty of Dentistry The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR
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22
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Petridis X, Busanello FH, So MVR, Dijkstra RJB, Sharma PK, van der Sluis LWM. Chemical efficacy of several NaOCl concentrations on biofilms of different architecture: new insights on NaOCl working mechanisms. Int Endod J 2019; 52:1773-1788. [PMID: 31389008 PMCID: PMC7328853 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the anti-biofilm efficacy and working mechanism of several NaOCl concentrations on dual-species biofilms of different architecture as well as the changes induced on the architecture of the remaining biofilms. METHODOLOGY Streptococcus oralis J22 and Actinomyces naeslundii T14V-J1 were co-cultured under different growth conditions on saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs. A constant-depth film fermenter (CDFF) was used to grow steady-state, four-day mature biofilms (dense architecture). Biofilms were grown under static conditions for 4 days within a confined space (less dense architecture). Twenty microlitres of buffer, 2-, 5-, and 10% NaOCl were applied statically on the biofilms for 60 s. Biofilm disruption and dissolution, as well as bubble formation, were evaluated with optical coherence tomography (OCT). The viscoelastic profile of the biofilms post-treatment was assessed with low load compression testing (LLCT). The bacteria/extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) content of the biofilms was examined through confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). OCT, LLCT and CLSM data were analysed through one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's HSD post-hoc test. Linear regression analysis was performed to test the correlation between bubble formation and NaOCl concentration. The level of significance was set at a < 0.05. RESULTS The experimental hypothesis according to which enhanced biofilm disruption, dissolution and bubble formation were anticipated with increasing NaOCl concentration was generally confirmed in both biofilm types. Distinct differences between the two biofilm types were noted with regard to NaOCl anti-biofilm efficiency as well as the effect that the several NaOCl concentrations had on the viscoelasticity profile and the bacteria/EPS content. Along with the bubble generation patterns observed, these led to the formulation of a concentration and biofilm structure-dependent theory of biofilm removal. CONCLUSIONS Biofilm architecture seems to be an additional determining factor of the penetration capacity of NaOCl, and consequently of its anti-biofilm efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Petridis
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Center for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - F H Busanello
- Conservative Dentistry Department, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - M V R So
- Conservative Dentistry Department, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - R J B Dijkstra
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Center for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - P K Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - L W M van der Sluis
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Center for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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23
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Morago A, Ruiz‐Linares M, Ferrer‐Luque CM, Baca P, Rodríguez Archilla A, Arias‐Moliz MT. Dentine tubule disinfection by different irrigation protocols. Microsc Res Tech 2019; 82:558-563. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Morago
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of DentistryUniversity of Granada Granada Spain
| | - Matilde Ruiz‐Linares
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of DentistryUniversity of Granada Granada Spain
| | | | - Pilar Baca
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of DentistryUniversity of Granada Granada Spain
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Could a chelant improve the effect of curcumin-mediated photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy against dental intact biofilms? Lasers Med Sci 2019; 34:1185-1192. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-018-02708-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Busanello FH, Petridis X, So MVR, Dijkstra RJB, Sharma PK, van der Sluis LWM. Chemical biofilm removal capacity of endodontic irrigants as a function of biofilm structure: optical coherence tomography, confocal microscopy and viscoelasticity determination as integrated assessment tools. Int Endod J 2018; 52:461-474. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.13027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. H. Busanello
- Conservative Dentistry Department; School of Dentistry; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - X. Petridis
- Department of Conservative Dentistry; Center for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - M. V. R. So
- Conservative Dentistry Department; School of Dentistry; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - R. J. B. Dijkstra
- Department of Conservative Dentistry; Center for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - P. K. Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - L. W. M. van der Sluis
- Department of Conservative Dentistry; Center for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene; Groningen The Netherlands
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Wang D, Shen Y, Hancock REW, Ma J, Haapasalo M. Antimicrobial Effect of Peptide DJK-5 Used Alone or Mixed with EDTA on Mono- and Multispecies Biofilms in Dentin Canals. J Endod 2018; 44:1709-1713. [PMID: 30243660 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The present study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial effect of a new peptide, DJK-5, used alone or mixed together with EDTA on mono- and multispecies biofilms in dentin canals covered by a smear layer with or without preceding sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) irrigation. METHODS One hundred twelve dentin blocks (224 final specimens) were prepared and divided into 56 groups, and Enterococcus faecalis or multispecies bacteria were introduced into dentinal tubules by centrifugation. After 1 week of cultivation, a uniform smear layer was created on the surface of the dentin blocks, and the samples were exposed to sterile water, 17% EDTA, 2% or 6% NaOCl, 10 μg/mL DJK-5, or a mixture of 8.5% EDTA +10 μg/mL DJK-5 or were combined treated with the solution in the following sequence: 2% or 6% NaOCl +10 μg/mL DJK-5, 2% or 6% NaOCl + 8.5% EDTA +10 μg/mL DJK-5, 2% or 6% NaOCl + 8.5% EDTA + 10 μg/mL DJK-5. Specimens without a smear layer treated by 6% NaOCl or 10 μg/mL DJK-5 served as the positive control. The irrigant exposure time was 3 or 10 minutes. The antibacterial efficacy was determined by live/dead staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy. RESULTS The smear layer reduced the antibacterial capacity of 6% NaOCl and 10 μg/mL DJK-5. The efficacy of 2% or 6% NaOCl followed by 10 μg/mL DJK-5 was superior to 10 μg/mL DJK-5 alone (P < .05) but inferior to 2% or 6% NaOCl + 8.5% EDTA + 10 μg/mL DJK-5 and 2% or 6% NaOCl + 8.5% EDTA + 10 μg/mL DJK-5 (P < .05). The mixture of 8.5% EDTA and 10 μg/mL DJK-5 had the same disinfection effectiveness as 10 μg/mL DJK-5 used alone (P < .05). Using 2% or 6% NaOCl before EDTA + peptide always resulted in the highest killing (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS The smear layer inhibits the disinfectant effect in dentin. Peptide DJK-5 showed a strong antibacterial effect against mono- and multispecies biofilms in dentin canals. The highest killing was measured when 6% NaOCl was followed by a mixture of EDTA and peptide DJK-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ya Shen
- Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Robert E W Hancock
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jingzhi Ma
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Markus Haapasalo
- Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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Almeida LHS, Moraes RR, Morgental RD, Cava SS, Rosa WLO, Rodrigues P, Ribeiro AS, Só M, Pappen FG. Synthesis of silver-containing calcium aluminate particles and their effects on a MTA-based endodontic sealer. Dent Mater 2018; 34:e214-e223. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Antimicrobial effect of bioceramic cements on multispecies microcosm biofilm: a confocal laser microscopy study. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 23:1367-1372. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-018-2551-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Neelakantan P, Herrera DR, Pecorari VGA, Gomes BPFA. Endotoxin levels after chemomechanical preparation of root canals with sodium hypochlorite or chlorhexidine: a systematic review of clinical trials and meta-analysis. Int Endod J 2018; 52:19-27. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Neelakantan
- Faculty of Dentistry; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong
| | - D. R. Herrera
- Department of Restorative Dentistry; Endodontics Division; Piracicaba Dental School; State University of Campinas-UNICAMP; Piracicaba SP Brazil
| | - V. G. A. Pecorari
- Dental Research Division; School of Dentistry; Paulista University; São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - B. P. F. A. Gomes
- Department of Restorative Dentistry; Endodontics Division; Piracicaba Dental School; State University of Campinas-UNICAMP; Piracicaba SP Brazil
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Özdemir MB, Karataş E, Albayrak M, Bayır Y. Effect of intracanal medicaments on matrix metalloproteinase-9 and vasoactive intestinal peptide secretion in periapical lesions of re-treated canals: a randomized controlled clinical study. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 23:921-928. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-018-2517-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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The Relationship of Surface Characteristics and Antimicrobial Performance of Pulp Capping Materials. J Endod 2018; 44:1115-1120. [PMID: 29861063 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pulp capping materials need to be able to protect the pulp but also bond to the overlying restorative materials. Light-curable pulp capping materials bond better to restorative materials and are easier to place than most water-based cements. The aim of this study was to characterize new light-curable tricalcium silicate-based pulp capping materials and compare their surface and antimicrobial properties with clinically available Theracal (Bisco, Schaumburg, IL) and Biodentine (Septodont, Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, France). METHODS The surface characteristics of 3 light-curable pulp capping materials based on a resin and filled with tricalcium silicate and tantalum oxide radiopacifier and Theracal and Biodentine were assessed by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and contact angle measurement. The radiopacity was measured following ISO 6876 standards. The antimicrobial activity was determined by the direct contact test and the antibiofilm activity by the adenosine triphosphate assay and the confocal laser scanning Live/Dead assay (Invitrogen, Eugene, OR) using a polymicrobial culture. RESULTS The surface characteristics of the materials varied with the unfilled resin and Biodentine exhibiting a hydrophobic surface. Biodentine showed significantly higher antimicrobial properties in the direct contact test, but this property was absent in the antibiofilm activity tests. The resins filled with tricalcium silicate and Theracal showed higher antimicrobial activity than Biodentine in the adenosine triphosphate and live/dead assays. CONCLUSIONS The surface characteristics of a material affect its antimicrobial properties. The experimental resin-modified materials exhibited comparable antimicrobial properties with other light-curable pulp capping agents. Further long-term studies on the materials' antimicrobial activity are required to assess whether they can result in better clinical outcomes.
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Martinez-Andrade JM, Avalos-Borja M, Vilchis-Nestor AR, Sanchez-Vargas LO, Castro-Longoria E. Dual function of EDTA with silver nanoparticles for root canal treatment-A novel modification. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190866. [PMID: 29346398 PMCID: PMC5773103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The chelating and antimicrobial capacity of a novel modification of 17% EDTA with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) (EDTA-AgNPs) was evaluated in-vitro for root canal treatment (RCT). The EDTA-AgNPs solution was characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, ζ-potential and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Antimicrobial capacity was evaluated against Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus in planktonic and biofilm cells by broth macrodilution (24 h) and XTT assays, (1, 10 and 30 min) respectively. The chelating capacity of EDTA-AgNPs was assessed indirectly (smear layer removal) and directly (demineralizing effect) in bovine dentin at two silver concentrations, 16 and 512 μg/ml at 1 and 10 minutes of exposure time. Smear layer removal was evaluated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The demineralizing effect was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), microhardness test (MH) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD). Synthesized AgNPs were quasi-spherical in shape with an average size of 13.09 ± 8.05 nm. 17% EDTA-AgNPs was effective to inhibit C. albicans and S. aureus in planktonic and biofilm cultures. The smear layer removal and demineralizing effect were similar between 17% EDTA-AgNPs and 17% EDTA treatments. The 17% EDTA-AgNPs solution proved to be an effective antimicrobial agent, and has a similar chelating capacity to 17% EDTA alone. These in-vitro studies strongly suggest that EDTA-AgNPs could be used for effective smear layer removal, having an antimicrobial effect at the same time during RCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M. Martinez-Andrade
- Departamento de Microbiología, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Miguel Avalos-Borja
- Laboratorio Nacional de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (IPICyT), San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Alfredo R. Vilchis-Nestor
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México y Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UAEM-UNAM), Estado de México, México
| | - Luis O. Sanchez-Vargas
- Facultad de Estomatología, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí (UASLP), San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Ernestina Castro-Longoria
- Departamento de Microbiología, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, Baja California, México
- * E-mail:
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Duarte PHM, da Silva PB, Rosa RAD, Montagner F, Duarte MAH, Kuga MC, Só MVR. Effect of ethanol on the antimicrobial properties of chlorhexidine over oral biofilm. Microsc Res Tech 2018; 81:408-412. [PMID: 29341381 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 95% ethanol irrigation, with 5 or 10 min of action, on the antibacterial properties of 2% chlorhexidine (CHX), on oral biofilm, evaluated with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Oral biofilm development was induced in 80 sterilized bovine dentin blocks, distributed in two groups (5 or 10 min) and 4 subgroups, according to time and the solution used: Saline (SALINE5, SALINE10); Saline followed by CHX (SALINE/CHX5, SALINE/CHX10); Ethanol (ETHANOL5, ETHANOL10), Ethanol followed by CHX (ETHANOL/CHX5, ETHANOL/CHX10). The surface of the block was dyed with Live/Dead® BacLight. Images from different areas were analyzed by BioImage L program. The total biovolum (µm³), biovolum of live cells (green), percentage of live cells of the thickness of the biofilm visualized in CLSM and on surface biofilm were evaluated. Total biovolum and biovolum of living cells showed similar results among the different groups (p > .05). The percentage of living cells in total thickness of the biofilm also was similar among the groups (p > .05), except ETHANOL5, SALINE/CHX10, ETHANOL10, and ETHANOL/CHX10 that showed lower percentage than SALINE5 (p < .05). The ETHANOL10 and ETHANOL/CHX10 also showed lower percentage of living cells than ETHANOL/CHX5 and SALINE10 (p < .05). In relation to biofilm surface, SALINE/CHX5, SALINE/CHX10, ETHANOL5, ETHANOL10, ETHANOL/CHX5, and ETHANOL/CHX10 showed a lower percentage of living cells percentage than SALINE5 and SALINE10 groups (p < .05). Therefore, ethanol has no effect on antimicrobial properties of 2% chlorhexidine, prior when used as endodontic irrigating solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Henrique Marks Duarte
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Paula Barcellos da Silva
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Abreu da Rosa
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Francisco Montagner
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Milton Carlos Kuga
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara Dental School, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinícius Reis Só
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Ramos ATPR, Garcia Belizário L, Venção AC, Fagundes Jordão-Basso KC, de Souza Rastelli AN, de Andrade MF, Kuga MC. Effects of Photodynamic Therapy on the Adhesive Interface of Fiber Posts Cementation Protocols. J Endod 2018; 44:173-178. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2017.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Wang D, Shen Y, Ma J, Hancock RE, Haapasalo M. Antibiofilm Effect of D-enantiomeric Peptide Alone and Combined with EDTA In Vitro. J Endod 2017; 43:1862-1867. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2017.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Antimicrobial activity of ProRoot MTA in contact with blood. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41359. [PMID: 28128328 PMCID: PMC5269669 DOI: 10.1038/srep41359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental materials based on Portland cement, which is used in the construction industry have gained popularity for clinical use due to their hydraulic properties, the interaction with tooth tissue and their antimicrobial properties. The antimicrobial properties are optimal in vitro. However in clinical use contact with blood may affect the antimicrobial properties. This study aims to assess whether antimicrobial properties of the Portland cement-based dental cements such as mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) are also affected by contact with blood present in clinical situations. ProRoot MTA, a Portland cement-based dental cement was characterized following contact with water, or heparinized blood after 1 day and 7 days aging. The antimicrobial activity under the mentioned conditions was assessed using 3 antimicrobial tests: agar diffusion test, direct contact test and intratubular infection test. MTA in contact with blood was severely discoloured, exhibited an additional phosphorus peak in elemental analysis, no calcium hydroxide peaks and no areas of bacterial inhibition growth in the agar diffusion test were demonstrated. ProRoot MTA showed limited antimicrobial activity, in both the direct contact test and intratubular infection test. When aged in water ProRoot MTA showed higher antimicrobial activity than when aged in blood. Antimicrobial activity reduced significantly after 7 days. Further assessment is required to investigate behaviour in clinical situations.
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Effect of the Association of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory and Antibiotic Drugs on Antibiofilm Activity and pH of Calcium Hydroxide Pastes. J Endod 2017; 43:131-134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Alyas SM, Fischer BI, Ehrlich Y, Spolnik K, Gregory RL, Yassen GH. Direct and indirect antibacterial effects of various concentrations of triple antibiotic pastes loaded in a methylcellulose system. J Oral Sci 2016; 58:575-582. [PMID: 28025443 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.16-0384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the direct and indirect (residual) antibacterial effects of various concentrations of triple antibiotic paste (TAP) loaded into a methylcellulose system. Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) was grown on sterilized dentin blocks (n = 60) and treated with clinically used TAP (1,000 mg/mL), low concentrations of methylcellulose-based TAP (100, 10, and 1 mg/mL), placebo paste, or 1.5% NaOCl (n = 10). The pastes were then removed, and biofilm disruption assays were performed. Additional dentin blocks (n = 120) were pretreated with the same experimental groups (n = 20). The pastes were rinsed off, and the samples were immersed independently in phosphate-buffered saline for 2 and 4 weeks (n = 10). E.faecalis was then grown on the dentin blocks, and biofilm disruption assays were performed. Fisher's Exact and Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used for statistical analyses. With regard to direct antibacterial effects, all treatment groups demonstrated complete eradication of biofilms in comparison to placebo paste, while 10 mg/mL of TAP or higher provided substantial residual antibacterial effects. However, dentin treated with 1 mg/mL of TAP or 1.5% NaOCl did not provide substantial residual antibacterial effects. Dentin pretreated with 10 mg/mL of TAP or higher exhibited extended residual antibacterial effects and can thus be used during endodontic regeneration.(J Oral Sci 58, 575-582, 2016).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmad M Alyas
- Department of Endodontics, Indiana University School of Dentistry
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Morago A, Ordinola-Zapata R, Ferrer-Luque CM, Baca P, Ruiz-Linares M, Arias-Moliz MT. Influence of Smear Layer on the Antimicrobial Activity of a Sodium Hypochlorite/Etidronic Acid Irrigating Solution in Infected Dentin. J Endod 2016; 42:1647-1650. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2016.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Barreto MS, Rosa RA, Seballos VG, Machado E, Valandro LF, Kaizer OB, Só M, Bier C. Effect of Intracanal Irrigants on Bond Strength of Fiber Posts Cemented With a Self-adhesive Resin Cement. Oper Dent 2016; 41:e159-e167. [PMID: 27603176 DOI: 10.2341/15-246-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of five intracanal irrigants on bond strength of fiber posts cemented with newer self-adhesive resin cement. METHODS A total of 60 extracted, single-rooted human premolars, sectioned at 14 mm, were prepared with the ProTaper Universal system with a size F3 instrument and filled with an F3 master cone and AH Plus. The root canal filling was partially removed, leaving 4 mm of apical gutta-percha. Specimens were randomly assigned to five groups (n=12), according to the solution used for dentin surface treatment before fiber post cementation, as follows: EDTA 17% (EDTA); QMix (QM); SmearClear (SC); 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), and 0.9% saline solution (SS). Ultrasonic activation was performed (three times, 20 seconds each), and root canals were dried with paper points. Fiber posts were cemented with RelyX U200. In one specimen per group, rhodamine B dye was mixed with RelyX U200 to provide adequate fluorescence for confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) assessment. Specimens were transversally sectioned and three slices were obtained, one for each root third. Next, a push-out test was performed. A stereomicroscope and CLSM were used to analyze the failure modes and to illustrate the pattern of infiltration of RelyX U200 into dentinal tubules, respectively. Bond strength means were calculated, and analysis of variance and Bonferroni tests were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS SS showed the highest mean bond strength values (11.5±5.3), superior to QM (5.1±3.1) and SC (5.1±3.3). NaOCl presented intermediary bond strength values (9.7±5.0), similar to EDTA (7.7±2.9) and SS. QM and SC showed the lowest mean bond strength (p<0.05). Adhesive failures between cement/dentin were predominant (53.9%). CONCLUSION SS and NaOCl associated with ultrasonic activation seem to be adequate solutions for root canal cleaning before fiber post cementation with self-adhesive resin cement, whereas chelating solutions, such as EDTA, QM, and SC, cause a decrease in bond strength.
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Arias-Moliz M, Camilleri J. The effect of the final irrigant on the antimicrobial activity of root canal sealers. J Dent 2016; 52:30-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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In vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial effects of different intracanal medications in necrotic immature teeth. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2016; 17:251-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s40368-016-0236-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Rôças IN, Provenzano JC, Neves MA, Siqueira JF. Disinfecting Effects of Rotary Instrumentation with Either 2.5% Sodium Hypochlorite or 2% Chlorhexidine as the Main Irrigant: A Randomized Clinical Study. J Endod 2016; 42:943-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Antibiofilm efficacy of photoactivated curcumin, triple and double antibiotic paste, 2% chlorhexidine and calcium hydroxide against Enterococcus fecalis in vitro. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24797. [PMID: 27097667 PMCID: PMC4838845 DOI: 10.1038/srep24797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Root canal disinfection is one of the most important factors governing success of root canal treatment, especially when regenerative strategies are used. This study evaluated the efficacy of 5 intracanal medicaments against mature biofilms of Enterococcus fecalis in vitro: Light activated curcumin, triple antibiotic paste (TAP), double antibiotic paste (DAP), chlorhexidine, calcium hydroxide. Untreated teeth with biofilms served as controls. Confocal microscopy was used to analyse the biofilm mass and percentage of live/dead bacteria within the root canal as well as dentinal tubules. Dentinal shavings obtained from the root canal walls (at 200 and 400 microns depth) were used to quantify the colony forming units/mL. The results showed that light activated curcumin and triple antibiotic paste brought about complete disruption of the biofilm structure (P < 0.05) while chlorhexidine and calcium hydroxide were not significantly different from the control (P > 0.05). Light activated curcumin brought about the highest percentage of dead cells at both depths, but this was not significantly different from triple antibiotic paste (P > 0.05). Curcumin, TAP and DAP brought about a significant reduction of CFU/mL at both depths compared to the control and other groups (P < 0.05). Light activated curcumin brought about a 7 log reduction of bacteria at both depths.
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Arias-Moliz MT, Morago A, Ordinola-Zapata R, Ferrer-Luque CM, Ruiz-Linares M, Baca P. Effects of Dentin Debris on the Antimicrobial Properties of Sodium Hypochlorite and Etidronic Acid. J Endod 2016; 42:771-5. [PMID: 26951957 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2016.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of dentin powder on the concentration, pH, and antimicrobial activity of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) alone and combined with etidronic acid (HEBP). METHODS Biofilms of Enterococcus faecalis were grown on the surface of dentin blocks for 5 days and then exposed to 1% and 2.5% NaOCl alone or combined with 9% HEBP for 3 minutes in the absence and presence of dentin powder. The biovolumes of the biofilm were measured using confocal microscopy and the live/dead technique. The available chlorine and pH of the solutions were also measured. Nonparametric tests were used to determine statistical differences (P < .05). RESULTS The presence of dentin powder resulted in a reduction of the free available chlorine and pH in all the irrigating solutions; 1% NaOCl lost its antimicrobial activity completely in the presence of dentin powder. The antimicrobial activity was significantly reduced in the 2.5% NaOCl and 1% NaOCl/HEBP groups, and it was not affected in the 2.5% NaOCl/HEBP group. CONCLUSIONS The presence of dentin powder significantly decreased the available chlorine and antimicrobial activity of 1% NaOCl, 2.5% NaOCl, and 1% NaOCl/HEBP irrigating solutions. The antimicrobial activity of 2.5% NaOCl/HEBP was not affected by the dentin powder after a 3-minute contact time against E. faecalis biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Morago
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Ronald Ordinola-Zapata
- Department of Endodontics, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Pilar Baca
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Spain
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Tagelsir A, Yassen GH, Gomez GF, Gregory RL. Effect of Antimicrobials Used in Regenerative Endodontic Procedures on 3-week-old Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm. J Endod 2016; 42:258-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Ruiz-Linares M, Aguado-Pérez B, Baca P, Arias-Moliz MT, Ferrer-Luque CM. Efficacy of antimicrobial solutions against polymicrobial root canal biofilm. Int Endod J 2016; 50:77-83. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Ruiz-Linares
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry; University of Granada; Granada Spain
| | | | - P. Baca
- Department of Preventive Dentistry; University of Granada; Granada Spain
| | | | - C. M. Ferrer-Luque
- Department of Dental Pathology and Therapeutics; School of Dentistry; University of Granada; Granada Spain
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Flach N, Böttcher DE, Parolo CCF, Firmino LB, Malt M, Lammers ML, Grecca FS. Confocal microscopy evaluation of the effect of irrigants on Enterococcus faecalis biofilm: An in vitro study. SCANNING 2016; 38:57-62. [PMID: 26153228 DOI: 10.1002/sca.21241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate in vitro the effectiveness of two endodontic irrigants and their association against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) by confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). Twenty-four bovine incisors were inoculated in a monoculture of E. faecalis for 21 days. After this period, the teeth were divided into three test groups (n = 5) according to the chemical used. Group 1: 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), group 2: 2% chlorhexidine gel (CHX), group 3: 2.5% NaOCl + 2% CHX gel, and two control groups (n = 3): negative control group (NCG)-sterile and without root canals preparation and positive control group (PCG)-saline. Then, the samples were stained with SYTO9 and propidium iodide and subjected to analysis by CLSM. Bacterial viability was quantitatively analyzed by the proportions of dead and live bacteria in the biofilm remnants. Statistical analysis was performed by the One-way ANOVA test (p = 0.05). No statistical differences were observed to bacterial viability. According to CLSM analysis, none of the tested substances could completely eliminate E. faecalis from the root canal space. Until now, there are no irrigant solutions able to completely eliminate E. faecalis from the root canal. In this regard, the search for irrigants able to intensify the antimicrobial action is of paramount importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Flach
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Daiana Elisabeth Böttcher
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Luciana Bitello Firmino
- Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marisa Malt
- Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Lazzaron Lammers
- Morphological Sciences Department, Basic Health Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Soares Grecca
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Pagano S, Chieruzzi M, Mastriforti G, De Carolis C, Torre L, Eramo S. Recenti acquisizioni in tema di irrigazione canalare: analisi al microscopio elettronico a scansione. DENTAL CADMOS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s0011-8524(16)30009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Davoudi A, Razavi SA, Mosaddeghmehrjardi MH, Tabrizizadeh M. The Effect of Fragaria vesca Extract on Smear Layer Removal: A Scanning Electron Microscopic Evaluation. IRANIAN ENDODONTIC JOURNAL 2015; 10:204-7. [PMID: 26526069 PMCID: PMC4609737 DOI: 10.7508/iej.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Successful endodontic treatment depends on elimination of the microorganisms through chemomechanical debridement. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Fragaria vesca (wild strawberry) extract (FVE) on the removal of smear layer (SL). Methods and Materials: In this analytical-observational study, 40 extracted mandibular and maxillary human teeth were selected. After canal preparation with standard step-back technique, the teeth were randomly divided into 4 groups according to the irrigation solution: saline (negative control), 5.25% NaOCl+EDTA (positive control), FVE and FVE+EDTA. The teeth were split longitudinally so that scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photomicrographs could be taken to evaluate the amount of remnant SL in coronal, middle and apical thirds. The data were analyzed statistically by the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann Whitney U tests and the level of significance was set at 0.05. Results: Significant differences were found among the groups (P<0.001). The use of NaOCl+EDTA was the most effective regimen for removing the SL followed by FVE+EDTA. FVE alone was significantly more effective than saline (P<0.001). Conclusion: FVE with and without EDTA could effectively remove the smear layer; however, compared to NaOCl group it was less effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Davoudi
- Dental Students Research Center, Dental School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | | | - Mehdi Tabrizizadeh
- Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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